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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
REPORT
<;
raiTED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
or
THE TERRITORIES.
F. V. I-IA^YDEN,
UNITED STATES O EOLOli IST-I N-C H A RO R .
VOLUME XL
WASniNOTOX:
QOVKItNMENT PUINTINO OFFICE.
1877.
'"""^■^nP^^'OT^iaiWIMPMWfiMMBIiPI
■■■■■■■PMHHM
LETTER TO THE SECRETARY.
Office of the United States Geological and
Geoqbaphical Sobvey of the Teebitoeies,
Washington, D. C, May 31, 1877.
Sib: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for your approval and for
publication, the Eleventh Volume of Final Reports of the Survey under my
charge.
This Report consists of a series of Monographs of the several North
American Families of Bodentia, prepared by Dr. Elliott Coues, of the United
States Army, now Secretary of the Survey, and Prof. J. A. Allen, of Cam-
bridge, Mass., one of the special collaborators of the Survey — gentlemen whose
names guarantee the high scientific character of the work here accomplished.
It has become the settled policy of ttie ourvey to devote a reasonable
and proper share of attention to the Zoology of the Territories explored, as a
subject entirely germane to the main purposes for which the Survey was
established, and as one having an important bearing upon the agricultural
and other industrial resources of the West. To this end, zoologists have,
from time to time, been attached to the various surveying parties, and have
been instructed to avail themselves of every opportunity to acquire informa-
tion respecting the Fauna of the regions visited, as well as to make collections
of specimens illustrating all branches of Zoology. The material thus secured
has been deposited in the National Museum, where it now remains.
The present series of Monographs is based primarily upon the collections
furnished by the Survey; and a glance at the "Lists of specimens examined"
which the authors have given in this volume will show the extent of the
material thus contributed. Through the liberal policy pursued by the author-
ities of the National Museum and of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of
Cambridge, the authors have been enabled to avail themselves also of the
iii*
iv*
MONOGHAl'ns OV NOItTU AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
If!
II
entire collections of Rodents contiiined in these Mnseums, nmounting in the
aggregate to severiil thousand specimens. No work of the kind hitherto pub-
lished rests upon sncli an enormous amount of material, nnd no naturalists arc
more competent to elaborate it than the authors of these memoirs have proven
tlicmselves to be. Their, work, it is believed, will challenge comparison in
points of laborious and conscientious research, of uccnrate and minute detail,
and of thorougldy scientific method in study.
The Rodcntia constitute by far the largest order of Mammals, ond one
of the mo.st important from an economic ns well as scientific standpoint.
Thougii the species are mostly small and apparently insignificant, their rela-
tion? with man arc of much moment. Some of them, like the Beaver, the
Muskrut, and others, furnish important articles of commerce ; while a large
majority of the species directly aflect the agricultural interests of the nation.
Various cpccies occur in countless multitudes, and constitute one of the most
serious obstacles with which the agriculturist has to contend in many parts
of the country. It is not easy, therefore, to give undue prominence to a
group of Mammals, accurate and full information respecting which is essen-
tial to the intelligent direction of measures to stay their ravages. In the
present work, the technical history of nil the species known to inhabit North
America is presented in full, together with their geographical distribution
and, in some cases, their habits. The fossil as well as the recent species are
considered, and many of the exotic allies, of Mexico and of Central and
South America, are also brought under review.
It is now twenty years sihcc the Rodents of North America were revised
by Professor Baird, in his "Mammals of North America". This interval
almost exactly coincides with the period of the rise and establishment of the
theory of evolution, or latest scientific views of the development of species,
and their variability under climatic and other conditions of environment. The
Rodents of North America have never before been systematically treated from
this standpoint, which necessitates a thorough revision of the whole subject.
The authors have thus not only been able to avail themselves of a vastly greater
amount of material than that at the command of any other investigators,
but they have also studiously applied the sounder principles of modern sci-
ence to the elucidation of the subject. They are well known as leaders
among American Mammalogists in this line of research, ai.a ■;: eir studk<^8
have resulted in placing the subject in an entiiely new light. It is believed
that the publication of this volume will murk en era in the history of Ameri-
LKTTEU TO TUB 8ECItKTABY.
▼ •
can Maniinnlogy. Being oxIiouHtivc ontio subject, it nocesRuriiy becoiMes tlie
permanent bnnis of t'ntiire work on tliin group, and roniains an enduring wit-
ness to the industry, ability, ami scientific acquirements of the authors.
A word of explanation of the plan of the work will not be out of
place. The Rc|)ort consists of eleven separate and distinct memoirs, each
treating of a single family. The Murida, Zapodida, IlajilodontidtB, (Jeomt/ida,
and Saccomijidu! ore by Dr. Coues; the Leporida, Lagomyida, Hi/.s(iicida,
Castoroididte, Castorida, and Sciurida arc by Prof.. Allen. The authors,
while working together in entire accord, have prepared their rcsi>ective por-
tions independently of each other, and neither is to be accredited with the
work of the other, or to be held responsible therefor. Prof Allen has alone
treated of the fossil species of the order. The general superintendence of
the volume during its passage through the press has devolved upon Dr. Coues.
The memoirs have been accepted for publication and put to press in the
order in which they have been transmitted to this office. Their sequence in
the volume, therefore, is not according to the natural classification, which will
be found upon a subsequent page.
The Bibliography of North American Mammals (Appendix B), with
which the work concludes, has been contributed by Prof. Theodore Gill and
Dr. Coues conjointly. Though regarded by the authors as incomplete, it is,
nevertheless, by far the most extensive nnd elaborate exposition of the
subject extant.
The thanks of the Survey are due to the Public Printer, the foreman of
printing, and the proof-readers and compositors of the Government Printing
Office, for the pains they have taken to render the typography of the volume
so creditable to all concerned. In this connection, I take pleasure in men-
tioning particularly Mr. William Young, who (nay be justly regarded as one
of the most accomplished proof-readers of the country, and whose zealous
discharge of his duties and long experience in scientific publications have
rendered his services invaluable.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
F. V. HAYDEN,
United States Geologist.
Hon. Cabl Schurz,
Secretary of the Interior, Washingtcn, D. C.
UNITED STATES OBOLOGIOAL SURVEY OV THE TERRITORIES.
MONOGRAPHS
NORTH AMERICAN
RODENTIA.
ELLIOTT OOUES,
OAPTAIM AND AH8IHTAMT 8UII0KON rNITKD g.'ATKS ARMY,
BKCRKTAIIV ANI> KATtlRAMST OF THE 8PPVF.V ;
JOEL ASAPH ALLEN,
AgSUTANT IN TUK MUSBDM Or COMPARATIVK ZOfiLOOY, CAMBRIBOB,
8PBCIAI, CObLARORATOR OF THR BDRVBY.
WASHINGTON:
OOTRRNHENT PBINTINO OPPIOB,
1877.
vn'
SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF CONTENTS;
OH,
CLASSIFICATION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Order GLIRESs Rodents.
Suborder I.— 8IMPLICIDENTATI : Ordinary Rodents.
Series I.— SCIUROMORPIIA: Sciubinb Rouksth.
Family I.— SCIVBIDJEi 8<)uiiiiikm, etc.
Pagra.
MONOGRAPH XL—A/ien 631-940
Family II.-HAPIX»DONTIDiE* Skwkujsl.
MONOGRAPH lX.—Coue.i 543-600
Family Ili.-CASTOBID.K I Beavkk.
MONOGRAPH Yl— Alien 427-454
Sbbies II.— MYOMORPHA: Mdrine Rodents.
• ■
Family IV.— ntVBIDiE i Mick, etc.
MONOGRAPH I.—Coues (i-x), 1-264
Family V.— XAPODIDJB i Jiimfiko Mouse.
M .v^GRAPH Vll.~a'ttc.v 455-480
Family VI.-8ACCOniYID.Kl Pouched Mice.
MONOGRAPH Yllt—Couea 481-542
Family VII.-OEOm VID JB i Oophkbs.
MONOGRAPH X.—Coues 601-630
ix*
I ;
X* MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
Series III— IIYSTRICOMORPIIA: Hystricine Rodents.
Family VIII.-CASTOROIDIDA : (K088IL.)
Pages.
MONOGRAPH Y.— Allen 416-426
Family IX.-HVSTBICIDiKt I'oncui'iNXS.
MONOGRAPH III.— Allen 379-398
Suborder DUPLICIDENf ATI : Leporine Rodents.
Family X.— JLEPOBIDiE I IIaiiks.
MONOGRAPH II.— Allen '. 265-378
Family XL-LAGOMVID^S;: I'ikas.
MONOGRAPH lY.— Allen 399-414
GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE WHOLE VOLUME.
(for Special Tablet of CtmtenU tee each Monograpk.)
Piges.
Title of the Eleventh Volume op Reports i*
Letter to the Secbetary (F. V. Hat/den) iii*
Title op the Monographs of the Rodentia (Coues and Allen) vii*
Systematic Table op Contents (classification) ix*
General Table op Contents (of the whole volume) xi*
MONOGRAPH I.— nVRID^. By Elliott Coues (i-x), 1-264
Title ' I
Introdaction (Letter of Transmittal) m
Table of Contents Tn
List of lUnstrutions IX
Family MnridsB 1
Bibliographical App(endix , 255
MONOGRAPH II.-LEPORID^. By J. A. Allen ...' 265-378
Title .". 265^
Letter of Transmittal 265 bis
Table of Contents 260
Family LeporidiB 867
Bibliographical K6snm6 277
Supplementary Note : Extinct American Hares 373
MONOGRAPH lU.— HTSTRICID^. By J. A. Allen 379-398
Title 379
Letter of Transmittal 381
Table of Contents 383
Family Uystricidae . 386
Extinct North American Porcupines 307
MONOGRAPH IT.-IiA«OIHTID2E. By J. A. Allen 399-414
Title 399
Letter of Transmittal 401
Table of Contente 403
Family Lagomyidae 405
MONOGRAPH V.-CA8TOROIDID^. By J. A. Allen 4 15- 126
Title 415
Table of Contents 417
' Family CastoroididtB •. 419
XI
i«
Hi
Xli* MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
Pages,
MONOOKAPH VI.-CASTORID^. liy ./. A. Allen 427-454
Title 427
Table of Contents 429
Family CastoridoB 431
Bibliographical Appendix 454
MONOGRAPH V1I.-ZAPODIDJB. By ElUott Coues 455-480
Title : 465
Letter of Transmittal 457
Table of Contehts 459
Family Zapodido) 461
MONOGRAPH YlU.-$iACCOinVID^. By Elliott Coues. 481-542
Title 481
Letter of Transmittal 483
Table of Contents 485
Family SaccorayidaB 487
MONOGRAPH lX.-HAPLODOWTIDiB. By Elliott Coues . 543-600
Title 543
Letter of Transmittal 645
Table of Contents 547
Family HaplodontidsB 549
MONOGRAPH X.-GEOin¥ID^. By Elliott Coues 601-630
Title 601
Table of Contents 603
Letter of Transmittal • 605
Family Geomyidaa 607
MONOGRAPH XI.-SCIURID.S:. By J. A. Allen 631-940
Title 631
Letter of Transmittal 633
Table of Contents 636
Family Bciaridse 637
Extinct American Sciuridoe 929
Appendix A.— Synoptical List op the Fossil Rodentia op
North America. By J. ^. Allen 943-960
Appendix B.~Material for a Bibliography of North
American Mammals. By Theodore Gill and Elliott Coues. 951-1082
Index to the Whole Volume • 108:j-1091
MONOGRAPHS
NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
M. I.-MURIDJl.
By ELLIOTT OOUiCS,
t-u
-\
Vo
i^'i-^
17
^:^^'
\
INTRODUCTION,
Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D. C, January 1, 1876.
Sib : A inemoir on the Muridce is herewith trantitiitted as one of the
series of "Monographs of North American Rodentia" in course of prepara-
tion by Mr. J. A. Allen and myself, for publication by the Survey un<ler your
charge.
It is supposed that the series will consist uf ten memoirs, each treating
of a single family. Those to follow will probably occupy less space than the
present one, the Murida being much the largest family of American Rodents.
The successive articles will be entirely independent of each other, and may
be issued separately if desired. As the Cvsnplete series will doubtless make
a volume of convenient size, it is suggested that the set of monographs will
be available for one of the quarto "Reports" of original investigations, now
publishing by the Survey.
Circumstances having been unfavorable to the joint authorship which
both Mr. Allen and myself cordially desired, it has been decided to divide the
work in another way, each taking up certain families agreed upon. Neil;'
author, therefore, is to be held responsible for the work of the other. Several
additional articles are in an advanced state of preparation, and will be
presented in the order of their completion, without reference to the natural
sequence of the several groups.
The present memoir, prepared in 1872, is based upon the material con-
tained in the National Museum at Washington, the whole of its unparalleled
collection of American MuridcB having been placed by the Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution in my hands for elaboration. The specimens
collected by yourself, or by the Survey under your direction, will be
found duly accounted for in the tabular lists. The stiite consists of
several thousand specimens, among them many of the types of American
writers, and represents, I have no doubt, much more material than has hith-
erto been, made the basis of any monograph of a single group of mammals
IV
INTRODUCTION.
Naturalists 001111110111)- coiu|ilain of dearth of material: I iiave iieoii embar-
rassed by the enormous amount I have been obliged to examine in order to
faithfully e.\..cutc my self-imposed task. Every specimen has been made to
contriiiute to the general result. The collection has been catalogued, and
labeled according to my views ; the duplicates have been made up into about
thirty sets for distribution by the Institution. A few of the leading sets are
only less complete than the Smithsonian reserve series itself; the value of the
others successively <lecrcascs with lack of the rarer dujilicates.
The results of the investigation being fully — perhaps not without pro-
lixity and some repetition — given in the body of llie memoir, need not to be
here noticed; I only allude to their entirely original character. I wish,
however, to have one word upon the met) ,d of study I pursued in this case,
us determining the shape which the article finally assumed. The paper
is presented very nearly as it was originally prepared, my official engagements
having prevented any leisurely revision of the manuscript; and it was written
in such odd hours as I could find in the midst of active professional duties.
I began the investigation with no more knowledge of the subject tlian any
naturalist might have incidentally acquired. I had no "views" to advance,
and was entirely free from prejudice. I studied, as I conceive a naturalist
should in such cases, with a specimen in one hand and my pen in the other.
In taking up the species successively, I never knew, and certainly never
cared, what the result would be, being perfectly satisfied to let the specimens
tell their own story in their own way. I studied these mice, at intervals, for
about a year, and then put my notes together. So the work grew; and if the
results be found to square with late progressive views respecting so-called
"specific" distinctions, it will be remembered that I am but the mouthpiece
of the animals themselves, and claim only the credit of making an accurate
report.
On some accounts, I wish that opportunity had offered to revise and
condense an article which will doubtless be more respected for the labor it
represents and for its possible value as a contribution to knowledge than
as a model of literary handicrait. Yet an honest showing of processes may
have its value, ns well as a formal exhibition of results. The knowing iiow
a piece of work is done may be of use in testing its (juality.
The illustrations which accompany this paper are from photographs of
the objects directly on sensitized wood, by Smillie's process; the engraving was
INTFODITCTION. y
done by Nichols. This method of representing small skulls promised more
accuracy than seemed to be attainable, after several trials, by hand-drawing;
but the figures should not be relied upon too implicitly.
A short abstract of this paper appeared in the "Proceedings" of the
Philadelphia Academy for 1874.
I am, Sir. Ac.,
ELLIOTT COUES.
Dr. P. V. Hayden,
U. 8. Qeofogist, djr.,
Washington, D. C.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
liVaiDM 1-964
HDIUN.a (SlQMODOKTBS) 6-130
Xtotoma 7-31
Neotoma floridana -■' 14-19
ftuofpes 19-98
ferraginea SS-94
oinerea 94-99
magister 99-31
Sigmodon :. 31-43
Sigmodon bUpidu* 36-43
Hetptnm^ 43-117
(Te$p«rimu*) 45-105
HespcioiDys (Vesperimna) lencopns , BO-75
goMypinoa 76-78
sonoriemia 79-88
ereiniona 88-91
anroolas -. 91-93
miohigaoensis 94-97
oalifornicDi 96-100
aateena 100-108
melaiiophrys 103-105
(OiiyotoMya) 105-111
HespeiomyB (Onychomya) leucogaiter. 108-lOf
torridaa 109-111
(Or^mmf) lU-117
HeBperom;s (Or;xomys) paluatris 113-117
[IWrtroAw] : 118-119
[Reitbrodon onnioDloides, R. typioos, R. (Enneomys) ohinobiiloides] 119-119
Otketodm 120-130
OcbetodoD haroilla 183-186
longicanda 196-198
mezioanaB 19&-130
tmontanaB 130-130
AKVICOUNiE 131-855
BtoUm^ 131-149
Evotomys ratlins 136-143
gapperi 148-149
AnUola 14»-897
(Uymtomet) , 153-166
Arvicola (Myouomea) rlparias 156-185
tbotealia 196-197
towDsendi 165-189
xantbognathns , 197-803
triobardBooi 804-806
VII
VIII
TABLE OV CONTENTS.
MURlDJi— Coiitiuiitxl
Arvicolina . ■•
Anicola. ■ . '' Fag*-
[CkilotHt) soT-wa
Arvioolu (Clillutna) oregoniia ■ iXn'-JtOB
(Pedonst) S09-81S
Arvicola(Pe<1oiuyH) antterua 810-SU
ourtotiu SI6-S18
(Vilymgt) Sl»-»7
Arvicola vPltyinyR) piuetoraio S19-996
quiuiater SM-9S7
Sgnapiomgi 9S»-S3«
Hynaptotnys cooper! 836-S30
M)0dn 237-iM3
Myodea obensis 941-S43
Ciiiiici(Iu« SM3-SS1
CuDiculaa torqoatas M6-iBl
FUer 851-itC6
Fiber zibetbicoa 864-866
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX S&6-8«4
II i
LIST OF ILLU&TKATI0N8.
PLATE I.
Fig. 1. JVcDtoMa/oHdniia, •kullfromtbove 8066
Fig. S. " " RkoUloprofile '. 806G
Fig. 3. " " left Jaw, oiitdde 30e6
Fig. *. " " (Icnll ftom below il066
Fig. 6. " /rmifiiMa, ■knll rrom above K\U
Fig. 0. " " Bkallinproaie..... , MiU
Fig. 7. " " left Jaw, ontaide 18114
Fig. 8. " " aknll from below 18114
PLATE II.
Fig. 9. Iftotoma dii«rea, akoU from above 4868
Fig.lO. " " akoU in profile 4868
Fig.ll. " " left Jaw, oDtaide 4808
Kig. 19. " » akall from below 4868
Fig.13. •■ ««fii/«r, riahtjaw.ootaide 1!«07
Fig. 14. aitmtdon kiipida*, akall ftna abore 4763
Flg.15. " " akall in profile 4763
Fig.16. " " left Jaw, ootaide 4763
ng.l7. " " aknll from below..: 4763
PLATE lU.
Fig. 18. BieqMrraiyf Imctptu, akuU fromabore 1944
Fig.l9. " " akoU in profile 1K44
Fig.80. " " left Jaw, oaUide 1IM4
Fig.ai. '" " akull from below 1M4
Fig. 88. " fM>|y<Mf, akall fiom abo-e 4766
Fig.83. " " akall in profile 4766
Fig.84. " " left Jaw, ontaile 4766
Fig.28. " " akull ftom beJxw 4766
Fig. 86. " *ikMfaii<N«<«, akall fh>m a\'>Te 1673
Fig.87. " " akolUn profilii 1673
Flg.88. " " left Jaw, oat».de 1878
Fig.89. " " akall fhND below 1678
Fig.30. " " akall firom above 17J6
Flg.3l. " •■ akall in profile 1796
Fig.38. " " left Jaw, outaide 1796
Fig.33. " " akall firom below :.. 1796
Fig. 34. " aarcoiiif, akull from above 8088
Fig.3&. " " akull in profile 8088
Fig.36. " " left Jaw, oalside v 908S
Fig.37. " " aknU from below 8083
Fig.38. Xvottmfi fopj"*^ •knU from above 1767
Fig.39. " " ikuU in profile 1787
Fig.40. " " leftJaw.oaUide 1767
Fig.41. " " skall fkom below 1767
IX
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATE IV.
JIo.
Fig. i'l. Arvioola ripariui, aknll from above "**
Kig.43. " " skull In profile ' 1^9
KIk.44. " " left Jaw, ont«i(le 'W
t'lg. 4f>. " " sknll from below 'W
KIg. 46. " " iikiill from above *"*
Kig.47. " " skull In profile ^*8
Flg.48. " " left Jaw, ontdltle ***
Fig. 49. " " aknll rroni below..*. <**
Fig.OO. " (oifiumdl, iknll from above 6*89
Klg.r.l. " " aknll in profile 9808
Flg.na. " " left Jaw, onlalile «*»
Kig. M. " " aknll from below WW
Fig. 54. " zaiifAoffiialAiM, ekull from above 1*118
Flg.WJ. " " akull In profile 18118
FIk.56. " " lift Jaw, outalde 18118
Fig. 57. " " aknll from l>elow 18118
PLATE V.
Fig. 58. Anicola aNaferu, aknll from above 1863
F'„.59. " " aknll In profile 1889
Flg.60. " " Jaw, both aide* , 18«8
Flg.61. " " akoilfVom below : 1868
Fig. 68. kuU from above. .". 948
Flg.63. " " aknll in profile .♦. 948
Flg.64. " " left Jaw, ontalde 948
Flg.66. " " aknll from below 948
Fig.66. '• curfalM, akull from above 18160
Flg.OT. '• " aknll In profile 18169
Flg.68. " " leftjaw.onteldo 1S169
Fig.69. " " akull from below 19169
Fig. 70. " pinetomm, akull from above 1930
Flg.71. " " akull in profile 1990
Fig.72. " " left jaw, outaide 1030
Flg.73. " " Hkull from below 1930
Fig. 74. SgnaplotKHi cooptri, skull from above 6916
Flg.75. " " akull in profile 6915
Fig.76. " " leftjaw.onteldo ;.... 6015
Flg.77. " " akullfVom below 6016
Nora.— Tbe nninbers of the rlgbt-hand column at« thow of the speeimen* Kgored.
-k, . ; </>. '
Family MURIDAE.
The family Muridte will be taken in itH current acceptation, as far oa
Korth American representatives are cnncern««l, but with exclusion of the
genus Zapua* {Meriones or Jaculua of American authors), which, as type of a
oeparate family Zapodlda, will be treated in a subsequent memoir of this
series. This genus differs sufficiently from any of the Murida in certain cranial
and dental characters, proportions of limbs, ana other features.
With the exclusion, then, of Zapus, the fairtily Murida is represented in
North America l)y only two subfamilies, Murinas and Arvicolina, out of the
number of groups into which it is usually divided. We are inclined to believe
that the same considerations which induce us to eliminate Zapus as the type
of a distinct family (as has already been done by Gill), would require
certain Old World genera, in which the molars are more or less than §, to
be likewise separated from Murida proper, which would then be constituted
solely by forms in which there are § molars. Such construction of a
family Murida would render it rather equivalent to the subfamily Murine
of authors. But in our present ignorance of many exotic forms usually
brought under Murida, we do not venture upon general considerations touch-
ing the definition of the family at large.
As represented in North America, and by the two subfamilies Murinee
and ArvicoHna;, the family Mu ' '^ may be recognized by the following
characters :
T 1-1 r. 0-0 T> 0-0 ,, 3-3 8 .„, ,,
^- r-1' ^- (Po' P- oiU' *^-3::3 = 8 = ^^*'^^**'-
Anteorbital foramen a large pyriform slit, bounded exteriorly by a broad
plate of the maxillary. Coronuid, condylar, and descending processes of the
mandible well developed and distinct. Tibia and 6bula united below.
* ZapuM, H. g., Codes, Ballotla U. S. Qeol. Surv. Terr. Sd ser. No. 5, 1875, p. 863
2
MOXOGRAPIIS OF NOUTQ AMERICAN RODENTIA.
The character of tlie antcorbital foramen is peculiar, and probal)!}- dia;,'-
nostic of the group. "This," as Baird has said, "consists of a narrow vortical
fissure anterior to the corner of the frontal bone, widening above, and
bounded externally by the zygomatic branch of the upper maxillary, wiiich,
instead of standing out more or less horizontally, is l)ent up, so that its ante-
rior edge, at least, is almost in a vertical plane, and parallel with its fellow on
the opposite side. In fact, the zygomatic process is <livided into three parts :
one articulating behind with the malar bone ; another completing the enclosure
of the foramen just described; and a third arlicuh'ting with the antcorbital
process of the frontal. Tiie inferior narrow pari of the antcorbital foramen
serves for the passage of the infra-orbital nerve ; the wider upper portion, the
outlet of which is directed upward, accommodates a portion of the massetcr
muscle. The suture of the malar bone, with the zygomatic process of the
upper maxillary, is distinctly visible; the bone itself does not extend to the
frontal bone ..."
The two subfixmilies with which we have to do on the present occasion
arc well contrastci'., at least as far as North American genera are concerned,
and may readily be distinguished by the following among other characters
which might be enumerated:
MURINiE. — Molars rooted, tul)ercular, with crenate periphery. Incis-
ors compressed, narrower than deep. Root of under incisor causing a protu-
berance on outer side of tiie niandible, at or near notch between condylar and
coronoid processes. Descending process of the mandible a broad flattened
plate, wholly below the plane of the molars. Anterior root of tiie zygoma
deeply nicked at the antcorbital foramen. Zygoma (usually) dipping down to
the level of the palate. Palate nearly plane. Nasals projecting anteriorly.
ARVICOLIN^E. — Molars normally rootless (except in Evotomys), pris-
matic, with flat crown and serrate pcripliery. Incisors often broader than
deep. Root of under incisor causing a protuberance, if any, on the inner side
of tiie mandible, at or near notch between condylar and descending process.
Descending process of the ir.andil)le hamular; the apex of the hook attaining
tiie level of tiie molars. Anterior root of zygoma not obviously nicked.
Zygoma not dipping down to the level of the palate. Palate highly arched.
Nasii'.s not produced beyond premaxillaries.
To the foregoing brief <iiagnostic characters, many points touching the
general distinctions in outward appearance, habits, &c., of the groups might
MDBID^— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
3
be added. The elaboration of the genera which is to follow renders this,
however, in a measure superfluous. We may here only allude, then, to the
broad general distinctions — the Murince being animals which include, and, in
all their members, recall, the familiar house-rat and house-mouse, of lithe and
supple form, quick in movement, having large bright eyes, pointed mobile
snout, prominent ears, and lengthened limbs and tail ; all of which points are
contrasted with the squat and heavy shape, the slower action, very small eyes,
blunt snout, inconspicuous ears, and shortened members of the Arvicolince.
Tiiere is also a striking difference in the ensemble of the dentition of the two
groups — tlie compressed and comparatively small incisors of Murince as
against tiie large broad fore teeth of the Arvicolince — the small, tubercular, and
rooted molars of the former, in contrast witli the great, flat-topped, prismatic,
and continually-growing grinders of the latter, in which it would seem that
the perfection of rodent dentition is attained.
In their geographical distribution in America, moreover, the two groups,
though associated to some extent, differ decidedly. The Arvicolince occupy
the northern half of the hemisphere ; they are not known to occur farther
south than Mexico; they are most numerously represented by individuals in
liigh latitudes, while some of them are among the most arctic of mammals.
The northern limit of the Murince is, perhaps, not exactly knowM; but they
do not reach the arctic seas, v/hile they are most abundant in temperate and
warm climates, and spread over Cetitral and South as well as most parts
of North America.
In the following table, prepared with much care, the cranial and dental
cliaracters of Muridce, as represented in North America, are exhibited. The
points brougijt out, it will be observed, are of varying grade, from those that
run through both subfamilies down to those that particularize the subgenera,
and serve to indicate the several degrees of relationship which subsist between
the respective groups.
' u
ifi
il|ii
MONOGKAPUS OF NOKTH AMEKICAN liODENTIA.
Diagmttk table o/eome cranial and denial ckaraclert 0/ North American MuiiiD^
HVRWJE.
UL'IEIN^.
AUVICOI.INjIS.
ilurOL
Siffn.odonta.
3
i
a
&
s
'A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
i
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Uetptro-
lnyt.
Arvieota.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
•
1
1
+
+
+
+
+
f
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
-\
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
i
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
S
i
•c
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
i
S
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
i.
1
a
0
+
+
+
+
-1-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
f
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Dental formula :
'•i_i' i-o-o' *o-u' "-a-a <-4 a
Antcorbital foramen :
A InrRC Blitliko conal in the maiilliiry, with
pyrifonn orilice, boaudcd exteriorly by a
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Top bonier of tbis foramen deeply iiickinf; tbo
root of the zyi^oma, viewed from alwvo
Koot of ryfioma not obvionsly tbus nicked
Deseeiiding proccas of mandibU *
A broad, flattened, squaribb plute, wholly below
A narrow, booked, recurred proceas, attaining
level of niolara
Coronoid prweaa of mandible :
Well developed, acute :
Notaabi{;li aa condyle
Aa bi^h aa condyle
Interparietal :
^Va^Iy aa long aa broad, one-third aa largo aa
parietal
Luzengc-abaped or quadrangular, much anialler-
Parletale :
Small, Bubcireular, with various an^lea
Lirge. Bubquadrale, with poatero-cxtcrnal ex-
teuBion
Temporala :
Ilypcrtrophiod, proJectl»g at right nnglo far
intoorbita
Moderate, Iwunding orbita by an obtuse piomi-
DencD
Zygomata :
Styloid, or iitllo expanded
Laminar, or broadly expanded
Strongly divergent postorierly
Approximately parallel
+
+
+
+
Descending to tbo level of the pal:ito
Not dropping to tbo level of tbo palate
Nasala, anteriorly :
l'roduce<l beyond |iremaxlllarlra and inclaors....
Barely or not exceeding prcmaxlUaries
Fot»mon magnum :
Sobclrcular, trefoil, or higher than broad
Broader than high
•■t
I,
MURIDiE— DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTEKS.
Diag»o»Uo Mile of lome cranial and dental characten of North American Mdridje: — ContiDned.
■■ ''''".^- ' ■>■■' ;■■
uvniDx.
uuniNA.
Aimcousx.
Uuret.
Sigmodontet. ^
i
a
+
HefjMro-
Anitala.
1
11^
a o ph
^ a a
g 1 1
+ + +
S " ' i
1
+ + ■
s 1
St
I'alatsCon tliewbolo):
Liltlo aacendiiiE ontoriorlj— nearly piano
+
H + +
+ +
+
+ + +
luoislve foramina :
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
+ + -t
+ + ■(
1
+ +: ■
+ +
+ +
Sburt, Dot rcQctiicg opposite DK^aiti
luterorbital coDRtriction :
Narrower than roatniin
About equal Id breadth to rostrum
Rather broader tfann rostrum, or much broader. .
Mnrnin of nrbit posteriorly :
H + +
^ + +
+ +
+ +
+
+ + +
h + +
Smooth and rounded off, or with intraorbital ridg«
Polato endiof; poatvrioily :
Aa 0 broad, traosTerae, straight ehclf across
BpBCO bet'.trefn second and third molars
Bimilar shtif, but not quite so perfectly trans-
verse, and with lateral fosscD shored under its
border
Similar shelf, but still less excavated at sides,
f + +
+ +
+
+ + +
+
••
+ .. ..
Similar shelf, but about opposite last molar, the
shelf narrow, occupying ooly the median part.
+ + ^
h - +
• + •*
As in the lest, but farther back, and with a
small fossa on each side
As in the last in sbnpe, but in position far back
of the molara, and without fosse
+
+
With n mediau emargination, opposite the sec-
ond and third molars, bounded on each side by
a deep fosaa ; this terminal portion of the pal-
ate on a different plane from the rest
Upper incisors:
+
+ -.
III
...
+ ■•
+ -i
+ +
+
+
+
.. + ••
+ + +
+ + +
Each wider across than deep
No wider than, or narrower than, deep
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
f + +
f + +
f + +
+ + +
Under incisors:
Knnnlng up back of condylar procMs
+ +
Stopping abruptly at posterior molara
Molars:
Booted 1
With S roots apiece
Ftnt upper one with S or 3 roots
+
+ + ••
" " " " 8,3,or4 roots
" *' " ■* 3, 4, or more roots
Normally rootless
+
+ + +
+ ••
f
•r 4 +
•fttV!!"*'^
i
il
' s
f»
6 MONOGRArnS OF NORTU AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Diag«oi,lic table of .o»ie cranial and denial character, of Xorth American MtiiUD^-Continnoa.
MURIDiE.
1
MUllIN^.
AIIVICOUX*.
Mures.
Sigmadontet.
a
s
'A
+
+
+
i
+
\
1
+
1
+
+
+
+
napert-
Arvicola.
•j
N
+
+
+
+
>>
el
a
+
+
+
+
t
I
+
+
+
+
i
1
o
+
+
+
+
1
S
+
+
+
1
&.
>
+
+
+
' +
1
+
+
+
W
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
i
1
o
+
+
+
+
4
+
+
+
+
4
>\
B
+
+
+
+
Molar crowns ;
TiibtTtulato, crcnate-cdjictl ;
+
PrUmalir.:
Sharply anjrnlflr, both 8iilc«
Sbarp one siile, obtim* tlie other
■Whon fully worn, coiiBi»tiD(j osseDtiolly of one
dentine area, within ad t-namel wall, which.
however tlwply plicate, does not, fuse from
+
+
Even Bft*r wear still couaistinK of several tleu-
tine iRtaocls. owinf; to fusloD of tbo enamel
watts from opposite sides
Molar scries :
Strongly convergent anteriorly
Little, if any, converg»'iit anteriorly
Uppormolars:
Of approximately rqnal size thronKhoiit
Decreasing in i*ize from before backward
Subfamily MURIN J).
Tlie characters of this subfamily having already been given in sufficient
detail for present purposes, we may at once proceed to consider its subdivision
into the two tribes or scries of genera ; namely, Mures and Sigmodontes. This
separation of the Old World (Mures) and New World (Sigmodontes) repre-
sentatives of the subfamily seems to us warrantcid, and not alone upon geo-
graphical grounds; for a decided difference in dentition is found, serving for
their immediate identification. ;
Mures. — Molars of upper jaw, with the tubercles in three series. Palate
e.\tending back of the molars. (Palajogrcan.)
Sigmodontes. — Molars of upper jaw, with the tubercles in two scries.
Palate ending opposite last molars. (Neogrean.)
The Mures which occur in North America, — namely, four species
V ' MUBIDiE— SIGMODOKTES— NEOTOMA. ■'- T
of the t^ipical genus Mus, — not being indigenous to this country, and being,
moreover, among the best-known of mammals, will not be treated in the
present paper, .» . .
Tribe SIGMODONTES.
Under tliis head come all tlie Murince indigenous to America. Those
of the northern division of the hemisphere may be grouped under four
genera, — Neoloma, Sigmodon, Oclietodon, and Llesperomijs ; the latter with
three subgenera. Full descriptions of these and of their respective species
follow. •
Genus NEOTOMA, Say & Ord. ;"'
Miu'ap., Say & Oiii), 181B-a3.— Dksmauest, ISiS. |}.j jj -,,.
ylri'ico/a, sp., llAltLAN, 1825.
Lemmiu, up., KiscilKU, l&Jti.
Xcoloma, Bay &, Onu, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. iv, pt. ii, 1825, 34C (typo, X. Jloritlana).—Avi>. & Bach.,
Qiincl. N. A. i, 1849, 31.— Baihd, M. N. A. 1857, 486.— CouES, Proc. Acud. Nat. Soi. Pliila
1875, 174.
Hyoxm, Bp., RicilAliDSON, Zoiil. Journ. iii, 1828, 517 (N. cinerea).
Teonoma, J. E. Gray, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Load, 18—, p. — (xV. cintrea).
CiiAHS. — Embracing sigmodont rats of the largest size ; highly murine
in general aspect ; peculiar to North and Middle America. Snout pointed,
mobile; whiskers very long (the longest ones reaching to or beyond the
siiouldcrs) ; eyes large and full (as in Dipodomys) ; ears very large, orbicular,
nearly naked. Tail long, nearly equaling the body with or without tiie head,
either scant-haired (nearly as naked and scaly as in Mm) or bushy (much as
in Myoxus). Feet small, but broad for their length, with short toes ; the fore
with four perfect clawed digits, which in length run 3d, 4th, 2d, 5th ; and a
rudimentary tiiumb bparing an abortive nail; the hind with five perfect
clawed digits, tiie middle three of which are subequal and longest ; the 5th is
not much siiorter, its claw reaching about to the base of the 4th claw, while the
1st reaches about to the median node of the 2d. Palms naked, 5-tuberculate ;
one tubercle postero-external, another postero-intemal near base of poUex ;
two at bases of 2d and 5th digits, respectively, and one at base of 3d and 4th
digits together. Soles naked at least for their anterior two-thirds — the pos-
terior third hairy in northern species, mostly naked in tropical forms; fur-
nished with seven tubercles, thus : one near postero-external angle of foot,
only evident in naked-soled species ; * a larger one a little farther in advance
on internal border; another (smaller) in advance of this externally; throe
'ILirdly n true tiiburelu, howovor; being mutol; oaiued by protuberance of tbe lattjaccnt bone,
ovot which the skin ia not particularly thickened. . '
8
MONOGBAPUS OF NOllTU AMERICAN RODENTIA.
II
large ones at baf5es of 1st, 2(1, and 5th toes, respectively; and one at con-
joined bases of 3(1 and 4th toes; tiiose at (he bases of all the digits, except
the hallux, being more or less connuent.* Pelage soft, lustrous, white
below.
To the foregoing characters, rather descriptive than simply definitive,
and indicating little else than an overgrown Hesperomys, we may add the fol-
lowing more diagnostic features, derived from the skull and teeth :
Skull elongate, twice (at least) as long as wide, in spite of the divergent
zygomata; these do not sink to the level of the palate, and turn toward the
scpiamosal almost at an angle {cf. Hesperomys). Maxillar bou idary of ante-
orbital foramen developing no pointed process {cf. Sigmodon). Palate ending
as a simple emarginate or concave shelf, opposite the interspace between lost
and penultimate molars ; the palato-maxillary suture opposite the interspace
between first and middle molars {cf. any other sigmodont genus). Incisive
foramina very short, Foramen magnum broader than high. Auditory bullse
rather small; their axes very oblique to the axis of the skull. Nasal bones
not reaching as far back as nasal branches of intermaxillaries, which gain the
interorbital region. No definite bead on upper margin of orbits. Inter-
parietal bone subquadrate, but with a large, well-defined spur on each side.
Posterior aspect of skull truncate ; i. e., the occipital plane is about perpendic-
ular, meeting the (lattened superior surface of the skull nearly at right angles
(in all other genera, the coronal rounds more or less gently into the occipital
surface). Under jaw with long, acute, coronoid process, overtopping condyle ;
root of the under incisor causing a moderate protuberance on the outside
of the jaw, rather at the root of the condyle itself than at the notch between
condyle and coronoid. Teeth of the ordinary sigmodont pattern ; nearest to
Hesjieroimjs proper, and, as in that genus, decreasing regularly in size from first
to last — in tiic upper jaw at any rate ; in the lower, t he last tooth conspicuously
smaller than eitlicr of the other two. All the upper teeth with usually two
external and one internal reentrant loops of enamel (but tiie first often with
a supplementary internal loop, and the last often with only one external loop).
First and second under molars each with two internal and two external reen-
trant loops; last under molar with one of each. In unworn teeth, nil the
reentrances open, tiie saliencies correspondingly sharp and divaricating, thus
simulating the prismatic structure of ArvicoUna ; in old teetii, however, these
•The tubercles at bases of all the exterior lingers and toea show a tendency to develop little
accessory tubercles upon tlioir outer faces.
MURID^— SIGMODOJJTBS— NEOTOMA.
0
appearances arc obscure or lost. Upper molars mostly 3-rooted ; under with
only two roots apiece.
- In amplification of the characters of this genus, we continue:
Ncotoma shows us the largest murine skull of North America, and many
strong generic characters. The zygomatic width is relatively greater than in
other forms, amounting to half the length of the skull, mainly in consequence
of the outward obliquity of the zygomata, which diverge from each otiicr as
they pass backward, instead of lying nearly parallel. The same length
of skull, with parallel zygomata, would much exceed twice the zygomatic
width. They also do not dip so low down as in most other genera, not descend-
ing to the level of the palate ; and the union of the jugals with the squamosal
spurs is abrupt, almost angular. In general contour, there is an observable
difference in the two sections of the genus — that with scant-haired tail and
the bushy-tailed species ; the latter having the rostral portion of the skull
more lengthened and the internrbital constriction greater. In N. Jloridana
the interorbital width is about one-seventh of the total length, and rather
exceeds the rostral diameter, though this is swollen. The nasals are much
widened anteriorly, where they end with crescentic outline; behind, they
stop opposite the anterior roots of the zygomata, and always (we believe) in
advance of the nasal branches of the intermaxillaries, which reach into the
interorbital constriction. In most other genera, there is no special difference
between the length of the nasals and the intermaxillary behind, or else the
difference is fluctuating. At the extreme antero-superior corner of the
orbit, the maxillary, just where it unites with the frontal, throws up a tubercle
for muscular attachment stronger than we have noticed in other genera. The
thin plate of the superior maxillary that forms the outer wall of the anteor-
bital foramen has a gently-rounded anterior borddr, with its convexity looking
forward, instead of running into a sharp point as in Sigmodon, where the
same edge is deeply concave by reason of this pointed proi >s ; and likewise,
when looked down upon from above, the foramen appears as merely an emar-
gination instead of a nearly-closed oval. The edge of the orbit is sharp
above, but not beaded. The interparietal is moderate and subquadrate, with
a spur; the paroccipital processes are strong; the tympanic bulla?, medium;
the pterygoids large, hamulate, and fenestrate. The foramen magnum is
remarkable for its depressed elliptical shape, being usually much wider than
high ; the condyles are far apart at the ends of the major axis. The ))alatc
ends behind as a simple shelf with concave border opposite the last molars
10
MOXOGBAPnS OF NORTQ AMERICAN KODEN'TIA.
or space between tliese and the penultimate pair. The incisive Ibramiiia are
of nearly usual size and sliape; liicy do not quite rcacii to the molars. The
under jaw is noticeable for the great size of the coronoid process, whicli over-
tops the condyle. The descending process is large, subquadrate, and flaltish,
with (lie under edge thickened and curled inward.
AVith a general resemblance to that of Sigmodon, the molar dt^ntition
of Ncotoma exhibits a meutionable tendency to recede from the ordinary sig-
modont style, and approach the arvicoline, in the somewhat prismatic nature
of the extra-alveolar j)art of the teeth. The teeth, however, are firmly rooted,
and the arvicoline bent is at\er all little more than a superficial resemblance.
The upper teeth are 3-rooted, as usual in the tribe, ciich with two exterior
and one interior fang; but the anterior two of these arc ollen or usually
(except in the first tooth) more or less fused together. The under ones have
only two prongs, seriatim. The tuberculation of the molar crowns is an open
question : we have never .seen any teeth not worn flat, and cannot, therefore,
speak of the character of the tubercles, if such exi.st after the teeth are
extruded from the gums; and, at any rate, this ftict indicates a tooth that
grows much more ra))idly than in Mus, Ilesperoinys, or Oc/ielodon. It is much
tiic same with Sigmodon as witii N^eotoma. The teeth, as in Ilesperomys, &c.,
decrease in size from first to last, in both jaws, though in this case there is
less diirerencc; for the posterior upper one is at least two-thirds as large as
the anterior one, and is but little less plicated. In the upper series, the
decrease is regular from first to last; in the lower, the middle tooth is as
large as the front one, but the back one suddenly diminishes in size nearly
one-half
Average adult examples show a state of llie teeth as follows: All the
upper ones are trilobate externally, bilobate infernally ; that is to say, there are,
upon the outer side, two deep, opdn Indentations, where the eiuimcl-sheet loops
into the tooth, and, consequently, three rounded saliencies or h)bes, as just men-
tioned; while on the inside there is one such indentation, or loop, opposite the
middle of the tooth, producing two such rounded saliencies. On the front
upper molar, however, the autero-interior lobe is slightly indented, making
three lobes in all, as on the outside. The interior reentrant loops of enamel arc
wide open and sliallow, not reucliiug half-way across liie face of the tooth;
the exterior loops, on tlie contrary, are very deep, reaching nearly or quite
iiCHLss Ihe tooth. At tiic outset, these exterior loops are wide open, like the
intoiior ones; but they soon shut, the two folds of enamel being mutually
MURID^— 8IGMODGNTBS— NEOTOMA.
11
apprcsscd, and thus, as one double enamel fold, they penetrate the tooth.
The apex of the antero-exterior Ioo|) in each upper tooth abuts against the
apex of the single interior loop; the apex of the other exterior loop abuts
against the surrounding wall of enamel of tiic opposite side; and thus the
crown is divided into three distinct dentine islands. But, in other cases, these
reentrant promontories of enamel do not reach either the internal loop or the
inner wall; then we have a straggling djntine area on the face of the tooth
partially cut up into three. The faces of tlie crowns difl'er in sculpture to a
considerable degree with age, as in other genera ; but, owing to the more pris-
matic form of the teeth, this variability is not so great as in Ilesperomys
or Mus, and the pattern above described will be found essentially preserved
in most cases, except in the extremes of youth and old age. In very worn
leeth the reentrant folds are all ground out, leaving a single irregular dentine
area surrounded by a. crenulate enamel wall, as in Sigmodon, &c. ; at one
period, there are enamel islands left in this area. The back molars wear down
from the condition above described to a simple figure-of-8, or hour-glass
shape. The under molars differ from the upper in being more complicated,
but also vary among themselves to a greater degree still. In the upper,
moreover, the lateral protuberances are essentially alternate (there being two
outside and only one inside) ; while in the lower, there being the same num-
ber of indentations on both sides, these are opposite. The front an.l middle
lower molars are extremely similar to each other, both having two reentrant
loops and three rounded saliencies (all mutually opposite), so that their crowns
make a figure-of-8, with an extra loop. The chief difference between them
is that the anterior lobe of the front one is enlarged a little, and shows a
shallow indentation. The apices of the lateral reentrant loops abut each
against its fellow, by which means the crown is divided into three dentine
spaces, one behind the other ; often, however, the ends of the loops do not
touch, so that passage-way is left from one dentine space into the others.
The hinder tooth may be best described as a two-thirds of either of the
others : i. «., it is a figurc-of-8 without the extra loop above mentioned ; it has
one reentrant fold of enamel on each side, opposite the middle. These folds
may meet or not in the center of the tooth ; and, in very old teeth, the grind-
ing-away of the folds leaves simply a somewhat irregular subcircular crown.
One specimen shows an instructive condition of this last under molar.
The exterior reentrant loop is becoming detached from the side-wall of enamel,
If
12 MONOOUAl'US OF NOHTII AMKRICAN KODENTIA.
un.l about lo appear as nn island of c.a.nd i.i tl.c dcnlinc area. This is
exactly what occurs in lIcq>eromi/ti, &c.
Upon attentive eonsi.lerution of the sul)j.;ct. wo conclude that there is
really no es.sevtiul difference in the molar structure of our several f>eneru ;
that N,'ofo»ia and SIgmodon merely wear off their teclh faster than He.s-
peromi/s docs ; that the pattern just described for Neotomu is indicative of early
maturity; that with age the reentrant folds of enamel are ground off from
their connection with the general enveloping sheet, and appear as islands of
enamel in the general dentine area; and that, finally, these islands are rubbed
out, when we have, as a condition of senility, a continuous, depressed dentine
surface bounded by a raised, indented wall of enamel.
We tabulate together a part of our skulls of the several species, both
real and nominal. The difference in the length of muzzle of the bushy-
tuiled species is evident from the figures.
Table I.—Meaaaremeiitii of eighteen tkulh of varioiu «jicci«« of Neotoma
No."
;i44a
Ui:\
80.M)
22U1
nm
a4(io
21G0
3,')97
;i59d
;i,VJ9
3()00
3G01
3602
yoio
Il>7()
Locality.
.a
a
Si
3
o
H
South Atlantic St.ites....
do
Saint Simon's, Ga
do
Soutbeiu States
Geoi(!iii
, do
Sonora
Fort T.'jon, Cttl ....
do
do
do
2.10
a. 0.-.
a.0o
1.90
1,80
1.9S
l.(W
1.80
1.9o
1.87
i.ei
, do I
, do 1
Santa Clara, Cat 1
Cliarco ICitcondido, Mox.. .'
W:ialiiii)!ton Territory....!
Deer Creek, "Nob",
1.92
1.90
2.10
2.10
2.05
I
0.72
0.70
0.68
0.65
0.61
0.62
0. 62
o.ns
0.65
0.62
° it
1.08
1.05
1.02
0.65
0.68
0.98
0.84
0.97
1.02
0.94
0. 95
0.92
0.95
0.95
1.12
1.07
1.05
? 3
0.27
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.82
0.24
0.21
0. 22
o.2;t
0.23
0.26
0.22
0.25
0.21
0.85
11
0.77
0.77
0.75
0.70
0.08
0.70
0.61
0. 65
0.76
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.75
0.70
0.77
a is
9 O
►J ~
1.40
0,20
0.25
0.86
0.82
1.30
1.25
1.20
1, 25
1.10
1.22
1.2.1
1.18
1.22
1.12
1.20
1.20
1.40
1.20
1.42
1.45
Remarks.
floriiana; iierfootly adult.
do.
floridana; mature.
do.
floridana; youngish.
floridana ; nearly adult.
floridana ; quite youug.
"niexioana"; mature.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
fatdpet ! adult,
"niieroiius"; adult,
"occidentalis"; udult.
cinerea; adult.
\ti
*Of the specimen, in the register of the National Museum, Smithsonian lustitution, and on its
label. The same with regard to the nnmbers in the first column of each table throughout the present
monograph.
t Taken by laying the skull on a flat surface, and rocasnring perpendicularly from the surface to
the highest point of the parietals. The name mode of measurement in snhsequent tables.
t From the tip of the incisors to the back of the condyle. The same, in following tables.
N. 1).— Measurcmouts, throughout this article, are iu decimals of the Uuglish inch.
MUIlIDiE- SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA.
18
We tabulute none of the very young skulls before us, ns these would
vitiate the results, especiiilly as regards the lengthened muzzle of the busiiy-
tailed species ; the young of that animal not having the snout noticeably
dillcrent from that of tiie rest. The difference in length of snout betwecsn
cinerea a.m\ Jloridana does not seem to be much from the figures; but n tenth
of an inch on the end of a rat's nose is something; and, viewing the naked
skulls, the rostral part in cinerea is seen to be slenderer, ns well ns longer,
than it is \n Jloridana ; the interorbital space is more constricted and more
deeply indented. Aside from this, the skulls show nothing diagnostic among
the several real or supposed species. Adult ones average about two inches
long (1.84 to 2.10) by an inch broad (0.84 to 1.12J across the zygomata, and
barely over two-thirds of an inch in height (taken as described — see under
Tab. 1, p. 12). The extreme length of the under jaw is about an inch and a
fourth on an average, but runs from 1.10 to 1.45 ; a part of this difference
being due to the fluctuating length of the under incisor. This generally
protrudes one-half of an inch, or a little more ; the upper incisors protrude
about one-third of an inch. The molaV series is from three- to nearly four-
tenths of an inch long ; thereis nothing diagnostic in its length.
' In connection with the rostra^ elongation of the skull of N. cinerea, we
should note another slight peculiarity — not, however, diagnostic of species,
much less of sections of the genus. In all the western skulls examined, includ-
ing even those of N. Jloridana, there is a tendency to a narrowing of the con-
duit of the posterior nares by more or less filling in of bone from the alveolar
border. Thus, in ordinary South Atlantic _/?on'dri«a, the whole palate is defi-
cient behind the. point indicated in the generic diagnosis — nothing bounds
the space on either side but the alveolus itself. In the other extreme, there is
quite a little shelf on either hand, noticeably narrowing the aperture. But
the feature is extremely variable, and cannot be relied upon for even specific
diagnosis.
We know thiee good North American species of this genus : first, there
is the ordinary N. Jloridana, really Inhabiting most of the United States,
except New England, though decidedly southerly, and ranging thence into
Mexico ; secondly, the N. fuscipes, which appears to be perfectly distinct,
and is a highly interesting animal, opening the way, through several of its
features, into the tropical aspect of the genus, such as is exhibited by the
N. ferruginea of Tomes, from Guatemala, and furnishing an analogy to tlie
14
MONOdHAPIIS OF NOllTfl AMERICAN ItODENTIA,
long blnck-tnilcd, partly (lusky-footca. style of He^peromys witnessed in such
a species ns Nijdemys sumkhraMi ; tiiinlly, tlie still more peculiar N. cinerea
of Uritisii America and various western Territories— nn animal tiiat, although
a true Ncotomn, sliows us the densely luiiry, almost l)ushy tail of Myozus—n
condition, in fact, tliat would almost equal a squirrel's, were the tail perfectly
distichous instead of rather terete. It has, indeed, been made the type of a
ditlerent genus, Teonomn, but this, like many of Dr. J. E. Gray's genera, need
not l)e adopted. We tabulate the three species, together with the Guate-
malan one.
Analysis of species of Nkotoma.
1. Tail scANT-iiAiKEi) (nearly as in Mus), hicolor, grayish and
whitish, in length at most barely equaling the body without
the head. Feet entirely white. Adults with the general
body-colors of the Norway rat, l)ut more fulvous on the
sides; white below; young, gray or slate. Upward of 9
inches long; tail upward of 6; hind foot upward of 1.50.
Skull averaging 2 inches FLORIDASA.
2. Tail scant-haiked, as before, nnicolor, blackish, nearly as long
as head and body (up to 8^ inches). Feet pnrtly dusky.
General body-colors as before, if anything darker. Aver- ' > '■
aging larger than the last? FUSCIPES.
3. Tail seANT-nAiUKD, as before, unicolor, blackish, nearly as
long as head and body. Feet partly dusky. General body- '
colors of adults rich ivarm rusty-red, hardly darker on the '
l)ack ; vnder parts snowy, with distinct line of demarkation.
Small; upwr.rd of 7 iuclies; tail nearly as much; hind
foot under 1.50 ; skull about 1.75 ferruqinea.
4. Tail densely hairy (as in Myo.vus), bicolor, brown or gray,
and white, ^'izc of Jloridana, or c\cn larger ; l)ody-colors . d
of Jloridana, but varying between dark plumbeous and pale '
luteOUS CINEREA,
NEOTOMA FLORIDANA, Say & Ord. , ;
Wood Knt. -' '^ u
Ifut fionAamm, Obd, Hull. Soc. riiilom. Phila. 1818, 181.— Desmahest, Mamm. il, 1R22, 307.— Sat, Long's
Expert. R. Mts. i, 1S23, 54.
ArricoXa Jloridamis, IIai i.an, Fn. Aiiicr. 1885, 141 j Med. and Pliys, Rc8. 1835, 53, pi. x, f. 1, 8. 3, 4.
MUPIDiE— SKiMODONTKS— NEOTOMA FLOUIDANA.
16
Jfeoloma JImidana, Sav A Oiin, Joiirii. Ai-ni\. Nut. S<^i. Pliiln. Iv, IHar>, ar.2, pi. x, f. 1, 9, n, 4; 7M\. Joiirn.
il, IHari, aU4, iil. x, f. l, a, :), 4; liil», IH^T, xx, IU;ir>.— Oihi-fith, Aiiim. KIuk'I. iil, l'"-'7, w\
111. — .— AuD. A. Uacii., y. N. A. I, lrt4ll, :«, ]il. iv.— ('ikokkmoy, ZhoI. Vciy. Vimhih, IKA, 154,
pi. xili.— Kknnkott, AKrIc. Ucp. U. H. I'lito'it Olllc'u for IWid (1h:i7), (iio ti'xt), pi. xi\-.—
Il.Miil>, M. N. A. IfTiT, 4M7.— Maximilian, Ari;li. NiilurK. xviil, IHO'J, p. — ; Vcrz. N.-Aiii.
HitiiK. IHIIU, iur>.— Am.kn, Hull. MiiH. C'uuip. Zuiil. ii, 1671, ltiit.—CovM, I'roc. Acud. Nut. hc\.
riiilii. 1H74, 175.
Lfmrnut Jtoi-tdamiii, Fisciikii, SynopsU, l«89, WX
Xeotona vutiea»a, IIaiiid, I'mc. Acud. Nut. Mvi. I'liiln. 1855, vli, :i3n; M. N. A. 1857, 400; II. R. &. Mvx. Iloniiil.
Siirv. ii, pt. ii, 1850, Mnimii. p. 44, pi. 24, f. 1, a to ff (Bkiill).— CouK-f, Am. Nut. i, 18117, ;i'JO.
Xeolona micropu; Daikd, I'roo. Acud. Nut. 8ei. Plilla. vii, 1855, XU; M. N. A. 18,57, Vfi; V. H. & Mex.
UuiiikI. ijiirv. ii, pt. il, 1850, Mniiini. p. 41.
Habitat. — Southern United States and Northern Mexico. North, some-
times, to Maryland (Audubon), New York (Bell), and Massachusetts (Gihbs).
Daliota. Illinois. Kansas. Arkansas. Very abundant in the South Atlantic
and Gulf States, New Mexico, Arizona, and parts of California.
• Diagnosis. — N. (adultvs) luteo brunnea, dorso obscuriore, later ibus fulves-
centihus, infra alba, pedibus nivek, caudd bicolore; (juv.) svpra schistaceo-grisea,
infrd, Candida. Long. tot. G-d-poll., caudce i-G-poll., cranii bipoll , pedis
sesquipoll. .
The adult animal is colored above very nearly like the Norway rat, but
is brighter, and still more so on the sides. The difference is parallel with that
between Ochetodon humilis and Mus muscitlus. Thus, Ocheto<lon is precisely
the color of a house-mouse, except tliat the ...des have a fulvous or pale dull
pinki8h-l)rown wash; and in this Neotoma, while the back is finely lined with
brownish-gray and blackish, as iu the Mus decumanus, the sides are quite
ta%vny or fuwn-color, especially near the line of dcmarkation between this
color and the white of the under parts. The color of the upper parts runs
down on the legs, but stops abruptly at the wrists and ankles, leaving the
back of the hands and feet snowy white ; this is invariable in all the speci-
mens examined. The under parts are white ; on tiie throat, breast, p-d low-
est belly, this color is pure, the fur being white to the very roots ; but across
the middle belly, and on the insides of the limbs, and along the sides of the
body generally, tiie appearance is only whitish, because the ashy bases of the
luiirs show througli. On the head, the color of the upper part is rather darker
or grayer than elsewhere, and the extreme snout is of this shade ; but the
whole upper lip is broadly white, like the under. The whiskers, which reach
to or beyond the shoulders, are part black, part white. The ears, which are
dusky ia the dried state, perhaps showing somewhat of flesh-color in life, .ire
nearly naked on both sides, and especially inside ; but close inspection shows
16
MOXOGRAPna OF XORTII AMERICAN RODENTIA.
n scanty pilosily, especially outside; they are very large and nearly orbicular,
with moderate antitnigiis. On tlie tail, the long body-hairs run out a little
ways beyond what seems to Iji" its true root, and occasion some discrepancy
of measurement with diHereiit persons. This mend)cr is rarely, if ever,
([uite so decidedly naked and scaly-annular as in Mus, though often closely
approaching this condition. The most naked and scaly and least bicolor tails
are generally shown by the original ^onWana from the South Atlantic States;
while western specimens, even those from deserts, as the Camp Grant ones
below tabulated, have more hairy tails, and the hairiness reaches a maximum
in some Kansas examples. Here, not far from the habitat of the bushy-tailed
species, we find tails, of which the hairs are a fourth or even a third of an
inch long, completely concealing the annuli, forming a slight terminal pencil,
and, in fact, not distinguishable at first glance from some of the scantiest-
haired (early-spring) specimens of cinerea. In these examples oi Jloridana,
the tail is sharply and perfectly bicolor — slaty-gray above, pure white below ;
and, in general, the upper surface of th&tail tends to a gray, darker than the
back. The soles are closely pilous as far as the posterior tubercle, and a slight
fringe continues all along their sides. The disposition of the tubercles
lias alrca<ly been given; in this species, the posterior one, that sliows in
iiakcd-lieeled species like ferruginea, is not apparent. These tubercles, and
generally most of the sole, are blackish ; the toes, and the whole palms,
flesh-colored.
The cliangcs of pelage, with age, are precisely as in Hesperomys leucopm,
and most other species of that genus. The young animal is slaty-gray above
and slaty-white below, almost black along the middle of the back, a little
more i)rownish on the sides. This color insensibly gives way to the normal
hues of the adults; there arc no definite intermediate stages. In the very
youngest animals, the hands and feet are snowy-white, as on the old ; a fact
particularly to be noted in connection with the study of iV: fuscipcs.
In specimens from the same locality, there is not very much individual
variation in color, it would seem, aside from the conditions of immaturity.
As a rule, the soutiiern-coast specimens are the darkest and most rat-colored,
with most indistinctly bicolor tails, lacking the brighter fulvous hue that marks
those from the dryer regions of Kansas and Arkansas. As noted els.^where,
all tlic prairie Murines and Arvicolines, if not, indeed, all the prairie mammals,
siiow the .sime thing. The pallor reaches its maximum in the specimens from
MURID^— SIGMODONTES— NEOTOMA FLOHIDANA.
17
the deserts of Arizona and New Mexico. Here tlie characters tally precisely
with those of Hesperomys "sonorieiisis" or "gamheli"; indeed, they only fall
short of the extreme seen in Hesperomiis var. eremicus. The general hue,
instead of a rat-brown mixed witli blackish, is a dull pinkisli fulvous or fawn,
especially on the sides, intermixed on the back with a few black hairs. . The
heels are somewhat less hairy, and the ears a trifle larger, more "foliaceous"
and nude. At the same time, curiously enough, the tail, instead of being
extremely naked, as was to have been anticipated, is even hairier than in
Georgia examples, and approaches the Kansas maximum in this respect. The
young animals from the same region are paler gray than usual, corresponding
to some samples of Sigmodon "berlandicri"; and some show a slight silvery
margin of the ears, as usual in desert Hesperomys "sonoriensis". It is hardly
necessary to add that this extreme, witnessed only in animals from the Colorado
and Gila deserts, is mixed and obscured in every degree in the animals living
in neighboring wooded and watered regions, and is directly connected with the
Georgian extreme by Texan, Coloradan, Arkansan, and Kansan examples.
The supposed Neoloma "mexicana" rests upon these points of coloration;
for, as we learn from the table given below, nothing in the way of measure-
ments ascribed to it is distinctive. The species was originally based upon
a few specimens, all in very poor condition, some of them indicating the
extreme stage above described. Had Professor Baird possessed at that time
the intermediate series we now command, it is doubtful whether he would
have differed from Geoffroy as to their specific identity with j/fonV/lana ; a
matter of which, in our mind, there is no question.
The case of Neotoma "micropus" presents some difficulty, owing to lack
of material ; we have nothing additional to Professor Baird's two* types. One
of these, No. 561, is so young, that the molars are not cut at all! the skull
measuring only 1.08, or about half the normal adult average. We will, there-
fore, confine our attention to the other specimen, No. 554. This has the
appearance of being mature, or nearly so, except that it is, as stated, in a
grayish-slate state of pelage. In thr first place, we n,ay dismiss the impres-
sion that would be gained from the name "microj as"; the feet being exactly
as long as in samples of ordinary ^rtdlawa or " mexicana", and quite as large.
Of the many cranial characters adduced, we fail, with the skull in our hands,
* No8. 554, 561, pnbliBlied in M. N. A.— Besides these, wo Hiid in ulcohol, from Snntu Kosalia (Coiicli),
two uthors, Nos. 8699, 2700, litlieled " niicnitius". Tlioy are, however, mere suckliuga (about three iuchua
Inn);), nnil iiOunl nn clinrnctcrs nt nil.
2 H
18
MONOGRAPHS OF NOIlXn AMRUICAN HODENTIA.
1?
i
to npiireciate the exclusive pertinence of any of tlicin, in comparison with
our largo scries, except one — the palatal notch is narrower tlian in Georgian
flor'ulana. But, as already stated, this tendency to narrowness of the palatal
notch is a feature, more or less stiongly expressed, of all western Ncotomas
(even cinerea shows it), and, consequently, =t loses diagnostic value in this
case. The disproportion of tail to trunk seems niusually great (4.25 to 9.10);
but the tail has been broken and mended, and the skin is greatly distorted —
a full inch, if not two inches, or more, overstretched. The chief character
of "micropus" rests upon the assumption that the gray pelage No. 554
shows is permanent. Altliougii tiiis presumption is colored by Dr. Bcrlan-
dier's testimony, that naturalist is as liable to be mistaken as another one ;
and we are satisfied that Neotoma "micrjpuc" is not a valid species.
Table II.— ilfo<Mureffleti(so/«ir(y specimens o/Neoto.«a floridana /com the Vtiited Stales avd Mtacico.
t
a
D
Locality.
CoUcctor.
>C80 to—
%
1
■a
i
RcniArha.
1
1
t
:m
Pi!
vm
1628
9CM
2C'J7
30T!
SC78
441)
2951
2953
2954
8iar
ei3ti
«ai
OCO'.i
04X1
3715
1730
1731
1732
vm
1328
1329
3051
3053
:I0,54
8434
11151
liiic.lnmlCoimty.N.y..
South CiirolitiB
GeorHift
ilo
J. o. Bell
8.00
0.85
0.37
7.23
0.75
0.00
5.50
4.E0
4.00
0.30
4.30
3.33
5. '.15
5.75
0.40
1.55
1.45
1.33
0.80
0.80
0.75
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry; tall atrotched.
Dry; younR.
Dry; young.
Alcobolio.
Alcobolio.
Alooholio.
Alcobolio.
Dry.
Mounted.
Dry.
Dry; very yonng.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry: younR.
Alcoholic; yonng.
Dry ; gray.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry; much atTOtcbod.
Dry.
Dry; much atret«bad.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
do
S.W. Wilson . . .
... do
...do
1. 33 ; 0. 75
....do .'.
...do
... do
...do
0.85
1.06
2.10
1.42
1.48
1.38
1.40
LOO
1.35
L45
1.20
Lao
1.40
L37
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.70
0.80
0.77
0.70
...do
...do
Florida
B. L. C. Wailes
Fort lialulall
Arkansas
F.V. Hoyden
A. W. Whlpplo...
1.10
2.20
9.40
7.50
0.00
0.00
4.12
5.00
W. A. Hammond..
... do ....
1.00
2.00
...do
...do
...do
... do
A.Croclier
... do
0.07
1.00
ROO
8.00
8.25
0.25
0.00
,5.00
4 75
4.00
...do
...do
CnU'radoTerii',^r>
T«-\afl
...do
J Stevenson
0.05
0.85
tT.I'opo
Now *j[cxtco
W. W. Audorsoo
7. SO
4 40
8.00
10.50
7.00
10.50
g.oo
0.00
8.50
0.75
7.50
4.50
4.90
5.00
O..'i0
0.50
0.00
4.90
4.7-1
1.18
1.33
L33
L40
1.18
1.33
1.30
1.30
1.32
1.20
1.30
0.70
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.80
J.roiw
... do
...do
...do
,...dr
California
....do
...do
J. F. Hainmond . . .
A. Schott
... do ....
....do
...do
...do
...do
...do
i
Arizoua
...do
F.Blecboir
MURID.E— 810M0D0NTES— NEOTOMA FU8C1PBS.
19
Tablb II. — Meaaurementt of fixly spedmcxi of Neotoma floridaka— Continued.
1
•
Locality.
Collector.
Noaoto-
t
1
1
SemarkB.
1
i
i
H808
8809
8800
8801
8800
8803
886S
8801
8804
8809
8810
8811
eoos
8900
0089
to
9900
1339
to
1343
1328
1339
1033
903
389
954
961
3099
8100
1.00
1.00
1.90
6S!S
7.50
1.00
1.50
0.15
1.35
1.40
&00
6.35
4.15
4.15
5.50
4.75
5.75
5. CO
4.00
5.00
5.7S
1011
1. 85
1.25
1.35
1.15
1.30
1.30
l.i»
1.20
1.30
1,35
0.90
0.90
0.85
0.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.05
1.00
0.95
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry. - .:
Dry.
Dry.
Dry; yonng.
Dry; yonng.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic; notgrow^.
N08. 9980-04 are alco-
holic; very yonng.
holio; embryos.
Alcoholic i very yonng.
Dry.
Dry.
Monnled.
do
do
....do
....do
....do
do .
....do
...do
...do .'.
do
l.OO
0.0.«
1.80
1.10
1.85
...do
do
...do
do
.. do
....do
... do
do
do
do
do ...
do
do
1.09
8.00
7.50
&00
6.00
3.75
1.25
1.15
1.10
... do
. . do
I .0
. do
J
J. Colorado BItct, Ariz. . .
....ia
do
10.90
0.00
a 75
6.60
1.33
1.30
1.00
0.95
....do
. . do
....do
....ilo
T.H.Wobb
5.00
7.90
9.00
6.90
4.89
1.17
1.18
1.40
Chihaahna
Mojioo
...do
J.PottB
0.?4 Dry.
a an Tim ^ Tvimh nf "mi.
D.N. Conch
....do
....do
... do
Alooholif , rery yoong.
Alooi 'Ho; very yonng.
....do
...do
NE070MA FUSCIPE?
I'lJopper
Jluiky -t )OV.^d Wood Bat.
Mcvlima fntdpeii, Cooper, MiiS.— B.tTRr>, M. N. A. 16S7, 495.— Cocas, Proo. Aoad. Nat. Soi. Fhllu.
1874, 17C.
Diagnosis. — N. caudd unicolore, nigricante, elongatd, truncum sine capite
aquante sive exceedente, pedibus supra partim fuscis, auriculis plantisque ferh
nudLs ; nigro-badia, infra albida. Long. tot. 9.50 poll., caudd 8.50, pedis 1.60.
Habitat. — California.
This remarkable rat is much unlike any other of the genus we know of
Witii a general agreemci.*. in form with other species of the scanty-haired
tailed group, there are striking difTcrcnces, the first of which that we shall
20
MONOGRAPUS OF NOHTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
notice is the length of tiiil. In N.Jloridana, tlie tail only exceptionally equals
the trunk vvitliout tiic head; in N. fuscipcs, tiie tail is only exceptionally so
short us this, ranging usually from a little more than length of the trunk to
tlie full length of tiic trunk aiui head together. Besides its length, the tail in
the dried specimens shows the peculiarity remarked hy Professor Baird, being
compressed for its terminal third, somewhat as in the muskrat. At first, we
thought this was a taxidermal or other accident, but all the specimens show
the same thing; so that, whether or not the tail be compressed in life, it, at
any rate, dries in that shape. Nothing of the sort occurs in N. Jhridana.
The pilosity of the tail is about the same in the two species. The ears
of fuscipcs are larger than those oi'Jloridana, although the general size of the
two animals is nearly the same. The soles o( fuscipes are nearly naked
throughout, but not perfectly so ; a scant hairiness occupying the posterior
third of the sole, which is densely furry in Jhridana. The general pelnge
of /«scy;cs is coarser and iiarsher than it is'm floridana, although the differ-
ence is not very noticeable ; not more so than that between prairie and forest
examples of N. cinerea. In other respects, of size, form, and pelage, we note
no essential characters.
In color, however, there are likewise marked features, the most promi-
nent of which is the nearly uniform blackishness of the tail, and the next
most so is the duskiness of the hind feet. This peculiarity is uniform and
very conspicuous in all the specimens examined. The surface of the meta-
tarsus is dark-brown, like the outside of the leg; the toes being abruptly
white. This coloration and that of tiic tail are especially interesting in the
geographical connection mentioned below. In general color, the animal is
of a darker and warmer shade than ordinary jf?o/iV/aHa, and many times deeper
than the pale desert-breed of the latter from neighboring regions. The main
color is a strong reddisli-brown, overpowered with blackish on the back, but
very bright on the sides. The under parts are white, as usual ; the hairs oh
the middle line white to the very roots, but those along the sides of the belly
ashy at root. On the fore leg, the dark color runs to the wrist and then stops
abruptly ; on the hind, as stated, it reaches the roots of the toes.
We have not specimens enough to show the full range of variation in
size and proportions; but tiiese, no doubt, are perfectly parallel with those
oijloiidana ; and, similarly, we cannot give the entire variation in color. We
Bhould judge, from the restricted area that this species occupies, that its colors
MUKlDiE-SIGMODOHTES— NEOTOMA FDSCIPES.
21
woultl only vary us much as, say, those of South Atlantic coast Jloridana do.
Wc have no very young animals before us; but Nos. 1169 and 1182 show
much the same signs of juvenility that Ihe same ages oi Jloridana do. The
gray, however, is tiot so slaty; being more lined with yclIowish-brown, result-
ing in a color almost identical with that of Mus decumanus. The feet are
dusky, quite as in the adult.
We should very much like to see specimens of this species from other
localities, especially a little to the southward, where the physical influences
that give the peculiar fades to Mexican MuridcB could be observed at play. As
Dc Saussure has remarked (/. c), there is a tendency to extension of the color
of the back down the legs and on to the feet in the Mexican forms of Hespe-
romys ; thus, in H. azlecus, the basal third of the metatarsus is sharply dusky,
while, in H. (NyctemynJ sumichrasti, the whole metatarsus to the toes is
dusky. These two species also finely illustrate two other parallel tendencies :
these arc, to the change of the ochrey or yellowish-browns of northern species
into a ricii rusty red, with lengthening and blackening of the tail. Neotoma
ferruginea of Guatemala and Southern Mexico shows likewise all three of
these features. Neotoma fuscipcs, with closest relationships, if any, to Mexi-
can forms, shows us the beginning of changes that appear to culminate in N.
ferruginea ; but we have no links to excite suspicion that it is not perfectly
distinct from the last named, as it certainly is from any other United States
species.
Mr. Samuels's Petaluma examples are strictly identical with Cooper's
types.
• The Fort Tejon example is interesting, and merits special mention. By
referring to our table of N. Jloridana, it will be seen that we record three
specimens of that species from this locality ; these are pure Jloridana, abso-
lutely identical with South Atlantic styles ; they do not even approach in color
the paler "mexicana" of the neighboring desert regions. But No. 3655 is
equally \i\iTG fuscipcs ; the dusky occupies the posterior two-thirds of the
metatarsus, and the tail, which is only an inch shorter than the head and body,
is of a nearly uniform blackish" color all around. This occurrence, at Fort
Tejon, of the two species of Neotoma, each preserving its own characteristics,
confirms the specific distinctness of fuscipes, and is an interesting parallel with
the case of the Hesperomys of the same region ; for it will be seen further on,
that while the ordinary mouse of Fort Tejon is the "gambeli" strain of leu-
IT
22
MOXO(il{Al'US OV NOKTII AMEUICAN KODENTIA.
if
II:
M'l
it
if
)■'
copus, yot. the siiifjularly difrcrcnt //. californicus (parasiticus of Cooper) also
occurs tlicre; and tliat some of the samples of "gaml)cli" seem to tend a
little toward ca/iforniciin. Here appears to be the gateway, both iii Hesperomijs
and in A^eofoma;, ihai leads out from an ordinary type into a localized ditTeren-
tiation. We must confcs.8 that wc suspect that certain intermediate Ncotoma
and Ilcspcronii/s will yet be found in this region to show us the steps of depar-
ture from N. Jloridanas inU) fuscipcs and from H. kucopus into californicus.
The skull of A'", fuscipcs shows nothing diagnostic ; a slight narrowness
of the post-palatal notch being shared by the other western and Mexican
forms. One example, No. 2040, measures 2.15 in length by 1.15 across the
zygomata.
T.MII.J
lll.—Mtamremenl» of
MX »j)«cifflen« of Neotoma
I'USCirES.
1
1
Locality.
ColU'Ctor.
Noaeto—
t
8.50
6 TiO
i
0.75
1
s
la
■A
KciuarkH.
1
i
1
'3
H
1 158 ' Snntn Clara. Cal
495
9.00
9. .10
ft SO
6 25
1.55
1.00
1.02
1.58
1.28
1.35
1.10
1.00
1.05
1.20
1.00
1.00
Drj'; ndult; type.
Dry J youDK.
Dry i young.
Alrnholic; adult.
Alcoholic ; young.
1159
....do
do ... .
iie-j
....ilo
... do
7.10 !
7. 90 1 0. 85
0.25 0 76
6^50 0 70
8679
sei^o
PetaluDiQ, Cal
...ilo
K. Snliiucla
....<lo....
1.07
0.80
S.00
1.50
S.40
1 n.'.
3055 ! Fort Telon. Cal
7.50
1
NEOTOMA FERRUGINEA, Tomes.
A^eotemo /trniffiiiffl, ToMi-s, Pioc. ZiiOl. .Sw. ItHil, 2.^1. (I'mm Guiitetimla. D«sciibe<l nH bright rufous,
inixcd with black liuirs on Ibu back, below [iiiro wbitp, tbe line of deninrkutioii distinct.
Length (i" (>'", bead 1" 9'", fore foot 8'", bind foot 1" 8'", tail 0".)— CoUKS, Pnw. Acad.
Nut. Sci. Phila. 1874, 17.5.
Diagnosis.— (No. 9507, Mus. Smiths., ex Tehuantepec.)— iV. aureo-fcrru-
ginea, dorso obsciiriore, infra nivca, auriculis suhnudis, plantis ferii nudis, caudd
nigricante unicolore, truncum cum capite suhcequante, metatarsis supra ex alhklo
fuscescenlibuK. Long. tol. l.bi) po//.; criudce G.50; pedis 1.40; auricula 0.90.
Upper parts of a rich rusly-red, almo.st golden-rust, color along the sides ;
on the back obscured witli considerable admixture of blackish hairs; the line
of demarcation on the sides very sharp: (he color of the upper parts (or a
duskier hue) running down the outside of the legs to the wrists and ankles;
the superior surfaces of (he feet of most of the s|)ecimens white, clouded with
dusky, sometimes the dusky strongly predominating, in other specimens, haw-
ever, hardly or not appreciable. Extremity of muzzle colored; but, on the
sides of the lip, the white reaching up to the roots of the whiskers, wiiile just
behind this the ferrugineous dips abruptly downward, so that the outline
of the white and ferrugineous is tar from a straight line. Below snowy-white ;
H'
MURID^— SIGMODONTE8— NEOTOMA FERRUGINEA.
23
the liiiirs white to the roots in the middle, but along the sides with ashy roots,
somewhat obscuring the purity of tlie white. Tail nearly as long as the head
and body together, at least exceeding the body alone, and i)lackish throughout,
or so nearly unicolor that the under side is merely a shade paler than the
upper. Whiskers very long, all jet-black at base, paler at ends. Soles very
scant-haired back of the posterior tubercle; ears likewise nearly naked (both
much as m fuscipes). General form and proportion of parts as in the other
scaly-tailed Neotomas. Size averaging somewhat less than in Neotoma Jhri-
dana (see table of measurements).
The fine series collected by Professor Sumichrast enables us to ciiarac-
terizc this animal with precision. The five specimens vary but little, the
difference being mainly in the purity and intensity of the colors ; the meta-
tarsus, however, in one specimen at least (9435), is white, whereas in all the
others it is clouded with dusky. The animal is related to N. fuscipes in this
respect, as also in the length and blackness of tail, but is smaller than that
species, and otherwise distinguished at a glance by its rich rusty-red color,
by which, furthermore, it is separated from any other of the rat-colored
United States Neotomas.
The skull of No. 9507 has no structural peculiarities, but is smaller than
any adult United States skulls examined; it measures 1.80 in length by 0.95
across the zygomata. The post-palatal notch may be rather n; w, but is
not conspicuously so. The dentition affords us nothing diagnostic, as, in fact,
is the case with all the rest of the genus ; and we suspect that any peculiarity
Mr. Tomes may have noticed in his types of ferruginea will prove only an
individual feature, to be matched in other species.
We have not seen the young of this species, and do not know how gray it
may be in youth ; but we should expect that the dark gray or slate color
oi floridana and other northern species would not be perfectly exhibited in
this case.
Tablk Vf.—Meaturtmmtt of five apeoimetu of Nkotoma vkriiugikba.
1
Locality.
CoUector.
NOMiO—
t«
1
n
1
Bemuks.
i
^
<i
t
93T9
B380
R381
SMS
tan
TehuftntejMO, Mexloo .
....do
....do
....do
r. Saraichnwt....
...do
....do
0.75
aeo
1.65
1.60
1.83
1.75
7.00
7.00
7.85
aoo
7.75
6.50
7.00
6 75
6.75
0.70
0.65
0.711
0.68
0.75
1.35
1.35
l.M
1.30
1.45
0.85
0.02
a97
0.00
Dry; adult.
Dry; adnlt.
Dry! adult.
Dryi adalt.
Dryi adult
....do
...do
....do
II
j>fnv>V'.l,"^
24
MONOGKAIUIS OF NOliTII AMERICAN KODENTIA.
ii
NEOTOMA CINEREA, (Ord) Baird.
Basby-tallfd IVood Rat.
A»h-iohured rat, <rilh hairy lail, of Uockij Moiinlaim, Lkwis & C1.AIIK, jMtaini.
lUm ciii.TOKi, ()lil>, fiiilliiii'« (ii'oR. id Am. c<l. ii, IHlf., i'M (Hancil (ill the fiiri'Koing.)
i\r(,loma miirea, ilAllil), M. N. A. IHT)?, 4!l!l, pi. liii, f. 1.— ColKX, I'loc. Acnil. Nut. 8ci Pliila. 1874, 175.
Mi/oim ilriimmumlii, Hicil.MslisoN, Zdcil. .loiiiii. iii, lH2t<, 517.— W'AiiNF.Ii, Sclirtli. Siiiij;. iv, pi. iW7A.
Nwloma drimmoiidii, Kh-iiaiidso.v, 1'. I).-A. i, IHaO, VX7, pi. viii.-MAXiMll.lAN, IMne, i, IK)!), :«i5.— Wao-
NKii, Suppl. .Sclirol). iii, lH4:t, .'■|60.- At:i>. & Hacii., Q. N. A. i, 184!t, 22a, pi. xxix.— Maximilian,
Arch. Niitiir);. xviil, Iritii, |i. — ; Vcrz. N.-Am. .Siiiif,'. lf^>2. l"*!.
Xeoloma occtrf(n(a/i», CooI'kk, MSS.— Uaiiid, Troc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pliiln. vil, 1^55, 335 ; M. N. A. 1857, 496,
pi. nil. f. 3.— CooPKit & SUCKI.EY, Not. Hint. Wash. Terr. IHtiO, 128.
Tadlb v.— J/;a«iireraeH(» of forty specimcm of Nkotoma cineiika.
Locality.
4301
f>3l4
1091
5n07
fioei
.Viiia
SfiTO
10616
10017
3S4
lllil
4330
4303
4301
4:108
m)1
3898
3751
i):iS4
11.3-U
3181
37.'i8
.37.'iO
2397
8544
8130
463
4KI
OTi
3806
3733
89
068
3318
3370
4068
Ftirl C'liiirrliill, nnilwm'HRay.
SHHtinlcliewaii Kivrr
Flirt niilliil, Uml. Il«y Tit...
Fori Manl, Hiiil. Hay Tor. . .
.. ..ilii
(lo
ilo
do
(lo
?, Hiiilnnn'ti Hay Ter . . .
?, I'liitcil Slaica
YellowatoiiL' Kiver, Mont
do
MllltKlvtr
F.irt Sarpy, Veb
BigUnrn River, Nob
Deer Creek, Neb
(lo
Williani'a Springs, Utah
do
I'iko'a Peak, Colo
Campl9,Colo
do
Fort Maa8ac'bllHotl^ N. Mox
do _..
Fort Riircwyn, N. Mex
Straita of Filca
Waxliiiigtoii Territory
do
Shoalwater Ilay, W. T
do
do
Lake DepAt, Utah
Simiahmoo
Columbia River
Aatoria, Oreg
do
Fort Umpiina, Oreg
Fort Crook, Cal
Collector.
Noao to—
Tall lo-
\V. Mactavinb ....
.T. McCaiiley
.1. Liickardt
W. L. nardiHty ...
...do
..".do
...do
..do
...do
It. Campbell
J. A. Alien
...do
G. Suckley
F. V. Hayden —
(i.U.Trook
...do
F. V. Itayden ....
..do
C.SMcCartliy...
...do
D.C.Collier
RRidiiway
...do
D.C. Peters
E. C. Itowman
W. W. AnderaoD.
G.Suekley
J.n,,Swan
...do
.T.G.Cooper
...do
.. do
C. n. R Kennerly
•T. Wayne
J. K. Townaend . ,
.T. Wayne
...do
E.P.Vollum
D. F. Parkinson . .
3.10
11.00
9.50
9.00
9. .'.0
10.75
9.00
aoo
a 75
0.00
8.50
8.35
7.75
7.00
6.00
5.75
9.SS
6.00
4. 75
5.50
5.75
5.00
.5.50
6.00
5.00
4.00
7. 50 i 5. 50
10.00
9.00
10.00
8.00
0.50
7. .10
7.50
10.50
aoo
a5o
8.75
9.73
10.00
10.00
9.00
11.00
9. 33
a 33
10.00
Rao
aoo
aso
7.00
6.00
.5.00
6.35
5.33
7.50
6.50
5.50
5.75
7.00
5.00
7.35
7.75
6.75
7.35
6.00
ass
6.75
,5.50
6.50
7.00
1.65
1.53
1.60
1.03
1.60
1.65
1.80
1. 53
6.50
7.75
7.00
a 10
7.33
6.(0
a 40
7.00
a 50
7.00
&30
6.30
7.73
a. 50
6.70
5. .50
aoo
5.73
1.40
1.65
1.55
1.19
1.50
1.45
1.63
1.40
1.50
l.riO
1.70
1.60
1.75
1.69
1.85
1.00
1.53
1.75
L73
1.60
1.63
1.00
0.90
1.15
1.06
Remark a.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dr>-.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Drj-.
Dry.
Drj-.
Dr.v.
Drj'.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Fresh.
Dr.v.
Dry.
Fnah.
Frrsli.
Fresh.
Dry.
Dry.
Freah.
Fresh.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
MUUID^— 8IGMODONTE8— NBOTOMA OINBREA.
25
Diagnosis. — N. caudd hirsutmhnd, {myoxina s. subsciurina), bicolorc,
supra f^riseo-fusca, infra olba ; corpore supra cinerco {luteo- s. badio- .«. fusco-
cinerco), infra ex albido albo. Long. tot. circ. 9 poll., caudce circ. 6.00, pedis
1.40-1.76, (luriculcB 1.
Habitat. — Western and Nortliwcstern Nortli America. Eastward to
Hudson's Bay, Nebraska, and Colorado, &c. Southward to New Mexico and
California. Westward to the Pacific. • - ' :r '
Since both form and color come into play in consideration of the nominal
species we shall presently discuss, we have at once inserted our table
of measurements, after examining which we shall note the coloration of the
animal, and then investigate llie supposed N. occidentalis.
lu size, this animal is rather the largest of the genus, averaging near the
maximum of Jloridana. The only specimen that touches 11 inches is some-
what stretched; but as several others reach or exceed 10, 11 inches is prob-
ably not beyond a natural maximum. Only one (No. 3898) that seems by ita
coloration to be adult falls below 7 inches, and this one appears to be some-
what compressed in the make-up of the skin. We may safely deduce,
therefore, striking off somewhat from both ends, an ordinary range of varia-
tion in length from 7.50 to lO.ftO inches, with an average dimension of about
9 inches.
The tail, as usual, is still more variable ; and as, moreover, it is badly
stuffed in most of our specimens, the true dimension is hard to reach. We
find, as the figures stand, the vertebra; running from 4.00 to 7.50 inches, and
the hairs from 4.50 to 8.50. Cutting off 0.50 eacii way for probable error,
even then there is left a range from 4.60 to 7.00 inches for the vertebrre, and
from 5.00 to 8.00 for the hairs. This variation amounts to nearly 33 per
cent, of the average length of the head and body. Excluding some of the
more striking extremes in relative length of tail to body, we may safely say
that the shortest normal length of tail to body would be about as in No. 5662,
or No. 1321, where the proportion is as 5 : 9, or 4 : 7; 56 : 100 nearly, or
but little over half the length of the head and body ; while the longest rela-
tive length of tail is about as represented by No. 3270, where the tail is as
70 : 85, as 82 : 100, or four-fif\hs the head and body. But, since this
animal (No. 3270) is supposed "occidentalis", we might here be accused
of assuming in the premises what we wish to find in conclusion ; so we will
take another specimen, No. 3758, from New Mexico, being typical "cinerea"
■^Jjn"iiiijr>v)r.» X'. ' 'MJV
20
MONOGKAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Ilorc th(3 figures arc 6.25 to 8.50. or nearly as 75 : 100; that is, tho tail ii»
about three-fourths the length of the head and body, at any rale. But, to be
fair to ourselves, we will take one other. No. 380G, a typical "occidentalis;"
here the figures arc 5.50 : 9.25, or about 59 : 100; that is, considerably undci
two-thirds thi; Iciigtii of the head and body.
In other words : throughout the whole series, the tail (vertcbr«3) ranges
from about half as long to about four-fifths as long as bead and body ; in the
scries of true cinerea alone, the tail ranges from about one-half to about three-
fourths as long; in the series of "occidentalis", so called, the tail ranges from
less than two-thirds to about four-fifths as long; and the respective ranges
of the two series overlap each other by about as much as they difTer from
each other. Throughout, the variation is by insensible degrees; there is no
l)reak in the series. Obviously, therefore, the characters "caudal vcrtebraj
about as long as the trunk", as opj)osed to "caudal vertebroB considerably
shorter than the trunk" {Baird, op. cil. 487), fail to be diagnostic of two
species.
The average tail is about two-thirds as long as the average body.
Excluding No. 3898, which seems to be an abnormally small individual
if really adult, as it appears, the hind feet range from 1.40 to 1.85 in length,
a more customary range being 1.45 to 1.75; and the average settles very nearly
at 1.66 inches. The fore feet (not given in the table) are about one-third
of an inch long.
The ears, measured from the notch in front, average a little over un inch
iu lengtli, ranging from 0.90 to 115.
The whiskers are immensely long — the longest ones averaging nearly 4
inches. An idea of their length will be gained when we say that in one
specimen the distance between the tips of the outstretched whiskers is over
eight inches.
The densely hairy tail of this animal, unique in the genus, early attracted
attention. The average tail is haired almost exactly as in Mi/oxus ; the hairs
increase in length, usually, from base to tip, and likewise, as in Mijoxus glis,
are more or less distichous in arrangement, so that the tail is flattened. In
some of the more heavily-haired tails, the resemblance to Tamias is striking;
and the hairiest of all even approach the condition of Sciurus itself, although
the shape is sul)terete rather than perfectly distichous. Thus, in No. 8314,
the hairs, pressed out flat, measure fullij three inches across, and the terminal
MDBID^— 8IGHODONTES-NBOTOMA CINBBBA.
27
ones form a brush two inches beyond the end of the vcrtebroe. This maxi-
mum of hairiness, however, is rarely if ever seen, except in borjal specimens :
the most hcavily-iiaircd United States tails are only about tvo inches across;
an average one is rather less than this; the average pencil at tlie cn<l is prob-
ably not over one inch. There is a great difTerence, also, according to season.
In the spring, when the animal has just lost its lieavv winter-coat ; and in
summer, l)el'ore it has commenced to put on its protection from the cold, the
tail may bo only a little more hairy than in Kansas samples of N. Jloridana.
Thus, in Nos. 3897, 3898, 9324, &c., the hairs aro much less than an inch
across, along most of the tail ; and this member looks precisely as figured i)y
Audul)on. Comparison of Audubon's with Richardson's plates will give an
excellent idea of the extreme dilFerences ; both these figures are faithful, and
can be precisely matched in our series. It is hardly necessary to add that,
nevertheless, the tail is never so scant-haired as to permit the annuli to be
seen. - . ■
The ears, and to some extent the feet, share the general increase of hair-
iness OS er Jloridana that the tail shows. The ears are, in general, closely and
softly pilous, much like a squirrel's ; never so nearly naked as m Jloridana, &c.
In United States specimens, there is riot much difference in this respect ; but,
in the arctic ones, this soft pilous strife becomes actually hirsute. In all the
specimens, the heels are closely hairy to the posterior tubercle ; in arctic ones,
the hairiness is more dense, and even encroaches on the sole from the sides.
The hairs on the upper surfaces of the toes generally reach about to the ends
of the nulls; in arctic examples, they are longer, completely hiding the
claws. The palms are always completely naked from the posterior tubercles.
The tubercles are five in number: two abreast, posterior; two abreast at base
of 5th and 2d toes, respectively; one intermediate between tiiese last and a
little anterior to them at conjoined bases of 3d and 4th digits. The very
rudimentary 1st digit looks exactly like an additional tubercle at the antcro-
intenial corner of the inner posterior one. The soles have six tubercles,
with ihe ordinary disposition ; the posterior one of these is subcircular (not
linear, as in Mus, &c.).
Aside from seasonal conditions, which, being well known, and the same
as in other rodents, need not be here particularized, the pelage varies in the
series as follows : The arctic skins are very full-haired and soft ; the United
States prairie-region skins are equally soft, if not more so, but not so full ;
I
V i
28
MONOOUAl'llS OF NOllTII AMElllCAN UODBNTIA.
.11
wliilo tlic Pacific-coast forcst-siK-cimciis Imvo a ratlicr coarser and harsher fur.
This character, too, 1ms entered into a specific diagnosis; yet, allhougli
the point cannot be reduced to figures and proven mathematically, we declare
tiiat it is iinpossibh; t(t draw a dividing line between these conditions.
The under parts of this animal arc white— usually snowy-white in Unitcil
States prairie skins, and dull soiled white, or even ashy-white, in Arctic und
Pacific coast specimens. The remark just made applies here with undimin-
ished tbrce.
The upper parts correspond with the under. In the prairie skins, the
color is very bright ; a rich liiwn or lutoous-brown, lined with black on the
back. In all the Arctic ones, and Ijkewise in the Pacific-coast ones, the shades
arc much darker, more inclining to ordinary rat-color, but always with more
or less of a clayey-brown or rusty-gray. Young animals from these regions,
respectively, are dull pale gray and deep slate-gray. One specimen (No
3318), apparently a sickly or otherwise abnormal example, is rusty-red
underneath. But all these various shades of color are so inextricably mixed,
that it is out of the question to base a specific character upon them.
It is interesting to observe, in this connection, that the tail does not seem
to share this variation in color. In the tawniest jjrairic skins, as in the rest,
the tail is ashy-gray above, white below. Sometimes, indeed, the tail is paler,
or even a little browner, than in other cases; but it is essentially gray in all
cases — discolor with the back in the rusty skius, concolor with the back in
the dark ones.
We are i)lcased to notice in this animal the strongest possible cbnfirma-
tion of the views reached in our discussion of various supposed species of
Hesppromi/,1, concerning geographical strains. We solve the whole Neotoma
question in a nutshell, when we say that it is parallel with the case of Hes-
jieromys "austerus" as far as dark color and length of tail of N. "occidentalis"
are concerned; and with the "uebrascensis" style of "sonoriensis" as far as
color is concerned. We may, in a rude way, throw the Neotoma skins before
us into three heaps : first, the Arctic ones, thickly clad, short-tailed, dark-col-
ored ; secondly, the United States prairie ones, thinly clad, short-tailed, bright-
colored; thirdly, the Pacific-coast ones, medium clad, long-tailed, dark-colored.
If there be more than one " species", there certainly are three ; and granting, for
a moment, that there are two, the Arctic ones, of course the true N. drum-
mondii, look much more like the Pacific-coast ones than they do like the
I ■
ij m
MUBIUJ5-8IOMODONTE8— NKOTOMA MAOI8TEB.
29
tawny Nebraska ones. Professor Bainl, with no examples of Arctic Neotomn
(the original drutnmondii) before liini, saw the ilifllerences between the short-
tailed ones Richardson dcscril)ed and the long-tailed ones given by Audubon
as '^drummondii" ; and then receiving two short-tailed ones Croin Nebraska
(Sucklcy's and Ilaydcn's first skins), he concluded that these must 1)0 the
real drummondii, and adopted Cooper's name ocddentaiis for the Washington
and Oregon scries. The bright colors and soil fur of the Nebraskan ones,
really somewhat different from tl»e darker and harsher pelage of the others,
confirmed his erroneous impression, But those who may desire to push spe-
cific differentiation further than we are willing to, must recognize three species
as above indicated, or else indorse the view that there is but one.
NEOTOMA MAGISTER, Baird. . > •
FoHlI Xeotona. ' '
^ratoiiui magiiler, Bairo, H. N. A. 1S57, 408 (in text).— CouKS, Proc. Aonil. Nut. 8oi. Phils. 1874, 17n.
Locality of remains.— Ca\es of Pennsylvania, near Harrisburg and
Carlisle.
This species is based upon a number of under jaws gathered in the
above-mentioned places. These differ from the same bones of the existing
species in averaging rather larger; but the difference is not decided. Thus,
No. 12207 i,s precisely the size of No. 6883 (iV. cinerea). The teeth show
no appreciable peculiarities : we have them in various stages of wear, all
of which can be matched in our series of recent specimens ; and the same is
true of the shape of the several parts of the jaw. As far as these fragment-
ary witnesses go, we cannot determine N. magister to be anything more than
a former condition of one of the existing species — probably Jloridana ; but
as we have it separated by a considerable lapse of time, and have no assur-
ance that it was not quite different in color, or in the proportions of the
limbs, ears, tail, &c., the expediency of retaining the name is evident.
With this case in hand, we offer an hypothesis that is none the less rea-
sonable for being presumptive. Neotoma magister was the original species at
the time the genus was differentiated from the then coexistent types of
Murines, and became the progenitor of the four kinds ("species") of Neotoma
living in America to-day. Those individuals that remained at and about the
locality of the parent stock have varied the least, and present the assem-
blage of characters we call N: "Jloridana". Other individuals, migrating
westward, met, in the regions now known as Colorado, Kansas, &c., physical
'v^'^^w'K "fw" " f •;vT*y^*-'>>'^
30
MONOGRArHS OF NORTH AMERKJAN RODENTIA.
^^
influences resulting in the sliglit* diifcronces in ti)c color and texture of the
pelage. The northward emigration from this point assumed, probably through
the influence of thermometric conditions, the longer fur and especially the
dusky tail of the now iV. "ciiien'u"; this attaining its maximum in the Arctic
regions. Secondary, slighter difl'crentiations of this branch, due to hygro-
metric conditions, resulted in the light-colored variety from the dry plains
('^cincrea" of Baird), and the dark variety from the wet, wooded region
of Oregon and Washington Territories; in the Arctic regions the color being
intermediate, though the pelage is at an extreme of length and density as
a protection from cold. Other westward migrants from the Kansas and
Colorado center, encountered in the vicinity of Fort Tejon influences that
<leveloped N. fuscipes. What these were, we have no idea ; but they are obvi-
ously the same that there remodeled Ilespn/ony.i kucopus into //. californicus,
and made Ochetodon longicauda out of O. humilis. The southward emigra-
tion from the same center, like the nortl: "ard one, gives results in perfect
accord with established and recognized laws. All are smaller, yet with
increase in the relative size of peripheral parts ; the comparative dimensions
of the tail, feet, and ears being greater. In the New Mexican and Arizonan
deserts, warmth and dryness effected the much paler and slightly smaller
variety known as N. mexkana; while still farther south, the greater heat,
with less dryness, culminated in the much smaller and very much richer-col-
ored N. fcrruginca. In this enumeration, we omit N. ^'■micropus", which rests
upon intangible characters, and these even not shown to be permanent.
However sound this theory may be, or the reverse, it will, we think, be
admitted that it explains every phase Ncotoma has assumed since the days
of N. mngistcr, in strict accordai.ce with laws of geographical variation, the
general applicability of which no one can intelligently question.
We have oidy to add a word here, since we can explain our usage of specific
names very perfectly with tais case in illustration. So far from believing that
any of our Neotomas represent difTfirent "species" in the former acceptation
of the term, we hold that they arc all one, l)earing to each other the simple
relation of parent and offspring. But we write; Ncotoma Jloridana, N. fuscipes,
N. cinemi, and N. fcrruginca, because tiiese words severally express definite,
tangible, and (comparatively speaking) constant characters which have been
impresscil upon the parent stem by the physical influences above mentioned
• if. wu- iviimrks upon the (lilllciilty of distiiigiiiHliiiiK some exumplw" of H. ciHerca and flortdana
fioiii thin rojjiuu.
i| I
MURID^E-SIGMODONTBS— SIGMODON.
31
or alluded to ; these characters appearing the more strongly, because, in the
course of time, the intermediate connecLing stages of change have become
effaced. On the other hand, we discard the names occidentalis, mexicana, and
micropus, because these terms express indefinite, more or less intangible, and
fluctuating phases of development, which are of less importance, since
the links that bind the forms to their respective branches of Neotoma are
perfectly plain. Moreover, the first-named species all rest upon very broad —
primary, so to speak — geographical, and therefore climatic, conditions ; while
the last-named indicate only the operation of restricted local influences.
Genus SIGMODON, Say & Ord.
Sigmodon, 8at & Orr, Jonm. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. iv, 1835, 358.— AuD. & Bach., Q. N. A. i, 1849, 227.—
Baihd, M. N. a. 1857, BOI.— C0UB8, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sol. Phila. 1874, 175; and of autbors
general]; .
ilnJoIa, sp., AuD. & Bach. ; Harlan; G0DMA^f. . ■
Beaperomya (Deilemya), up., De Sausuure, Rot. & Mag. Zool. 1860. (" S. toltecns".)
Chaes. — Skull and dentition much as in the sigmodont Mures at large.
Length of skull less than twice the width of the widely divergent zygomata ;
these arches set very obliquely to the axis of the skull, and not dipping down
to the level of the palate. Plate of maxillary forming the outer wall of the
anteorbital foramen with a concave front border, because of a prominent pro-
cess that nearly divides the lower slit-like aperture of the foramen from the
upper oval part. A prominent raised bead at the supraorbital border, running
thence backward obliquely outward on the temples to the occiput. Palate
ending behind, opposite the posterior border of the last molars, with a slight
emargioation divided in two by an azygos median process of bone, and exca-
vated on each side of this, wath a minute foramen at the bottom of the exca-
vation behind. Incisive foramina long. Tympanic bflllae comparatively small.
Jaw with the coronoid process overtopping the condyle ; the root of the under
incisor forming a protuberance on its outside near the notch between condyle
"nd coronoid. Descending process rather large and flat, with incurved under
bori. Pelage hispid, from abundance of large bristly hairs. General form
stout, som>.vhat arvicoline. Profile of head strongly convex ; muzzle short,
obtuse, hairy, e\ ipt the nasal pad. Tail from two-thirds to three-fourths as
long as the head and body ; generally less than the body alone. Ears large, orbic-
ular, sub-naked outside, hirsute inside. Antitragus well developed, valvular.
Fore feet small, not half as long as the hinder; palms nuked, 5-tubcrculate (two
large tubercles abreast, posterior, one at l)ase of 2d and 6lh fingers respectively,
one at base of 3d and 4th together) ; thuinl) rud'mentary, with an obtuse, flat-
>Im
^ Hi I
i^
a
32
MONOORAl'IIS OF NORTH AMKKIOAN UODBNTIA.
tened nail. Hind feet very long, generally about equali .^ distance from nose
to ear; 1st and 5tli toes subequal and very short, the latter reaching but little
beyond the basal joint of the 4th. Soles entirely nailed, granular at bases
of toes, perfectly smooth i)ehind, G-tul)ercnlate, the tubercles all small, the
hindcrmost not lengthened and linear as in Mux; the 2d tubercle just outside
and a little in advance of this one; a tubercle just inside the base of the 1st
and 5tii toos respectively ; one between bases of 2tl and Ikl toes ; one between
bases of 3d and 4th toes.
Although this forni of sigmodont Murina is undoubtedly strongly marked,
yet we cannot see that it stands apart from the rest so far as it is tacitly sup-
posed to. A good deal that has been written about its peculiarities of denti-
tion might be advantageously toned down ; in fact, we do not find much, if
any, greater dental characteristics than those slightly superspecific ones mark-
ing several other forms usually ranked as subgenera of Hesperomys. The
loops of enamel on the posterior molars tlo form a sort of sigma, but it is
usually a broken and always a distorted one, never more evident than in some
other sigmodont forms. The pattern of the teeth is fully as changeable with
age as it is in Hesperomi/s, Scotoma, Mus, and other genera; and it is only to
a particular stage of the crowns that the details of pattern, usually ascribed to
the genus, hold good. Moreover, we have, in the section Oryzomys, a perfect
link between Sigmodon and the ordinary small Hesperomys of America. The
connection is so close and complete, that, in fact, we should almost think Ory-
zomys ought to take |)lace as a sui)genus of Sigmodon rather than of Hespero-
mys; or, if retained where it is now, Sigmodon ought to be laid over against
it as another suljgcnus of Hesperomys. In external characters, Oryzomys
agrees better with Sigmodon than it does with ordinary Hesperomys ; the two
are so much alike, in fivct, that the relative length of the toes and the com-
parative size of the ears are the most readily-expressed differences. We are
not sufficiently familiar with all the exotic American Murinee to come to a
final conclusion : but we suspect that it will in time be found advisable or
necessary to combine most of the species of the sigmodont Mures into one
genus (for which the name Sigmodon, antedating Hesperomys, woulil have to
be adoi)ted), with several subgenera or groups of species; for, with the
exception of Neutoma, perhaps Holochilus, and possibly one or two others,
the various superspecific groups seem to differ from each other by characters
of ai)out ecpial or equivalent value. The impropriety is, that it is at present
customary to hold some of these groups fur genera, others only for subgenera ;
MUUIDJi;— SIGMODONTKS— SIGMODON.
33
wliorens tliey do not appear to aflbrd grouiuls for any such subordiiuition.
Thus, Onychomys seems to us fully as diH'erent from Hesperomys proper as
Signwdon is ; and we should judge the same to be the case with such forms
as Abrothiix and Oxymictervs. But as we are not now undertaking a critical
revision of the whole sigmodont tribe, we prefer to accept the groups as we
find them, provided they are established with any considerable show of reason,
rather than present decided innovations; and for the present, in order to
bring out tlie groups in the strongest relief, we accord generic rank to some
that probably we should reduce to subgenera upon final survey of the whole.
The principal diagnostic points of the skull of Sigmodon are those men-
tioned in a preceding paragraph. The shortness of the skull, in comparison
with the great width, resulting from the widely divergent zygomata ; the short,
swollen, rostral portion ; the arched frontal profile ; the curious little pointed
process of the lamellar plate of the maxillary that bounds the foramen
"(wanting in other groups we have examined — even in Oryzoinys) ; the posi-
tion and peculiar sculpture of the palatal shelf; the small bulte ossete; tiie
bead on the orbital edges, — all are strong characters, in peculiar combination.
We might easily describe several additional, more minute features, but this
seems unnecessary. The following table shows the size, proportions, and
variations of the skull of the single species of the genus we have examined.
Table VI. — 3/ea»iirfmeii(« of fourteen tkulU ofapeciet o/8iomoi)ON.
i
Loeallty.
i
1
5-
5
•a
1
i
t
1
Q
1
1
S
u
S
s
s
p
1
i;
Remarkg,
4783
Georgia
1.37
0.99
0.S0
0.90
0 .w
o.9n
0.79
0.03
0.37
0.96
hupidiui adnlt.
4764
.. <lo
1.27
0.91
0.73
0.18
0.48
0.99
0.60
0.83
0.33
0.99
hitpidut: adnlt
ims
...do
1.40
0.94
0.89
0 91
O..^
0.95
a 95
0.38
0.95
hitpidut, adnlt.
ISISO
...do
l.SO
0.99
0.30
0 49
0.94
0.70
0.80
0.30
0.35
hitpidut: ailnlt.
SOU
South Carolina
0.79
0.09
0.31
0.93
hitpidtu; adult.
AupiifiU; adnll.
Afupidui; adult
1993
19141
0.90
0.90
0 49
0.S9
0.17
0.07
a 73
0 76
0.90
0.94
0.31
0.30
0.33
Mohave Vallny, ChI
1.30
0.93
0.75
I914(t
. do .
0.77
0.90
0.90
0.94
0.99
hitpidut: ailnlt
" berlandloli. "
"betlandleri."
16S1
19191
CoahuUa, Hexioo ....:
0.78
0.10
0 10
0.90
0 44
0.96
0.19
0.70
0.09
0.88
0.79
0.33
0.30
0.99
0.33
MatamoiuR, Mrxloo
1.15
9671
TohaaDtot>cc, Ufxtco ..
1.40
0..''4
0.79
0.90
0.97
a 94
0.79
0.90
0.33
0.39
" berlandieri. "
9irM
...do
1.97
0.40
0.80
0.90
O.SO
0.93
0.60
0.84
0.39
a 94
" borlaodleri. "
wm
...do
1.30
0 48
0.70
0.10
0 49
0.19
0.60
0 77
0.90
0.90
" borlRndleri"tyoun)(lBh.
7910
OriMba, Uoiloo
1.19
0.70
0.18
0.49
a 19
0.60
0.77
0.99
0.90
" toltecua " i yuunglah.
Dentition. — Selecting an average adult example, as No. 47C3, in wiiich
the teeth are full-grown, yet not so worn as to deface the pattern, we find as
3 H
ri
34
MONOOIJAI'IIS OF NORTH AMKIMCAN IfODKNTIA.
41
follows: — Tho upper molars have three roots each: a large interior fang, and
two smaller exterior iiiiigs, placed side by side; but the anterior of these, in
the, fiinl molar, is as large as tiie interior, and stands directly to the front,
instead of to tiic outside, while this same tooth also often shows a fourth
,oot — a small one interposed between the two exterior ones. But the under
molar roots show us something that may be peculiar — at least, we have not
observed it in other genera ; this is, that they have more than two roots apiece,
and the disproportion in size of the roots is very ^reat. The front lower
molar has four fangs: a moderate anterior fang; an enormous posterior fang;
and two little intermediate iangs, placed side by side. Tlie next two under
molars have each three roots : two small anterior ones placed side by side, and
one enormous posterior fang. The larger tlmgs seem to result from the con-
Hucnce of two small ones ; and, in both upper and under teeth, there are some-
times minute accessory fangs that do not effect a distinct perforation of the
alveolus, and are, therefore, not enumerated. We think it very likely that
this mode of rooting may be really charricteristic of Siginodon, but have not
ventured to include it in our diagnosis, in our uncertainty as to its permanence,
and our ignorance of what, if any, other sections may show the same thing.
Tile front upper molar is larger than the other two ; but these are of about the
same size, since, contrary to a general rule, tiie back molar does not diminish
in l)ulk. All three have externally two deep reentrant lobes, or folds, of
enamel, reaching almost across the face of the teeth ; the front upper molar
has two similar interior folds ; the otiier two l)ut one such interior loop apiece.
In the front molar, the first exterior loop abuts against the second interior
loop, or else is received in the space between the first and second interior
h)ops; similarly, on the other teeth, the first exterior loop abuts against the
only interior loop, while, in all three teeth, the second exterior loop abuts
against the postero-internal angle of the general enamel-wall. The abutment
of these folds is more or less perfect with different specimens, but, generally,
it divides tlie enamel-area into several dentine islands. In the under jaw,
likewise, the molars do not decrease in length from before backward, the
back molar being as long as the first, and, if anything, even broader; still,
the complexity of the crown is much greater on the first than on either of the
others. The first lower molar shows three interior and two exterior reentrant
folds of enamel, alternating with each other; the apex of each fold is received
against the apex of the next succeeding, so that the face of the tootii iu
II
MDUID^-SIGMODONTKS— SIGMODON.
86
divided mtn five separate dentine islands (when the abutment is perfect). Tlie
nicks in the border of the tooth between these fohls are more open tlian in
any of tlie other teeth ; in fact, approaching the open recntrances of Nvotoma
The two last under molars differ much from the first, and are almost precisely
like each other ; they have usually but one perfect reentrant loop on both
inside and outside, and, as these loops alternate, an appearance something like
the letter S is produced. But the imperfection, and csp'^cially the incon-
stancy of this pattern, has been already mentioned, and is further shown below.
Often, in case of the middle lower molar, there is another imperfect loop, either
internal or external — or two such, one external, one internal ; these we have
not noticed on the back tooth, where the "sigma" is best shown.
The teeth of the Mexican ekuUs before us, including 8. "toltecus", offer
nothing noticeably different from the ordinary style. M. De Saussure figures
{I. c. pi. ix, f 3*) an average example — perhaps rather elderly, however. Our
No. 7510 is still older, showing many of the reentrant folds dissevered from
the surrounding wall, and forming conspicuous islands in the dentine area.
The teeth of an aged Sigmodon (No. W»*, South Carolina) show conclu-
sively that the progressive changes of the molar crowns are as described
in Viu-perimus, although Sigmodon, like Neotoma, loses its tubercles so early
that we have not observed the primitive unworn condition. The senile con-
dition that the molars of this specimen have reached may be said, in a word,
to be the penultimate one, in which the reentrant loops of enamel, though
still evident, are nearly severed from their connection with the general
envelope — the peninsulas are almost islands in some places, in others have
become quite isolated. These molars are nearly worn down to the roots.
The only further change of which they would have been susceptible had the
animal lived, is the final rubbing out of these islands, when the teeth would
have presented a single continuous depressed dentine area, irregularly bounded
by the external sheet of enamel. The front upper molar shows two external
and two internal in-lying folds ; the former still perfectly peninsular, the latter
almost isolated. The middle shows one perfect internal peninsula and two
external folds; the anterior one of which is already insular, the posterior
nearly so. The back upper molar is in the same condition as the middle one.
The front under molar shows two internal peninsulas alternating with an
external peninsula and an external island. Both the other under molars show
one external peninsula; on the middle one the internal loop has become
insular, while on the last one the same loop remains peninsular.
il:
\\l
3G MONOCJUAPIIS OF XOKTII AMIMJICAN UODENTIA.
SIGMODON IIISPIDUS, Say & Ord. . • ■ .i^ff-
Cotton Rat. :^v'. :,
Sigmmloii Uhpidum, Say & Oim.. .I..iiri.. Xvm\. Nut. Sci. PUiln. iv, IHiS, :J54, i.l. x, f. 5, 6, 7, 8; Zool. Jonrn.
ii, IHiS, ifflfi, pi. X, f. 5, «, 7, 8 — Wacinkh, Snppl. Sclirob. iii, 1M4S, 556.— AuD. & Bach., Q. N. A,
i, lri41», 829, pi. XXX.— Bamid, M. N. A. 18,-)7, 502.— Allkn, Bull. Mob. Coinp. Zoiil. ii, 1871,
183.— CouF.s, Pioc. Acad. Nuf. Sci. Pliilu. 1874, 170.
ArrlcoU hhpidiiii, OoDMAN, Ain. Nut. Hint, ii, 182(i, fi8.
Arricola horlensia, Haiilan, Fn. Amcr. 1825, 138 ; Med. & Pliya. Kes. 18.35, 43, pi. — , f. 5, 0, 7, 8.— GWKFITH,
Aiiiin. KiiiKd. v, 1827, sp. 547. ■
Arvicota femiqineut, Haiilan, Am. .loiirn. .Sci. x, 182i5, 285 (rusty var.). '■ ■ ■. .' '
An-kula Imaua, Aui>. & Bach., Q. N. A. iil, 1853, 229, pi. cxlvii, f. 2 (not Arvicola lexarni, AuD. & Bach.,
iHd. p. 319, wliicb is /fcn/xromy* leiicopue).
Sigmodoii berlaHdUri,.)i\mit, Proc. Acud. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 333; M. N. A. 1857, 504; U. S. & Mox.
Bound. Siirv. ii, 18,')9, tlainuials, p. 44, pi. vi, f. 2, 2" (Texas; Mexico).— ToiiKS, Proc. Zool.
Soe. 18G1, 2H1 (Guatemala).
Ilenperomijii (/(ci/omi/s) (o/(ccu«, Dk Sal'ssuhe, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 18fiO, p. — , pi. ix, fig 3« (Cordilleras of
Vera Cruz).
Diagnosis. — S. caudd suhnuM truncum sine capite subcequante ; pedihiis
validis, digito b^ vix l"""' superante, nee valde ultra arliculum proximum 4" par-
recto ; plantis nudls, tesselatis. 6-tuberculatis ; auriculis m/ignis orhiculatis, intus
liirsutis extus subnudk ; rostro obtuso, piloso (septo narium excepto); mystaceis
spnrsis brevhsimis ; vellere Ivspido ; supra nigra budloque inlime limbaius ; infra
ex griseo albidus, pedihus dorso concoloribus, caudd sub-bicolore.
Habitat. — Soutliern United States and Mexico, especially coastwise.
North to the Carolinas. South to Vera Cruz and Guatemala.
A sigiiiodont rat, vvitii a nearly naked tail about equaling the trunk with-
out the head (from a little less tlian the trunk alone to about the length of the
trunk and head together) ; large hind feet, of which the 1st and 5th toes are
but little unequal in length, the latter reaching but little beyond the base of
the 4th (never to tiie penultimate joint of the 4th) ; entirely naked granulated
soles, with six small tubercles; largi; rounded ears, hairy inside, nearly naked
outside; l)luiit muzzle, furry except at the septum, and very few whiskers
hardly reaching to the ears; the pelage long and hispid, from admixture of
much bristly hair, finely lined above with black and brownish-yellow, below
grayish-wiiite ; feet not white above, and black below ; tail very indistinctly
bicolor.
It will probably l)c admitted that the foregoing diagnosis is tolerably
stringent and reasonably specific; yet we propose to prove it comprehensive
enougli to include several nominal species.
It is unnecessary to go into any elaborate descripfion of this familiar ani-
mal, viewing the several excellent accounts already in print, and especially
since the essential characters have been fully elucidated in our notice of the
MURIDiE— SIGMODONTES— SIGMODON IIISriDUS.
#r
genus. In entering at once upon tlic discussion of the nominal species tlmt
luive been coined at the expense of Sigmodon hinpidus, we first present a
table of measurements of thirty-four specimens collected in the same locality
by the same persons. A part of the measurements being from alcoholic speci-
mens and the rest from very nicely-prepured skins, the figures are reliable.
They serve to indicate the normal individual variability of the animal in size,
unaffected by geographical or climatic influences, and give us data in the
problem that cannot be galnsayed.
Taiilk VII. — J/<:o»ureme(i(»o/(/iir/j-/oMr«p«!i«fi»8o/SloM()miN uiavmvs from Society Hill,SoHlh Cmolimi,
collKted in 1M55-5(> by llcv. M. A . Curtia and «o»«.
SG85
«i86
2f)rt7
2688
8089
2690
2693
1990
1991
1988
1989
1987
1985
1966
19'J2
1237
1238
I83J
1241
1242
1240
1243
1245
1246
1244
"1303
1304
i:<06
1307
979
NoBe to—
Eye. Eur. Occiput.
0.70
0.60
O.GO
0.65
0.65
0.06
O.riO
0.65
0.70
0.65
0.62
0.65
0.05
0.60
0.62
0.66
0.62
0.60
0.70
0.60
0.70
0.65
0.57
0.66
0.64
0.68
0.00
0.61
0.65
1.45
1.25
1.25
1.30
1.30
l.SO
1.25
1.30
1.45
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.25
1.40
1.42
1.30
1.15
1.25
1.45
1.20
1.40
1.40
1.10
1.40
1.20
1.25
1. 15
1.20
1.35
1.67
1.46
1.42
1.47
1.48
l..'>5
1.46
1.50
1.60
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.45
1.05
1.50
1.40
1.40
1.35
1.60
1.30
l.ti7
1.60
1.25
1.65
1.45
1.55
1.35
1.30
1.50
Tail.
5.45
4.75
4.65
4.90
4.80
5.05
4.90
4.80
5.90
5. 05
4.50
5.25
5.85
5.50
5.25
4..'i0
5.00
4.25
5.00
4.10
5«75
5.25
4.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
4.40
4.80
5.75
4.00
4.00
4.40
4. .50
6.00
Tail.
3.75
3.25
3.20
3.40
3.45
3.30
3.26
3.35
3.75
3.30
2.25
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.00
8.75
3.10
3.00
3.20
3.10
3.20
3.60
i8.75
3.90
3.50
3. 40
3.00
3.10
3.75
8.50
8.r.o
2.70
2.40
3.20
Palm.
0.68
0.60
0.58
0.61
0.60
0.63
0.55
0.56
0.60
0.60
0.58
Sole.
1.85
1.15
1.15
1.80
1.20
1.20
1.17
1.80
1.85
1.80
1.20
1.17
1.15
1.80
1.10
1.10
1.15
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.80
1.88
1.05
1.30
1.12
1.15
1.10
1.12
1.25
1.00
t.05
1.05
1.03
1.20
Ear.
0.70
0.60
0.(i0
0.70
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.70
0.75
0.60
0.70
0.65
0.00
0.68
0.62
0.68
0.70
0.66
0.65
0.60
0.70
0.67
0.57
0.65
0.63
0.64
0.55
0.60
0.67
Bemnrlu.
Alcoholic
Alcoholic
Alcoholic
Alcoholic
Alcoholic
Alcoholic
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry,
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
copied from Uaird.
c<ipi«d from Baird.
copied from Baird.
copied from Baird.
copied from Baird.
copied from Baird.
38
MONOGUAPUS OP NOUTH AMERICAN IJODENTIA.
Tlio aiiiniiil vuries from 4 to G inches in length of head and body; but
neither of tlieso extremes is ordinarily readied. The average length settles
at very nearly 5 inciics. The variation is 60 per cent, of the minimum, and
33 per cent, of the maximum.
The length of tail ranges from 2.25 to 3.90 inches. These appear to bo
exceptional figures, however; and to be witiiin safe limits, we will take 2.50
and 3.75 as ordinary extremes; the variation 1.25, exactly the same percent-
age as that of the body. The average tail stands hard ujion 3 inclies.
The car (measured from the notch in front) runs from 0.55 to 0.75, set-
tling at about O.GG, or two-thirds of an inch, in height. Tiiis dimension is sul)-
stantiuUy the same as the distance from nose to eye. The limits of variation
accord in their percentage with thnse alreadj 'bund for trunk and tail. The
fore paws (measured from the wrist) are a little below this dimension (about
0.60); their variability is about the same.
The hind feet run from 1.00 to 1.30 inches as extremes; more fre-
quently from 1.10 to 1.25, settling near 1.15 as an average. This dimension
averages a little less than the distance from nose to ear.
Tiie head is about 1.50 inches long, but runs from 1.25 to 1.66.
The ratio of tail to head and body is this : No. 979, 3.20 to 6.00, or tail
little over half the length of the head and body ; No. 1237, 3.10 to 4.10, tail
oidy an inch shorter than head and body, about tiiree-fourths the head and body.
The average tail (3.00 -f) is to the average body (5.00—) about as 0.66 is to
1.00 ; that is, it is about two-thirds as long. , ,
The coloration of this series is remarkably constant ; in fact, we see
nothing that calls for special comment. Some of the specimens are a little
darker or a little paler, from presence of more or fewer black hairs above ; and
some are quite pure white underneath ; others grayer ; others again of a pale
muddy-brownish ; but these variations are not at all striking.
We next insert a table of specimens of Slgmodon from Carolina to
Southern Mexico. They embrace the type of S. " berlandieri" and all Baird's
other specimens of that supposed species ; typical examples of "Hesperomys
(Deilemys) toltecus", De Saussure ; rusty individuals agreeing with "Arvicola
ferrugineus", Ilarlan ; LeConte's, Audubon's, and Bachman's samples, &c.
ml
MUUIDiE— 8IOMODONTES— SIOMODON UISPIDUS.
30
Tadlk VIII.— Afcasurcmcnfa 0/ thirty-iiitie tpcoiment of Sia.MOOO.N from the Southern United Statos and Mexico.
1
LocnUty.
Collector.
Koso to—
Tall.
I'ldm.
Sole.
Ear.
1
Itomarkii.
Eye.
Ear.
Ocrl-
put.
Tnll.
39
■mn
ao
34*
i»a
i»a
m\
4141S
3701
seas
0588
000
0300
Wit
00«i
wa
8t«0
saa
8
wm
4W
403T
aiisi
804
265
ana
574
■'184
8ont.b Cnriillua
J. Bacbmnn
0.00
1.10
1.35
4.50
5.75
4.75
Xttt
6.35
5.75
5. CO
5.00
3.75
4.50
3.00
3.35
3.75
3 35
3.55
3.75
0,54
0.54
0.00
0.50
0 50
0.55
a55
1.01
1. 15
1,18
''*"
1,25
1. 15
l.SO
1.33
1.20
1.20
1.13
1.07
1.30
1.33
1,10
1.20
1.15
i.sa
1.14
1.17
1.18
1.40
1.85
1.15
1.20
1.10
1.14
1.13
1.10
1.37
1.30
1.35
1.19
1.30
1.10
1.05
0.97
0.98
1.05
0.55
O.liC
0. 05
0.70
0 08
0.60
0.07
0.65
0.65
0.70
0.70
0.69
0.60
0.70
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.60
0.66
0 73
0.64
0.54
0.67
0.55
0,60
0.60
0 58
0.03
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Alcohiiliu.
Alcoholic.
Dry.
Atuiholio.
Aloiibelic.
Dry.
Aleobolio.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry; stretched.
Dry.
Dry; much stretched.
Dry.
Dry ; much stretched.
AIc4>hnlie.
Aleellolie.
Alcoholic.
Alcobolio.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Alcuhulic.
Alcoholic; younc.
Alcoholic; youuK.
Alcoholic ; yonnR.
,...do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
... ilo
J. LoConIo
.. ..do
J.I'ostell
0.C3
0.15
ceo
010
'a 7.1
0.70
1.30
1.30
1.40
1.85
1.50
1.30
1.30
1.0(1
1.80
1.40
1.75
1.00
....do
J. J. Auduhon
Dr. Gcsner
H.W. Wilson
....do
...do
....do
5.50
3.40
0.00
3. CO
3.,'iO
3.75
3.50
3.30
4.30
0.35
0.56
0 55
0.55
Florida
E. Palmer .
0.65
l.SO
1.40
5.75
5.00
.150
6.00
5.00
7.00
Texas
... do
L. C. Elrondberg
...do... ,....
... do
...do
do
...do
...do
n. D. Dutchor ....
J. n. Chirk
. do
o.ao
0.00
1.50
l.CO
....do
...do
California
....do
MutaiuoruB, Mcx —
Coahulla, Max
Nuovo Leon, Hex. . .
Santa Rosalia, Mox
Tamaulipss, Mex . . .
.. do
7.00
5.65
6.00
5.50
4.50
5.07
4.00
3.03
4.00
3.80
3.40
4.00
3.00
0.54
0.60
0..15
0.50
0.60
A. Schott
0.05
1.30
1.45
J.C.IVCB
....do
Dr. Berlondler....
D.N. Couch
....do
0.59
0.70
1.18
1.50
1.38
1.07
...do
4.75
...do
...do
Zohnolan, Mex
...do
5.50
6.00
5.00
4,40
.. do
\00
4.70
4.40
.1.35
3.35
3.30
3.00
3.60
3.50
0.51
0000
0510
0534
flOOS
eo9«
TJio;
oogo
8:io-j
G300
48C4
TehuaDtcpoo, U«x..
...do
....do
....do
....do
... do
...do
5.00
5.30
4.50
.'i 00
Tuxpango, Mox
...do
...do
....do
. do
Mirador, Hox
...do
0. Sortorlus
....do
0.03
1.85
1.45
4.73
....do
....do
....do
* There Is some mistake In Professor Bolrd's measurement of No. 34 (0.00 long ; tall. 4.35) i tho spedmeu does not show
these dimensions.
t Typo of «. '■ twrlandtsri ", Baird.
; Kupresentinff Ur^penmya {DciUmyt) " toltteua '\ Do Sausevrfl.
If these specimens are all really of one species (as wc hold, and aim to
prove), the limits of variation are set somewhat further apart, as would be
expected from the extent of country, representing different climatic conditions.
Excluding Nos. 8 and 8820 as ol)viously overstuffed (they could not
have exceeded 6.00 in the flesh), the length of the body remains substantially
•I
40
MDNOaitAl'US OF NOUTU AMERICAN KODENTIA.
, fi
tlio siuiu', and with nearly tin; same limits of variation that were found in tlio
Carolina series (4.40 to 6.00), though none drop to 4.00. The same may be
said of the cars, fore t'cci, head, nose to ear, and nose to eye. The case is
dilfereut respecting tiie tail and hind feet, in which we get some new figures
reipiiring attention, as the dimensions of these parts have entered into the
specific (lingnoses. '
For all the United States .specimens, except three (Nos. 8820, 666, and
S), both the absolute and relative length of 'the tail is almost exactly as in
Carolina skins; if anytiiing, tiie tail is rather shorter than longer. In none
of the United States specii'iens do the feet differ appreciai)ly from the Carolina
figures. In No. 8, the tail first touches 4 inches ; the tail of 8820 is u little
longer (4.30); that of 5GG (type r)f "l)erlandieri") is still longer (4.60). But
not one of these even equals, not to mention excce(ling, the head and body, as
alleged for "berlandieri". In .several Mexican skins, similarly, the tail sur-
passes 4.00 (Nos. 9385, 9508, 9.J09, 9510); and in two of these (9509, 9510)
it actually equals the truidi. These are the oidy instances of this occurrence
in the whole series; and tiiat they fall in the category of individual variations
is proven by the following considerations : — First, these specimens are associ-
ated with otiuMs (Nos. 9534, 6995, 6996. 7210) positively identical in every
respect, and in which the tails bear the ordinary positive and relative length
of Carolina skins ; secondly, the Texan and Mexican skins diflfer more inter
se in length of tail than they do from the Carolina ones ; tiiirdly, we can
form from our two tables the following graduated series of tails' lengths:
2.2.5, 2.40, 2.50, 2.70, 2.75, 3.00, 3.10, 3.20, 3.30, 3.40, 3.50, 3.G0, 3.70, 3.75,
3.90, 4.00, 4.30, 4.40, 4.60, 4.70, 5.00, 5.25 ! Wiiere shall we make a break
in this chain to establish specific difference upon length of tail 1 It is hard
to admit a variation of two inches in the tail of an animal the tail of which only
averages three inches long; but we do not see how to get around the figures.
We found the feet of Carolina specimens to range from 1.00 to 1.30.
Among the Southwestern United States and Mexican examples, we have a
slight widening of the limits— from 0.97 to 1.37 and 1.40. The foot of 4927
is indeed enormous, 0.10 longer than the maximum Carolina foot, and heavy
in proportion ; while that of 9384 is hardly less. But No. 9385 (a specimen
that might have been twin-brother to 9384, the two are so absolutely alike in
other respects) innnediatcly sinks the figure to 1.30, which is at the Carolina
extreme; and No. 4927 bis (taken along with 4927) has the foot within ordiiuiry
MUltlDiE— SIOMODONTEB— SIGMODON U18PIDU8.
41
limits. And, on the otlier hand, Nos. 0996 and 7210 have feet a trifle under
an inch, yet are positively identical with No. 9508 for example. And in only
fifteen Mexican skins the feet range thus: 0.97, 0.98, 1.05, 1.10, 1.10, 1,12,
1.14, 1.15, 1.1?, 1.19, 1.20, 1.26, 1.30, 1.30, 1.37! * >
Mr. Allen hi.s already {I. c. 184) culled attention to the fact that Professor
Ikird's own measurements of S. "berlandicri" do not bear out his statement
that the tail is "equal to or longer tlian the trunk." "In the latter [S, hispidus],
the length of the tail to the length of the trunk is as 69 to 100; in the for-
mer (S. berlandieri), as 6^ to 100 ! " Moreover, if the statement were correct,
it would conflict with Professor Baird's generic characters; for he says
(p. 501, B. N. A.) that in Sigmodon the tail is "shorter than the trunk."
But color has been adduced also, and we are to inquire about this. No.
5Go, the type of "berlandieri", certainly does not show us the slightest
shade of color clifTerent from many Carolina skins ; the same is the case with
some other examples of "berlandieri". Others, however, as Nos. 9021 and
8820, are appreciai)ly paler than any Carolina ones we have sect: ; being
"grayish yellow brown lined with black", exactly as stated by Professor
Baird ; and this pallor is even surpassed by Nos. 9384 and 9385. Here tiie
bleached color is striking; indeed, the animals are as whitish as Arvicola
"breweri" compared with riparius; and the tail of one of them (the other's
tail is broken off) is longer than usual, though still an inch shorter than the
trunk. But these are the specimens with the enormous feet, and so differ
from "berlandieri" quite as much as they agree with it ; and they are associated
with other specimens quite as dark colored as the ordinary Carolina hispidus.
Some of Professor Sumichrast's skins are typical of the "Hespcromys
toltecus" of De Saussure {I. c), upon which this naturalist based his subgenus
Dnlemys, There is no question of the accuracy of this identification ; the
specimens agree in every particular* with De Saussure's elaborate and faithful
description. When we began to examine the animal, we were inclined to
think it different from S. hispidus, viewing the remarkably small feet, which
appear the smaller when compared with such feet as those of No. 9384 for
* Snvo otiu. Do Suii88nro, in coninieuting upon tbe affinities of Deitemyt, remarks its lilcencss to
Orytamjii, but says tbe skull lacks tbe supraorbital "crAte" as ribed to Or^wmyii by Baird ; wberens we
fiuil it present in a skull of Sigmodon toUfCiu, takeu from Mo. 7S1U. But De Saussure may bave misnp-
prebenilcd Baird's remarks, or may bave bod a skull not quite mature. Tbe rai8e<1 rim of the orbits is
not fairly hIiuwu oxoopt l)y perfectly ailnlt animals. Moreover, wo find it in miiny otber Mexican
Bliocies, even in sucb a delicate one as M't/ctcmyi lumiiihnuli, Vo Suussuro, in wbicb tbis autbor likewise
says it does not cxint.
42
MONOUltAl'IiS (3F NOUiri AMERICAN ItODENTIA.
u irDi
! !
o.X!im|tlc. Hut. ill every oilier respect, it is identical with onlinnry Carolina
Uhpidus; it will i)(^ observed tluit it is not in the long-tailed set; in color it is
fully as dark reddish-brown as average hiqndun, while the feet are, after all,
only at or banily below (0.02 or 0.03) the niiiiiiinnn of those of liixpidus.
Tims it is impossible for us to regard "lierlaiidieri" or "toltecus" as spe-
cirically diilereiit from Mspidus. There may be tiiose, however, who are ready
III admit all we claim, and yet may think these extremes of one species worthy
of iieiiig dislingiiished by name as varieties. We have no real objection lo this
cour,'<e; and, with a reconstruction of the original diagnosis of "berlandii^ri",
we will present for such naturalists tin; best diagnosis that can be framed,
which may pass for what it may be worth to them : —
S. hkpidus hiapidus. — Reddi.sh-brown, lined with black, beneath whitish.
Tail rarely eciualiiig i)ody alone. Ilind foot not over l.aO nor under 1.00.
6'. /linjiidus beilaudieii. — Grnyish-brown, lined with black, beneath white.
Tail sometimes eipuding body and head. Ilind foot not over 1.37 uor
under 1.10.
S. hispidus toUecus. — Reddish-brown, lined with black, beneath whitish.
Tail rarely ecpialing head and body alone. Ilind foot not over 1.10 nor
under 0.95.
We may obseive in jiassing that the specimens of SIgmodon with tho
tail as long as the head and body bear a rcmarkalile superficial resemblance
to Oyijzomys. But Sigmodon may always be known, first, Ity its hispid pelage;
secondly, by its large orbicular ears about equaling in height the distance from
nose to eye; thirdly, by the subequality of the 1st and 5th toes — the latter
reaching little, if any, beyond the base of the 4th, instead of to its middle joint,
as in Onjzomys. These distinctions sometimes come into play, for we have
Mexican and Jamaican skins of Onjzomys identical in color with Sigmodon,
and really requiring a second glance to tell them apart.
Among our United States skins, some, like No. 20, are unusually rusty-
colored all over, and represent Arvicola ferruginem, Harlan.
As Professor Baird has 'shown, the Arvicola texiana of Audubon and
Bachman is no doubt a Sigmodon. The dimensions assigned render any
other interpretation impossible. It is true, we have never seen a Sigmodon,
or any other American Murine or Arvicoline, spotted and blotched in the way
described ; but such coloration is contrary to all analogy in this group, and
cannot be considered normal.
MUUIDAE-BIOMODONTES— UESPEUOMYS.
48
Genus EESrEIlOMYS, Wuterhouso.
XMui, sp., AucTomiM.
XArvicola,B[t., U.\nt.\K, Am. SIniitlily Jonni. 1«)3, 44ri (n>illalli).~Ai'i>. .V IIacii., Q. h. A. {lonminiiii,
I^iC. ; Irzaim, WuckIIi. ; nml orj/tjrorn, Auil. i.V Uiich, — !Uut ]>aluiilriii,Uat\.).
XllijpHdmu, nil., Maximilian, UcUo, &c. ii, 1841, DU (i/. kucogailir, ilax. — ilui minourivKtli, Aud. &
Iliicli.).
> MuHCului, Kakinksquk, Am. Mmitlily Mng. HI, 181S, 44(1 (type, U. hucopun, Haf.!).
< Uctpiromya, Watkiiiiouhr, ZouI. Voy. Kcaglo, 18'JO, 75 (eatal)liiilii'il In iiccoiiiuiiNlnte Dm New VVurld
mice cnllvctively, nnd therefore ci|Uivnlent to the tribe Slgmmlonltt UHUonr unduratood).
> Catomyn, Aw. & Bach., Q. N. A. il, IfiSl, 30;l (aurcolun). (Not of Wuterh.)
> OHschnmyt, UAlltn, M. N. A. 1H57, 45B (type, Ilypudam leucogaster, Max.).
>Ortf»oiH!/», Baiiid, oj). ft loe. oi(. (type, jtfiM pa/M«(H», Harl.). . ''^"•
> VetperitHHi, CoUKS, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci, Pblla. 1874, 178 (type, II, leucopHt).
In proposing the name Henperomys, VViiterlioiise's iden, ns w evident
tlirougiiuut his article in the Zoology of the Bangle, was simply to scpanite
the New World Murince, collectively, from the typical Mures of the Old
World, upon the broad character of the tuberculation of the molars, which is
biserlatim in the former and triseriatim in the latter. Although treating
exclusively of the South American species, he says in one place, ^^Mus leu-
copus, Neotoma, and Sigmodon certainly belong to the same group." It is
plain, therefore, that his "genus" HeKperomys is precisely equivalent to the
"tribe," or supcrgenus, now called Sigmodonles.
In a word, "Hesperomys" is a tribal name, comprehending in itself the
genera and subgenera that here follow : A, in South America, (Jnlomys
{^zEligmodontia, F. Cuv.), Hahrothrix, Phyllotis, Scapteromys, Oxymicterus,
HolochUus, Reithrodon ; and, B, in North America, Vesperimus, Onychomys,
Oryzomys, Ochetodon, Sigmodon, Neotoma,
Almost from the very first, naturalists perceived the lietcregeneous char-
acter of this assemblage under the comprehensive term Hesperomys, and
sought to eliminate proper generic groups. Waterhouse himself made a
number of subdivisions, which, with some modification, have been generally
accepted. It is a matter of obvious necessity to restrict Hesperomys, and so
define it that it shall designate a homogeneous group. To do this, we have
first to throw out the forms worthy of generic separation, then to mark out
the subgeneric divisions of Hesperomys, and finally to tie down the name in
its strict sense to the species upon which it is based.
From the circumstances under which Hesperomys was instituted, and the
author's evident intention in founding it, it is difficult to say what should be
considered as his type-species; really, he had no type in view. But, in draw-
.fi
»«W^i:,VW",MHl '
44
MONOGUAITIS OK NORTH AMEllICAN KODENTIA.
i-ii:i
1:1 I
I
ill' •
i
iiig his comparisons between Miis ivnd the new groui) he was about to estab-
lish, he liappcncd to select Mu.s rattus and Mus hlmaiulatus for that purpose.
We may therefore, with entire propriety, elect Mm himaculatus as technically
the type of Hcyirivmi/s. When, in 1837, Waterlunisc established the sub-
genus Calomi/s upon C. ekgans, he included in it both bimacutatus and graci-
llpn. Eligmodontia of F. Cuvicr, of tlu; same date, has the same strictly
consul)gencric species as its type. It is a cpiesfion, therefore, whether either
Cdliiiiujs or Eligmodontla ought not to take precedenc^c over Hesperomys ; but
as the latter name has become firmly established, and as the prior name
Cdloinys is by the same author, and at least as early as Eligmodontui, there is
really no necessity for a change.
Resting, then, upon this application i)i Hesperomys, in its strictest subgen-
"ric sense, to such species as biiiiaciilatu.s, elegmis, and gracilipcs, we will inquire
how far th(! name may l)e extended in its generic application. In his able
e.ssay of 1857, Professor Baird points out, in elaborate detail, the characters
of the South American species, and, excluding ReUhrodon and Holocheilus as
worthy of full generic rank, he makes Hesperomys to include three subgenera,
\'h.,—C(i/omys, Waterh. ; Hahrothrix { = H<ihrolhrix plus P/iyllotis, Waterh.) ;
and Dxymiclrrus { — Oxymklcrus jdus Scnpleromys, Waterh.). Recurring to
the North American forms, he establishes three subdivisions, — Hesperomys,
Onychomys, and Oryzomys* We arc able to confirm the validity of these
groups in the most unequivocal manner ; the only question being whether
the leucopus group tn. t Professor Baird left in the subgenus Hesperomys is
not entitled to subgeneric distinction from the South American himaculatus.
Prol'essor Baird himself suggests that this ought to be done ; and, so far os wc
can judge from the descriptions of authors, the suggestion is available.
The Vesper mice of North America, collectively, seem to be difl'crcntiated
from those of South America by characters only less important than that one
which irenchantly divides them l)oth from Old World Mures. Neotoma of
North America has nothing whatever to correspond in South America. 1 e
large, leporine, grooved-incisor species of South America are generically differ-
ent from the little murine species that have been called ReUhrodon in North
America. Holuchilus has no nearer representative than Sigmodon, which is
* Kcally lour Nuli(livi»i(in8, lu lin (liNtiiiKniHln's tlio niikcdfimlcil HpccicH (ta(i/onii<K« und rrtmic»$)
fiimi thii kiuoima tjiii'i Imt bo very iiri>)pi'rly rcfiiiiiis from Hauling thiH wclioii. It d(MW not n)ipear
to UN to 1111VUI.VUU biiligi'ucric value, iiu (lie b:iref»utedue»a is niercly au accideut of the uuiiunl's desert
liitbitul.
»
MUUIDAE-SIOMOnONTES-nKSPEKOMYS.
45
an entirely diirerent genus. And although other species of tiie large genus
Hesperomys may not necessarily be separated generically, yet the subgenera
seem entirely different. The form Onjzomys appears not to be represented
at all in South America ; while, likewise, the form Oxymicterus of South
America has no exact analogue. Onychomys and Habrothrix would seem to
represent each other in their arvicoline form, yet they are abundantly worthy
of subgeneric separation. Probably the closest approach to identity of form
is found in the North American leucopus group (and especially tlie species
aureolus or nuttallii, where alone we have yellowness underneath) with the
Calomys group (i. e., Hesperomys sensu strictiss.) ; but even here there is
room for the subgeneric separation that we make in the succeeding article.
In our comparative ignorance of the South American forms, we shall not
venture upon any diagnosis or description of the full genus Hesperomys.
Ample details of the North American forms will be found under the respect-
ive heads of Vesperimus, Onychomys, and Oryzomys. For similar reasons, we
refrain from any but North American citations in the foregoing list of
synonyms. ' • •; /
We append a table, which may serve to exhibit the correspondences or
other relations of the North American with South American forms.
North Ameeican. | South American.
a. With groaced upper incisors.
Genua Ociietodux, Cuiies. Furin niiiriue. | Geuus REmiKonoN, Waterli. Form leporine.
b. With smooth upper itioisors.
SubKenns Vkspkrimits, Cones. Form murine.
Subgeuua Onyciiumyh, Baird. Form arviuuline.
f
Snbgenna Oryzomys, Bairil. Form rat-liko.
Oeiiua HoLOCiiiLUK, Umiidt. Furui rut-like.
1
Subgenus Calomys, Wnterb. Form murine.
Bnbgenus HAnROTiiRix, Waterh. Form arvicoline.
Subgenus OxYMictBHUs, Waterh.
f
Genna Sigmodon, Say. Form arvicoline.
Genua Nkotoma, Say. Form rat-li' e.
Subgenus VESPERIMUS, Coues.
= ifutculut, Rafikkkqur, Am. Monthly Hog. iii, IdlS, 44G (leumpiu).
< Henperomyi, of North American writers.
= Htupvromyii, Kaihd, M. N. A. 1H57, 4r)8 {leucoput).
> Cttlomut, Ai;i>. & Bai;ii., Q. N. A. ii, IS51, 303 (onreo/m). Not of Waterbouse.
= Ve»ptrimHt, C0UE8, 1'roo. Acad. Nut. Sci, I'bila. 1874, 178 (type, Mnt lencopHi, anc'.)
We restrict our term Vesperimus to leucopus and its immediate North
American allies. As intimated in the foregoing article, it is exactly equivalent
m i It
46
MONOCIJAIMIS OP NORTH AMEUICAN IIOUKNTIA.
^ \:
''Mf
> Mm
to Hespcwwys of Baird, as limited l)y tliiit aiiflior, as above cited. Ctilomys,
as used l)y Aiidulmii and Ikchinan for their Mus aureolas, is not a synonym,
sul)geiicrically, of Cnlomy.^, Waterlioiise ; aureolas being strictly of the same
group as leucopuK, while Calomys of Waterhouse refers to the South American
elegans, Uimculatus, &c. The only other name, except Hespcromijs, that we
can find has been applied to the present subgenus, is Musculus of Rafinesque.
Tills name, in strict teciinical conformity with the rules of nomenclature,
ought to be adopted ; and it is nothing to the point that its proposer did not
jiroperly define it, for we know that he used it in connection with leucopus.
]}ut the name is so inseparably connected with Mas muscalun, that to use it in
a different connection, and one where the tribal distinctions from Mas especially
rc'-'ire to be signalized, would result in an evil of far more consequence than
the breach of a rule of nomenclature. While we regret that we happen to be
personally interested in tiiis, one of the rare cases where tiie law of priority
must be set aside, nevertheless we cannot disregard its obvious requirements.
The following paragraph is diagnostic of tiic subgenus VespcrimuH : —
Chars. — Of medium and small size, lithe form, and quick movement.
Eyes large, prominent. Snout pointed. Ears large, rounded, thin, finely
scant-pilous ; antitragus evident but not valvular. Fore feet hardly or not
iialf as li>!ig as the soles ; palms naked ; fore claws not larger than hind claws,
that of the -'l)soln^o thumb rather a nail ; other fore digits slender, 3d and 4th
subequal and longest, 2d and 5th successively much shorter. Hind feet long,
slender; soles 6-tuberculate, naked, or scant-furred on the posterior third ;
2d, 3d, and 4th toes much longest and subequal, oth shorter, 1st much shorter.
Tail terete, slender, closely hairy, subequal to tlie trunk in length (ranging
from as long as body alone to a little longer tlian head and body togctiier).
Pelage sof>, close, glossy, with but few longer bristly hairs ; feet and under
jiarts white or wliitish ; body and tail more or less distinctly bicolor. No
lauuginous tuf\s of hair al)out the ears. Back upper margin of orbit not
beaded.
e skull and teeth of all the North American Hesperomy.i are so mucli
f.-...e, while the external form is so different in the three sections of Vesperi-
mus, Onychomys, and Oryzomys (as will be evident upon comparing the
diagnoses given l)cyond of tliese gencraX tiiat we hav(« preferred to deiine
Vt'spcrimus chielly by e.xlernal cluxrarters. The skull of Onychomy.i merely
differs from that of Vrsprrimux in being a little larger and heavier, not (luilc
^r.:
MUllIDAE— 8IGMODONTE8— IlKSl'KltOMYa
47
so constricted across the orbits, and having a rather shorter and more swollen
rostral portion ; the molars are a little larger, with more open indentations
of enamel along the sides. Tiie skull of Onjzomys enhirges a little upon that
of Omjchomys, and has the sharp edge of the orbits raised into a slight thin
crest ; there is also some difference in the palate, as described beyond. But
these differences are all so slight, that, were they unaccompanied by striking
external characters, they could hardly be considered as of more than specific
value. In the following description of tlie skull of Vesperimus, the cranial
characters of all North American Hesperomys will be essentially reflected.
The skull is thin and papery, showing nothing of the solidity and massive-
ness and strong ridges of Arvicolina. The cranial part is broad and depressed ;
the lengthwise profile of the top is one very gentle curve, both behind and
before, from the highest point opposite the orbits. The zygomatic width is
almost precisely half the total length ; the height of the cranium is three-
eighths of the total lengtii ; the length of tlie lower jaw is two-thirds of the
total length. The zygomata, very slender and strictly styloid, dip deeply
down to the level of the palate. At first, they stand out at nght angles with
the skull, then sweep abruptly backward li'l they become parallel, and then
turn abruptly up to liie squamosal. Nearly all the arch is made by the large
processes of the maxillary and squamosal; the jugal itself being extremely
minute. The cranial part of the skull does not noticeably encroach upon the
orbits, which are rather shallow subcircular cups, with the principal foramina
crowded into a depressed corner low down and far back, just above the alve-
olar level — in fact, a little behind (if anything) the last molar. Tiie interor-
bital constriction is moderate, but always wider than the rather slender and
tapering rostrum. The nasal bones stick far out in front, with the intermax-
illaries, surpassing a perpendicular let full upon the faces o£ the incisors ;
behind, these bones are likewise subequal, and they nearly or quite reach to
opposite the orbits (they vary a good deal in different species, as well as in
different specimen^ of the same species, in this regard). The foramen magnum
is large, subcircular, or trefoil from emargination superiorly. The parietals
are small and subquadrate ; the interparietal is small and short for its width ; the
bulljB osseae are small, very thin, and very obliquely placed, owing to the
wedge-shape of the basi-occipital. The incisive foramina arc rather open, but
short, ending in advance of the molars. The palate ends behind almost
exactly as in Afus, as far as configuration is concerned ; but it does not reach
.^
48
MONOdUAlMlS OF NOUTH AMKUIOAN HODKNTIA.
If:;
III-.
1
■A
so liir buck, Icrmiiiiifmg nearly or cxiiclly opjxisilc tlic last molars (sec Ort/-
zomijs). The lower jaw is straiglitcr on the whole Hum in many Murines,
from the great backward set of its condylar ramus; but in spite of this
obliquity, the coronoid is so short (a mere little sharp point of bone) that it
does not attain the level of (he condyle. The outside of the ramus is strongly
ridged by the passage of tiie incisor-root. The descending process of the
lower jaw is rather slight, subtriangular, with a sharp termination, lies below
the level of tiie molars, and has its under edge inflected. '
Before noticing the dentition, we may j)ause to observe what indication
bf the habits and food of the animal the bare skull affords us, without refer-
ence to the teeth. Tln' comparative weakness of the whole masseteric
arrangement is evident It is a wide remove from the climax of rodent
masticatory apparatus seen in the ArvicolincB, where the short solid skull and
massive jaws and deep muscular impressions and prominent bony paints
d'ajipui, are all so conspicuous. There is even less of this sort of thing than
is seen in Man or Neotoma or Sigmocton. The thinness and smoothness of
the skull, and the comparatively slight bony points it develops, prepare us
for the very modest dental armature that we find, and clearly indicates a diet
of much softer substances. The teeth of Neotoma or Sigmodon or Mus are
hardly more inferior in power to the ever-growing heavily-mailed grinders of
Arvkoliiue than arc the teeth of IJasperomt/s to those of the genera just
named. Among American forms, no one except Ocfietodon has such small and
weak molars as Vesperiinus shows.
The incisors offer nothing specially noteworthy. The upper are short,
much curved, narrow across, a good deal deeper than broad, smooth in front,
and shortly oblitpicly beveled behind ; the under are much longer and slen-
derer, and with longer beveling. The molar series is both short and narrow,
between one-sixth and one-seventh the length of the skull, and thus hardly
longer than the distance between them, or the width of the palate. The
molars rapidly decrease in size from before backward, particularly in the
upper jaw, where the last one is subcircular, nnd not more thanHialf as large
as the middle one, whicii itself is less than the front one ; in the lower jaw,
the .same progressive diminution occurs, but the difference in size is not quite
so evi(len^ The molars of the upper jaw have three roots apiece, two exter-
nal and one internal ; those of the under jaw have but two, placed one after
tliC wiii.ir on the median line.
MURIDAE— 81GMODONTES-H B8PEROMY8.
49
In Hespeiomys, as in Mus and Ochetodon, and not as in Sigmodon and
Neotoma, the tubercles of the molar crowns are long persistent. A great
majority of the specimens of Hesperomys in the collection before us present the
tubercles intact, while it is rare to see skulls of Neotoma and Sigmodon in
which the crowns are not already ground flat, so as to show the dentine area
surrounded by the plicated enamel-sheet. This wouhl seem to argue a much
slower growth of the grinders. In the rapidly and continuously growing
molars of Arvicola, the crowns are worn flat, and show their characteristic
dentine triangles as soon as they fairly surmount the alveoli ; here the oppo-
site extreme is witnessed. Tlie unworn molars of Hesperoviys show a double
lengthwise scries of conical tubercles connected by lowei crosswise ridges,
and the whole face of the tooth is encased in a sheet of enamel continuous
with that of the sides of the tooth. Althougli, as we have said, the main
tubercles are bisoriatim, yet the first pair of the front molar of either jaw may
appear like one, from being so close together ; this azygos anterior one being
followed by two perfectly distinct pairs ; the second tooth has only two pairs,
but perfectly distinct ones ; on the small hinder tooth, the pairing of the tuber-
cles is obscure. The tubercles are not exactly opposite each other in crosswise
pairs, but aie half-alternating. Down between the bases of these conical
eminences are seen furrows, the more readily noticeable because generally
blackened, apparently by the sticking of foreign matter in them. They rep-
resent the deep close-curved plications of enamel that penetrate the tooth
from either side ; the ends of the loops nearly or quite meeting in the substance
of the tooth.
If the foregoing account is perfectly intelligible, ii will be seen that, after
abrasion has commenced, the molar crowns will present a different pattern
with each stage of the process. The main conical tubercles are first razeed,
and then the connecting crests and little accessory tubercles follow by the
same filing-down operation ; consequently, the patterr' of the molar crowns
must be used as a zoological character with great caution, if at all ; the minor
details are of no sort of consequence ; and even in using this broad pattern it
is necessary to compare age for age (or rather condition for condition, since
different individuals get their teeth filed down with variable rapidity) in draw-
ing uj) the characters of species or subgenera. At the last stage specified,
namely, when main tubercles and connecting crests and accessory tubercles
have disappeared, we see a single dentine area occupying the whole face of
4 H
no
MONOGRArnS OF NOKXn AMERICAN liODICNTIA.
i!i
the toolli, sunotiiHlcd by a zigzn<,' onanifl-vvall, wliicli semis into the dentine
space, iVom caoli sidi;, two iiidoiitatioiis; these indentations on Ihe outer side
bcinj? much deeper tiian those from the inner side, and semicircular in out-
line, with convexity forward ; these insulations being loops of enamel, i. e.,
ciuisisUnj^f of tii(! enamel-sheet folded af,'aiust itself; at the point of the begin-
niiig to fold, there is, of course, an external nick or reentrance, and so there
are two of these on each side of the tooth, the inner being the more open.
In the next stage, a little further abrasion grinds out the continuity of these
inlying enamel-folds with tiie general enamel-envelope, because the folds are
not so deep down in the substance of the tooth at its edges as they are in the
interior ; and then we have the condition of crescentic islands of enamel lying
in the general dentine area that is surrounded by the general indcted enamel-
wall. This occurs at full nuitiirity. The final condition of senile decline is
still something dilferent; for, lastly, these enamel islands are entirely rubbed
out, and tiie face of the tooth is one continuous area of dentine, a little exca-
vated or sunken l>cl(tw the level of the continuous exterior sheet of enamel
that irregularly surrounds it.
These special details, though readily observed, arc difficult to describe
clearly, and the description must l)e followed with specimens in hand. The
student may inuigine the top of a pigeon-pie, full of humps and hollows,
gradually razeed down by a succession of thin, parallel, horizontal slices. Let
the crust be the enamel, and the substance of the pie the dentine ; the first
slice will shave off the tops of one or more humps, exposing the interior
(dentine) in isolated places, these i.slands lying in a net-work of crust (enamel) ;
other slices will make a continuous hole through the crust (enamel), exposing
a continuous area (<leiitine) bounded by an irregular wall of crust; and
so on.
All this is very different from the straight upright bundles of prisms that
compose the teeth of Arvicolu ; after the bumpy tops of which are once filed
down smooth, further abrasion, continued never so long, does not essentially
modify tiie pattern of the crowns.
HESPEROMYS (VESPERIMUS) LEUCOPUS. .; >
Wbitc-routed or Deer MouM. ' " ^'' -^
Amrleaii MM iloiine, or Hat, I'knnant, SjnopBis, 1771, No. 303; Hist. Quod. 1781, No. 30S; Arot. Zool. i,
1781, 131.
American IVandcriiig Home, Bauton, M«d. & Surg. Journ. Pliila. i, 1805, 31 (iioticos a groat migrutiou
b; Lnke Kric).
MURIDAE-SIGMODONTES— HESrEROMYS LEUCOrUS.
51
Mui tyhaiioM; var., £rxledkn, Syst. Au. 1, 1775, 31)0 (bniie<l on the New York vnr. of ronnnnt).
SI»» tyhalicul var. noveborai'imiiii, Fibciieii, Hyuoiwia, 1889, 318 (New York variety).
J/iM noethoraoaittt, SEl.YH-LoNncilAMl>H, fitndcg do Microni. IKU), (i7.
Mu agrariut var. amrricanun, " Keiik'm Linnmiia, I7U2, 231 " (liaiwU on Pennant).
Jfnperom!it(Fctpiriviu») americanHt, Coukh & Yahrow, Rep. ZtMtl. Kxpl. W. lUOtb Mcrid. 1875, — (iu prciw).
J/hi ajraHNt, OOUMAN, Am. Nat. Hist, i, 3d vd. ISliO, 316 (nlw) iu tlio earlier editiona).— Linslrv, Am.
Journ. Svi. xlii, 1843, 301.
Mutmlua le»copv«, Rafinksque, Amer. Monthly Mag. iii, i8H, 44C.
Mmh le»copiii, Desmarest, Mamm. ii, 18a2, 307.— Haiilan, Fn. Amer. 18'25, 151.— Griffith, Anini. Kingd.
V, 1837, aw.— FiscngR, SynopsiH, 1820, 326.— ? Uichardhon, Zool. Jonrn. iii, 1818 ; Fn. Bor.-
Am. 1, 1829, 142 (perhapa rather referable to var. a»iiorj«i«ia).— DkKay, N. Y. Zoo), i, 1842, 88,
pi. 23, fig. 1.— AUD. & IlAcn., Q. N. A. 1, 1849, 300, \A. 40.— Tiio.mi-s«)n, Nat. Hist. Vermont,
1853, 13 — Kknnicott, Agric. Rep. U. 8. Patent Office for IKiO (1857), 90, pi. 10.
JIupmmgh leuoopH; LkContk, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phlla. vi, 1852, 413.— Bairp, M. N. A. 1857, 459.—
Allen, Bull. Mns. Conip. Zool. i, 1809, 827 (Mniwiichusetts), and ii, 1870, 178 (Florida).—
Dali., Alaska and its Keiionrces, 1870, 577.— Maximilian, Arch. Nalnrg. xviii, 1862, pi. 4, f. 4
(penis-bone) ; Verz. N.-Am. SUug. 1802, 156. — And of must lato writera.
Hetperomyt ( rra/xriiimii) leMcoput, CnuKS, Proc. Acud. Nut. Pci. Pbila. 1874, 178.
Crieelus mi/oidn, Uapper, Zool. Journ. v, 1830, 804, pi. 10 (Canada).
Henperomyii myoidtt, Baikd, M. N. A. 1857, 472 (Vermout ; based on Gapper), '■ '■' ■'
Jrrioola emfHOHtii, UeKay, Uep. Quad. Mas«. 1840, 61.
Hespiromyt manicvlalH; Waoner, Wiegniann's Arehiv, 1843, ii, 141, and 1845, ii, 148; Ahhand. Akad.
Wissensch. v. pt. ii, 1848, 310 (Labrador).
Baperomy poUonolM, Wagnkk, Wlegniann's Arcbiv, 1843, ii, 52 (Georgia).
napcromyi eampairlt, LeCostk, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sol. Phila. vi, 1853, 413 (New Jersey ; typo. No. 4726,
Hns. Smitlie.).— Al'i>. Sl Bach., Q. N. A. Iii, 1654, 295 (after LeConte).— Baird, M. N. A. 1857
485 (after LeConte).
Bt»per<myt lacanut, Woodhouse, Proc. Arnd. Niit. Sci. Pbila. vl, 1853, 242; Sitgrrave's Rep. Kxpl.
Zuni River, 1853, 48, pi. 2 (El Paso, Tex. ; type. No. 25.'j9, Mus. Smiths.).— Aim. & Bach., Q.
N. A, iii, 1854, 319 (after Wo.Hlbonso).- Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 464, pi. 8, flg. 1, pi. 52, fig. 5,
a-6 (Texas and New Mexico); U. S. & Mex. Bound. Snrv. ii, pt. ii, 1859, 43.— Kknnrrlv,
P. R. R. Rep. X, 1859, 14, pi. 8. fig. 1.
Uaperinny cognatut, LeContk, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1655, 442 (Southern States ; types, Nos.
4708, 4709, Mus. Smiths.).— Baird, M. N. A. ia57, 469 (Southern States).
llesperomyf gracilU, LeContb, Froo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 185.5, 442 (Ohio or Michigan, and Wiscon-
sin ; types, Nos. , 4710, Mus. Smiths.).
Ufuptromyt auiteriu, Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 330 (Washington Territory ; types in
Mus. Smiths.) ; M. N. A. 1857, 466.- Cooper & Si'Cklev, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. 1860, 102, 127.
Jlttperomy koylii, Baird, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, :!35 (El Donulo County, California ; type.
No. 356, Mus. Smiths.) ; M. N. A. 1657, 471, pi. 8, f. 3, pi. 58, flg. 3, a-c (California, Oregon,
and Washington Territory).
Baperomyi gambeli, Haird, M. N. A. 1857, iM (Pacific coast. United States).- Newokrrv, P. R. R. Rep.
vi, ia57, Zool. 60.— Baird, P. R. R. Rep. Cal. Route 1859, No. 3, 82.— Cooper & Sucklev,
Nat. Hist. Waab. Terr. 1800, 102, 127.
r Betptromyt iii(fia»K«, Maximilian, Arehiv fUr Naturg. xviii, pt. i, 1868, 111 ; Verz. N.-Am. Siing. 1868, 159
(Indiana).
Note (1).— References to the recognized varieties of leucoput are txcluded from the nbovo, and will
be found under their respective heads.
NoTB (8). — It is not certain that some other speciflo name will not be required to lie adopted
instead of the established leueopm which we continue to use. Since the animal falls in a different genus
from AfN<, tylvaticut or agrariiis might perhaps be employed, though both of these terms were originally
pniiMsed for another species. Another candidate for recognition is the varietal term americanui, said to
api>ear in Kerr's Linnoeus, 1792. The latter will be found used by Dr. Yarrow and ourselves in the
forthcoming volume above cited ; as we fully expected, at the time of allowing it to pass into metal, to
be able to verify the quotation. Reference to Kerr's work, however, having proved impracticable, the
term leucoput is allowed to stand, pending final settlement of the question.
The characters of Hesperomys leucopus will have been so fully elucidated
by the time we have concluded the investigation that we purpose entering
^9
MONOOKAPriS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
upon to prove the position we assume regarding certain nominal species, that
no detailed description is required in this connection. Some general observa-
tions, however, will not be out of jdace here.
Tiio under parts of the ndult animal are snowy white, and this includes
the upi)cr surfaces of both fore and hind feet to the wrisi, and ankle, and
usually the greater part of the outside of the fore leg also, so that the sharp
line of dcmarkalion between the white and the color of the upper parts gen-
erally passes in a pretty straight line by the shoulder along the side of the
neck and side of the head, a little l)elow the eye, to the snout. But the
extension of color down the fore leg is utterly indefinite, for two reasons: —
first, in tlie young, while still gray, tiie color normally reaches the paws, and
its subsequent restriction is a matter of gradual change with age ; yet a great
many individuals do not seem to perfect this change, but remain for some
seasons at least in the same condition ; and, secondly, many young ones have
the outside of the legs as largely white fis they ever become in the old. As
a si)ecific character, therefore, tliis feature is not of the slightest consequence.
In general, the color of normal adult examples, as No. 1434 from Massa-
chusetts, is a rich fawn, witli a pretty well defined dorsal darkening length-
wise from occurrence of black-ti|)ped liairs along the back. But this "typical"
coloration is expressed in noticeably few of the specimens that make up an
average miscellaneous lot — probably not one in six ; while the departures from
it defy description.
This is, moreover, independent of the normal regular change of pelage
witli age. The young are at first i)luinbcou.x-gray above and ashy-white
liclow, without a trace of brown or fulvous shade ; this has to change gradu-
ally into the hue given in the last paragraph. In a considerable proportion of
.spocimcus, the change is observed to begin along the sides as an indistinct
stripe of fulvous ; and this progresses until the whole pelage is changed.
This lateral .stripe is sometimes pretty sharp, but oHener merges insensibly
into the gray color ; so that we are unable to lay down any appreciable stages
in the transition. .1 .'■ '
It is also liighly probable that a considerable percentage of individuals
pass their whole lives in a pelage nearer gray than iiiwn color; and it is
uu(iuestional)le that the animal can and does breed in such condition.
In the vast majority of instances, the tail is pretty shaqdy bicolor — white
underneath, and on top corresponding in color to the back. The dark area
MDIUDAE— SIOMODONTES— HESPBUOMYS LEDCOPUS.
53
occupies from one-third to nearly or quite one-half of the circumference —
g(;nerally about two-fifths. Hut, in many cases, the line of separation is
«)l)scure, and tlien tlic tail is simply paler below than above. Even some other-
wise typical Massachusetts specimens show this last condition.
The variation in absolute and relative length of the tail is greater than in
any other dimension. It ranges from obviously longer than the head and
body to about equal to the body alone. This, it should be observed, is inde-
pendent of locality, and exclusive of what we have admitted further on as a
variety nonorietms. Mr. J. A. Allen, who has paid jiarticular attention to the
variability of feral animals, finds that in Massachusetts specimens alone the
proportion of tail to trunk may be as 1.18 : 1.00, or as 0.69 : 1.00 — a difference
of over fifty per cent, of the mean ; and that the number of caudal vertebral
tiienhsclves ranges from twenty-four to thirty or more. But this ceases to be
remarliable when we recollect that it is purely a matter of what has been aptly
calle'i "vegetative repetition". It seems to be a well-nigh universal law that
those parts or organs that are the least specialized, — i. c, those of which several
have the same or corresponding character and function, — are liable to be pro-
duced with a iiigh degree of irregularity as regards their number; and the
more such there are the wider are the limits of variation apt to be. In this
species, one of our longest-tailed rodents, the law is perfectly illustrated.
Since none of the nominal sjjecies that have been erected upon the vari-
ations of leucopus depend in any way upon cranial characters; and since the
valid species of Vesj)erimus likewise offer no noticeable cranial features beyond
slight differences in dimensions (greater in californicus and less in michigan-
ensis for example), the skulls of all our North American Hesperomys, except
those of the subgenera Onychomys and Oryzomys, may be most conveniently
examined collectively.
.')4
JIONOOUAl'US OF MOUTH AMERICAN UODESTIA.
1^
1^
TAin.K \\.-MmMnmml> <./ Hnrnlii-fin hMIh of llKHPKimMVH i.KUCOl-us ami il, varlotic, and oj the othr
tprclcii Ihal nrv Kiilxjcntrlcalln affinal thenicilh.
Lociilily.
s
s
BlfT
v.v
'j'i r
v.,v
'jntif.
KH
il';3
iJ!lJ
DUIItt
1 7 I'll
Jftb
Miil(]li'biiruii);li, Miih8. ..
ilo
do
.1(1
<lo
.1(1
.1.)
, .lo
, .lo
ilo
ilo
.lo
do
ilo
.lo
do
.lo
Cnrlinl.', I'll
Pi'iiiiHjlviiniii
.lo
Cliirku County, Vn
do
.lo
do
.lo
.lo ,
do
Saint LoiiiB, Mo
Fort l!i|)li'y, Minn
Uurliiiyton, Vt
.lo
Gt'orniii
.lo
HillHbiirougli,N. C. .. .
Watiliington, MinH
ilo
Wji»liinj;toii Ter
Ainciicaii liiver, Cal . .
Fort Crook, Cal
1.01
l.UO
O.'JO
1.00
l.dO
0.114
\.0i
1.04
1.07
l.tW
1.04
1. 0.-)
1.02
1.04
0. ill)
0.04
l.Oli
1. on
i.oj
1.00
O.UR
i.o:)
0. 00
0.9(i
0. 08
»- I -
'5 ; 1
i ' s
o
g
N
5 .a
0.38
o.:i7
o.;i«
I). ;)7
o.;!7
0. ;w
0. ;i9
0.40
0.39
0.3M
0.37
0. ;i9
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.61
0. Wl
0. 49
n.5o
0.4rt
0.47
0. IK
0.«0
0, Wi
0.20
O.tXi
O.,--.!
0.18
o.ai
0.17
0.08
o.r,i
O.lri
0. (-.3
0. wx
0.18
0.08
0.,M
0.18
0. 09
0.,'-i2
0. ,'^.0
0. ,ro
0.98
I. or.
0.37
0.3.S I
0.40 I
0.37
0. 37
0. 36
0. r.2
0.54
0..'-.2
I 0.51
: 0.54
0. 45
0. 4li
0. 45
1.00
1. 00
0. 00
1. 00
1.05
1.01
1.05
1.09
0.90
0.38
0. 40
0. 3H
0. 37
0. 40
0.42
n. ,"5
0. .54
0.40
0.38
0.38
0.40
0.38
0.54
0.00
0.49
0.1(i
0.17
0. 15
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.18
0. 19
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.19
0.18
0. 1«
0.15
0.17
a 19
0. in
0. 1(1
0. Hi
0. 15
0. 1(!
0. 15
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.19
0. 15
SiMcimen and rcniarks.
0.50
0. 17
0. :m
0.19
0.52
0.18
0.17
0..52
0.18
0.04
0.02
0.00
0. 01
0.03
O.«0
O.OG
o.c:i
0.08
0. (i3
0.08
0. 09
0.04 j
o.m
0. 01
O.fiO
0.(i7
0.67
0.66
0.64
I). 62
0. 69
0.63
0.64
0.C5
0. 56
0.,58
0.57
0. 6;i
0. 60
0.68
0. 62
0. W)
0.60
0. 62
0.68
0.67
0.08
0.67
TyplcMl of kucopu.
d.>.
I...
do.
ilo.
do.
dn.
.lo.
, ilo.
, .lo.
.1.1.
do.
do.
do.
ilo.
d...
do.
do.
do.
ilo.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
.lo.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Typical of " myoidos ".
do.
Supposed goiiigpintu,
do.
Rupreaentiiig "coKnututi",
do.
do.
Typical of "boylii".
TyiKiof "bojlil".
Supposed to be " Kiunboli '
* III ttii> friictioTiiil iinnilHTH, the niunci-iitrir in tliat of hKuII itsi-lf, tlii! itiMiniuiiiator being tbat of tbo currmpouillnK Akiu.
t Thi> " ln'i):!it " in tiikrii hy lii\)u;: tlir nUuU on ii ^laNH iilalu (wlicn it reHtii u\nm tlin iiiciHurN ami liiilliv obm«>is», anil mcaaur-
in;! tVoiii till' t:l-iHN to till- l)i}:lirHl iHtint. whicli ih ut lliv imriulala, ina[ien>cDdicubirthatpii8aC(iBli(£bUy InfruDtuf tbeballlD.
; From lip ol' ini-i^ora 1 1 luck of L-otiilylo.
MUi:iDAE— 810MODOHTE8— IlESPEKOMYS LEUOOPUS.
55
Taiile lX.—ifea»tirrmtnU of trreiilg-fift tIcuVt <tf HKWKnoMXH i.KL'C(iptTii, •fv.— Continuod.
SIlH
mi
mi
mi
Vi",?
ni?
11 ; 1
ieus.
ill' I
itui)
f 7!'
tMII)
LocnlUj'.
Montvroy, Cul
ilo
Fort Trjdii.Cul
ill)
do
do
Siiuiahiuou, Wiutli
Stuilocooiii, Waak
do
Clmrco Kwoiulido
I'ecoB Kiver, N. Mcx
Kl rniHi, Tl-x
Turkey Creek, Tex
El Pano, Trie
Fort Wliii>pl», Ariz
do
do
Sanln Cruz, Sou.
Fort Pierre, Dak
do
Little MiwHiuii liiver ...
Klunmtli Luko, Orrj;
New Jerwy
Sniitn Clura, Cul
8aiiit Louis, Mo
do
do
Ituciiie, WiH
Saint LouiH, Mo
Kuoxville, Tenu
Kemiwr County, Miss ...
flociety Hill, 8. C
Schuylkill River, I'a
Carlisle, Pu
Unkuunn
a
o.v
o.:i7
0.4:1
0. 4'.'
o.:t7
0.37
0.35
0.38
0.3e)
0.3H
0. 30
0.40
0.40
0.43
0.40
0.4;!
0.38
0. ;w
0. 3C.
o;tH.
0.3U
0.37
0.41
0.38
0.37
0.35
0.36
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
O.lO
o.:k)
0.38
0.&3
O.M
o.r.4
0.51
o.co
0.50
0. 45
0.54
0.50
0. 55
0. 54
0.48
O.CO
(I. ra
0.50
o.co
0.5G
0.40
0.48
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.18
0. lU
0.17
0.15
0.tG
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.20
o.ao
0. IG
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0. .ir)
0.52
0.57
0.51
0.51
0.50
O.ao
O.lfi
0.10
0.15
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.18
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.18
s
Ji
0.(i5
0. 05
0.<'>5
0.04
0.61
0.61
0.60
0.64
o.a-i
O.fiO
0.68
0.68
0.09
0.59
0.58
0.63
0.60
0.68
0.60
0.70
0.(iO
0.60
0.57
0.00
0.64
0.68
0.64
0.65
0.68
0.64
S|ieclinrn And ronmrks.
Typicul of "gundM'li".
do.
Represeutiug " gaiubuli ".
do.
do. ' ^ > ■ •.
do.
SuppoHed " nusturus" or " lioy I i i. '
Typical of "nusterus".
do.
Keprescuting " toxnuns",
do.
do.
do. •( =' • -■ '■'
Purport in); to bo var. aonoririK/i.
KepreHenting BOiiorieniiit,
do.
do.
Var. »oHor(eii»l».
lo. : •
do.
do.
Itepreseuliiig " gninboli ".
TyiHjof "cunipcstris".
Typical of H. aalifomicHt.
Typical of O. i^ichiganeniu.
......dn.
do.
do.
Typical ufH. aureotu.
do.
do. ' ■ ';
do.
//. aurniluH t
H. aurrolmi T
' In the fyuctloaal nnmbert, I be nnmenlor la that of akull llaclf, tbo denanilnatiir bcisK tbat of Ibe corrMpondinK aliin.
t The " height " io taken by laj inff 1 he akuU an aglaaa plate (when it rcata u|wn the Inclaera and bnlloQ oaacfe), and monBUring
frotn the glaaa to the bl{;bc8t point, which IH nt tbo jtariotals, in a perpeniUoular that pasaea aliKblly in front of the bulla;.
J From tip of tuoiaora to back or condyle.
All the skulls of obviously ungrown animals are excluded tVuiii the fore-
going table as tending to vitiate general results, although there are many
included of specimens in the gray state of pelage.
On examining the tablt;, it will be seen that the chief discrepancy the scries
utt'ords is in the case of H. michiganemis. This averages noticeably less than
TjB
MONOUUAl'US OF NOUTII AMEIllCAN KOUKNTIA.
Ww. iivciagc of \\\i'. rest, and iiltout ('(|ual.x, (»r rather fulls n little short of, the
iiiiiiiniuiii of Icucopits. In length, no fnll-grown .skull of kitcopux drops to 0.90,
while the uvcrage of mickigiinenm is only 0.94 ; mid the uvcrnge Icngtli of the
under jaw of inichiganensk is similarly just under the miniinuin of leucopus
(0.(!0). It is proi)al)l(! that californicus wotild just overreach, on an average,
the maxiiiiuni of Iciicopun; hut, with only one specimen before us, we cannot
declare this to he so. All the other skulls in the lot fall entirely within the
iisuid limits of variation of leucopus jnoper. Here the range is from 0.94 to
1.10, as minimum and ma.xiinum, with nn average of barely over 1.00.
Tiie zygomatic width of the skulls is just about half their length ; it ranges
from 0.45 to 0.57. Tiie height of the skulls, measured as already explained,
is about 0.37 ; the length of the lower jaw is about 0.62 ; the interorbital
width runs a tritle under 0.20.
We open the discussion with the examination of a series of eighty-two
specimens, collectcil at all seasons in the same locality. This will certainly
give us the individual variability of the species, — its normal llexibility, indc-
l)endent of those topographic or climatic influences which tend, when opera-
tive, to bend it into geographical ditrcrentiation. The measurements are
relial)le, at least half of them being taken irom alcoholic specimens; while
tile dried skins were prepared with especial care by Mr. Jcnks. Neverthe-
less, we shall make lil)eral allowance (see below) for taxidermal defects and
other sources of error in calculating our limits of natural variation, as well as
in deducing the normal standard of size and proportion of parts.
'i'Aiii.K \.—iIett»wremenl» of Highly fpecimenii of Hksi'i:komvh lkucopuh, from ilidilkborough, Uatt., col-
Icclcd by J. IK P. Jenks.
a
ki
Uutc.
Nose to—
Tail to end
of—
1
1
1
3
i
Nature ofspo-
cimeu.
Eye.
Kur.
Occi-
put.
Tail.
Vcr-
tchriB.
Hairs
Ti\.\
'.•714
a? 15
!i710
•2717
•.!7v.'l
Aiij;. or Sept . . .
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
...do
...do
n.5,'-.
(t. .'•jO
0. .'■)0
n. .-)0
0.50
0. ,50
0. Xfi
0. 51
0.95
0.U2
O.DO
0.90
0.91
0.90
0.94
o.9;t
1.16
1.14
1.14
1.14
1,14
1.14
1.19
1.15
:i.C5
a. 41
;t. 13
a. 110
a.:i5
a. ao
a. 45
a. ao
2.8;t
0.36
0.35
0.36
0.38
0.;i5
o.:m
0.40
0. 36
0.80
O.KJ
0.80
0.80
0.81
o.eo
0.8:1
0.80
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
3.25
3.00
a. 15
3.10
3.10
3.18
i {i>
MUUIDAE— SIOMODONTBa— UESl'EUOMYS LEUCOl'US.
57
Taulr \.—Ueaturemenli of eighlf npfcimeiu of HKSPRiinMV)! LRVcnpiiH— Cdiitiuiietl.
I
•/I'M
!i725
27S7
iim
afro
8780
2781
a782
2784
2785
278fi
2788
2789
2:yo
747
748
749
760
763
7r>3>
871
678
873
874
876
870
877
878
m\
892
803
894
897
000
926
Dnte.
1866.
Aug. or Sept..
— do
....ilo
....do
....do
....do
do ,
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
June n
May 31
....do
Juno 18 ,
April...
May ,
April
....do
May ftud Juue.
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
\ag. aud Sept
...do
...do
.do
.do.
.do
.do ,
.do.
.do.
.do .
No«o to—
Eye.
0.40
0.4»
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.62
0.62
0. 61
0.62
0.61
0.62
0.60
0.61
0.60
O.'IO
0.60
0.60
0.4rt
Ear.
0.80
0.88
0.05
0.04
1.02
0.90
0.08
0.00
0.96
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.87
0.83
0.80
0.00
0.80
Occi'
put.
1.12
1. 11
1.10
1.16
1.10
1.17
1.25
1.10
1.10
1. 10
1.10
1.20
1. 16
1.10
1.05
1.10
1.14
1.08
1.17
1.17
1.08
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.16
1.08
1.08
1.18
1.00
0.00
Tail.
3.00
8.96
.3.15
.3.50
3.45
3.40
3. 46
3. 42
3.25
3.39
3.:i6
3.56
3.08
2.95
3.06
3.25
3.01
2. 02
4.00
8.75
3.20
3.20
3.00
3.25
3.00
3.10
3.00
2.80
2.90
3.10
8.75
2.60
2.75
3.50
3.17
2.96
3.60
3.00
3.25
3.00
2.3:t
2.50
Tail to end
of—
Ver
tebriu.
3.00
8.75
3.12
3.21
3.;t8
3.30
3.:io
3. 2«
3. 8.'i
3. 50
3. 05
3.10
3.34
2.70
8.01
2.90
2.00
3.80
2. CO
3.00
2.00
3.08
3.17
2.80
3.20
2.80
2.00
2.50
2.00
8.60
3.25
8.75
2.17
8.42
3.33
8. CO
2.r,0
3.33
•■lAiO
2.00
Haira
3.5.1
3.50
3.41
3.70
3.86
3.90
3.17
3.30
2. CO
3.00
2.60
2.90
8.33
2.60
3.00
2.60
2.06
3.60
I
I
0.36
0.36
0.38
0.40
0..34
0.34
0.3;)
o.:i4
0. ;t3
0.38
0.38
0.33
0.31
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.36
0..T5
0.38
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.37
0.40
0.36
0.36
0.34
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.78
0.85
0.82
0.83
0.81
0.81
O.tfO
0.81
0.81
0.86
0.78
0.77
0.78
0.77
0.77
0.7H
0.76
0.80
0.70
0.77
0.81
0.80
0.82
0.79
0.75
0.81
0.80
0.76
0.80
0.70
0.79
0.83
0.78
0.76
0.75
0.60
0.61
0.57
0.66
0.67
0.66
0.50
0.60
Natiirrof Kpi'-
eiini-ii.
Alcoholic!.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic,
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic,
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Dry.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic
58
MONOOKAIMIS OK >'OJa'II AMKRKJAN KODENTIA.
.!^
^1 ■
1,1
1
A mm: X. — SlmnHrt-mvutH
of eiijlili/ Kpnimiim «/ Ilr.si'KlioMY.s i.Klcorr.s-
-Continued.
*3
1)27
7429
74;«i
HOI
H02
H);t
yo4
827
!):tr.
!);ui
'.);i7
iiit'.t
!M0
'.142
«4:t
"J44
no.".
110(>
1107
1108
1110
nil
1112
nil)
1114
iiir.
IlK!
1117
lllH
nil)
1120
1122
i4:s:i
I4;i4
271)1
to
27!Kt
10828
tn
108!):)
1
Diitc.
None to- •
Tiiil to end
of-
1
1
'2
Nulnreof »!«-
cimen.
Eye.
Ear.
Occi-
put.
1.17
Tail.
Ver-
tebrn'
Hnirit.
....
....
i
i
9
<?
i
i
i
i
i
i
<?
9
i
i
i
1H.V..
Aug. anil Sopt .
...do
;i. '■>
:l. :i5
:i. ,^o
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Aleohcdic.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Alcoholic.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Yonng; dry.
Dry.
YonoK; dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Fresli.
Fresh.
Alcoholic.
Alwdiolic.
i
do
.Inne Dll
Jiiuc.MI
....do
JlUlt!
0. ,V.
0. 4.-.
0. .7.)
1.00
0. 89
0.98
1.10
1.15
1.18
1.14
1. l.-V
1.17
;t.50
:i. :«
4.00
3. 75
3.40
3.75
:i. 50
:i. :io
3. 75
2.80
:t. 40
2. 75
3. 40
3.25
2.90
;i. ,3;i
3.40
3.10
2.ii0
2.40
2.00
2.40
2.90
2.40
2. a5
3.25
2.40
2,70
;i.oo
2.90
3.00
3.50
3.50
3.'.0
2.70
2.50
2.75
2. 50
3.00
2. 95
:i.:i5
2. 45
2.80
:t. 05
3. 00
0.37
0.30
0.34
0.38
0.80
0.80
0.78
0.80
0. 5:)
0. .54
0.03
Octolierl
Oilol.crllO
Octolicr 21)
....do
Novcnihcr 1
o.r.0
0. .--.i
0..I8
0. 411
O.'M
1.00
0. 9,1
0.9:1
0.99
o.:i;i
0.:!5
0.34
0. :i:i
0.30
0.35
o.:w
0.32
0.80
0.79
0.78
0.75
0.81
0.7;)
0. 70
0.75
0. 8:i
0.82
0.82
0.78
0.81
0.74
0.80
0.78
0.70
0.83
0.79
0.72
a 73
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.59
0.58
0.54
0. 52
0. 05
0. 54
0..'W
0.50
U.55
0..58
0. 5.5
0. .52
OctolwrlO
Octobcra.')
0.48
0.88
1.15
Nr.vi'nilii'r 1.1 ..
NovemlHjr lit ..
3. 75
3. 75
:i. (>o
Novenibcr 11. ..
3.90
3 40
November 8 . ..
Novoniber 1) ...
November 12 ..
:i.90
Dmimber 10 ..
3 10
2. ,55
3, 25
2. IB
:i.io
2. 10
2. (m
2.60
2.75
3.25
2. (i,-,
2.80
.3.1L
2. 15
2.70
0.x.
November 10 ..
4.00
3. 90
November 21 ..
November 7 . . .
:i 50
N'.ni'mber 20 ..
November 10 ..
;i. 40
November 0 . . .
:t. 75
....do
185<).
March 28
O.M
1.00
1.17
1.17
3.00
3. :i3
:i.50
Mnreh 29
1
I
1
(Av,.ra-r) ....
n. .-,1
0.9I
..14
• 2fi
:t.oo
:i. 20
_ _
o,:t4
0.80
0. .55
MUinJ)Ai:~81(;MOI)()NTES— UESI'EKOMYS LEUCOPUS.
59
Tlic average leiigtli of tlie trunk (liend an<l ImkIj) of lliis series is a little
over tliree and a quarter incites.
The average length of the tail-verteboc is almost exactly three inches.
As the usual length ol" the terminal pencil of hairs is about two-tenths of an
inch, the tail may he considered as averaging a little less than the length of the
trunk.
The distance from nose to eye averages barely over half an inch ; tiiat
from nose to ear, barely over nine-tenths of an inch ; the length of tlie head,
about one inch and an eighth.
The jialms, with the nails, are barely over one-third of an inch.
The soles, with the nails, are almost exactly Ibur-fiflhs of an inch.
The ears average half an inch and hall" a tenth of an inch in lieight,
measured from the notch in front.
With these standard dimensions, we have the tbllowing range of vari-
ation : —
Of the ears, 0.50 to 0.C5 — a difTerence of 0.15. But these wide extremes
are not often exhibited ; the ordinary variation is within 0.10, or about twenty
per cent, of the mean.
The soles run from 0.70 to 0.83 — a difference of 0.13, and ordinarily range
from 0.75 to 0.^0. They do not appear to vary quite as much as some other
parts; but this may be partly due to the fact that their admeasurement is made
with great accuracy, and that they do not change much in drying.
The palms range from 0.30 to 0.40 — a difference of 0.10, or nearly thirty-
three percent, of the mean. But tiiis is a difficult measurement to nuike
with nicety, and probably the real variation is not quite so great.
The distance from nose to eye ranges (among the alcoholics, alone reli-
able in tbis instance) from 0.49 to 0.59 — a difference of 0.10, or twenty per
cent, of the mean, as before. The distances from nose to ear, 0.80 to 1.02,
and from nose to occiput, 1.02 to 1.25, appear t'ghtly more variable.
But the most important point is the deter (tion of the total length of
trunk and of tail, and of their relationa to eacii othc . for several siippo.sed
species are implicated in this matter. As the figures stand, the shortest speci-
men has the trunk 2.33 "inches, and two others 2.50; but these are not lull
grown, and it will l)c well to fix the minimum adult length at not le-ss than
2.75. The maximum length as given is 4.00, but the two or three specimens
which alone txjuch this figure are certainly overstuffed,* and it will be safe Ut fix
* Wo bUTo leen tpecimeiis »' Seil up to 4.50 without' obvious diotortion.
60
MONOCIHAPIIH OF NOUTH AMEKICAN KODENTIA.
\U'.: iiiJixiiriiim id .'5.75. Even with lliis liberal cutting-ofT of exlromcs, we
liiui 1 Icsprromys Iciicopus lo niii^'n Croiii 2.75 to 3.75 in the snnie locality, and
cstiihlisli a variability of a full inch— that i.^ over twenty-five per cent, of
tilt! tncan lrii<(th.
Ill length of tail-vertehra', one specimen stands 2.10; but this may be
exclii(!;:!l, and 2.40, of which tlnire are several in.stances, be accepted as a
normal ailiilt niiniinum. TIk; figure .'{.40 is probably the normal adult maxi-
iiiiini. When we take in the pencil of hairs at the tip, we should widen the
limits a trille, since this la.st is a very variable feature. The whole tail, there-
fore, varies in length at least one inch, and probai)ly a little more, just ns wc
should have anticipated from the; natun; of the case. We have already seen
that the tail averages 0.25 of an inch shorter than the head and body — that
is, it just n^iches to half-way between the eyes and the snout, the latter dis-
tance l)eing 0.50. Now, for its variation of relative Icu^.h, we have: — In
several specimens, the tail is a full inch (even af\er striking off a margin for
possible, error) shorter than the head and Ijody ; in others, the tail is equal to
or longer than the liead and body — sometimes over a fourth of an inch longer.
So that, as the head of this species averages a little over an inch in length, it
Ibllows that the tail of leucopus may barely exceed Uie body alone, or it may
consideraljly exceed the head and 'jody together.
It gives us pleasure to find that our results agree very closely with those
Mr. Allen reached in his valuable paper* on the Mammals of Massachusetts.
The sligiit diirercnce comes from the fact that to keep largely within bounds,
and .so to be unquestionably on the safe side, we lopped off u certain
margin from our extremes, while Mr. Allen presented his. Ilis paragraph is
well worth fpioting in this connection ; —
"The most variai)le character consists in the relative length and number
of the caudal vertebrae. Ai)out one-fiflh of the Massachusetts specimens have
the tail-vertebrae equal to or longer than the jad and body together ; occa-
sionally, a specimen is found in which the tail-vertebrae alone exceed this
lenutli by one-i()iii1h to one-half an inch. At least four-liflhs, however, have
the tail shorter than the head and body, and occasionally one occurs with tlie
tail only equal to the body alone. In these latter, the proportional length of
the tail-vertebra> to the length of the head and body is as 68 to 100 ; in
the other extreme, or in those with long tails, as 118 to 100. The variation
• Itiill. MiiH. Cdiiip. Z(«)l. i, !W7.
MUIIIDAE— 8IOMODONTES— HESPEROMYS LEDCOPU8.
61
between these extremes is hence about fifty per cent, of the me^n — n striking
example of the unreliability of this character as a specific distinction
The number of the vertebnc varies from twenty-four or twenty-five to above
tiiirty. In regard to absolute size, the length of the head and body together
in Massachusetts specimens rarely exceeds four inches; the average is between
tliree and a quarter and three and a half; perhaps nearer tho 'i.tter."
In continuation of this matter, we next bring in our entire series of
Hesperomys Icucnpus from Eastern North America, embracing specimens from
Labrador to the Carolinas, and westward to Kansas, inclusive (our Arctic
and western examples are elsewhere tabulated and discussed). We admit to
this series only what we claim as unquestionable leucopus jiropcr, excluding
even the recognizable geographical races. And even after this exclusion,
there are six nominal species from the region just indicated requiring our
attention.
Taule Xl.--i£e(uuremenl» ojabout one hiindral (and lint of many more) tpccimcfit of Hksfkromys lkucopus
from Eastern Sorlh America.
[N. B. — All iDOflHnrtMl dry UDless olberwtiso atAt«<1.]
1
i
Locality.
Collector.
Noacto—
Tall to
und of —
1
0.34
i
S
1
Roroarka.
k
1
1
t
t
>
•> an
i
'a
n
3.00
IK
J. 73
190
175
1.00
1.40
1.30
1.43
3SS4
3995
147S
nn
ma
9030
8060
3MI
nst
1338
3910
083
n. DoSannare..
....do
0.M
0.4C
I.OI
0.03
7 00
n 7A
0.58
0.33
"artlcna", Sausa.
•balrdll", Sanaa.
SappoBoA "myoldcB", but typ-
ical lewoput.
Typical Uueojivt.
SuppoBPil myoidtSy but typical
\eueiypm.
Typical UucQp\u,
do.
Type of " niyoldoa ",
do.
...do
9. 9o'3. 40
0.330.74
.. 0.80
...aso
0.80
Halifax, N.S
do
do
3.90
3.70
3.60
9.M
3.35
3 10
3.93
do
. do
do
. do
0.8.
0.81
0 83
O.TJ
.. do
... do
...do
....do
....
....do
...do
...do
....do
J.R.Wim»
G. E. llrackett
0.00
1.33
;i.oo
4.30
3.00
3.00
3.U
110
1.16
J 13
113
J. 70
Montreal, Canada.
I)elfast,Me
BarllngtoD, VI
...do
0.83
U.80
0.78
0.80
0.83
0 07
O.Ou
0.05
833
833
834
1.113
1313
104341
to (
10490/
8741
3749
9
Z. Tbompaon ....
3.60 3.30
J. 40303
9.75360
3.003.00
.. do
.. do
...do
...do
...do
...
1.17
1.17
...do
...do
4.93
..Co
...do
Aloohotio; 3-otuig.
Mtinmimd tn aloohnl) typical
of "niyoidea''.
. do.
...do
do
....do
do
9743
...do
..do
do.
.(44
a
...do
... do
0.90
11.87
1,11
9.03
3.03
1.88
o.3a
0.78
0.«4
do. -.. ■^■3.; .•■■■.
(;2
iMONOOISAPHS OF NORTH AMIMJICAN RODHN'TIA.
'I'aiii r. XI.— .V('«i(i(')«in(« ofnhoul one huiiArnl (diiil linl ofmiiiiy moiT) »;wimfii» 0/ IlKSPEliOHYs i.ECCorus
ffiim lUiHlirh \orlIt .tmn-itv — Ci)lilil)nf<l.
1
B
'A
■/
{
I.«>c(ililj-.
Cdlirlor.
Nimo U>—
Ta
OUll
il(o
ol-
4
X
t
i,
11.31
i
1
Kfiiinlkfl.
0.S
0.8
1
n
l.K
2.94
If
>
1.1;
i
"a
.1.3
'.14.1
iiiii:iii;:tuii, vt ..
Z. ThoniiiMiii . . .
3.75
a.(»
McaBiiriMl In alcoliot; typicnl
of '• Miyoidi'H".
S'llj
f
.. I'l)
.. do
0.4!
o.m
1.0(
1703.72
18:
.1.38
0.8:
0.U
.... do.
a;7ii
Wal.rvillc, N. Y ..
H. DnviH
0.3(1
0.PI
1.0!
3.98 3.13
.1. 4-.
'0.37
0.78
do.
Ml]
V
WllliiiiiiHt'n, MiiMH
S. ILSioddiT...
0.5:
0.08
1.1^
:l.73 3.3:
1.4:
0,30
0, 75 0. K
Alcoholic.
7l7(i
. Clll
..do
0.5:
O.I»7
1. It.
J. 73:1.25
.1.45
0.40
0.80 0.(10
do.
2:(:i
v
lliiifjhiuii, MilttH ..
T. M. Ilriwor...
0,53
11.00
1.1.'
3.ti'i:i,3.'
,1. 5:
0.40
0 8-.
0. 05
do.
;ii:i!i
V
NiiiiNlinn
S. IMtolid
:l. 30 3. 00
1 15
0 78
!!«!(
Wt'llitTHfiflil. Conn
C. Wiiulit
Alixiliollc.
mm
NWliiilnN. Y
1;. IIow.ll
0.51
0.05
1.11
.1. SO 3, 08
0.30
0.88
0.01
do.
27X1
..do
.. do
.1. 54
0.08
1 fK)
1. 53 3. 20
0 IP
0 8-^
0, 03
do.
•■mt
...Co
. do
U.3(
a 80
1.13
.1.25:1.04
.1.33
0,78
O.Cit
do.
a73,-.
...lo
...do
0.41.
0.8:
1.08
3. 07 2.41:
0.3:1
0.77
0.33
ilo.
3740
TiopnCounty, N. Y
...do
0. 4t^
O.ilO
1.1!.
:P.002.UO
o.;ii
0.80
0. .V.
do.
2741
.Sill! llurlKir, I.. 1...
K. N. llyram . . .
0.05
O.Oil
I.Sl,
1.033.00
a3!i
0.8(j
0.5...
do.
'J74g
.. >ln
....do
0.40
0.8-
1.0:
3.70 3.24
0.32
■.78
0.53
do.
iriH
l'lnliiilil|iliiii. Pii. .
W.S. WiKxl ....
0..->4
0.04
1.18
1.43 2.83
0.38
0.80
O.Ci
.... do.
37311
...iln
..do
0.31
0.92
1.10
;l. 40 2.07
0.35
0. 75
11. a
do.
37:lli
SI 1 .Jiiy, I'll . . .
.I.StauniT
0. 51
0.!H
l.U
:l.252.9l-
0,:i5
0.78
0.01
.... do.
37:17
..do
...do
0.4!
0.87
l.ll
J. 04 a. a
0,35
0.71
0..'.7
do.
4nw
Mi'iulvill,.. I'ii ...
.I.F.Tllliknlon.
.. i...
^
do.
r>»i<
Cartihit', I'li
S. K.llalrd
1.1;
1. 2.VJ. e:
3.93
Kl
...d,.
..do
..do
...do
.. do
.. do
1. 10 2. 70
0.77
do.
Yoiinir.
do.
51SB
V
.. do
.. do
:l.a32.!10
.1.00
0.8
0.(13
riiM
Pt-niiHv tv.iniii —
S. VC. \Vi««lUouw
0.4r
1.402.00
•3.70
0.60
0.37
1:170
Ni'W .liTwy
W. Cooper
3.00
3.40
0.75
IW)
473(1
13111
1320
New .JiTHcy ?
Nfw .IfiBcy
C'lurki« County, Va
.. dii
..do
.1. IrfiConto
C. 11. U. Konncrl.\
...do
..
3.20
3.75
123
2.00
:i.io
0.83
"■
0.81
0.74
0.43
0.5.-.
VinlllK; typo of "citnilH'atliH"
1331
1332
1235
?
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
.1. .10 3. 20
J.(»'3.30
0.81
0.75
0. .32
0.50
1337
?
?
...do
...do
:L8o'2.(I0
1,78
0.72
0.73
0.79
0.3C
0..')5
1231
..do
..do
12U7
...do
.. do
13*IH
do
1.TO
10313)
...do
...do
.0
10.-I73)
...do
...do
-I-
Alcoholic,
2773
8774
2773
7407
9810
10188
073
005
a
..do
...do
.. do
.SoulliiTn SlnlcR 1
Tftrlioro', N. C
...do
milslxiro', N. C. . .
do
...do
...do
...do
!...
.1. L. Itridgiir
.. do
M. A.Ciirlls ...
..do
\V. (Jeauer
...do
0. 5'.
D.5.-i
a.5f
I.4U
).04
0.98
0.80
1.73
1.1:
l.S(
.K
.17
100
1.33
103'
3.94
1.00
1.30
iOO
1.40]
ISO
3.84
iC5
3.03
J. 33
i30
1.00
1.73
LOG
t.19
0.31
0.38
.33
...
..
l).71
0.82
a. 80
J.74
J. 7:
J. Vi
1.8-.
1.83
■■ 1
■■!
1 48
1. 43
1.S0J
do.
do.
do.
Alcoholic; Hiippo8e(l"cogDatiiii. '
do.
do.
Ory; Hiippoacd '• cognntllB ".
do.
Alcoholic.
4810
0O87
CoIoinlmH, Oil.* . . ,
...do
' 'I'liciio CeiirBia »pc('lraon» tend toward, porhsna
Irnin ordninry f(>uro;>((j.
thoy aro, vnr. 30Mi/pi)iu» ; but I cannot dinllnnni.th tht'in aallafac' irlly
MUBIDAE— 8IOMOI)(>NTK»— DESPKUOMYS LEUCt)PUa.
G3
Taiii.i; XI.-
-Mcantremrn la of about one t iiNrfrnl (iiNd litt of maun more) tpeciuieii$ of Hrmpkrom Y8 lkuci >i*1'h
from EatbTH Xoith Jmtrioo— Continued. ..
tooee
10089
10000
4910
lOOW
t0857
SKI
S8lj
831
sua
2750
27.") I
1»I4U1
to
10433 J
47443
.'BW
070
704
73a
7X1
734
73S
730
sni
8747
274rt
mn
S7S3
SI793
2133
10430
goi
4710
10902
0833
S360
547
310
.•>iin
3128
3077
3078
4003
Locality.
Coluinlins, Ou
...llo
.....la
.St^w Orleans La . .
Prairio Mor Kougr,
La.
riraud CotCAU, La
...llo
(>xrord,Misa
Luuialaua
Washington, Mlsa
.. llo
CloTolanil, Ohio ...
Soleni.Uhio
...llo
...do
..do .
Illliii la It. liiilifnay
W. Owner....
....do
...do
J. Vardnn
Junjca Fairio.
St. Cbarloa Col-
lofO.
...do
ftO.L.WailM..
J. Fairio .
...do ....
...do
J. r. Kirtland . .
£.Nowton
....do
....do
New Lebanon, Ind.
West Mortbfiold ..
..do
..do
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Kacine, Wla
...do
.. do
...do
Wiaoonain
Wiaconainl Mich.
i)!aul Oliiot
Indian Riror, Fli>.
Pembina, Minn...
Fort Uipley, Minn
Saint Loula, Mo . . .
ln(le))cndence, Mo
.. do
Fort Riley, Kana . .
...do
...do
S.lt.Davia ...
n. Kennicott .
...do
....do
....d,.
.do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
A.O.Barry....
...do
...do
P.RUoy
J. LeOonto
....do
O. Wiirdoniann .
C.Caviloor
.r. F. Uead
Cu Engelraann. .
J. O. Cooper —
...do
K.l)randt
....do
...do
Tail to
ujid of—
1. ou . . .
3.00
\M
3.41
3.00ri75,a.83
II. .%5 0.02
0.52,0.'J.'i
0.5j
0.52
0.0C
0.0-J
4 7,12.25
14'.
3.2.'.
i.»
I. Si
120
i7.'>2.f
150...
.1. 05 . .
J. 90...
3.10 ..
2.60
3.95
3.32
3.35
a06
3.03
190
3.40
SO
3.40
3.70
4.C
3.401
...0.7f
0.82
0.82
o.n
0.75
a77
0.4:
0.37
O.BS
U7I.
i.35
3.00
io-
3.32
t70
140
2.40
190
2.70
0.35
0.40
0.38
100
1901
Il40'
0.57
0.35
0.87
0.76
0 7t
0.85
0.8.'
KentarVa.
AloohoHo.
do.
do.
Alcoholic; anppoaod "co;inii-
tna".
Alooholio.
.do.
do.
Aicoholie; Buppoaoil "oogna*
■ma".
Six ynang in alcohol ; anpiMaed
"cognotua".
Alcoholic] anppoaed "cogun-
tua".
do.
Alcoholic.
do.
do.
.do.
0.80 0.32
0.800.00
0.37
0.37
0.34
0.36
0.37
0.80
0.82
0.82
0.75
0.70
0.77
0.7f
0.48
0.50
0.71
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.85
0.88
0.78
Aleoholio.
Young.
Tonng.
Yonng.
Yoang.
Alcoholic,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Yonng.
Young; "gracillE".
Type of "graciiia"
Alcoholic.
do.
.11
(54
MONOdlSAIMIH OF NORTH AMKIIKJAN UODENTIA.
'I'Am.K XI.
•.V((Hiir(mrn(« nfohout otic hiimlrid {ami UhI of mnn-/ morr) iipfcimenii »/IlHRrF.IiOMYS I.KI'COl'US
/mm Kunlirn fiorlh /Imciira— Oontiimed.
1
d
*
B
a
y,
4
LiK'nlily.
Coll.i'lor.
Koiio to-
end
Ito
of-
i
1
i
a
D.m
&
lion.arkfl.
ll
i
1
J..W
1
"3
Fort Wloy, Kiinii
K.Ilrnndt
.'ilk'J
.f
...il.i
Ni'okIio, KmiH ....
....do
3.0(1
3. 7,'i
J.UO
1.50
0.70
1.8t
Frcah.
II. !•'. (JOHB
4317
'f
,...il
... d
3. 7."
3.50
I). Ml
do.
KtH
,f
...III.
....do
;iao
JK7
3 00
II, Kl
do.
ma
9
....lo
.. do
'I no
3 50
2.70
0.8.1
do.
Young.
rnu
...ilo
..do
0.80
<«:!
"NclirnHka"
.I.O.OmlHT
0. 30
1.00
i.ao
•J.M
iOO
3.00
0.39
0.82
0.02
Alcoliollo.
lOllb
..do
...do
O.K
0.00
1.00
3.00
J. 05
2.72
0.3C
0.78
Vk
do.
loorm
Tciiw
J. Il.Clarko....
0.,Vi
0.0.-.
1...J
3.75
..«)
.1. 10
i).3«
0.80
0.50
do.
101.^9
... il
... do
O.Sli
0.08
1.18
.1.2.-,
■IV.
2.00
i).3«
0.80
0.5t
do.
nei
Mictilpirotoii
C. Itarnnton —
8.00
100
1.71
do.
41K11I
Caiiiula Wi'Ht
IJ.W.Bcadk'....
.... do.
74K(1
Illn;jhiin), MnRH ..
Dr. Ilrewor
do.
iii4'.'a
.. do
...do
do.
Iii4'.i:i
...del
.. d.)
do.
1(I42H 1
.„
NUhoKN.y
ItUowcll
Alcoholic; young.
I(i4:n 1
IOI3i<|
.o
WltliiiiimCii, ,Mni*H
S.II.Scuddcr....
do.
I044'J 1
48<NI
WollTVillr, N. Y .
lI.Davia
Alcoliolio; adnlt.
IU44:i
...do
..do
do.
III444
.. do
.. do
1044.-.
IU44U
...do
Allr^liaiiy CiK, Tu
... do
It. L. Walker....
do.
10447
...do
...do
do.
Ill44t<
74.V.I
...do
...do
S]HittBylvaiiiA Co.,
A.W.Maaaey...
do.
Va.
IOlr.7)
iiMniJ
...d
...do
744:i
I'onihiDa, Mini) ...
RKoiinlcolt ...
do.
1111(11
...do
...do
do
I04rij
..do
do.
77J7
74 IJ
MluiieHota
do
do.
do.
do
Now Lcbauon, led.
S.B.I),ivls
104110 ■
...dii
10407
48:^4
I047:n
to
104,.'l 1
..do
lirookvllli', Ind...
...do
do.
1{. Ilayniond —
D.54
0.00
1.20
3.40
2.00
3.00
a.m
0.82
0. :,i
do.
..do
...do
•
do.
74.V,
7477
9001!
1048J 1
...
I04UIJ
W. NoltMoM.Ill..
.. do
K Konnlcott ....
....do
do
...
""•
do.
do.
...do
. ilo
...do
do.
7440
nalifai.N.S
Dr.CllpIn
Il(!-
MURIDAE— SIOMODONTES— UE8PKUOMYS LEUCOPUS.
Gf)
It sccrns unnecessary ("or us to examine the figures of this tal)le in detail
atler what \vc have said of the Massachusetts h)t. Bringing together so many
specimens, vvc fintl, does not appreciably afl'cct the Jenks' average ; but it lias
the inevitable result of spreading the extremes a little farther ujiart, and
proving the range of variation to be rather more than we allowed in the former
case — in fact, it demonstrates the variability of the species to be fully as great
as claimed by Allen.
Contrary to our expectation, we do not find in this series any evidence
that latitude exerts an appreciable iniluence upon the absolute size or relative
proportion of the parts of this mouse. Nor do we observe any difference
with latitude in the character of the pelage, the hairiness of tiie soles or tail,
&c. — at any rate to an appreciable extent — and certainly no such <lifference
as may be observed between summer and winter specimens from the same
locality (when we come, however, to bring in Arctic skins, as below, we
shall be able to see a difference). In the matter of color, there is positively
nothing in this whole series that we cannot exactly match among Massachu-
setts skins. And yet it is curious to observe that almost every considerable
geographical area within the limits represented in the table produces a slight
strain or breed of its white-footed mice — some diiference in color indescriba-
ble in words, but which strikes the eye that is very familiar with the subject.
The Nova Scotian animal and the Virginian, the Illinois and the Kansas, are
always distinguishable. We venture to as.sert that we can distinguish in
North America about twenty kinds of Hesperomys leucopus upon characters at
least as constant, reliable, and tangible as those hitherto held to define the
greater part of the " species" that have been in vogue of late years.
■ w 1
At
■m
The first nominal species that we shall investigate is the H. "myoides"
of Baird, who described his animal chiefly from Vermont specimens, identify-
ing it with the "Cricetus myoides" of Gapper. The only characters ascribed
to it are: first, possession of cheek-pouches; secondly, "tail-vertebrte gen-
erally 0.25 of an inch longer than head and body." But we have just shown
that the possession of a tail a fourth (or more) of an inch longer than the
body has no significance whatever as a specific character ; and among the
specimens enumerated by Baird (and also tabulated by us) are some with the
tail no longer than the body, and others with the tail shorter than the body ;
5 u
m
^
f'.C)
M()N<)(!I!AI'IIH OF NOltTII AMIMJICAN KODBNTIA.
so lliis iliiirnctcr liills to tlu; gromid. And to (iimlly settle the question of the
iictiiul (.■xistencc of ti s|)cii('s combining cheek-poiiclies witli a long tail, we
svill inlniilucc tliu l()l!o\ving table.*
'l'.\lii.K \l\.~l'ri«li iiim«urimnilH uj :hirly-oiiv KpmmeiiH of IIi.hI'KIIomys " imjoidiH" from ylrctic America.
lAII llitm* iniijMiiromf iilH nvv. friiiii Miii'cliiii'tm In tlii' llitth, cxi'i'iit tlir Hcvrnth column, tlie tviyi buluR niL-OMured dry.]
NoMt to—
rail to-
1
i
i
Liwnllty.
Collector.
3
'3
Remnrkfl.
1
i
M
IfCO.
i
1
1
c
S
(3
>
s
si
c
i
1,
t
Q
1
4iH
1
May !i3
Fort Sla'pMD
U.ll.Ho»»
4.00
0.80
nw
«
Mar. !!'.!
....(1
...do
O.liO
I.OO
1.12
J. 00
3.00
3.15 0.75
0.02
f . .V)
i:ai
J
Miir 10
....do
...do
U. 57 <i or.
1.00
1. IC
2.75
•2. 900. 7H
1.70
0.55
tM-i
■i
.\pr. 5
...do
...do
D.eo
1.05
1.20
1. 65
3.02
3 25J0.82
4517
•i
J
M.y 0
Miir. as
....ilo
...do
4.95
1.90
3.10
3. 35
3. ;ioi). 78
3. .'.O 0. 80
3. 1 m. n
4.VJ7
...do
... do
0. 05
1. 15
l.SO
0.85
0.03
<.'i3(l
S
Mnr. sa
...do
... do
II. coil. 00
1. 15
.1. .50
■2.80
0.75
0. OO
j.'.ir.
9
Apr. aa
...do
...do
0.55 0.00
1.05
.1.00
All'
■i. 25'o. r,
45-41
rf
liny 5
.....lo
...do
1.00
i7t
■J. 90 0. 75
4.'>43
*
Mar. 23
...do
....do
O.K.
0.05
1.05
1. 30
2.80
2. 9(1 II. 79
3. 1(1 0. 80
0.00
0.55
4.'i*!
9
Mnr. 22
....do
...do
U.C0
1.10
1.20
3.50
iOO
0.08
0.95
4.ra
.!
Mnr. 31
...do
...do
0.02
1.0(
1.20
3.90
0. 85
0.80
0.05
4.M9
J
May 2
...do
... do
3. 00
3.10
3.25
0.70
l.'itti
^r
Apr. 27
...do
...do
3.25
2.r.
■2.50
0.78
4.'i,".7
.^
Mny 22
...do
...do
1.00
2. 20
■2. ,')0
0.70
4:>i 1
9
Apr. 10
...do
...do
0. 55
0. 95
1.10
1.70
iK
3.00
0.83
4J13
J
Apr. 7
...do
...do
0.00
1.05
I. 15
3. 00
■i. «.
.3. 05
0.77
J535
d
Supt. (J
...do
R. Kcniilcc*t
0.00
0.™
I.IO
3. f 0
3. 3(1
3.55
0.85
o.ai
11.60
(;hoolc-poiicli0.40to
aii^lu of niouth
4.'>4li
<!
Mnr. 13
...do
...do
0,5.'0.iKl
1. Ill
3. 00
2. 5t
2.88
0.71
4:.:i4
9
Sopt. 1
....do
....do
0. CO 0. 9(1
1. 15
3.50
■2.-0
■2.90
0.75
0.60
4r.:ii
,f
Sopt. 7
...d.
. . . do
0. CO 0. !)*4
1. 10
3.00
3.00
■J. 00
3. 25
n an
0.75
0.75
4.'>:«)
9
Si.pl. 7
...do
...do
0. 5t*^ii. O'J
l.OH
3.00
3. iulo.7e
4534
cf
Si'pl. 7
...do
....do
0. 00 0. 9i:
1.10
3.«l
3.00
:l. 20 0. 80
0.80
0.03
Ckorkpoiicll 0.42 to
angle of mouth.
451.>0
J
Si.pt. 7
...do
....do
0. Oi 0. W
1. 15
3. 75
3.00
3.200.80
0.79
45;ia
9
Ool. lii
...do
....do
1.0.-.
3.50
■2. CO
,110
0,78
0.85
4534
■S
Si'pt. (1
...do
...do
0.011
0.90
1. 10
3.30
•iOO
2. 85
0. 75
0. 75
0. i>5
Cbeek.poiicli 0.40 to
nnglcsof moutb.
4511
J
Sfpt. 1
.. .do
,, ..do
1. 1.'.
3.40
3.70
2.50
3.00
■2. 75
3. a;.
0.78
0.80
4531!
J
S,.|,t. ti
...do
....d
0. 03
0.9.'
1.10
0.80
0.!)5
Clieek pouch 0.40 to
1
nn^lo of month.
453H
9
SIny 15
l-'ort livaolutiou
...do
0.00 1. CO
\.lll-
3. 40
2.00
■2. SI
0.78
454T
9
Apr. 24
.. do
.. llo
1). G4) 0 IK
1.0.'
1.20
3.40
3.30
2.50
;i.oo
•175
3. a.'.
0. 75
0.70
45:t;i
9
r.h. 15
r.irt l.ianl
Avi-rnyt'
ii.m
0. 'X
l.li
3. 04
■i-o
:i. Of 10. 71 0.75
0..58
M;(.\iiiiuni
0 t)5 1. 1.'
i.a
1.0.-
I. 2.- '3.3.-
., .± o,L ,..
Mitiiniuin
0. solo. 90
3. 00 2. 10
.1. ,»
2.2.-.
l).70<).60
0. ('»5
0.5!i
*Tlii» Arctic
< is ..iiinply a piirt (if tlic Arctic scries iiitrmluct il fiirtlicr on. Jt rcprcKentH the
variety s:morwmu, ami is only l)ron«lit m here to show the matter of the ehcek-poiiehes, Wc have
only to icuiark further, in this iilae,., that the Arctic series averages larger thau 'Juited States siieoiuieua,
anii has shorter feet and ears, as well as shorter tail.
MURIDAE— SIGMOnONTES— OESPKROMYS LEUCOPUS.
67
All the foregoing thirty-one specimens, from sui)stiuitially the s«me locul-
ity, were labeled "myoiiles" at the Smithsonian, und the cheek-poiuhes
upi)ear to have been carefully examined by the naturalists who colleeleil tlu"
series. Tlie pouches measure from a little less than two-thirds to a little over
three-fourths of an inch in <lepth from the nose, and about half as much in
deptii from the angle of the mouth. Now these specimens, with an average
length of 3.64, have an average tail of 2.70 ; and in not one does the tail even
equal the head and body.
The credit of first showing that //. levcopus has cheek-pouches is due to
Mr. Allen, whose suggestion that probably all the species of the genus would
be found to possess them we have verified in the cases of all the intimate
allies of H. leucopun examined. Professor Baird. however, Inul already sus-
pected their existence in this and other species. (Baird, op. cit. 472 ; Allen,
op. cit. 229.)
Mr. Allen is therefore perfectly right in saying that H. "myoides" is
"positively identical with //. leucopus.'^ It is hardly necessary to add that
this determination invalidates the analysis of the genus given by Baird,
op. cit. 458.
The Hesj>eroinys "gracilis" of LeConte is another nominal species. It
was referred by Baird to his "myoides" with a query. We have LeConte's
type before us ; it is tabulated in the foregoing table along with another speci-
men (No. 4710), also labeled "gracilis"; both are from Ohio, Wisconsin, or
Michigan, and are in the gray pelage. The larger one has the tail 3.60 long,
just about equal to the body, which latter, however, is stretched, and now is
rat-eaten. There is absolutely nothing to di.stinguish either of these speci-
mens from ordinary leucopus. H. "gracilis, LeConte" is a taxidermal acci-
dent, the specimens having been stuffed so as to look slenderer than usual.
We have before us the type and only known specimen of Heqyeromys
"campestris," LeC, from New Jersey (No. 4726 of the preceding table).
LeConte's description shows nothing whatever different from ordinary leuco-
pus, and the specimen bears out the description. The animal is ungrown,
and from long immersion in alcohol (out of which it has been lately skinned,
in a wretched state of preservation) has lost every trace of its original
coloration.
Of two specimens before us from Labrador, one (No. 3924) is labeled
"arcticus, Sauss.", and the other (No. 3925) "bairdii, Sauss." We trust that
¥*!
(JH
MON()(H{AI'JI8 OF NOHTII AMKKICAN KODENTIA.
M. Dc Siiussurc! Im« been iiHin! tbitunnto in handling Mexican Ilesperomys
tliiin lir wiis ill (hi8 case, for one of these specimens is an adult and the other
a yoimj,' cxiimplc of /ruco/ius; neither of them shows the sliKlitest departure
Ironi the ordinary ty|)e. We Imve not mot with either of these names in
print, and il', indfcd, they were never published, we shall regret their appear-
ance on our i)age ; for a synonym once rooted is havd to eradicate.
Now, passing over for a moment a certain Eastern Unitc<l Slates variety
of liuaipux tliiit w<; shall Ix; |)r<'pared to establish lliither on, and likewise post-
poning consideration of the names "cognatus" and "maniculatus", as these
are best treated in connection with var. gosni/pinus, we will examine several
western names that we claim iiave no ioundation.
Th(! iirst western "s])ecies" (so-called) that we shall notice, is Hesperomys
"texaiius" of Woodhouse (type. No. 2551), Mus. Smiths., in alcohol, from
Western Texas). The author's description shows nothing whatever different
from ordinary kitcopiis, except small size (length, 2.10; tail the same) ; but
this, of course, is matched by any other nngrown kucopus. The character,
"legs white on their inner surfat.-e only" («'. e., color of back extending over
outsidt! of legs), is not of the slightest consecpieiici!, since plenty of typical
leacopus show it, especially immature ones. In admitting the species, wliicli
he places next to le.ucopus, Professor Baird found it "very difficult to eharac-
terize it as distitict from kucopus, although it is very probable that the two are
distinct." He assigns "size and proportions about as in kucopus;" and his
table of measurements docs not show any discrepancy. The ears are not
smaller, as given by both these authors. We fail to appreciate any distinction
in color, except a slight average paleness ; and for this we shall be abundantly
prepared after we have looked up var. sonorknsis. Finally, we tabulate the
several specimens that have been referred to kxanus ; it is the more surpris-
ing that Dr. Woodhouse should have described his specimen as distinct, since
he was well acipuiinted with kucopus, which, as he says, is "common in the
Indian Territory and Texas."
MUllIDAE— 8IGMODONTES— IlESPUUOMYS LKUCOPUH. fiO
TaulkXIII.— ii«(o/«p«!iiii<!ii»o/llEsl'KliOMV8"<«oiiMi" not dlff<rittg in amjmptci from ortHnary l.KVCovv».
i
&
hiKtUly.
Collwtor.
Koavto—
1
1
i
1
i
a
1
ItKmarks.
k
i
t
1
1
e
I
fi550
ino
MS
7400
44B
1037
1038
3tn7
SUM
10134
to
10l3oJ
1734
571)
ODIO
7400
10314
10315
10310
Wofltorn Texas
... Uo
B. W. Wuodbonao
J. Pope
aso
3.40
ar.
0.78
T)pr; nlcuhollo.
Very yniiuf;.
Alcoholic; yoiinK-
AlcohoHo.
....do.
Eir«K.,T«
Urownnvlllo, Tdi
Peon III ver, Tcjt
TnrkoyCpMk.Tt'X...
do
J. II. Clark
3.75
8.08
0.80
1 ...
C. I). 11. Keonorly
,..,do
...dp
L C Einoiidberg
0.43
0.83
S.05
0.35
0.73
Fort nilM, N. Mex . . .
FoitCimnd.N. Uax..
WKoTanlm, N.Mox..
Cbarro B«:oDdl<lo —
FurtConrnd, N. Mex..
MatamoraH, Mexico . . .
do
8. W. Crawfonl . . .
C. h. R. Kennorly
J. Popo
0.50
0.(11
1.18
.140
0.84
0.38
0.83
D.N. Conch
sno
3.40
2.40
ao5
3.50
3.50
0.35
aso
0.71
aM
C. a R EouDorly
I) M. Couch
0.41
0.00
1.10
....do
....do.
do
....do
...do.
do
....do
....do.
We now desire to invite attention to the supposed species named Hes-
peromys "gambeli", in proposing which Professor Baird remarks pertinently: —
"This species, ia size and general appearance, represents very closely the
Hesperomi/s leucopus of the Eastern States, to such degree, in fact, that I have
not found any easily-expressed characters to separate them." We ourselves
fail to appreciate any differences whatever that are applicable to even a fair
proportion of the specimens examined, though some are paler than ordinary
hucopus I we cannot even make Professor Baird's qualified expressions hold
good. This, however, being merely our opinion, good for what it may be
worth, we are called upon to prove the point. With all the original speci-
mens and many additional ones before us, we first present a table, and will
then discuss the same.
.j.». ., , , I -,■
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
i*.^ ^
V
1.0
1.1
11.25
Ui|2j8 |25
ut l&i |Z2
■luu
1.4 11.6
'/
Photograiiiic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WBT MAIN STRUT
WIBSTM.N.Y. MSM
(7T«)«72-4S03
¥^ 4^\ WcS
iJ
i
70
MONOGUAI'lIS OF XOHTII AMEUICAN UODENTIA.
i, ».\
Taiii.k XI v.— .V((i»i(ifra«i(» of about ftflii (and lint of other) fpecimfim purporting to Ic IIkbpkiiom y« " oambkii"
from If anliiiiijion anil Oregon Trrriiorm and California.
s
s
•A
I0I3II
74K1
663
flO
it'.'f
1-jiia
317"
3179
3315
•«*
14706
14707
368
369
470
477
47a
iisei
3S«I
SS63
1U64
•A'iflS
2.'i6fl
2567
3568
2M9
aj-0
101311
.«
1013.-. J
3671
3078
:I673
;«i74
:i67>';
3676
71K1
17184
71K'i
7IW
10317
mux
10310 1
'"
io:«4 J
10963
7485
Lucullty.
f'olhftor.
Koae to-
1
* 1
1
Ri'marka.
ll ;
& !
1
1
t
n
1
■s
1
1
1
n
Port Towmend
do
Cnncadi. M't'n. W»»h
AHtdriii, Orf;;. Tcr ...
Fori I)Hlla», Ore)!. Tir
Kliiiiiiith Lakr
8itiiiitlini<K),WnBb. Ter.
do
1
I
AliWholio 1 young.
Alcoholic.
Dry
...uo
.. do
..do.
.-.do.
...do.
.. do.
. do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do. ,
...do.
...do
e.M)
0.90 1 1.08 '
1
3.:)o
3.85
3.65
0.33
0.88
0 77
0.84
0.1-0
0.75
0 76
0.78
0.80
0.80
0.03
0.80
0. 7-1
0.80
0.85
0.6-.
0.63
0.68
0.55
0.65
0.64
0.54
0.55
0.70
0.65
055
0 36
I.ifut. TntwbriilRe.
C.Smkli'y
il. ?'.. NowlMTry. ..
C. 11. IL KiulKirly
...do
4.00
3.83
3.35
3.80
3.40
3.60
.3.30
3.35
3.10
3.60
3.50
3.60
3.90
3.40
3.70
3.00
9.90
9.08
3.30
0.37
0.31
do
...do
an. Cults
J. LeCouti''
CallforoU
do
..do
. (
Montrny, Cal
.do
■•:::'i;:::j
I'onn Cntk, Cal
lo
3.75
9.39
0.80
...do
do
....do
...do.
I'rtaluiua, C*l
do
E. Samuels
...do
0.49
0.45
0.44
0.51
0.53
0.47
0.50
0.45
0.46
0.45
0.96
0.85
0.80
0.93
0.93
0.83
ago
0.80
0.89
0 78
1.03
I.e.-.
1.03
1.13
1.13
3.75
i.W
3.5U
3.10
3.85
9. .50
9.64
9.30
9.80
9.7.-1
u..t;i
0.36
0.34
Oi40
0.38
0 73
O.tO
n.75
0 80
am
Alcokullc.
...do.
....da
do
do
do
....do
...do
....do
...do.
....do.
... do
Uo
.. do.
Tomal»B Hay
do
do
...do
....do
. do
1.10
1.07
1.14
0.95
3.10
3.75
3.35
3.90
9.80
3.80
3.00
0.39
0.3U
0.33
0.30
0.78
0,80
0.78
0.75
.do
..do.
..do
...do
do
... do
Aloohulio 1 yonnR.
Dry.
...do.
do
Kort Tijon, Cal
.... do
. dn .
3..'i0
4.U0
3.10
3.10
0.76
0 81
0. .'15
O..VI
...do
do
do
tlo
do.
do
do
...do
:i.3a
170
0.74
0.36
...do.
. do
. ..do
J. (.t. Cuojwr
....do
.1.00
3.00
3.50
,100
3.75
3.40
3.75
9.50
3.70
3.10
3.40
3.30
0.38
0.35
0.85
o.n
0.78
0.75
0.89
Santa narlinro. Cal . . .
.Sun DIogo, Ciil
Colorado Rlrir.Cil .
I'ort MoJnvB
ilo
do
do
WaahhiRlon TiTriUir)
0.50
0.60
..do.
Frtuh.
. . do
AlcohO||o.
. . .do.
..do
... do
11. 11. Mulhanm-n .
.. do
O.SO
0.50
0. .'.a
0.87
0 90
0.03
1.35
1.30
1.16
...do
..do
...do
V. U. It. Kcniiorly)
0 54
0..W
0 90
MO
1.15
I.SS
.1 25
3.75
3.60
3.3.'i
0.39
0.30
0.78
0 81
0.65
0.68
...do.
.. do
* t.<'CiHit4>'H it|H't'iiiit>un Hitiiir ilitwky nt linttn of iiiciiitarHiiH; w) tUtcs 71^4.
t Tlii'Mi H|ifcitiu'im of Dr. Kt>iint>i I'v'h are iiitrlk-ulm l.v iiitt^rt-Rtiuif. Wn briitif tlii>m in ))rn> b('raiiM> w<> hiivo prt-pntrd
no M-pi)iiiti> titlilc for ' iMivlii": liiit iiio(<t of tix'tii in Uvi hv\in\\i to tluit ntylo nllthoM^ iit KH.«t v>tb \\w ta'i ovrr J.M. Ub-
serve bow ilmi in iliew' fmiriiMn f«pi-t-iiiicimthi< \a\\ midki-m fntm bHlfnii liirhitboiiHi tnovt'r balf nii IikIi Iniiprr tliiin tbr Ixirijr,
niKlhnw il iNi^rniliialfilbyW-iithHor imhiH. iMmtTvi', nlmi tbi* (liMn-piinrii'H in ihfHir.i'of t bo fret itncl fiit« riicNe niiMiinre-
iui'IiIh, \w\\\^ all iilrotiolir. ari< |H'rli-i>ily icliahb'. It ia iih iiDiiomtibb- to iliiiw a line Hiiywbetp )H-twifii tlit'M> ii|H-<'.'nienH tw It
ia to m>|iarattMbt> Vi-rmiitii binfftulb-il iiiici^ from ibiMnof tbu ri-st of Mow Euftlnnd. Tbin iitnulv a part of our Krt«» tn>m
tbm Iwalily. Wi- bavi< ultui nninlHTa I0U.'> to 101(>3. whub wo bavo duenied it uoncoeaiiary to meaaiiro or prraenL in u tabniur
form, ai) tbcy Riniply mI>uw tht> aaino ilitng.
MUKIDAE— 8I0M0D0NTES— UK8PKUOMY8 LEUCOPUS.
7 J.
Taui.rXIV. — Ati^aauremcntnof about fi/ly {atidlint o/other)»ptcimenKpurporting toheUKfirFAtoyi\'»**GAyinKt.l"
from tynnhimjtoH atul Oregon Territorim and California — CiuitiuiiL'd.
1
LooUlty.
CoUeolor.
Nowlo-
1
i
i
0. :i:i
1
1
«
o.eo
0.73
0.75
0.85
0.70
O.M)
0.80
0.«1
0.84
0.00
a 75
0.83
0,9S
0.P0
i.
0.03
0.63
0.69
0.65
0.08
0.60
0.6U
0.06
0.73
0.68
0.65
0.75
0.78
0.60
Itcmnrka.
1
&
1
3
7444
504J
91140
0S13
.'i033
MH
10138
10139
10140
10141
10143
10143
10144
7473
101641
to
I0173J
toaoii
1.
10397 J
776S
7460
4»i!l
10396
10397
to
10301.
Siminhraoo
C. II. R. Kennerly.
.. do
.100
3.0U
3.00
3.33
3.70
3.10
3.3.-I
3.30
3.30
130
3. 10
3.40
31>0
3.40
;ioo
3.00
3.00
3.10
3.eo
3.19
:i.30
3.60
3 7.'!
3.60
;i.wi
4.00
9. CO
Alcoliolie.
— do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
— do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
..do.
...do.
.. do.
...do.
...do.
... .do.
... do
do
...do
do
Pllget Hniuil
do
... do
...do
...do
.lo
do
...do
do
do.
. do . .
do
... do
do
do
....do
... do
FortTiJoD.Cal
da
J. Xantns
0.46
0.70
1.07
....do
do
....do
... .do.
do
do
Fort Umpqua, Orcg . . .
do
...do
...do
E. P. Vollnui •. . . .
0.M
U.SO
0.03
0.00
i.ao
1. 18
xm
3. SO
140
3.90
3.70
.130
4.40
ISO
o.:i5
0.39
0.8.1
0.81
0.09
a 81
0.06
0.68
0.07
0.67
...do.
...do.
....do.
....do.
...do.
....do
do
....do
* Thrae npecllncna of Dr. Vollum'a bear out tlio romnrka madu under Dr. Kennerly* 'a. One of them ia referable to " boylii "t
tbe real are apparently " ganibelU ".
The foregoing tnble is to be compared with the following items in the
original diagnosis of "gambeli" : — " Very similar to It. leticopus in size and pro-
portions." This is true, even without the qualification. "Feet perhaps shorter."
This is not so; the feet arc wholly within the range of variation of eastern leuco-
pus, and the average of the foregoing table is within an inappreciable fraction
(0.01 or 0.02) of the eastern average. *' Ears larger." The largest ear in tiie
series is not over the length of a large percentage of tlie eastern series ; all the
cars are within the eastern limits of variation, and tiie average ear is within an
inappreciable fraction (0.02 or 0.03) of the eastern average. " Tail generally
less than the head and body, sometimes a wry little longer." This expression is
precisely diagnostic of typical leucopus. ^^ Above yellowish-hroxcn, m..^h mixed
with dusky, hut without a distinct broad wash of darker on the Itack" Most of"
the specimens really are paler and more nnitltrm on the liack than in average
I i! ^
IF
"i
■i ■
72
MONOGRAPHS 01-" NOUTII AMKUlCAN UODKSTIA.
leucopus, and this is pnrticulariy evident in those from tlie open, dryer piuts
of Southern Ciiliforiiin, and especially such examples as No. 7185 from the
Colorado Ucsert region, where the coloration is a hrisk fulvous, without dorsal
stripe. But nearly all the specimens can he matched by eastern examples ;
and, moreover, all the northern ones are actually darker than average leucopus,
while most of them show a distinct doisal stripe. " J'//e entire outside of llir
fore leg below the shoulder white I" In a part of the specimens this is so, and in
another part of the specimens it is not so; and the same is the case with ordi-
nary leucopus. It is evident, therefore, that the characters ascribed to the
suppo.sed "gambeli" fall to the ground.
Passing now to another Pacific-coast species, so-called, we will premise
that in establishing his //. "austerus", Professor Baird intimated his suspicion
that it might not prove valid. "It is barely possible," he says, "that my //.
austerus may be a northern variety of the common Califbrnian species" (/». e.,
"gambeli"), "of smaller size and darker color, somewhat like the gray and
smaller //. leucopus of Nova Scotia and probably Labrador, * * and further
materials will be necessary to decide the question." With the necessary addi-
tional material before us, we cannot only confirm tiie suggestion here mode,
but we can also show a perfect intcrgradation between "gambeli" and "aus-
terus"; a melting of this last into "boylii"; and, finally, the positive identity
of "boylii" with "myoides", which last we have proved to be the same as
leucopus.
The Simiahmoo specimens, which arc, as we have just shown, referable
to "gambeli", are so much darker than "gambeli" from the dry, open parts
of California, that they stand rather nearer "austerus" in color than to
the former examples of the species they are supposed to belong to!
Color thus giving us nothing tangible, we will interrogate dimensions, and see
if these show anything of specific value. We accordingly present a short
table ; most of our samples of supposed "austerus" being immature, and
therefore excluded as tending to vitiate the result.
• y
MURIDAE— BIGMODONTE8— HE8PEKOMY8 LI5UC0PUS.
Taiilk X\.—Me<uurtmmU oftieeltt ipudmcm purporting to he Hk8PKROMY8 "AiTBTenus".
,.^!,
f
113M
»577
«S18
8979
«*•
•«880
83*7
sau
OK
l«M
3M
3*S
Loullty.
CollMtor.
Koto to—
Talltacmd
of-
1
1
1
1
s
1
Bcmarka.
Byo.
E«r.
Ooei.
pot
Tail.
Vertr
cbrai
Haira
Steilaeooni, Wwh. Tcr
do
do
do
d3
O.SnoUoy...
...do
...do
...do
... do
0.93
0.M
0.M
0.M
0.3S
0.4S
I.OO
0.87
1.00
0.70
o.m
0.80
1.18
1.09
l.'JO
0.88
0.83
:.oo
9.87
a to
1.80
1.89
9.M
3.10
aoo
a. 79
3.00
3.00
3.10
3. SO
A 70
ago
1.38
1.50
9.W
170
a. 80
ao8
3.40
9l89
9.40
0.48
0.33
034
0 97
0.S8
ft39
0.80
0.79
ttTO
O.CC
O.M
0.70
(1.76
0.77
0.89
0.89
0.70
0.79
0.89
0.90
0.40
Qti
0.99
a 49
Alcohnlic.
Alcobollc
Alcoholic
Alo. { yoQDg.
Alc.iyouDg.
Alcoholic.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
VanooDTer'i IiUod
Wuhlngton Tmrltory
Spok»n,W».b.Ter
Pu(«t Sonod, Wuta. Ter ....
do
A. W. IlewMHi
J. O. BwM ....
J. Q. Cooper. . .
O.Snokloy....
....do
do
....do
do
....do
*T' la apflolniMi la remarkftbly blacklah, with Tory pnra white fe«t, Mid aeon by Itaelf would readily sofupat a
dlatlnctlon of apectee from ordinary Uu$oput. It Is the extremo of tbo "anaterua " atyle.
This little table is curious and suggestive. The twelve specimens hnppf^n
to differ among themselves in size and proportions nearly as much as the
whole eastern series of leucopus does, and show more variation than would
be required to establish several distinct species upon the slight basis that has
been often employed. And after allowing a wide margin for chances of error
in measurement (always a safe thing to do in dealing with stuffed skins of
small mammals), discrepancies remain that cannot be explained away. The tail
varies an inch, and the ears and feet are quite as variable. To sum up (with
special reference to "boylii", thot we are about to diticuss) : The tail, com-
pared with the trunk, ranges from less than the average of eastern leucopus
up to nea;ly the average of "myoides" or "boylii". The ears range from the
smallest of leucopus to the largest of "boylii". The feet have the ordinary
range of either leucopus or "boylii". Nothing further is needed to prove our
point.
In analyzing out species of Hesperomys, Professor Baird put "myoides"
and "boylii ' together, because they agreed in a length of tail exceeding the
average of tiuo leucopus. Of "boylii" he says : — "No cheek-pouches ! Tail
three-quarters o( an inch longer than the [head and] body"; and of "myo-
ides":— "With cheek-pouches. Tail a quarter of an inch longer than the head
and body." The supposed distinctions of color do not hold ; for No. 1313
(" myoides", Burlington, Vt.) and No. 578 (" boylii", Shoalwater Bay) are almost
precisely alike in color — much more so than two specimens of "boylii'' (No.
678 and No. 356, for example) are. No. 356, the type of "boylii", is the very
9,
:i\
I J
'
74
MONOGKAPIIS OF MOHTU AMERICAN UODENTIA.
tawniest specimen we liave ever seen Ironi Washington Territory, anil in this
respect exactly like some Massaclnisetts exam|»les of leucopus. Color, then,
atl'ordiiig no tiafa, and the matter of the chcek-pouclies being already settled,
we are driven back upon ineasnrements alone to substantiate "ftoylii"; and
we conclude our argument witli the following table, comment upon which is
unnecessary : —
Tablk XVI.— .Vui<Hrrmiiii(«it^yire«j>«;iM«N«»/y!i'ii "ajjectM" («M»IJi<l) o/ IIkspkromyh.
Nunibvr.
•2778
i:u:i
mil
SiipiHNiwl npt'cies.
Typical of hnatptts.,...
Typo of " boylii"
Typical of " iiiyoiil™".
Typical of " iiuiiterii» " .
Type of "gracilis"
Trunk.
:i. 4.1
;i. afi •
3. .so
a. 00
»t
Tail.
:i. .lo
:i.uo
3.90
3.40
3.00
Sole.
0.83
0.«i
0.»>
0.82
0.87
Gar.
0.01
0,»)
O.Ot
0.U4
" I'rinteil in SI. N. A. ".La.")" by t.vpngrapliical error. — A le'coiul (i|>eeinien of •' boylii " (No. &78)iihow8
longer tail, feet, nnil care:— trnnk, M.Oi' ; tail, 4.U8 ; miIc, 0.il.'> ; ear. 0.7.'i; nhilo a tliird ^No. HIO) Iiim tlie
tail conviilerably Hliorter than tlii' trunk (trunk, 4.00 ; tail, 3,t>.1). rrofewor Uainl remarks of this No.
810, that iHiNNibly it is "(ranilieli", anil prints it also iiniler "gunilieli", witli tbo remark, "possibly II.
boylii". It is, in fact, Just as much like one as like tbe utber.
I I'robably abunt 3.r>0, but iinpossiblu to iloterinine now, owing tu the stretched and rnt-eat«u state
of the specimen.
A scries of alcoholic specimens from Capo Saint Lucas, the first exam-
ined, we believe, from tiiis locality, ofl'crs some interesting features. Although
it is not easy to judge of color in their present condition, they appear
to be light-colored, with the dorsal stripe of the tail very narrow, and
in this and other resi)ects most of the series are undoubtedly referable to
"gambeli". A part of the series, however, shows an extraordinary length of
the tail — in this respect surpassing the most marked examples of "boylii" or
"myoides". In one specimen, the tail is nearly an inch and a iiulf longer
than the head, and in this one, as well as the rest of those with the tai'
decidedly longer than the body, this meml)cr is almost as naked as in a Mus,
and unicolor, of a dull-grayish hue. In all these, the dark color of the leg
extends on the base of tiie metatarsus — a feature shown distinctly even in a
suckling specimen. Altliough in their present state these specimens tlo not
show any apprecial>le diirerence in the body-colors from the "gambeli" com-
posing most of tlie series, we have little hesitation in referring them to the
//. aztecus. Tiie lengtli of tail of this species, it will be seen beyond, has
not been known ; for all three of Dc Saussure's types had lost the tij) of the
tail. Our type of azlecus, received from De Saussure, agrees precisely with
1r ' ■ C:
MURID^B— 8IOMODONTE8-UE8PEKOMYS LEUCOPUS.
75
the specimens from Cape Saint Lucas in the nakedness of the tail and extension
of tiic dusky on the metatarsus — tlie latter being one of the essential features
of the species as compared with leucopiis. In length of tail alone, these speci-
mens grade into the "gombeli" with which they are associated; yet, the
other features being [icrfectly tangible and distinctive, we shall refer the
specimens in question to mtecus, with no reasonable doubt of the correctness
of so doing.
As Mr. Xantus collccte«l extensively on the west coast of Mexico, as well
as in Lower California, it is possible that these examples o{ aztecus have been
accidentally mixed with his Saint Lucas collections.
The following table gives the measurements of a part of the specimens
referable to Itucopus ("gambeli") with measurements of some of them.
Those representing azlecua will be found under the head of the latter.
Table XVII.— Li»l of tpeciaunt of H. leucopus (" gamieli ") /row Capi Sainl Luctu, collreled Ay J. Xanlut,
tritk me(uurrmen($.
5
Locality.
From tip of noae to—
Tail to end
of-
L<!ngtb of—
i
Nature of
Hpecimco.
Eye.
Ear.
Occi-
put.
Tall.
Vert-
ebriB.
Haira.
Fore
foot.
Hind
foot.
4980
4981
4982
lOXil ,
to
10340)
Capo Saint Lucas..
do
do
do
0.50
0.58
0.54
0.90
0.92
0.94
1.20
1.15
1.15
3.10
3.40
3.60
3.10
3. 35
3.15
3.20
3.45
3.25
0.38
0.37
0.40
o.8:i
0.81
0.87
0.67
0.67
0.70
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Having exhausted the data at our disposal respecting the nominal species
of Hesperomys (except "cognatus", noticed below) that are referable to
leucopus, we are prepared to bring out three geographical races or varieties
that are distinct enough, we think, in their strongest development at
least, to merit varietal names, although (we wish it distinctly understood)
they pass insensibly into ordinary leucopus. These three are gossypinus,
sonoriensis, and eremicus. The first of these is nearest leucopus, and is hard
to define satisfactorily. The second is better marked, and, in its extreme,
readily discriminated from leucopus, though comparison of some hundreds of
specimens show a perfect transition into the latter. The third is strongly
marked as a local race, and might be held, with much show of reason, as a
good species, as, in fact, we considered it until we saw intermediate specimens.
4llfl
ted
:v 'm
i; '
M,
70
MONOGllAPUS OF NORTH AMEBICAN RODENTIA.
f 1
ii i
u\
I I
. ■
'1-H
Ii
r
i
-f
!■ ■
l_
i ■ ;
f|
1 ':
-J
1 ; 1
',.
1
^M
IIESPEROiMYS LEUCOPUS GOSSYPINUS (LeC).
thuperomyii gonypinm, LkCdntr, I'roc. Acnil. Nat. 8cl. Plilla. vi, I%>3, 411 (ClmrRia).— Baird, M. N. A.
18.'i7, 4C!) (Gi'orKiu nml Huiith Carolina).— Allkn, Bull. Miia. Conip. Zoiil. ii, 1H70, 180 (Florida).
Ilvfpnomijn ( IVi/Krimuii) leumpua gommiiiiuii, CoL'CS, I'ror. Acad. Nat. S<:i. I'liila. li^4, I'D.
Ui/puilaiu gouiyplnyt, LkContk, McMiirtriu'H Ciivler, I, 4;)4, app.— AuD. &, B.icil., Q. N. A. i, 305 (in text;
couBiilcr it a.t a vur. of Iruropuf),
Diagnosis. — //. staturd II. kucopum cxcedens (A-poU.), caudd breviore
fere unicolore, pedil/us nwjoribus (subimll.), color ibus obscurioribus.
Habitat. — South Atlnnlic States. Kansas?
Mouse larger than //. leucopus (some four inches long), with a shorter
tail, but little paler below than above ; liind feet nine-tenths of an inch ; fur
of the upper parts dark rusty-brown, and of the under parts not pure white.
The few specimens below enumerated show some tangible diflcrences
from ordinary leucopus, as expressed in the foregoing paragraphs. Besides
averaging in stature a dimension that leucopus very rarely attains, the tail is
absolutely shorter than in the average of that species, and therefore ])ropor-
tionally still less. It is, moreover, nearly unicolor in some specimens; in
others, however, it is evidently, but not sharply, bicolor. The hind feet are
about 0.90 long, a dimension that leucopus only reaches in exceptional
cases. The general colors are much darker, and, ])erhaps, never of the bright
fulvous of typical leucopus; it is much as if the darker dorsal wash of leuco-
pus was spread over all the upper parts. Correspondingly, the under parts
ore dull soiled whitish, or wiiite with an ashy-gray hue. , '
Our specimens are obviously too few for a final conclusion, and we have
been much perplexed to determine how to treat this form. All the seven below
given arc distinguishable at a glance from leucopus ; but our suspicion is very
strong, indeed, that if we had, say fifty instead of seven examples, some of them
would be indistinguishable from leucopus, and others would show indissoluble
connection. This was the mature opinion of Audubon and Bachman, who
say: — "We were for several years disjMJsed to regard it as distinct, and have,
not without much hesitation, and aileran examination of many hundred speci-
mens, been induced to set it down as a variety only." Mr. Allen (/. c.) allows
the name to head his paragraph, but expressly states his belief that it is not
a valid species, both in this place and in a previoi.s paper (Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. i, 1861), 229). Under the circumstances, we judge that nature will be
the more faithfully reflected to consider H. gossypinua as a variety of leucopuSf
MUUIDiE— SIOMODONTES— n. LEUCOPUS GOS8YPINU8.
77
ranking nearly with sonoriensis as to the degree of geographical (Hffercntiation
that it has sustained.
The propriety of this step will appear in still stronger light aflcr exam-
ination of the so-called " Hesperomys cognatus" of LeConte and 13aird, which
we are now prepared to discuss. Apart from the ])ublished accounts of the
two authors just named, our material is, first, tiiree dried specimens, labeled
"cognatus" in what we presume to be Major LeContc's own handwriting, as
it is the same as that upon his other types now in our possession ; secondly,
five dried and several alcoholic specimens referred to this species by Baird, /. c.
The latter will be first noticed. •".
Two of these, Nos. 673 and 905, from North and South Carolina, respect-
ively, are precisely like leucopus in every respect, except that the tails of both
are much less distinctly bicolor than usual in leucopus. Out of our series,
however, of unquestioned and unquestionable leucopus, we can precisely match
this feature. The other three specimens are from Mississippi (Nos. .')62, 583,
586). They are all in wretched condition, having been skinned out of alco-
hol. One of them, 562, is not half grown (body, 2.25; tail, 1.42, &c.); it is
dark lead-color, and from the shortness of the tail represents sonoriensis, if
anything different from leucopus. The second is nearly grown, but still in the
mouse-gray pelage ; the tail is 2.50 to a body of 3.00, and therefore not shorter
in proportion than in leucopus; and the tail is very sharply bicolor. The third
appears grown, but the colors are indeterminable, from immersion in alcohol
and from loss of most of the fur ; the tail is plainly bicolor ; the proportions
are just as in an average of leucopus. We must confess that, even if there
were a species "cognatus" distinct from leucopus, we do not see how these
five specimens could be taken to represent it Much as we regret our decision,
we must say that they are all unquestionably leucopus.
The remaining specimens (alcoholic) we cannot distinguish even as a
tangible variety of leucopus.
Major JjcConte's types do not seem to have been in Professor Baird's
hands when the article on the Mammals of North America was being pre-
pared ; and the latter had to guess at the former's meaning — a difficult matter
indeed, since Major LeContc's description amounts to exactly notiiing. Of
his three specimens, one of them (from Illinois), we find to our great surprise,
is an example of H. trAchiganensis, pure and simple ! (Head and body, 2.90 ;
tail, 1.90, sharply bicolor ; hind foot, 0.66 ; &c.) The other two, Nos. 4708,
"I
:' ^ -rt
78
MONOOUA1MI8 OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA.
L 1
470!), lire not marked lor locality, hut proljultly came from Ohio, Wisconsin,
or iMiihigaii, and are really his types. They arc exactly the size of ordinary
ieucopus; tiio tail a little shorter, relatively, tliali the average of leucopus, but
not shorter than is often found in Ieucopus; and they an; colored exactly as
in gossi/piiius, the u|)|»er parts being very dark, the under impure white, and
the tail indistinctly bicuKir.
Here, then, is an exactly intermediate form between Ieucopus ami gossy-
pinus, proving that the latter cannot properly be regarded as specifically
tlitlerent from the former.
It is ol>viousIy a matter of indilTerence where we make our break in the
chain between the two ; /. c, whether we assign the links "cognatus" to one or
the other. Practically, however, it will be found most convenient to assign
"cognatus LeC." to Ieucopus, so that we only recognize the extreme of differ-
entiation in gossi/piiius. Tiiis course is the more commendable, since "cog-
natus Baird", based as above explained, is assuredly Ieucopus.
Taiii.k will.— j:,i«l of ijifdmeiu of Hespkromys i.rucopuh riir. uossypinl's.
s
Locality.
Bocoived trom.
'S
5
1
Nature of
■pecimeu.
470.1
4711
MS
4-<l7
lOOST)
i:u>i
8X17
Geor);la
,lo
J. LoConto ...... ...... ......
4.00
4.25
4.50
3.50
2.90
2.50
2.05
3.00
2.90
2.35
3.00
0.86
0.90
0.90
o.es
0.87
0.89
0.90
Dry.
Dry.
Dry.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic.
Dry.
Dry.
do
do
do
do
do
do
3.90
4.00
4.50
West Kausos *
' We licHitate In tlie determination of this speoiuien, since part of its size is due to overstuffing;
the under parts are white, and the tail sharply bicolor; the locality, too, is against the sup|HMition that
it is goftj/pinm ; and it h accompanie<l by other Kansas s|iecimenB that we cannot determine, and acme
that are certainly purr liucopm. In the length of the feet, however, and in Keneral coloration, it seeiua
to agro« better wit!- _-i)ii!ipmii» than with true leucoput. Dr. Ocsner's specimens, likewise, we refer here
on account of lorp'.ity and their large size, though the month, feet, and tail underneath, are very pnre
white, and the under parts nearly su. (These specimens are both males, and exhibit the maximum
development of the testes we have over seen in the species. The glands form an immense bulging man
on the nates, about } long by } wide, of flattened, obUmg shape, quite sharp-pointed behind, and mostly
divided by a deep median raph£.]
)#i 'S
MUUlDvK— SIOMODONTKS— II. LEUCOl'UH SONOIUIiNSIS.
79
HESPEUOMYS LEUCOPUS SONORIENSIS (LeC).
JTm Uuoopiu, RlcilAlil>H<iN, Zuol. Joiirn. ill, IrilM; Fu. Ii<>r.-Aiii. I, \*^iO, 14-J.
Unptromyn »oi««n>i«iii«, LkCoktk, I'roc. Acad. Nut. 8ei. I'liiln. vl, liiVI, 4i;i (8unurn; typw, No. 140, Mug.
8111III1P1.).— Al!l>. & Uacii., Q. N. a. Ill, IMM, aiKl (after IxiCoiite).— lUiitii, M. N. A. \«i1, 474 j
U. H. & Mi'X. Iluiiiid. 8iirv. li, pt. 11, tHoU, 411.
Ihtprromy ( I'nijxriiHU") leucopm lonoriemif, Col'kh, I'roc. Acad. Nat. 8cl. Plilla. 1H74, 170.
JJaiieromyt auiivrjrii«i4i var. nebriuceniil; Uaiiio, M. N. A. 1H57, 4<I8, in Usxt (bumd oil llio bulow-onu-
luurnled Nvbraakun vxnm|ilva).
Diagnosis. — Ilesp. leucojio viz differt nisi caudd hreviore, truncum sine
capite suhaquante, tiecnon cohribus dilutloribus in speciminibus meridionalibus,
in arcticis obncuiioribus minime fulvescen'ihus.
A variety of Ilesperomi/s leucopus, differing in having tlic tail shorter
(only al)out equal to the body without the head), and the colors either paler
a.s in prairie specimens, or darker as in Arctic examples, but neither of these
exhibiting the particular coloration of typical leucopus.
Habit.vt. — Interior of North America, west of the Mississippi, from the
Arctic regions to Mexico; usually occupying this range to tlie exclusion of
true leucopus, but in some places mixed therewith.
It only remains to discuss the intricate question touching the White-footed
Mice from the interior of North America. We approach this subject with a full
knowledge of the normal variability of leucopus, after settling tiie eastern and
Pacific varieties, and in possession of hundreds of specimens from all locali-
ties, among them the type of sonoriotsis. Only a part of our material appears
in the following tables, the rest being ineligible on account of immaturity, bad
taxidermy, an<l other causes.
The type of sonoriensis (No. 146, Mus. Smiths.) is a young animal about
three fourths grown, in a gray pelage identical with that of the same age of
leucopus. While nothing, therefore, can be predicated upon its absolute size
or its color, it may be known at a glance from ordinary leucopus by the short-
ness of the tail ; this member falling short of two inches, which is never the
case with even three-fourths grown leucopus, so far as we know. The trunk
measures 3.25, the tail 1.93 ; an ', after allowing for stretching, we may safely
say that the tail is more than an inch shorter than the trunk.
The following table shows that this same short-tailedness marks a large
proportion of the mice from the regions indicated. While the average length
of the series from the United States is about 3.25, the tail averages only
about 2.25, and several taiLs, as of Nob. 1782, 1932, 3149, 3352, &c., fall
:!.
1 »•■
I ■
li
i <
" '5
II
,■ I
{:}
I I
80
MONOOUArilH OF NOUTfl AMKUICAN llODKNTIA.
under 2.00 ; most lails range between 2.00 nnil 2.50, nn<l not n tail touches
3.00, wliidi last is an onlinar)' lengtli of tail for true leucopm. The feet give
no (lata (ranj,nng from 0.05 to 0.77, with an nveragc of about 0.77), ncitlicr do
the ears. The siiorter tail, on an average, is the sole datum as far us form is
cnnccrni'tl.
Close scrutiny of the table, however, shows that a considerable part of
the series has the tail equally or even exceeding the average of leucopua.
Secondly, this feature does not obtain in all tlic specimens from any given
locality; thus. No. 1032, with the shortest tail in the lot, is associated in
Kan.sas with veritable leucopm; Nebraskan examples range from 1.76 to 2.75
in length of tail; Utah ones from 1.80 to 2.30; Fort Crook ones about the
same; New Mexican and Sonoran ones from 1.93 to 2.65.* In short, we find
in almost every locality a greater difference in the several tails than that dis-
tinguishing thorn collectively from leucopm; and we can only say that
they average half an inch less than the average of leucopus, about equaling
the trunk alone instead of about equaling the trunk plus three-quarters of the
head. " ' "' -
As this tinishes what we have to say of the form of these western
United States mice, we here insert our table, and then take up some other
points.
Tablk Wii.—!dtamrementt of eiijhly-otie (and IM of other) iptcimm <tf n^ppoud llKSfKKOtlYB iJivCOTVB
Hu.NUUlENSis Jrom Ike Middle Htgion, Vnilcd Slata.
[S. B.— Many uf tbfM n|MH;inu>nR arc not fairly diatincitlahablo tnm ordinary leveoput.\
§
'A
Locality.
Collector.
Noaeto—
Tall to
end of—
1
1
i
1
•
Renwrka.
IS
A
i
1
t
170
i
no
1140
1
9838
4309
«10
4311
13P«
1:199
1969
C'll
•;o»
1779
1789
1181
1788
1783
r.V. Ilaydon
0.7l'....
0.79]....
0 78 ...
Dry.
Dry; atretched.
Dry.
Dry.
do
do
Doer Creek, Nebr
do
do
do
Littlo Misaoari Rlvrr .
do
1.00
1.08
1.00
3.40
;i.40
175
3. as
3. OH
las
9.33
130
9.90
■» 71
0 77
.. ilu
do
0.4^
g.8s
0 7T
....do
do
0.33
0.73
0.80
0.77
n 74
AlooboHo.
Dry.*
do*
Fort IMorri), Dak
do
do
do
do
1.17
1.00
do
i.75;a8S
. io.'
do
Dry.
Dryi yoaBK.
.. do
do
do
rto
do
do
do
9.W
1.73
0.80
Dry.
...do.
do
do
* TlieM neem to be Ifueopu*.
' Reully from 1.93 to S.UOI For No. 145, collected by Mr. Clark ou the Mexican Bonndary, Bhowed
a tall of 3.05, and no bad to be turned over to " texanns".
■fi
y|!ij
MURID^— 8IOMODONTE8— II. LEUCOPU8 80NOUIEN818.
81
TAnL* XIX.— il/nMiimii«ii/io/rlfJb(yoii«(aiid IM of other) ipnlmeiu of lunponfil HiwrKitoMrR i.kucopus
RDNORIKNHIH from IM JVirfif/r UrgiaK, I'liUtd Sta/ia— C'oiitlniieil.
1 ''
1
Looalltjr.
Colliictor.
Noaalo-
Tall to
uud of—
1
'[
las
0.33
O.l'i
0. 0
D.XI
0.38
0.4U
0.40
0.30
0.40
0.19
0.40
0.31
1
•9
a
i
9.81
1.1>
I.7'.
I.7-.
i.ir
i.-j
I.e.
I.7t
l.K
i.;ii
11.71;
ii.7;i
O.TJ
11.73
.I.7K
0.7,-
an
aw
0.W
a 7a
a 75
a IB
J.7i
aw
aeo
a 75
a 79
aeo
0.63
0 85
aeo
a 63
a 75
073
a 84
a 74
a 76
171
ass
a7!i
a8o
&
Ilomarkn. •
1
^
^
4
f
t
lU)
LOU
185
100
4.00
I7i
I.TO
1.05
3.0:
1.00
i.00
i«
115
LS.
150
3.00
140
4.00
175
X 7.-I
X10
I. BO
1«5
175
135
IW
1»
i:
100
100
3.W
9.00
lie
IM
110
t75
4.0S
100
100
i90
J. 00
I.FO
i.CO
JL3
lai
13(1
ia5
100
ISO
iSO
1.80
l.M
I.OO
19U
9.50
a. 30
l.DO
i.no
1.00
is.-
iLlO
165
i.in
183
17C
iCO
til
15(
IIS
103
l.K
103
140
140
Its
100
IM
i>40
lie
i
1
I1M
IMOII
to
10418)
iota
lo
101143
XttU
3154
XU7
.'UM
XIU
WW
aan
3M1
aw
3M3
4173
7704
I04IU
3311
3.'«»
^4a
314U
itt
S43
544
943
144
140
147
«733
VTM
0739
0730
1948
8343
1944
1949
II940
«947
aS48
1990
aS91
1901
1993
1994
SJS9
S99«
»J97
TcllowMoud BIrer
"Nabnuka"
r.V.lla> don ......
do
0.01
LIS
bty.
...do.
AlcoboUo.
.. ilo.
Drjr.
..do.
.. ilo.
..do.
... do.
.10.
...dn.
Dryi ■Irxlched.
Dry.
..do.
ryi jtouog.
...do.
..do.
Dry.
Dtyi atratshed.
..do.
....do.
...da
Fort Brldmr. Uuh
C. Oratler
do
do
<lu
do
.do
do
. do
do
0.U)
do
.do
do
do
do
Kort Croiik, C«l
do
J.rcllncr
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
D.F. I'arkliiaon ...
\r. W. Andnra u .
do
Cunp Uurxw.vii, N. Ilex ....
du
do
do ...
do
do
FortThoni.N.Mei
do
...do.
. do.
do
.. do
do
...do.
do.
. .. do
do
Sononi
do
.;....do
J. n. Clarke
do
do
...
UryiUueopuit
Dry; type of «onor4.
«IU<<.
Dryi youpg.
Dry.
....do.
...do.
...da
Alooholla
do
H.D.8obmidt
do
do
do
do
do
do
Milk Rlvor, D*k
do
... do ...J.
do ..
J K • "
do
Near Tellowiloua River . . . .
do
. .. do
do
do
do
do
D.90
0.S8
UK
0.41
0.41
U.90
UM
0.3O
0.9O
0.SO
0.59
0.53
0.51
0.O3
0 91
OlOO
0.80
0.S3
0.95
1.00
O.IU
OW
0.S0
1.00
1.00
aw
1.13
i.i:
1.13
o.oa
1.04
I.I5
1.11
1.15
1.05
1.07
i.ie
1.13
1.15
...da
...da
...da
...da
do.
... do
do
YcUowatoiw Rlnr
do
. do.
do
do
do
do
do
do
....da
da
... do.
.... do
do
.. da
do
do
da
do
do
....do.
Fort Uulon, Dak
dn
do.
6m
■m
82
MOXO( A'UH OF NORTH AMEKICAN IfODENTIA.
TAltl.r.XlX.—MeaiuremfPlaofrightii-oiwiaiiil Utt of other) mecimeM» of tuppoted Hf.hperomy8 LCDCOPI'B
8osoiUK.Nsis/ro»i the Middle Itegion, United Slalei — Continued.
i
a
Locality.
Collector.
NoMof-
Tall to
end of—
1
1
•V
B
B
1
i
Remarks.
1
1
1.73
1.8-
1. 7:1
i
I
"
1.00
1.09
).U5
g
J. CO
9.40
3.00
3.19
1.25
3.00
1.30
i
i20
1.05
3.10
1.00
•140
i
1
130
3.75
...
■175
3. CO
140
190
170
mi
win
loia
25M
liiaT
1!«8
i'.m
i!i:«
;iora
:iHu
;ii:w
10419
305:1
:1053
3tKiO
C9f3
0331
0737
orii
0735
0733
7491
1011(1
7440
746-J
7401
10117
74ei
1(1119
lOISO
10191
7704
7475
4830
10-.t40
to I
10201 J
9890
10309]
to
10310j
7471
10311
10312
Iail3
0809
7489
H.D. Sobmidt
do
do
F. V. llaydcn
W.S.TVood
do
do
. do
a. 4.-.
0.5C
0. 4:.
Alcoholic; yonns.
Alcoholio.
.... do.
Alndiolic; yonng.
Alcoholic.
...do.
....do.
...do.
Dry.
.. do.
Diy; young.
Dry.
Dry; lewojnu.
Dry; Btretehcd.
Dry; Uucupu*.
Dry.
Dry; young.
Dry; teucopiw.
...do.
Dry.
...do.
Alcoholic ; very yonng.
.... do.
Alcoholic.
Alcoholic I Imuofftttt
...do.
..do.
Alcftholic ; iingrowD.
...do.
...do.
Alcoholic.
.. do.
— do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
....do.
...do.
...do.'
...do.
....do.
do
do
0.35
0.35
0.39
0.40
0.34
0.31
0.73
0.73
U.70
0.70
0.75
0.60
0.71
0.83
0.73
0.88
0.90
0.71
0.75
0.7t
0.74
0.75
0.70
0.80
0.80
0.71
0.80
aio
...
0.58
11.59
0..V
0.(>8
XiillU I'lottc Uiver
.Midicino Iliiw Kivcr
Kt'piiliUcau ItivtT
do
Fort Ivtwriiuy
do
Fort Laraniio
,lo
do
J.C.CooiHr
do
do
I'O
do
W. A. lliimoiond —
do
J. P. McCown
E. TalmtT
I!. Ridswny
11. D. .Schmidt
do
. ...do
1.8.Vi.50
3 10 J. .V)
I'cilfCriik
l'*ort Raiitlall'
Fort Lyon(», Colo
4.00
3.50
3.10
2.30
9.75
■1 9(1
do
do
3.10 2.75
:i. 10J2. 10
3. .-lO i 30
do ...
... do
0.44
n vi
O.S-J
0.05
(1.95
0 Pb
0.05
••
"
1.0(1
I.W
LOf
1 VcoH lUvcr, Tex
do
.1. Poito
. ...do
9.P0
1 m
do
do
Qilnpaw XatioQ
J.U.Clark
.... do
3.002.10
X 40 i. on
do
0.55
0.47
0.55
3.10
i70
rppcr Platte Kivor
do
G. Suckloy
do
do
do
J.O.Cooiicr
do
C.Drojlert
do
do
a.0o'i25
3. .'■n -V ito
do
1. 15 3. 40 *L 00
do
do
3.10
ISO
•3.75
3.50
Fort Shaw Mont
K.11. Hiu:
do
...do
Fort Brldger
do
do
...
...
195
do
. do .. . .
do
. do
Santa K6,N.M«l
Unknown
LiontunHUt Mnllfu.
» Drooler's cxtcnslvo gatht^rtn^N of iiiicr. both from thr Vlutieroginn nnd fnmi Fort Drldjipr, aro all (*Mu>ntlnlly of Ihn
jrnnorientn* style. TIiom: finin tho IMiitte, Uko HnvltirH Ki'lirnMknniii) Uiipcr IMiBHOtirllnlH.rut! xvxy pntn and Hhort-tiillrd. wlhle
tho ITinh nues crii rathiT iiimo lllto ietjcoptw i 1 color, and Ibc bicvlty ot tin' tuil Ih not (|iiil« mt BiroDnly inarkpd. Iti both
tliOBo BPiios tbo Bpeclmeiif* grado dln-cily \nXu Irucopua. Viv have. Iiowcvcr. lulH'lrd thcin all "var. BonorjcnKia", Iktiuiro (lie
ntU-inpt todi" iniiiiato liu» |irovtd iiitcily ImpoHHibie in tbirt uHlnotbor Bimilar catieB ivbero wo have been obiluiHl to label
geoqraphicnU], ,1 to wpeak. Thin grjidiition Into ordinary Irvcop^u iH In Hlrlyt nccordancn irith, nnd aniplj I'onQnna, utir
mature opinion rPBiieotiog tho " variety " ionoricntit.
; Colonel Simpson'* exHmpleH, from Fort Ilrldgcr, are pare »onoritnwi*s ao are Dr. HIts'a, tnm Fort Bhaw.
MURIDJ3— SIGMOUONTE8-H. LBUOOPUS aONORIENSIS.
83
We will next show tlxit the shoit-tailedness ot var". sonoriensis likewise
characterizos, ulinost uncxceptionally, the mice of Arctic Nortii America.
Indeed, this fact has already been shown in the previous table, wliich we intro-
duced to settle the mi/oidex question ; these additional specimens, indeed,
are merely the rest of our Arctic lot, positively the same as those of the
"myoides" table. Most of these Arctic ones are noticeably larger than United
States specimens, as was to have been expected ; they average about 3.66 iu
lengtii, with tail about 2.75 ; while the relative lengths of tail and body of
sonoriensis are nearly repeated, about half an inch has been added to the abso-
lute lengths of both trunk and tail. The feet are rather smaller, both abso-
lutely and relatively, than in true leucopus, averaging only 0.75, notwithstanding
the increase of general size. This feature, as well as the shortness of the tail,
might be explained upon the well-known law of smallness of |)eripheral parts
in Arctic animals; but it is curious that it should correspond exactly with the
shortness of tail of the New Mexican animals, which, of course, are not
amenable to this law. The tail and feet are both unusually hairy. Here is
the table : —
-iti
Table XX.—Me(uureiHeniH of sUty-tiiHC {and tut of other) additional »peoimen» of Brilisk American and Arctic
He8I*kkomyh LF.ucorus, nu)9tiy of the **Miiori«n«is" ett/te.
[Nut much roliiiuce can be placoil on the ilry mcaauremoiita, at the eUna aro all badly prepared, beiog nlmoat withoat
exoopttuD overstuffed, tbe talla iM'tng aktnued aud distorted, and Itau feet liaviDg the toes curled up.]
1
i
Loailllj.
Collector.
Now to—
Tail to eod
of—
i
1
i
n
1
Kenmrkt.
S
^
i
t
i
S760
5TtO
S780
S704
3783
om
9761
S76J
57M
8769
S774
5799
5n6
.1771
S76}
STTO
S76J
»T7a
5766
STTB
Fort Bie
...do
I.. CiMke.Jr....
4.93
4.00
3.7,^
4.0O
3.75
4.95
3.90
4.50
4.10
3.90
3.90
4.10
3. 75
3L60
3,60
4.00
4.00
3 60
4.00
3L7S
9.90
130
0.8J
0.76
a73
a 71
0.79
aso
Dry.
....do
....do ..
....do
... do.
...do
....do
do
3.95
SL40
9.40
a95
9.00
>L60
9.30
&40
9.30
9.00
do.
...do
.. do.
...do
...do
....do.
do
do ...
0.19
0.78
0.89
0.76
an
o.n
0.18
0.11
0.70
0.80
0.1i
0.10
0.H
do
. do
do
do
....do
...dii
...do
.. do
. do
. . . .do.
do
...do..
do
....do
...do
do
....do
....do
do.
..do
...do
...do
....do. .
.. do.
...do
9.60
a. 30
9.M
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do.
9.00
4.40
....do.
....do
...do
■In
1
-I
5 ■ r
84
MONOGUAPII8 OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
TAiir.E XX.
-MeaBiiremenln ofmxujninr (niirf /is/ of other) ndrfi/ioiifi/ «ji<(i»if(i« of lirilith American and i^rc/fo
Hkri'khosiys ij'.rcoris, mtntlij of the '• mnorimnu" tlyle — Ciiutiuneil.
1
'A
Looility.
Colleelor.
Now) to—
Tail to end
ol—
i.
i
1
Reniarka.
i
&
1
3. .50
i. 50
\.'M
4.00
3. 50
4.0O
3.50
A CO
3.70
3.70
3.60
4.00
3.50
1
3.10
4 30
■.'.80
3.00
3. 73
3.90
3.10
3.35
3.30
3.71,
3.00
3.50
i
1
377J
5781
0448
U447
U450
!l44a
U44II
578.'1
5786
709a
5787
5784
5708
4J50
454G
8093
30-J8
oO»
•OMO
74;)7
4S53
•9878
•lOOftl
•loosa
4543
Fortn^iii
L. Cliirke.Jr ....
....do
0.70
0.75
ano
a to
a 70
0.70
0.78
l)r.v.
...do.
...do.
...do.
FollSiliipHuu
do
(It)
do ..'.
....
..do.
.do
...do.
...ill)
IIIK Inkiiil, (IriHt
Kluvii Lake.
...ill)
...ito
...*)
Fnrt Shnpsuu
ilo
...do
d.Reid
,...di)
... do
...do
li. li. UOIM
do
do.
.. do.
...do.
do.
do.
o.-.u
.0.80
.. .do.
do
...di)
R. Kounieott ..
...do.
do
Sllkn. AliiHta
Xi'Ihoii Uivor
... ilo
Lake WiDnip(>i;
Jtcil River SnttleuicDt
...ilo
F. liiwiiotf
D.(iiiuii
....do
....do
....do
R. KennicnU . .
W. Urass
...do
3.01
3.25
a. 90
:i. i")
3.00
3.00
3.90
3,U)
3.00
3.00
3.30
3.30
3.:ia
3.30
3.00"
3.50
3.05
0.69
a 70
0.73
0.70
0.73
0.70
0.83
0.80
0.79
do.
....do.
Alcohi.lis.
.. do.
.. do.
do
Llanl River
....ill,
...ill)
...d
Dry.
4£l.1
^louHO Factory
til)
C. Droller
3.50
2.75
0.7»
7487
7480
•10093
■10094
•10093
745a
7479
980'j
10090
10097
10098
10009
10100
lOIOl
lOIUl
10103
10104
10105
0851
7494
749.)
7500
1759
do
...ilo
do
3.40
3.00
3.(10
3.00
aiK,
3.90
3.0)
.140
3..'i0
3.50
4.00
3.73
4.00
3. :io
3,10
3.40
.'1.40
3.00
3.85
3. S3
3.70
ISO
3.30
3.80
3.80
3.70
3.73
5.80
3.80
3 00
3.50
3.45
3.00
.1.33
3.90
3.™
o.ai
0.78
a 76
0.78
0.74
0.74
0.83
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.83
0.81
0.811
0.83
0.77
0.83
jouna.
...do.
Alcobolic.
...do.
...ill)
...do
...til)
...do
....ilo
...do
Fort Situps-^n
...ilo
B. II. Rom
...do
...ilo
. . do ....
do
...ilo
...lio
...ilo
...do
■■"-
...do
.. ilo
...do
...ilo
...do
...do
.. do
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do ..
R. Kennlcott ..
...do
n. 55
0. .-I'
II. .•)0
0. 5;i
0.48
0.51
0.49
0.48
0.45
0.5J
0.53
0.95
O.tO
0.90
0.10
0.119
0.98
0.95
0.90
0.90
0.00
0. 05
1. 15
1.08
1.10
1.10
1.14
1.13
1.09
1.05
1.00
1.13
1.30
3.10
3.10
3.80
3.00
3.00
3. 05
3.35
3.03
9.00
3.15
3.00
0..13
0.35
0.33
0.37
0.34
0.30
0.38
0.;I5
0.31
0.40
0.05
0.55
0.00
0.68
0.06
0.05
0.C3
0.00
0.5]
0.58
0.60
...do.
.. do.
..do.
..do.
...do.
..do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do
...do
3.10
lo
...do
.. do.
....do
....do
aso
a30
.. do.
_„
1
* III length uf tail, tluuft HiM-iiiuiitH ili'imrt iVniii tli<^ ruin for Arctic IIritj>eromyii, nnd »tv trws Itwoputi bnt tbo UtlU
Huil wtk'B uru very hairy, lu luiual, aud tlu^ ciainpluH nru jirubiibly best enuiiiuratutl lu this lUi.
MURID^-SIQMODONTES— U. LEUC0PU8 SONOlilBNSlS.
85
Tablk XX. — ilcaiuremenUi of »ix/i/->iiiic((iiid lint of other) adiHtioiial upevimem of Brilisli American and Jii/io
IlK8rEi!i>M YS LEUCorus, mo»Uy of the " mnorh»iiin " hIijIc — Contiuiicd.
1
1
Locality
Culluctor.
NoKlo—
Tail til orid
or—
1
£
1
n
1
Remarks.
h
k
1
I
i
nm
101 11
IUII3
10! 13
lOll-l
lOllj
7501]
t.
Fort Sirupaon
...do
la')
3.eo
3.00
0.76
0.77
0.80
0.70
0-fl
AlooboUo.
....do.
...do
...do
.. .do
....do.
...do
....do
Siting in nloobid
...do.
....do
...do '..
do
....do
. . . .do.
...do
....do
....do.
NOTB — Wohavo Imuislit t«(rptlier our eotini Arctic Rorios of H, IrtwopMiiiiderllio lifad of '-Miuori4'D8lfi", and nrui-ly
lilt our HpiH^iiiu'nH vill bo foiintl ln))i>tf;(l " II. IciiRopiin var." It i» liiinliy iicccMary t^i add thnt. Iinw4>ver, in ttiiH Rerit'A evpry
((raclo iif approacli Xn ordinary Utitloil HtatuH letuMpiu ia fuuud, and that a curtain pcn-culii;;)! of Itio 8|K!Ciniena aro idontical
Willi Maasacbnauttrt sliius, lor oximiplo.
Turning now to the matter of color, we find that certain differences in
this res|)ect have been ascribed to sonoriensis as diagnostic. This we can
prove, first, to be so variable with specimens of "sonoriensis" inter se tiiat it
cannot distinguish them inter alia; and, secondly to be dependerlt upon local
climatic influences. It fluctuates between wide extremes, and is assuredly
unreliable, both on this account and because it is within the ordinary limits
of color-variation oi leucopm (see imder "gambcli" and "austerUs"). The
infonsity of coloration has precisely the same relation to hygrometric influ-
ences that Mr. Allen pointed out in the case of birds : the depth of color ia
in direct ratio to the mean annual rain-fall, or, in other words, to average
humidity of the atmosphere. In dry, treeless regions, we have the palest
Ibrms ; while the darker-tinted s])ecimens occur in moist, wooded localities.
This is precisely correspondent to the case of "gambeli"and "austorus",
already noted. Some of our |)alest prairie specimens almosl, suggest albinism ;
most of the Nebraska series are remarkiibly pale, with an indistinct or almost
inappreciable darker dorsal wash. Fort Crook specimens arc darker than the
average (just as the Fort Crook Aroicolas are), approaching ansterus in this
respect ; Utah and New Mexican samples are intermediate. The narrowness
of the «lark stripe along the upper surface of the tail is simjjly of a part with
the general pallor; so is the hoariness of the ears, which appears as a sort of
silvery edging in most specimens. {Cf. per contra B.\1KD, op. cit. 474.)
Recurring now to the Arctic series, we find that instead of being paler
than average leucopus, they are almost without exception darker. In this
^^T'lS'i
IH
^]:
86
MONOGRAl'HS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
[
respect, Ihcy differ more from both leucopus and sonoriensis than these do from
each other. Tlicy never gain either the rich "brown" of Massachusetts ku-
C'pus nor the silvery-gray or light fulvous of sonoriensis. They are nearer
the house-mouse in color; the dark dorsal gray-brown washing over all the
upper parts and the white below being far from snowy.
It is evident, tiien, that the coloration of these short-tailed mice of Inte-
rior and Arctic America cannot form part of a specific diagnosis.
Thus we have endeavored to show exactly what "sonoriensis" amounts
to; and this done, it is a matter of indifference wliether we retain the name
or not. But, of course, afler this exhibit, the animals bearing it cannot be
considered specifically distinct from leucopus. Nor, in retaining the name, as
we have judged it best to do, qualified by the sign "van", can we look upon
it as expressing a pure geograpliical race; for unquestionable kucopus occurs
throirghout the United States range of "sonoriensis'', and everywhere the
intergradation is perfect. In labeling our immense series, we sliall hesitate
to write "variety sonoriensis" on the placard of any but the shortest-tailed,
palest, or grayest specimens. . , i , j .^ ,
Before leaving the subject, we will examine an interesting series of skins
from Fort Cobb, which will point our above remarks, and then notice some
very instructive sets from Arizona, which pave the way for onr discussion
of Hesperomys "eremicus".
Tabu: WL—McmnremenU of tweke specimens of Hbbfeiiomvs like leucopus fivm Fort Cobb.
1
M
Date.
9-251
9
Mar. 14
KHa
?
Mm. e
^iXt
d
Mar. 7
93S4
?
Mar. 9
9855
Mar. 7
933S
Mar. 8
9357
cf
Mar. 8
9tU9
9
Mar 4
II360
J
Mar. !)
UMl
?
Mar H
996)
<f
Apr. as
tmt
a
Mar 9
Locality.
Fort Cobb .
ilo ....
do ....
do....
do....
do....
.. ..do ....
do ....
do....
do....
do....
do....
Collector.
£. Palmer .
do...
do...,
do...
do...,
do...
.do .
do...
do...
do...
do...
do...
H
4.00
J. SO
a 75
aoo
3.40
3.00
3.00
9.60
a.'iO
3.40
3.10
3.00
3.00
S.30
170
3.30
3.40
3.30
3.50
S.iiO
3.90
3.90
0.36
0.33
0.31
0.33
0.31
0.31!
0.33
M
o.es
0.85
0.79
0.80
0.83
0.80
o.eo
0.83
0.70
0.10
0.83
o.sa
0.63
ft58
0.60
0.50
0.57
0.55
0.60
Beuiarka.
Dry ; atrotched.
Dry.
Dry; ahmnken.
Dry.
Yoang.
Dry I Etretnbwl.
Dry.
..do.
...do.
Dry I alntohed.
Dry.
This series is, perhaps, referable to sonoriensis on grounds of locality,
but it is positively indistinguishable from ordinary leucopus. No. 9251, for
example, is ab,solutely identical with an average Massachusetts skin. In
':|l'
MUUID^— 81GMODONTBS— H. LEUCOPDS 80NOR1EN818.
87
other.-i, tlic tail seems tu run a little shorter than an average, but not tangibly
«so, nor is it beyond extremes we have tiemonstrated for ordinary leucopus.
The following series is from the wooded mountainous region of
Arizona:— . , ,
I'AULE XXII.— jUroturcixento of fourtrcn tpedmcnt of Hesperomys, apparently sonorieni-i^
Arizona.
, from Xorlhern
1
1
Date.
Locality.
Collector.
1>.
3. 60
3.75
3.90
140
3.00
3.50
a 10
3.30
3.73
3.10
3.80
S.75
3.10
}.30
I
3.30
3.23
3 75
300
335
3.30
9.50
330
335
330
300
310
310
300
1
i
0.37
0.39
0.33
0.33
0.33
1
1 i
Bemarks.
IM43
8430
8441
8441)
8449
8440
8145
')446
8448
8494
M44
8431
8447
8433
84S3
9
rS
May 3,1863
Mar. 9S, 1863
Feb. 3,1863
1 lly 13, 1864
Uiiy 11, IHU
JaD. 38, 1865
May 11, 1865
Feb. 13, ISTi
Jan. 31, 1863
Jan. 31, 1865
Jon. 3:1, 1865
Apr. 10, 1865
Jau. 1, 1865
May 34, 1865
Mar. 33, 1865
Mnr. 30. 1865
Mar. 39, 1863
Fort Whipple, Ari.
do
do
do
do
do
do
E. Cones
0.70
0.73
0 73
0.73
0.73
0.74
0.78
0.13
0.79
0.78
0.78
».75
0.77
a 71
0.76
0.05
0.G5
0.04
0.6j
0.71
0.69
Dry! adnlt.
....do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do
•do
....do
...do
...do
....do
do
do
do
...do
...do
....do
Dry; youngiab.
....do
do
....do
Dry I yonng.
... .do.
do
...do
do
....do
...do.
do
...do
...do.
DryjTeijyonnK.
Dry; ■nokllog
of 8450.
...do.
do
....do
do
... do
do
...do
This series* w^a taken in the store-houses at Fort Whipple, where the
mice had taken up v <eir quarters, and seemed as thoroughly domesticated as
ordinary house-mice. It unquestionably represents but a single species, read-
ily referable to the variety sonoriensis, which we here have in all stages, from
the suckling young to the adult. With the single exception below mentioned,
tiiere is notliing whatever of the eremicus stamp in the series. The soles are
very furry indeed, owing, probably, to the fact that the animals were mostly
taken in cold weather; the tails are well haired and bicolor, and noticeably short.
In general coloration, these animals are darker than Palmer's desert examples,
and, in fact, not distinguishable in this respect from ordinary leucopus of New
England. But the ears seem to run a little larger than in Eastern United States
examples ; and they reach, in No. 8443, a size equal to that of eremicus. This
same No. 8443 also differs from all the rest in having the tail barely shorter
than the head and body, instead of upward of an inch shorter, and indistinctly
bicolor. Its coloration leans toward that of eremicus in the pinkish-fulvous
*It repreventB what we orroneouHly called " Hmpmomyii eremioiM" in our article in the American
Naturalist, i, 3(M ; bat the name i« probably correct aa far na 8443 is concerned.
w
i!
88
MO' ■ -GKAPUS OF NOUTU AMERICAN llOUENTIA.
Hi
of the sides, &c. ; and, on the wliole, it is rather referable to this variety,
aitliougii liic soles are distinctly hairy. So that in tiiis scries, impossible to
consitler as representing more than one species, we find ♦he form and colora-
tion of true kucopus, of sonoriensis, and of eremicus. Stronger proof of the
position we have taken up could not be desired.
We should remark that in some of these specimens, and various others
from Arizona, there is a tendency, sometimes decided, to extension of the
dusky on the base of the metatarsus, as in Mexican species.
Taiile XXIII. — Mfamremmta of tm additional ii}>fcimena of supposed IIkspehomys soNOniENSis/i-om South-
crn Jriiona.
1
•a
i
Date.
Locality.
Collector.
h
3.40
3.50
3. CO
3.00
a. 70
2.90
a.!0
3.40
a CO
t
i
Itomarka.
mi
egt-i
flCKI
ppea
mt8
9
9
9
Feb. 10, 1807
Ajir. IP, lf-C7
Fib. tO,IS07
Fib. 10, IfOT
Fob. ao, 18C7
Apr. 14, 1^07
CumpGrniit, Ariz
ill)
ilo
ilo
.... ilo
E Palmer
3.10
2. as
2.30
a. 25
2.10
a. 30
2.50
3. SO
a. 40
a. 10
0.37
0.34
0.31
0.31
0.80
0.70
0.75
0.78
0.75
0.78
0.7S
0.70
0.75
0.70
Dry ; adult.
... do.
Dry ; yonliKiah.
... do.
Dry; yonng.
Dry; yonogiab.
...do.
... do.
...do.
Dry; adult.
ilo
do
do
. . do
ilo
.... ilo
do
. ...do
8887
8879
S874
9
Anr. IR Iflfi7
ilo
. ..do
rf Mar. 10, 1807
ilo
do
do
do
The foregoing specimens were taken at Camp Grant, near Tucson, Ariz.,
at the same time as Dr. Palmer's examples of eremicus were collected, the two
forms living side by side. As we say in another place, most of Dr. Palmer's
specimens are true eremicus; but the above seem referable to the short-
tailed, pale variety sonoriensis ; the soles are all furred as in ordinary
leucopus ; the cars are short ; and the distinctly bicolor, rather hairy, tail
ranges much less than the head and body, while the nearly uniform pallor of
the tints is much like that of prairie specimens. Only one. No. 8884, is more
like true kucopus in its length of tail, exceptional in this series; while the
' shade of its coloration is almost exactly a in typical eremicus. No. 8874 is
a precise duplicate of //. gossypinus in coloration.
HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS EREMICUS (Baird).
Desert Mouse.
Hetperomys eremicus, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 479.— CouKS, Quad, of Arizona, Am. Nut. i, 398 (In part).
Uesperomys ( Ve>2>erimuii) Icueopun eremicus, CoUES, I'roc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pbilo. 1874, ISO.
Diagnosis. — He.sp. leucopi staturd, caudd elongatd, truncum cum capite
subaquanic, sparse pilosd, auriculis majusculis, subnudis, plantis pulmisque
mh
MUltlD^E— 810M0D0NTES— ri. LBUCOPUS EIIEMICUS.
89
'nudis granulatis ; supra flavido-grma vix nigro limbata, lateribus Jlavicantio-
ribus; suhtus a/ha, caudd obscure bicolore.
Mouse about as large as H. leucopus, with rather longer and less hairy
tail and ears, naked palms and soles, of a pale yellowish-gray above, thinly
mixed with blackish hairs, more fulvous on the sides, the under parts white,
the tail obscurely bicolor.
Haditat. — Valley of (he Gila and Colorado.
Taiii.k XXIV. — Mcaturcmcnti of «ix tpecimaif of IIkspeiiomvh lkucopus eiikmicuh.
a
p
Locality.
Collector.
Now to—
1
i
1
1
S
&
Nnluro of ipccl.
men.
^
1
i
I.-18I
K>74
8815
1335
Kort Viimn, Cal
ilo
do
0. n. Thomas . . .
1.03
1.07
1.00
3.1T
m
S.58
3. GO
3.30
3.50
4.08
3.70
3.14
3.00
3.30
3.30
0.30
0.30
0.10
o.so
O.M
0.fO
0.78
0.76
o.co
O.G.'>
Dry.
Alcoholic.
.. do.
...do.
do.
...do
... do
A.Scbott
0.4S
0.43
0.05
0.85
do
do
....do
... do
This highly interesting form of Hrsperomys was based upoi>a few speci-
mens from the Colorado Desert, and none but the original ones appear to have
fallen under the notice of naturalists. In discussing its relationships to
leucopus, its peculiar habitat in the midst of the Great American Desert, in
the hottest region of the continent, must be kept prominently in view. Not-
withstanding the remarkable characters in some respects (hat it OiTcrs at first
sight, it will be found on closer examination to differ from leucopus solely in
characters readily superinduced by the isolated physical conditions under
which it lives. The ornithologist, in particular, is fully prepared to meet
with the whole aspect of this case, from his knowledge of the modifications
in color that the birds of the Colorado Desert afford, notably in such
cases as (hose of Harporhynclius, Pipilo, &c. Nevertheless, the characters
accurately given )>y Baird mark all the specimens as at least a highly specialized
geographical race of leucopus.
The palest specimens of Hcsperomys that we have hitherto inspected
were from the comparatively dry and treeless regions of the Central Plateau ;
but these desert mice offer still more bleached coloration. The upper parts
are of a pale fulvous-gray, obscured along the middle of (he back by rather
few blackish hairs. The sides fade insensibly into a pale brownish-yellow, or
dull tawny cinnamon (almost with a pinkish wash), which reaches down tiie
i
'A
•si!
I-;
90
MONOGUAPH8 OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
I' (
tore le^'s to the liiiiidti Tiie iiiidor parts are pure white, as usual, with pretty
distiiiei line of dciimrkation almig the s\(\vs. The tail, along its dorsal aspect,
is inueh paler thai. .;;ual, agreeably with the general hue of! the upper parts;
hut, on the conlrary, it is so much darker than usual uiulerneath that it appears
nearly unicolor, and, at any rate, there is no deliiiite line of separation of the
two shades of color.
'i'lic soles of the feet present the extreme condition of nakedness as yet
ohscrvnl in ajiy North American species of the genus. There is a light hairy
tringe all along tlie sides ; but at least a central median space, perfectly denuded,
may be traced to the very heel. But this character, at first sight apparently
so distinctive, is, as just intimated, merely the extreme of an insensible grada-
tion from the dense hairiness of specimens from northern cold regions, and is
strictly agreeabh? to a well-known law.
The ear will mrragc a little longer than in leucopux, and corresponds
with the feet in its scantier hairiness. The tail, likewise, is scant-haired,
revealing the annuli very plainly. In length, this member will average con-
siderably over ll'.e average of leucopus; l)ut still it falls short of Ihc extreme
of the latter, as witnessed in Vermont "myoides" and Washington Territory
"boylii"; and in the six specimens before us it varies in length about an inch ;
thus, it i.s, in No. loSl, nine-tenths of an inch longer than the head and body,
and, in 11)36, it is two-tenths of an inch shorter than the head and body.
Since the foregoing remarks upon //. eremicus were penned, we have
handled an interesting and highly instructive series of skins from Camp Grant,
sixty miles east of Tucson, Ariz., collected by Dr. Palmer. This series con-
firms our views by furnishing the stepping-stones before lacking, and proves
that eremicus slides insensibly into the ordinary western form, of which it is,
therefore, a geographical differentiation.
Of the twenty -two specimens in the series now lying before us, twelve
are referable to eremicus ; these are measured in the foregoing table. Of
tln'se twelve, ciglit or nine are, pure typical eremicus, agreeing in having per-
fectly naked soles, very large, leafy, nearly naked ears, the scant-haired indis-
tinctly bicolor tail about equal to the head and body (or, if anything, rather
longer than shorter), and the coloration of the peculiar pinkish or ochrey-
fiilvoiis mixed on tiie back with quite black hairs; thus being identical witli
the original types »[' eremicus. The individual variations in these eight or nine
specimens are quite as usual in any species or variety of the genus. In two
MUmUiE-81QMODONTE8-U. LEUCOPU8 ERFVIICUS.
1)1
or three of the twelve, n slight hniiiiiess of the soles, in varying degree,
is evident, and the tail is noticeably shorter than the head and body ; the ears,
likewise, are not so large.
The rest of Dr. Palmer's specimens, ten in number, all taken in the sani<'
place and at the same time as the others — the two forms living side by side —
are all distinctly refernl)le to sonoriensis. They are elsewliere tabulated and
commented upon.
Tabi.k XXW.—ileatunmtitti ' tweloe additional niieciment of IIespehomys leucopus khemicus.
8876
8817
8880
8881
H»7
Feb. 10,
May in,
Apr. 18,
Feb. 10,
Fob. 10,
Apr. 18,
Apr. in,
Apr. 10,
Mar. 10,
May 3,
Feb. 10,
i?(rr
1807
1807
1807
1M7
1867
1867
1867
I8G7
1867
1887
Locality.
Cauip Orant, Aril .
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Collector.
£. Palmer. ...
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
3.10
1.
1
1
a
3
i3
Romnrks.
aso
0.33
0.7U
0.07
Dry.
ij.:5
3 ti
0.31
0.74
0.58
...do.
3.30
a 30
0.33
0 78
O.CU
....do.
330
3 m
o.:il
0.-8
0.01
...do.
3.00
aw
0.30
0.78
0.71
...do.
S.9U
aw
0.31
0.79
0.00
...do.
3.75
3 73
n. -.a
0.81
0.70
...do.
aw
ass
o.ai
0.81
0.66
...do.
.1..M)
a 60
0 31
O.SO
0.73
...do.
3.8.1
asC'
0.32
0.80
0 67
...do.
aoo
350
0 33
0.77
0.63
...do.
3. as
a 10
0.33
0.f0
U.71
do.
HESPEROMYS (VESPERIMUS) AUREOLUS, (Aud. & Bacii.) Wag.
Bed Mome; Golden Moase.
Jfn* (Cafom;*) aureoUi, Add. A Bach., Journ. Acad. Mat. Soi. Pbila. vi, 1843, 302; Q. V. A. ii, 1851,
a03, pi. 95.
Hetjieromyt aunolui, Wagnkb, Wieg. Arohiv, 1843, ii, 51.— Allen, Ball. Mas. Comp. Zool. il, 1870, 180.
/feaperomya ( Fetperimiu) aurcolut, CoURS, Pruo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phllo. 1874, IHO.
^Arricola MuilalH, Harlan, McDtbly Ainer. Jonrn. 1832, 446; Med. & Pbya. Res. 1835, 55, pi. — .
llaipcnmyf nutlalli, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 467.
Diagnosis. — H. staturd formdque Hesp. kttcopi ; corpore supra aureo-cin-
namomeo, auriculis concoloribus, dorso medio obscuriore ; infia luteo-albido.
Mouse like leucopus in size and shape, but very different in color, being
golden-cinnamon above, and yellowish-white or pale buff below; cars agree-
in;^ with- the general tint of the upper parts; middle back darker from
admixture with blackish hairs; fore legs colored to the wrist ; the dividing
line between the color of the upper and under parts of the body and tail
usually indistinct. Feet densely pilous above, and below to the tubercles,
which are large and crowded ; toes rather short. "Mammee, four; situated
for back" (Aud. & Bach.).
Habitat. — Central and Southern States.
m
%
iji:
1
0'>
MONtKJUAl'US OK NOUTU AMliltlCAN KODICNTIA.
■ Tlie iil)s()liit(! size ftiid rclativo proportions of tliis species will he illiis-
Iraled by tlie following tiil)l(! of menstircnients, and reipiire no further remark.
Taim.k XXV. — Mittnurcmenli of liitlrc «;«iimdn of IIkxpriiomym AURKOu;g.
1
E
a
y,
IS3I
ftV»
■(819
4X20
4'a'l
45 ?1!
I.<H.alily.
CdlliTlor.
Noaolo —
Z
1
1
1
3
Kemarka nnti tin-
tun* i.f h;mt1-
loen.
i.
w
^
i
t
8<:liu.vlklllKlvor,Pa..
.S<K!lilr lllll.S.C
ilo
.T 11 Uirliaril
.1.13
tl.03
aw
a 74
0.73
0. .Vi
0. ."i-
I)ryi (loiibtfcil.
Dry.
. do.
M A Ctirlla
auo
lli)
CUnrlintiiu, a C
ilo
J, Morrow
. . . do ,
O.M
0.41)
1.00
0.00
i.ao
i.os
3.U)
.140
3..-X)
IM
3. SO
•i30
S.K1
:i.ao
9.00
9.!I0
9.!>0
9.110
3.10
9. "5
0.38
O.XI
....
a 14
0.70
0.70
0,011
0.70
0.71
0 19
0.54
0. .')9
0.57
0.5.->
.....lo.
.....lo.
Alcoholic.
.. Ilo.
Dry.
...ilo.
—
...
Dr. OcsofT
A. (terhanlt
WliltHdil Connty.Oa
Gi'iirKill t
Kt'tii|K'r C.xtnt.v, MiM.
Knowillr, Ti'Dii
.1.)
Cairo, 111
Saint Loiiw, Mo
. Jn
n.c. l1"m1
J. 11. JIlUl.oll .
...lo
I!. Koonliiitt . .
(1. Kiiui'lmaini . -
ilo
0.51
o.w
1. n
1.80
... .lo.
9. 00 0. 40 1 0. 1.'i
9.:i0 ' 0.M
9.15 0.™
0.03
AI(»hollo.
Dry.
... .do.
10014
1
9
.lo.
d„
...do
1
Alo.t viTy.VMonjr
anililiiulitfol.
. do.
... ilo
.. (Id
We lire iiniihlc to appreciate any (lifTerences whatever in the series of
skulls of this species as compared with a large nuinl)er of those of leucopux.
This elegant species inuy usually he distinguished at a glance from leu-
copiis hy the i)eculiar and hcautifiil tint of tlie fur— a rich golden-cinnamon^ a
little darker from admixture of blackish hairs along the hack; the ears like
the general color, this extending on the fore legs to the paws, and a tiiint wash,
of the same tinting the under jiarts, between which and the upper parts the
line of deinarkation is usually obscure, , and often, as in No. 1580, from Knox-
villc, Tenn., inapi)recial)'e. The brighcst-colorcd samjdes of leucnpun we have
seen invarial)ly lean to ciiestnut-fulvous, instead of the peculiar orange-fulvous
of aureolux. The dilKjrence in the shade is hard to express in words, but it
catches tlio eye at once. These brighter Ifuco/iu.s, moreover, have tlie cars
dusky and the under parts snow-white, while in nureolm the orange tinges
both these in a per;;eptible degree. The tail is but little paler below than
aliove, with rarely, if ever, a line of deinarkation.
While there is no question of the positive difference of this species from
/eucnpuK, even tiie sinull series liefore us shows considerable variation. In No.
1 I '■:
ii
r>Hi
MUIUD^-SIOMODONTKS— IIUSl'KHOMYH AdHEOLUvS.
9;}
4703, from the Soutlicrn Stiitcs, prol)al)Iy Georgia, the under ]mr(s- nre not
white at III!, nor even whitisii, but cinnamon, only a iittlt; paler lluiii tin; sides.
No. 981 has quite a l)hick stripe alon^r tlie i)aei\. No. 2D(i 4, ironi Illinois, is
interesting in several respects. In the lir.st place, the feel are reinarknltly
small, less tiian in any Ilesperonn/.t we have seen, except mkhiganeiiniii ; and
in some other respects, especially ^'bitccis Jltrviii", it corresponds better with
Audubon and Baehman's descripti<m of Jiiicliiganem.is than the specimens we
have referred to that species do. The under parts, moreover, are white. The
general color of the upper parts, while showing unmistakalde traces of the;
])eculiar orange shade of aureolas, arc much watered with a darker hue. This
is another case of darker hue in Illinois rodents than elsewhere; for the
Arvicola ripnrius, Pitymys pinetorum, and Hesperoinys kucopus, nil siiow this
peculiarity. A Saint Louis, Mo, skin might be referable to this species with
a shade of doubt, were it not acconipanietl by a little suckling one, possibly
its offspring, which settles the case, and at the same lime confirms the valid-
ity of the species in a very satisfactory way. This little creature is of the
same bright orange-cinnamon as the ailults, while, as is well known, the young
of leucopus arc, for some months, of a dark ashy-gray.
I only venture to include in this series a specimen (No. 548) from the
Schuylkill River, Pa., with grave doubt. The animal appears to have been
skinned out of alcohol, and the yellowish tinge of the under parts may be
due to discoloration. In other respects, it is more like leucopus than aureolns,
having dusky ears, sharp line of demarkation along tiie sides, &c.
Doubtlesi?, after all, there ore some who would prefer to consider H.
auroleus as a "permanent variety" of leucopus, but they need to be reminded
that such course wouhl remain simply a petiiio principii until tli'-y explain
the difference between a "permanent variety" and a "species".
The figure and description of Arvicola nuttalli, Hari.an, agree very well
with the present species ; but, as they represent a l)riglit-colored leucopus
quite as well, and contain notliing positively distinctive, I agree with Mr.
Allen that it is not necessary to supersede the well-known and very expressive
name aureolxu.
■% i
''
'^
i ^
U4
MONOORAPIIH OF NOKTH AMEUIOAN KODBNTIA.
IIESPFROMYS (VESPERIMUS) MICHIGANENSIS (A. & B.) Wngn.
MIrblean Moune.
Vim iiii(»ijiiii.n»i», Ann. & Bach., .Iiiiirn. Acad. Nut. 8ci. I'lillii. viil, il, \Mi, :)04i Q. N. A. Hi, 1854, 320.
llfpiromtjii micliiijanrmiii, Wac.nkh, \Vu'({. Arcliiv, 1843, il, fil.— lUlltn, M. N. A. lHf)7, 476.
IliKjiiiiimijii ( l'(»piT/;iiu») michiganeutii, CouKS, I'roc. Acjul. Nat. Si'l. I'lillo. 1874, 180.
MuH bnirdii, Hoy & Kknnicott, U. 8. raU-nt-Offlce Kcp. Agrlc. for IMWJ (18{)7), Oi, iil. xi.
DiAONoaw. — //. minimus, (2J-3-j>o//.) auricuUs parvLs, ]>edibns breoibux
ij_M /)«// \ caudii truncum sine cnpite suhaquanle {\'^-l-poll.)^ supra cum pedi-
bus ,'iuiijulns((nli /irunnt'u.i, j'loi^a dorsali ob.scurioic ; infra cttudidus.
Very hiiiiiII iiihiisv, ^cllipwi.sli-lirosvii above, with n broad dorsal stripe ol'
s(iot}-bro\vii, below ^nnv white; feet not entirely white, us usual in leucopus;
tail bicolor. IJurely 3 inches or mtire long ; hind foot never exceeding O.Tij,
oih-ii inut'li shorter; ears J, or less, high; tail about equal to the trunk
without the heatl.
HAitiTAT. — Upper Mississippi Valley ; especially Illinois, Michigan, and
Wisconsin. Kansas.
Without speculating upon the probable derivation by actual descent of
this species from 11. leucopus, we will rest upon the fact that here we have
un animal positively distinct from leucopus. The difTcrentiation from a com-
mon stock has proceeded so far that the connecting links, if any once existed,
arc broken or at least concealed. Out of a considerable number of speci-
mens (sec tal)le below), there is not a single one that is not disfinguislin'de
on sight fiom leucopus This, if not more remarkable, is, at any rate, the nioie
interesting and instructive, since the true leucojms abundantly inhabits the
regions where michiganensis occurs. As far as is known at present, mkhiga-
ncnsis is one of the most restrictedof our species in geographical distribution,
being nearly confined to the valley of the Upper Mississippi. This, probably. Is
the reason why it adheres so faithfully to one particular style ; and siiould it ever
become dispeised over an area large enough to bring difi'erent individuals
under decidedly ditferent climatic and other inlluences, a divergence and varia-
tion would undoubtedly ensue. The only sign of such possible or probable
ditfenMitiation at present is represented by what has been called Mus '"bairdii"
by Hoy and Kenuicott. These excellent naturalists were unquestionably
wrong in supposing a distinction of species here. Dr. Hoy ex|)ressed the
whole thing in a nutshell when he wrote to Professor Baird : — "One thing is
certain — we iind one species in the oak o|)enings, while the other is confined
Ms"
MUHIIM:— SIOMODONTKH-mCSI'KltOMYS MICIIIOANRNaiH. «.».')
to the pmirie"; thul is to say, the diflTcreiiccs rietuilcd In- tlicso niithors arc
simply and exactly dependent upon whether the animal lives in woodliind or
in prairie.
As will be seen l)y tlie (able l)cIow, //. michiganensis is miich snialK'r
than kucopus, averaging under three inches long (2.f)5), and only exce|)tion-
ally, in extreme cases, reaching the average dimensions (3^) of leucopus.
Some adult examples, indeed, are hardly over 2J in length. The next most
conspicuous feature is tiie uniformly shorter tail, both relatively and absolutely.
With an average of just two inches, it ranges from 1§, or a little less, to 2^,
but is hardly ever over 2^, and not very often below 2. In general, it about
equals the head without the trunk, having, therefore, much the same relative
strength us in H. var. sonoriensis. The smallness of the feet is equally
marked and characteristic. The very largest hind feet do not exceed 0.75,
which is below the average (tf leucopus ; they range between 0.65 and 0.75,
settling at 0.G9 for the mean size. As it is rare for the smallest foot of leu-
copus to drop to 0.75, this feature alone gives indications by which probably
nineteen specimens of every twenty could be identitied. The ears are notice-
ably short and small every way ; usually under 0.50 high, they run from 0.40
to 0.50, only very rarely surpassing the latter figure.
The coloration is almost equally distinctive in its uniform darknesn. Most
of the specimens come nearest to "austerus" in this respect. The dark color
almost always* extends on both feet lothe digits, whereas in teucopus the I'ect
are (usually) white. The shade is difficult to name, but may be called a mix-
ture of gray and yellowish-brown on the sides, passing along the middle line
of the body above, from nose to tail, as a broad stripe, into blackish-brown.
The under parts are snow-white. The tail is always distinctly bicolor, and
usually sharply so, but sometimes the under surface is brownish-white. The
ears are blackish, usually without the slightest pale edging. The whiskers
are light and dark, and the longer ones exceed the head
This animal is stated to have six mammx — four abdominal an»1 two pec-
toral. The label upon one of Mr. Kennicott's infant specimens says, "five
found together." On the label of another of his, he states that "two old ones,
with three young, were found in a rail-fence on the prairie."
Aside from the question of "bairdii", which must be summarily disposed
* A KauBas specimen, which I refur to this species, forwarduil lor examination by Prof. F. H. Snow,
prewnta the oxceptional featoru of nearly white feet ; the dusky color of the legs only reaching a little
way past the ankle, and not at all beyond the wrist.
w
■:ji
i u ■
96
MONOGRAPHS OP NOUTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
of, tliore arc no synonyinical points to be determined in this case. There
are, however, several discrepancies between the description of Audubon and
liachnian and the characters of the animal which Hoy, Kennicott, Baird, and
ourselves describe. Thus, they say, "mammae, six pectoral and four abdom-
inal." We fiiil to realize "clieeks yellow," thougli, perhaps, they arc a little
brigliler tlian surrounding parts. The dimensions given, 4 inches (()r length
of liead and l)ody, are so much greater (by a full incii) that possibly the fig-
ure " 4" may be a typographical error ; but then the tail, 2J, is nearly as much
in excess of wiiat we tind. It is barely possible, alter all, tiiat, as Professor
Baird iiints, none of our specimens are what Audubon and Bacliman called
mic/iiganciisin. In tiiat event, and if positively distinct from Audul)on's and
Baclinuurs animal, they would, of course, bear the name of "bairdii", and
"michiganensis" And. & Bacii. be relegated among the unnumbered synonyms
of /cucojiiis. But, in the seeming impossibility of determining this point, it is
better to let mic/iigaiiensis stand for what we now describe.
T.MiLK XXVI.— .l/m8iii'('ni«i(« of forlij-seren (and Vu-t of other) »ptTimf«« 0/ HEsrEROMYS miciiiqanensis.
•ej
7i';i
OO.'.!
CV)
7m
7117
708
739
077
NUI>
a7J7
S7,'iS
27M
WOO
a-ni
S7C1
870:)
3704
8703
8700
8771
7435
0937
Dniil.
.Vpr,
Apr.
Si'|)l.
.\|n-.
May
Mn.v
May
Mar.
Ldcallty.
llIiuoiH
rK'iiHiiit, III
Nose to-
Culloctur.
ip.'),-i
IMS
M.iriu:i Conuty, III ..
Wist .NorlliUdil, 111 .
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do..
do.,
.do.,
.do..
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do .
.do .
.do .
J. LpConte....
W..r. SImw..
.. do
11. KflHiicott .
.. do
...do
..do
...do. ...
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
...do
.. do
...do
...do
.. do
...do
...do
...do
..do ,
...do
43 0.
480.
,4.-,;o.
SCO.
50 0.
05
05
[0
10
Oij
oe
w
00.
008.
I. go
i.g.
10
iOO
1.7(
1.90
iOO
3.85
a. 33 0. :i3|o. 71
0.70
0.71
11.08
0.70
0.70
iLOr
i0 0.4t'
0.flS0.4J
0.35 0.70
- joju.
;. 33 (1.
i. 550.
gO|i.o:
80 i 30
2.0*
3;i i IB
80
0
0 Otj
).73
0.70
0.65
;).75
). 05
1). 70
0.09
0.70
Koiunrks.
0. 4h
0.48
0.4C
0.50
0.
0..'«
,0. 481
0.48!
0.90
0.45
0.55
a98
Dry.
..do.
Dry i yoDDg.
Dry; "llaliTlll."
Dry.
..do.
Dryi veryyoonir.
Dry.
. . .do.
.. do.
..do.
Ak-4)holic.
.. do.
...do.
...do.
..do.
.. do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
.. do.
...do.
...do.
*0950: labeled " ooj;natiiB " I
MURID2E- . GMODONTE8— HESPEROMYa MIOIIIG^NENSIS.
97
Taiilk XXVI.— 3/('(M«rcnien(8 of forty-ieten tpecimeni, 4'o.—Coat\nueH.
1
^
Date.
Locality.
t'oli.wtor.
NOBOIO—
t
1
1
1
1
Itenurlis.
H
0.50
U.40
0.41
0.65
o.-t
O.K
g.
I
1.04
1.03
I.Of
I
ma
9930
9931
74:14
9933
99:13
9U34
9933
9936
9937
9938
9939
9940
0941
t9943
10463
10164
1046S
104etl|
to
I047»J
1040S]
to
I05UJ
il667
8668
ti669
9767
a768
2769
8770
ft,¥i
990
iSVV
107691
to
io7nJ
West Northfleld, III ..
do
do
do
li. KODUlCOtt...
...do
...do
...do
i7(
ii;o
i7r,
i:o
i.cc
tct
).M
i7(,
1 l(
1. ;.".
J. 00
i.t«
1.7.1
i.5
1.85
J. 10
100
1.50
1.70
iOO
•i20
J. 10
1.50
1.60
0 3310.06
0. 34'a 68
0. 3.'i>0. 70
... !o. Oil
0.34
0.49
0.34
Alcoholic.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
....do.
...do.
.. do.
do
do
do
do.
.. do
....do
.. do
...do
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.69
0.03
0.70
0.73
o.-a
0.69
0.68
0.68
do
do
do
do
... do
. do
...do,
do
...do
...do.
...do.
...do
!.90
1 f 6
do
...do
do
..do
...do
_
i.60
iSO
do
. do
...do
....do.
....do.
do.
do
....do
. ..do
....do
do
do
do
... do
do.
....do
Alci ynuDg.
Alcoholic.
...do.
...do,
....do.
— do.
...do.
.. do.
. do .
PRDoy
.. do
I.CO
3.15
i.80
;I.S3
3.00
'J.QO
0 :m
0 74
0.70
0.68
0.7(1
0.70
0.46
0.30
0.43
0.43
0.43
do
0 4'iO fVi
U.4J
1. go 0. 30
do
do
....do
...do
0.44
0.85
9.93
I.BV
9 30
do
....do
do
.. do . . .
do
do
....do.
9
..do
.. do
0.90
0.83
1.04
LOO
•1.17
0.4a
0.70
0.70
0.64
0.44
....do.
Dry.
... do.
.. ..do
.. do
. do
.. do
Salut Loala, Ho
do
0.84
1.08
).84
J. 00
1.93
1.84
1 nri
....do.
....do
....do.
do
..do . . ..
J,60I'X0A
...do.
WoitNorthaBld, 111...
Naoaho Falls, Kani....
H-Keunlcott ..
N.a.Ooai
AlcohoUc.
Dry.
7 K
t Thia lot fnrthar incliidoa anvon yoaDK, Noa, 9943 to 9949.
f
ii r
98
MONOGliAPIIS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
HESPEROMYS CALIFORNICUS, (Gambel) Baird.
Parasitic House.
Miis ealifoniiciia, Gamiikl, Proc. Acml. Nut. Sci. Pliila. iv, 1848, 78 (Monterey).
IIcsperomnK eali/orniciiii, Uauid, M. N. A. 1857, 478 (Suutii Clora Comity, Cal.).
nmiierumiiH ( I'mpmrnm) californieus, C'0UE.s, Proe. Acad, Nat. Sci. PUilu. 1874, 180.
Ili-speromijK paravliom, Cooi'EU, MSS.— H.iini>, op, cit. 479 (in text).
Diagnosis. — H. crassitie dimidlum muris decumanm suheequans, caudd lon-
gissimd suhntidd vix hicolore, pedibus uncialibus jilantis nudh, auriculis maxi-
7nis .warsisfdmh pilosis ; supra fuscus, lateribus sensim Jlavicantibus, infra
albidus.
Nearly as large as a half-grown house-rat, with extremely long nearly
naked cars and tail, the latter scarcely bicolor ; feet an inch long, with naked
soles; dark grayish-brown above, becoming pale cinnamon-brown on the
sides, the under parts whitish.
Habitat. — Southern and Lower California.
Our few specimens, mostly the same as those described by Baird in 1857,
indicate a species perfectly distinct from leucopm. The animal looks, in fact,
much like a partly-grown Neotoma ; it is quite as large as some examples of
Oryznmyx pahistris, wliile its long and sparsely hairy tail, no less than its
size, gives it somewhat the aspect of a young Norway rat. No one of the
interminable variations of kucopus have so far shown us anything like this.
The size and proportions of the species rre illustrated in the table given
below. It may be said to l)e four or five inches in length of trunk, with
the tail about the same — half an inch longer or as much shorter than the
head and body. The feet are an inch or a little more long, and share with
eremicus the peculiarity of naked soles, although the very extremity of thi;
heel is not |)erfectly denuded. The immense ears are a striking feature,
measuring three-fourths of an inch or more in height by about two-thirds of
an inch in widtli. They arc very closely pilous on i)oth sides, as will be seen
i)y close inspection, l)ut appear at first sight quite naked. The little hairs are
so short that they do not form any perceptible fringe. Tiie shape of the ear
is also remarkable ; instead of I)eing evenly rounded, it is like the two sides
of a rectangle with the upper corner rounded ofi". The tail is scant-haired,
showing the annuli plainly.
The pelage is renuvrkable for its softness, fullness, and gloss, although it
is not long, measuring less than half an inch on tl\e back. It is very different
MUBID^— 8IGMODONTE»-nE8PEUOMYS 0AL1FORN1CU8.
99
from average Icucopm in its sootiness, being, in fact, periiaps darUcr than leuco-
pus ever becomes, unless in the "gossypinus" variety; and here the shatle is
different, being of a leaden grayish-brown, mixed with a good deal of black,
yet watered throughout with fulvous. The color reaches to the wrist and
ankle, but the upper surfaces of the hijnds and feet are whitish. On the
sides, the color shades into a pale tawny-cinnamon or brownish-fulvous, very
nearly of the same tint as in eremicus. The under parts can hardly be called
white, owing to a suffusion of leaden-gray showing through the white tips of
the hairs. The tail, as already stated, is dark, and not much paler below than
above, with a very indistinct — sometimes inappreciable — dividing line. The
ears siiow blackish in the dried state ; probably dusky flesh-color in life. The
very long whiskers, many of which rcacii to the shoulder, are partly black
and partly white.
Among the Fort Tejon specimens {Xanlm), we find two examples of
califomicm instantly distinguishable from the numbers of "gambeli" with
which they are associated, and typically representing californicus. Several
Tejon "gambeli", indeed, show a tendency toward californicus in their large
size and length of ears and tail, but nothing quite up to this remarkable form.
Besides the dimensions tabulated below, No. 7478 shows these measurements:
Nose to eye, 0.55; to ear, 1.02 ; breadth of ear, 0.70; pencil of hairs at end
of tail, 0.30 ; whiskers, 1.75. The soles, which have the ordinary six tuber-
cles, are almost entirely naked ; the ear is sparsely and delicately pilous.
The liand and feet are white above; the tail is indistinctly bicolor, brown
above, whitish below ; it is nearly five incfws long, with the terminal pencil
about 5.25, which, the body being only 3.60, is the longest tail, both rela-
tively and absolutely, we have seen in a United States Hesperomys.
Tablk XXVII.— il/«u«re?Hcn(8 of four ii}>edmens of Hkspkkomys calikornicus.
i
i
Date.
LoMllty.
Collector.
1
n
¥
1
1
i
1
&
Nature of
■pocimen.
nsa
1157
M70
74T8
9
Nov. — , IB53
Not. — , 1855
S>nUClan,C*l
J.a.Coopar ..
....do
J. Xutna
...do
1.35
I. fa
1.30
4.60
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.00
aeo
4.80
0.53
1.05
1.08
1.00
0.75
0.70
0.75
0,90
Dry.
Frwh.
Dr.r.
Fresh.
Dry.
Alcoholio.
4.00
4.50
4.00!
0.45
a»8
1.00
do
,^;^; '
The different H. californicua aside, all the California Hesperomys we have
seen are referable to "gambeli", excepting the Fort Crook scries, which
r
•
■Hi
100
M
'lAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
rnthor full under -ne sonoriends category by reason of the shortness of the
tail. 'I'licro is little to note regarding these specimens. No. 7186, from Fort
llojavc, is al)out the palest fulvous all over the upper parts wo have seen, hut
still is not at all like eremicus. No. 7183 is almost a typical leucopus. The
two adults of (ho Tejon series have-almost exactly tiie body-colors of gossi/-
piniis ; and wo should not omit to note that they have a suspicious sod of
resemi)lanco to //. califor?iicus. Nor should we be surprised if .some mice
tiDin tliis vicinity should be found to bridge over the chasm that now appears
between the leucopus styles and the seemingly very different "californicus";
one, at least, of the Tejon specimens (No. 3G70) being veritable califurnkus.
We have already noted that Northern Californian mice, and more particu-
larly Oregon and Washington ones, are darker than those of Southern Califor-
nia (in this respect precisely matcliing Massachusetts leucopus), an<l that
they shade directly into austerus in this respect, as well as in the length of
the tail.
HESPEROMYS (VESPERIMUS) AZTEOUS, De Saussure.
Aztec Honse.
IkKpiromijn a:lecii», Dk .S.ilssuuk, 1{. SI. Z. ISCO, 105, pi. ix, f. 4 (toctli)'
lliipiromijK ( Ve»perimv8) aslcciis, CoiES, I'roc. Aciid. Nut. Sci. Pliiln. 1874, 180.
Diagnosis. — //. leucopo staturd par, et formd simillmus, sed caudd sub-
nudd et coloribus differt. Bruiineus, dorso tiigricante, laleiibus fenugincis,
jKir/ibus inferioribiis alius; aniebrachio exins lafcnbus concolore, crure et parte
tertia hamli metatarsi fusccscenlibus ; ca udd fere unicolore.
IlAurrAT. — "Mexico" (De Saussure).
This species belongs strictly to the Ilcsperomys leucopus group,* and does
not diiler noticealjly in size or proportions from that species. The coloration,
h(iwev(!r, appears specifically distinctive; it differs from that of the ordinary
United States s|)ccies precisely as Neotoma ferruginca difl'ers from Jloriddna.
The upper parts an; rich rusty-red, almost orange rust-color, on the
i)ack deepening into a broad area of ljrownish-i)lack, and only showing in its
intensity on the sides where the line of demarkation with the white of the
under parts is distinct and sharp. The head shares somewhat of the general
lilackcning of the middle area above, but is not so uniformly dark as the back ;
the extreme muzzle is dark, leaving about the mouth only the sides of the
* 111 all external features, at any ratoj but wo liavo not a8certaluc<l the oxistenco of clieek-
pouclies.
kiii'lr
MUBID^— 8IGM0DONTES— HESPEROMYS AZTECUS.
101
lips to share tlic white of under parts; the latter is not quite pure, owing to
the showing througli of the gray bases of the liairs. On tiie fore leg, the
color of the sides, or u darker shade, extends to tiic very wrist, there stopping
abruptly, leaving tiie surface of the paw wiiite (or liglit). On the outside of
the crus, the color of the sides, or a deeper shade, extends to the tarsus, and
thence on the basal third of the metatarsus; forming a sharply-defined blackish
area, as in H. sumichrasti, &c. This is a strong feature that never occurs in
true leucopus ; the rich rusty-red of the sides is liivcwise an entirely peculiar
shade so far as United States mice are concerned, (iiough common to several
Mexican species. The ears are dusky in the present stale of our specimen ;
tlie tail, of which less than two inches remains on (he specimen, is very
obscurely paler below and nearly as naked as in AIus ; but this last feature
may not be permanent.
The foregoing is the adult coloration. We have no intbrmation whether
the young are like the adult,. or plain gray like young Iciicopm.
Length, about 3.75 inches (0""".095, De S.); tail, averaging over 4.00 ;
hind foot, 0.90 ; fore foot, 0.38 ; ear, about O.fi'i high from notcii in front.
Described from one of the three original specimens, No. .^926, Museum
of the Smithsonian Institution, received from M. De Saussure, and labeled in
what is apparently his handwriting.
M. De Saussure's label bears the suggestive query, '^H. fexanus??" There
is no reasonable doubt that tlie aiimal is a subtropical offset of H. leucopus,
modified just as Neotoma fcrru ^mea has been; but, at the same time, the differ-
entiation .has proceeded sf lar that we are bound to place the animal on spe-
cific footing, at any rate until intermediate specimens are forthcoming.
Since writing the foregoing, we find, as stated in another place, a number
of alcoholic specimens, undoubtedly referable to this species, amo"g a lot of
leucopus igamheli) from Cape Saint Lucas. The fact that these examples are
instantly distinguisliable strengtiiens the probabilities of the permanent dis-
tinctness of aztecus from any of the United States varieties of leu€0pus.
They all show a nearly naked and almost unicolor tail, and tiie peculiar exten-
sion of the dark color on the base of the metatarsus. A suckling young
appears to be gray, like young leucopus, as was to have been anticipated.
We cannot make out, in the alcoliol, wiietlier or not the peculiar riclnu'ss
ol the ferrugineous, witii very black dor.sd area, exists or not, tlie wet speci-
mens being indistinguishable in body-colors from the "ganibcli" that came
«(lwi
Hi
102
MONOGKAPUS OF KOKTII AMEKIOAN liODENTlA.
i
)
i I
1 i
witli them. The following table gives detailed measurements, and we are
now enabled lor the first time to state the lengtii of the tail, which exceeds
that of the head and body very decidedly, sometimes nearly one and a half
inches.
Table XXVIII. — MiaKiiremiiitt of six upecimena of IlEi^rEiiuMYs AZiKCua.
%
'A
LocaUty.
From tip of lioM U>—
Tall to oud
of—
Lougtb of—
i
"S
i
Nature of BiMwimon
and remarks.
4^
1
1
t
g
.a
>
1
1
1
.S
M
3980
1(1320
103i0
10327
1032«
103S9
10330
Mexico
115
3.10
a80
3.00
2.80
3.30
4.40
4.15
4.10
3.70
3.00
4.50
4.25
4.15
3.75
0.?8
0.35
a 34
0.33
0.33
0.00
0.83
0.80
U.77
0.79
0.63
0.C8
0.70
0.64
a 63
0.62
Dry; tjpe.
Alcoholic.
....do.
....do.
...do.
Alooholio; nngrown.
Alcoholic; auoklioK.
Cane Saint Lucas
o.tn
O.M
0.4j
0.ii
0.08
aoo
asa
a so
1.15
1.15
1.10
1.10
do
do
do
... do ...
d/..
HESPEROMYS (VESPERIMUS) MELANOPHRYS, Coues.
Biack-cjed Moase.
tnetperomyf mexioanus, Ve Saussube, R. M. Z. 1860, 103, pi. iz, f. 1, la.*
Hcspcromyi (Ve»perimu») melanophryB, Col'ks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fbila. 1874, 181.
(No. 10183.) With the general aspect of a large species of the Hcsperomys
leucopus group. Tail a little longer than the head and body together, slender,
'"Velutiuus, griaeiis, muriniu; in Interibus pauluiii fulvcscens, frequenter subferrnginens ; snbtUB
albidus, pcctoroetmentofulveacontibus; pedes anticialbidi; auricnlai permagnw ; canducorporelongiur;
niyiitaces elongati.
"Intermedial in size between M. m\ucu}u» and il. ratliif. Feloge soft and velvety. Head conic,
lengthened ; lip cleft to the nose ; mnzzle bairy except the Reptum. KarH very large nnd broad, bnt higher
than wide, ronnded, but with the upper margin a little angular. Tail long, nettrly equal to the head and
tody together, hut tometimea only exceeding the body alone. Feet (' pattes' — more likely meaning limbs here)
very lung, especially the hinder, the animal Htanding high. Color, dark brownish monso-gray ('gris de
Bonris brun-noiratro'), with a slight silvery sliado on tbu back, the very tips of the haira being yellowish-
gray ; head not ipiite so dark ; checks rusty-gray ; the yellowish always stronger on the flanks. Ft-et,
externally yellowish-gray (gris-fauvc). Lips and chin palo yellowish-gray, nnd entire nndor parts gray-
ish-wbiti', npporently plumbeous, because the slaty roots of the hairs show through ; the white (listinctly
separated from the color of the flanks. Breast and front of the shoulder washed Kith yellow. Fore feet
white, or groyish ; the hinder brown, irith the ends of the Iocs trhite. Ears apparently naked, but covered
with short close hairs. Tail scaly, slightly bairy, black above, white below. Whiskers blackish, very
long, reaching to or beyond the shonlders.
" Some individuals are yellower than as above ; the sides becoming ferrnglneona, strongly marked
on the flanks at the line of separation between itself, the white of the belly here becoming almost palu
orange. Sides and under surface of the head, as well as the shoulder and breast, strongly washed willi
ruRty-ycllow. In other specimens, on the contrary, the rusty color is not very evident.
" l-e«glh of one specimen, about 4fy, teith tail 4i ; of another, about i, with (ai( 3^; hind foot slightly
over one inch."
The foregoing is M. Dc Saussure's diagnosis, with an abridged translation of bis further descri|i-
tion ; the chief points of discrepancy, as compared with our specimens of melanophrys, being italicized.
It is inseited for convenience of comparison.
. >
MUlllDiE— S10MODONTB8— HESPEROMYS MELANOPDKYS. 103
rather scant-lm.red. Absolute and relative proportions of both fore and hind feet
and tiieir digits as in leucopus ; soles moderately hairy on the posterior third.
Ears large and leafy, appearing naked, but, with a hand-lens, may be seen
covered with short, sparse, close-pressed hairs. Whiskers reaching to or
beyond the shoulder. Skull strictly as in Hcsperomys leucopus (the palate
ending opposite the last molars, not far behind them, as in Mus, Onjzomys,
&c.), but less thin and papery, and developing a slight bead on the superior
margin of the orbit, as in the larger mice generally ; this may be traced nearly
to the occiput.
Color above giving the general impression of a uniform gray mouse,
rather than a red mouse with darker median dorsal area, like leucopus or aztecus.
It is a gray, enlivened with fulvous suffusion, slightly darker along the back,
more lecidedly fulvous on the sides, and everywhere with a peculiar slight
glaucous or hoary suffusion. On the head, the gray shows noticeably purer,
and the eyes seem encircled with a black ring, in marked contrast, tlic edges of
the eyelids and a small anteocular space being jet-black. This is strong
enough to suggest and warrant the specific name above imposed ; I have seen
nothing like it in any other species.
Color below pure white, but the plumbeous roots of the hair show
through, giving a grayish cast. Line of demarkation everywhere abrupt
between the white and the color of the upper parts. The outside of the fore
leg is colored to the very wrist, but the top of the hand is white. On the
hind leg, likewise, the color runs to the tarsus and a little beyond, forming a
definite dark spot at the base of the metatarsus; the remaining five-sixths
of the surface of the foot is pure white. Tail above like the back, below
• gray — not pure white, nor the line of demarkation very sharp, though evident.
Ears an undefinable color in the dried state, showing simply flesh-colored,
probably, in life. No yellowish nor fulvous tinge on the chin, breast, or any
other under parts. * ''**'
Length four inches, or a little more. Tail four and a half to Jive inches.
Hind foot one inch, a slight fraction more or less. Ear, measured from the
notch in front, about four-fiflhs of an inch. Nose to eye, 0.62 ; to ear, 1.12.
HABrrAT — Southern Mexico (Tehuacan; Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec,
Sumichrast).
The great difficulty of recognizing from descriptions the smaller mice
that show no striking peculiarities of form is well known, and must be our
? I'
I-
w
■ ' ;i
ll'
■■■\ '
•ill
104
MONOOUAl'US OF NOllTU AMERICAN KODENTIA.
W\
i ;l
ajMjlogy ill tliis instance if melanophri/s turns out to be simply mexicanus.
At first, we referred our specimens to the latter with little hesitation; but, on
reviewing the subjt.'ct, they show so many differences from M. Ue Saussure'a
description that we cannot effect an identification. In general dimensions,
the two species, if sncli I hey are, seem nearly the same; but in tnczicanus,
the tail is only longer than the body alone, never even etjuuling the hea«l and
body together; while in. all our specimens the tail is considerably longer than
the head and body. This, however, taken alone, we should not consider a
specific difference, aflter our experience with Hcspcromys "myoitles" and
"boylii"'; but there are other differences. De Saussure speaks of grayish-
white under parts, with yellowish on the chin and breast; but in these speci-
mens the whole under parts are as uniformly pure white as in kucopus. lie
says the hind feet are brown ; in our animal, they are pure white, with a defi-
nite dusky area at the base of the metatarsus The tnil in his animal is
described as white below ; in ours, the bicoloration is not so evident as this
would imply. Finally, he makes no mention of the singularly conspicuous
black ring around the eye. All things considered, it is most probable that De
Saussure had in view an entirely different animal.
The skull, as already stated, is extremely similar to that of Hesperomys
leucopus, the species thus falling legitimately in the restricted group, of which
leucopus is typical. The chief difference is the presence of a distinct bead on
the margin of the orbits, traceable nearly to the occiput. This, however, we
cannot consider as even subgeneric ; for, as elsewhere stated, it is only the
smallest and most delicate Hesperomys that are entirely devoid of this crest,
which makes its appearance with a very slight increase in the general size
and vigor of any s|)ecics. The dentition shows nothing peculiar. The pal-
ate, as in H. Ifucopiis, ends as a simple transverse shelf opjiosite the last
molar — a feature by which, as well as by its general slenderness, elongation
of rostrum, &c., it is distinguished from that of Oryzomys ; the latter agree-
ing in the development of a slight orbital bead. Skull No. fHt measures
1.20 in length by 0.G4 in breadth, thus obviously exceeding that of leucopus.
The coronoid process appears extremely short and slight, merely a little spicu-
lum ; the bulla; osseiE are noticeably small.
Two female specimens show two pairs of inguinal mammae and one axil-
lary pair. A note of Professor Sumichrast's, accompanying one of these,
gives the following particulars: — "Nov. 30, 1862. Found among the leaves
nil w '
MUltlD-K— SIOMOOONTES— ONYUUOMYS. 105
of a maguey, in a nest built of lil)res of 'ziiiatc', contuining two little
ones."
Tills tinimnl, comimred witli tlie soinewluit smaller nnd tlic lirigliter-
colored aztecus, beurs mucii tlie sanie relations tliat tiic large gray californicus
bears to tlie leucopus ("gambeli"), witli which it is associated in Califlirnia.
Table XXIX. — iJtaiuremmti of three (drji) iiidiriduaU of II. iiELANoriiiiYB (=rHRXiCANUS, DeS.) from
Soulhem Mexico.
a
a
Looulity.
Collector.
Noso to—
t
1
£
1
n
1
Ejo.
Ear.
Occi-
put.
Tall.
lOlKl
10296
9511
Santa Efigcuia ,
Tehiiacnn
F. SuinicliraBt
do
cca
1.12
1.40
1.30
4.15
4.00
;i 90
n.oo
4.60
4.90
0.42
0.40
0.40
1.04
1.06
0.99
0.78
0.81
0.77
TebuuuterM^o
do . .
Mote. — Since writing the preceding, wo liavo examined tbree otlier specimens from Tcbuantopeo,
which, if tho same an the types of melanophryf, lessen tbi; cbanccB Ibat tlie latter is different from mexi-
canm. Bat tbey differ in many reopecta from tbe specimena Jnut enumerated, being so very much smaller
tbnt we cannot satisfy mirselvea of tbeir identity. Tbe tail only exceeds the body in one Hpecinieu, and
beru only by little ; in tbe otbera, it is about ns long, relatively, as De Saussuro gives for nicricanus. That
these 8|>ecimcuH are not immature is shown by tbe fact that one of Ibem is a nursing female. In color,
tbey are almost precisely like the foregoing, but do not show the black ring round tbe eye, nor the dusky
spot nt base of tho metatarsus. One of them Is pure white below; another is grayish (it looks as if soiled);
while the third has the faintest possible fulvous tinge all along tiie under parts.
Much more material than that now in our possession will be required to determine the limits of
variation of this large, gray, feuoopiM-liko mouse of Mexico, atd Qx the species upon secure basis.
Taiilk XXX.-
-itauurrmentt of thre* dried s/jccimens, proiably of .mklakofiirys, Couea (=f MEXIC.VNUS,
DeS.), but much smaller.
Number.
Locality.
Collector.
Length.
Tail.
Foot.
IKKM
9:183
Barrio, Tehuanteifeo - - . . .
F. Sumicbrast
3.50
3.20
2. 90
3. 20
3.00
3.10
0.67
0.70
0.69
do
do
. do .
do ..
Subgenus ONYCHOMYS, Baird.
HgpudafU' sp. Maximilian, Reise, etc. ii, 1841, 99 (neo uuct.).
Hut sp. Aiju. &. Bach., Q. N. A. ii, Xmi, ;t27.
Onychomyn. Baikii, M. N. A. 1857, 458 (type, Ilnpudccun kucogaftrr, Max.). — CofES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi.
I'bila. 1874, 182.
CiiAKS. — Skull strictly as in Heii)>eromi/.s, i)ut molars larger, with sharper
salient and reentrant angles. External form departing (rom Hesperomys, and
ili
itr
■1
106
MONOGEArHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
: If!
( .
'■ !■•
approaching Arvicola in stoutnc-s, and especially in shortness of tail and
cars. Tail not one-half the length of the body alone, little if any longer
than the head, very stout, tapering to an obtuse point. Ears small —
about as in Evotomys — rounded, pilous both sides. Fore feet very large,
two th' ids to one-half as long as the hind, with large, little curved, fossorial
claws, longer than those of ihe hind feet ; the latter at most two-thirds aa
long as the tail. Soles quadrituberculate only, densely furry to the tubercles.
Fur short, close, white beneath, as in Hesperomys.
The remarkable mouse upon which the section was based is worthy of
subgeneric separation, at least, from the Hesperomys group of which leucopus
is typical. In its peculiar combination of characters, it stands quite alone
among North American species. Although unmistakably a true Murine, as
shown by the cranial and other fundamental characters, it nevertheless devi-
ates much from Mus and Hesperomys, and approaches the Arvicolines. Its
affinities with Evotomys are really close ; and it is through this genus that
the way for it into Arvicola proper is opened. In external form, indeed — the
stoutness of body, shortness of ears, and especially the shortness of tail — it
resembles Evotomys rutilus, for example, more than it docs Hesperomys leu-
copus; wiiile, at the same time, of its real affinity with the latter there can be
no question. An interesting parallel can be drawn between Onychomys as
compared with Hesperomys, and Synaptoniys as compared witii Myoides.
Onychomys has the skull and dentition of Hesperomys in a body externally
resembling Evotomys, while Synaptomys lias the skull and dentition oi Myoklef
in a body externally resembling Evotomys* Onychomys offers another inter-
esting parallel. In the subgenus Fi/ymys as compared with Arvicola proper,
three external characters are shortness of tail, shortness of ears, and length
of fore feet and claws ; and therefore Onychotnys stands in much the same
relation to Hesperomys that Vitymys does to Arvicola. These analogies are
to us extremely interesting; and the habits of Onychomys leucogaster, when
I'ully known, will doubtless be found to offer some peculiarities corresponding
to the structural features.
We arc unable to point to any perfectly diagnostic characters of the
skull of this section as compared with that of Hesperomys. In size it about
equals the larger examples of H. leucopus ; it appears, however, somewhat
uarrow<!r beiiind, witii less interorbital constriction, and broatler and more
MUU1DJ2— 81GMODONTE8— ONYCUOMY8.
107
ubtuHe rostrum. Tlio iiuirgiiis of tlic orbits mo not bcadod iis in On/:omifn.
The descending process of the lower jiivv is, perhaps, not quite so flat and
quadrate, being a trifle more bent and anguhir, slightly foreshadowing the
hamular process of ArvicolincB ; and, likewise, the coronoid is longer, rising
high above the condyle. To our view, the molars present unmistakably a
slight deviation from Hesperomys toward ArvicoUnce in being somewhat pris-
matic; that is, with sharp salient ond reentrant angles; the borders of the
molar series being serrate, rather than crenate as in Hesperomys. Never-
theless, no generic dental characters of Hesperomys are here violated.
On casually picking up a specimen of Onychomys leucogmter, one
might be forgiven for supposing the tail to be broken oflT — tiiis member is so
short and "stumpy". The base is very thick, and the tapering to an obtuse
point is rapid. The tail is well clothed with hairs, as usual ; but these only
furnish an apology for a terminal pencil. Both the absolute and relative
length of the tail is shown in the table below. The large fore feet, armed
with remarkably long and little curved claws, point to fossorial powers, and
possibly to subterranean habits, not shared by any other Hesperomys. Next
in importance, after tiie relative sizes of the fore and hind members (which
latter are unusually short), must be ranked the peculiar condition of the soles,
in which the two posterior of the six tubercles usually seen both in Hespero-
mys and in Arvicola have disappeared, or at least cannpt be detected beneath
the fur that densely covers the metatarsus, leaving only four tubercles at the
bases of the toes. The middle finger is the longest of all; the fourth next;
the first is rudimentary ; the fifth is between the second and first ; the second
between the fifth and fourth. The inner toe is very short; the outer inter-
mediate between this and the other three, which are all of about the same
lenglh. The ears, as we have said, are, in the type of the subgenus, much
smaller than in Hesperomys proper, and very much as in Evotomys; they are
closely pilous both sides.
The fur is very compact and lustrous, with few long hairs; the whiskers
are immerous and very long; the eyes are larger than in Arvicolines, but have
not the size and prominence of those of the true Murines. The upper lip is
cleft to the nasal papillae, and the entire muflle, except these protuberances, is
hairy. The bicolor pattern of coloration is exactly as in Vesperimus.
Tliis section is based u[)on the Hypudaus leucogasier of Maximilian, after-
ward t|ie Mus missouriensis of Audubon and Uachman. To the original type-
r
'«
,;
108
MONOGUArUS or NOUTII AMEUICAN ItODKNTIA.
spiMMc^H wn have Imd the ploasuru of adding a now and interesting variety, if not
species, from a iiitlierlo nnsuspect(!(l locality. Tiic following uro tlicconiimr-
ativ(! diagnoses of the two forms: —
Beneath, snow-white ; above, mouse-brown, with darker
dorsal area Tail twice the hind foot or less; much
less than half llu; head and body. Fore foot more
than half the hind foot. Ear about 0.50 high leucooasteb.
Beneath, tawny-white;* al)ovo, brownish-fulvous, with no
darker dorsal area. Tail about t ^o and n lialf times
the hind foot; almost half us long as the iiead and body.
Fore foot half the hind foot. Ear nl)out 0.75 high (van?) torriuub
n '^■- it
IIESPEROMYS (ONYCHOMYS) LEUCOGASTEli (Maxim.).
Hl88oarl Molc-Monse.
Ilillimlirun IciicogaKlcr, Maximilian, IMm in iliw Iiinero N.-Ainrr. ii, 1811, iKt (Fort Clark).
//(■»j«Torai/« (Onjivhomiiii) tciicogaflir, Baihd, M. N. A. IH57, 4S0 (Nebrusko).— CoUKS, Proo. Aciul. Nut. Sci.
rii'ilii. 1874, lti2.
HiiipiromijK Ituwganlcr, Maximilian, Arch. Niitiir),'. nviii, lMi2, pi. 4, f. 8 ; Verz. N.-A. SUur, m>'i, l«l, Hg.
Una mmoiinVimi*, Aui>. & lUcil., Q. N. A. ii, 1851, 327, |il. 100 (Fort Uniun).
IIahitat. — Upper Missouri region. Red River of the North (Coues).
Our notice of the subgenus Onychomijs has necessarily involved the
details of its type-species so largely that but little r(!mains to be added. The
absolute dimensions and relative i)roportions of several specimens, most of
them additional to any heretofore published, are fully elucidated in the
following table.
In color, the animal closely resemhhs IIi'sperom>/ii /eiicopug — so closely
that it is (litticult to describe any ditlerences. When young, it is of the same
pluml)eous-gray above and ashy-white beneath ; and, with advancing age,
these colors change to snowy-white below and fulvous-brown al)ove, wilii n
dusky dorsal area. Tlie feet are white ; the tail is bicolor ; the whiskers arc
black, with a few white ones intermi.xed. The chief distinguishing feature
in coloration, as compared with Hesperomy.i kucopus, is the mostly wiiite
muzzle. In leucopus, the white usually slopes down to the lips, leaving the
nose of the color of the forehead ; while, in leucogaxter, the white keeps on,
niid embraces the snout. This curious difTerence holds good in all the speei-
•As intdui.;ted beyond, no are not pcilV'tily gum tliat the .vcllowish tiut isnot due tudiiicoloia-
tiou in olooUol.
Hv.l
! ; 4f»
'=1
MUItlD^';— HIGMODONTKS— IIKSl'KKOMYa TOUUIDUW.
lOS)
mens before us, nnd we do not doubt its consfnncy. It is well shown in Audu-
bon's Icn-imnd figure.
One young specimen (No. 3002) from the Medicine Bow Mountiiin.s in
the gray jjelage, is renuuUtil)ly jmle-colorod above, the tail nearly white, tte
Tiiis corresponds exactly with the pale Ilesperotmjs var. sonoriensh and the
pale Aniicola of the Prdoinya section, from the same region.
The only skull l)efore ns (No. Wa'-) ofVors the following measurements: —
Length, 1.07; interorbital width, 0.20 (the zygomata are destroyed); width
across cranium, 0.48 ; lower jaw, from tips of incisors to condyle, 0.72 ; length
of upper molar series, 0.10.
Tadlk WX.—Meaturenuntt of nine tpeciment of Ilr.HPKiiuMYS (O.nyciiomys) LEUCOOASTKn.
m
4007
JODS
3091
3.178
3703
37U4
July 93, 1857
Si'pt. 10, iej7
Locality.
Xunr MiMouri River . . .
do
KuniiiiiBWatiT
Fort Kiley. Knnii
Modicine lk>w MoiintAinii . . .
HH])ul>ii('aii Hivor, Knns. T»r
Neosho Falls, Kans. Tor —
do
do
Collector.
F. V. Uaydoii .
...do
do.
U. Brandt ..
W. 8. Wood.,
...do
HF.Oon...
..do ,
..do
MoHto-
0.00
0.01
OlOI
O.SO
0..t«
1. 03.1. SO
LOoLl.t
I.Oo'l. 13
I
d
iS
4.0O
4.00
ItU
3.50
3. US
f 50
4.50
4.i»
4.40
H
0.40
H P4
1.40 .. 0.86
1. HO 0 39 0.85
1. 05 0.,% 11.88 0. CO
l.00O.4o'o.7OO. 40
i.300.40Jj.70 0.5JI
i. 00 a 44 0.87 0.59
1.300.430 83 0.48
1.30 0.50 0.890.53
1.40 0.53 a 83 0.59
Remarks.
Dry.
Alcoliolio.
.. do.
Not grown.
..'do.
8trot<*"l.
Dry.
...do.
...do.
* Other metMiirempntM of 9340, given by Ituird, aro :-.Fon« arm, 0.89 ; longest linger and claw, 0.b« ; ita ohiw alone,
0.90) femur, U.83i tibia, l.05| lougoat too nnd cluw, 0.30 1 Its claw ulone, 0.14.
HESPEROMYS (ONYCHOJIYS) TORRIDUS, Cones.
Arliona Hole-Mou«o.
Uaffromijt {Oiiijchomijn) lorridui, CoUKS, Proc. Acail. Nat. 8ci. Pbila. 1S74, IS."?,
Di.\GNOSis. — O. imaghiem O. kucogastiin referens, sed caudu longiore, nu-
riculis prtecipue major ibus, planlia minus pilosis, unguibus tnanus debilioribus,
et coloribits mag'is Jlnoesccntibus, primo visa differt ; tnurino-fulvus ; rostro toto,
pedibus, partibusque omnibus inferioribus JUtvo-albis ; caudd lined fused angus-
tald nee ad apicem porrectd supra, nolatd. Long. 3v, caudw 2, manus ], pedis
i, auriculce fere \.
Habitat. — Arizona.
(No. 9886, 9.") — On comparing this animal with typical Uucogaster from
Kansas nnd Nebraska, the differences in general form are obvious. Truly
Onychomyn, with the unmistakable aspect of that section, yet the members are
1
rrr
i
. f ■
H3
110
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN BODENTIA.
! J'i.
', 3 <n ■
t
larger. This is particularly noticeable in the cars. The small arvicola-like
ears of O. kucogastar are among its striking external features ; in torridus, tlie
cars are fully as long as in ordinary Hesperomij.i, measuring nearly threc-
fourtlis of an inch long by about half an inch wide. The ears are delicately
pilous, with fluffy tuft at base ; basally, the membrane is flesh-colored, other-
wise it is dusky, with a delicate silvery margin. The fore feet have the claws
noticeably smaller than in average leucogaster, but this is a very variable fea-
ture in the latter species. It is probably owing to this shortness of the claws
that in torridus the hands are only half as long as the soles; in leucogaster,
tlioy arc almost invariably more than this ; sometimes upward of two-thirds
as long. The hind feet are pilous underneath to the toes, showing only four
tubercles, as in leucogaster, but the hairiness is not so dense. The tail, like
the ears, is much longer than in leucogaster. In the latter, it ordinarily ranges
from 1 J to 1§ of an inch in length, sometimes scarcely exceeding the length
of the head, and being usually less than twice the hind foot. In torridus, the
tail is at least half the head and body together, and noticeably more than
twice as long as the hind foot. These various discrepancies in form are, in
fact, so prominent that we have been obliged to remodel in some respects
the diagnosis of the subgenus, as we originally drew it up from consideration
of leucogaster alone.
The colors* arc highly characteristic. The snowy-white of the whole
under parts and feet of leucogaster is replaced by a yellowish-white, or an
extremely i)ale liufl" or fawn. The dark stripe along the top of the tail is
very narrow, and falls considerably short of the tip, which is wholly whitish.
The whole muzzle is whitish, as in leucogaster ; the fluffy hairs about the ears
give ri.se to a pale patch in front of each, which, with the dusky body of the
ear and "us silvery edging, produce a parti-coloration not seen in leucogaster.
The entire upper parts arc of a warm though rather light brownish-fulvous,
entirely diflcrcnt from the gray mouse-brown which leucogaster usually
exhibits, and, moreover, without appreciable darker dorsal area. The line,
of demarkntion along the sides is abrupt, as in leucogaster.
The animal is apparently somewhat smaller than an average leucogaster^
but not much so, and not less tiian some specimens of the latter. No. 9886
measures, nose to eye, 0.50; to ear, 0.95; to occiput, 1.25; to root of tail
• Our typo has been Bkiiinoil out of alcoliol ; still, wc arc not saro tbat tho fluid has appreciably
offccti'd tho coloration, for specimens of IcucogMter which have lain in apirito a mnoh longer tima are DOt
uhangod perceptibly.
,. ; I
MURID^— SIGMODONTES— ORYZOMYS.
Ill
(perhaps a Utile stretched), 3.75; tail to end of vertebrae, 1.90; to end of
hairs, 2.00; fore foot, 0.40; hind foot, 0.80; ear 0.70 high, 0.40 wide.
Camp Grant, Arizona. The specimen is a female, apparently having recently
bred, showing four well-developed inguinal teats; pectoral mamma?, if existing,
have eluded our search, and were certainly not functionally developed in
this case.
As already intimated, this single specimen is difJerenfiated from kuco-
gaster according to extensively applicable laws of geographical variation ; for
which reason we suspect that intermediate examples will eventually be found,
showing it to be merely an offset from leucogaster. But if any links exist,
they remain unknown.
;'!'-■
SuBGENca ORYZOMYS, Baird.
< Mu» Bp. Harlan, Am. Joiirn. Sci. 1837 .
< ffeiperomi/o sp. Waonek, Siippl. Schreb. 1843. '
X ^rrtoola ap. AUD. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1853.
= Oryzomyt, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 458 ; typo, ilut paluiirti, Habl.
CouKS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 183.
Chars. — Superior margin of orbit with a prominent sharp edge or bead.
Anteorbital foramen nearly circular above (somewhat as in Zapodidm), con-
tinued below as a slit much narrower than in Hesperomys proper. Maxillary
plate forming outer wall of the foramen not produced anteriorly into a pointed
process (cf Sigmodon). Posterior border of palate produced behind last
molars, a deep pit intervening on either side ; post-palatal notch narrow, with
parallel sides, and nearly straight, transverse, anterior border. Hind legs short,
but feet very long and large (much as in Fiber), with obliquely-set long toes;
densely pilous above, but soles perfectly naked, granular, with one long, nar-
row, ]K)slero-internal tubercle (as in Mus) and five small ones. Lateral toes
very unequal in length, the fifth reaching to the penultimate joint of the fourth
(cf Sigmodon'; ; all the toes have a slight but evident basal webbing. Fore
feet small, not half as long as the hinder, pilous above ; palms perfec^'y naked.
Ears small, little overtopping the fur, hirsute both sides, with a fluffy tuft on
the concavity. Nasal pads more noticeable than in other sections. Tail
long, about equaling head and body, scant-haired, especially above v/here the
dermal scales as well as the vertebral annuli are visible. Fur glossy, l)ut
coarse from the number of bristly hairs. Whiskers sparse and short, exceed-
liT
112
MONOGUAPnS OP NOKTn AMERICAN RODENTIA.
;i
iiig, however, those of Sigmoilon, tliough falling short of those of Hesperomys
proper. Exceeding in size any other known North American species of Hes-
peromys, and with llie general appearance of Sigmodon or even Mus.
Furlher details of this interesting section, the most conspicuous among
North American Hesperomys, and almost worthy of generic rank, will be found
under the head of its typical and only known species, the common " Rice-field
liloiisc" of (he Southern States. While it does not require for its identifica-
tion any comparison with its allies, we may here note the position it holds
among them, after a description of the skull.
SktiH (Nos. -?JS!, ?J-li, from South Carolina).— The size of the skull
alone distinguishes it from that of any other North American Hesperomys,
except, perhaps, H. californicus, measuring nearly an inch and a quarter in
length by nearly two-thirds of an inich in zygomatic breadth. It has, how-
ever, other int(!resting peculiarities. Prominent among them i.s the sharp ridge
or bead into whicli the superior edge of the orbit is produced. However
sh;irp the border of the orbit may be in the smaller Hesperomys, it does not
form this bead, which seems to characterize chielly larger forms, ivs we find it
in Mus dectimnnus, Sigmodon hispidus, &c. The ai'teorbilal foramen tends
to assume a rather unusual shape for a Sigmodont, being subcircular above,
and running into a narrow slit below ; the feature, however, is not very strongly
nunkcd, and may vary, moreover, with different individuals. We have seen
skulls of Mus deciimanus in much the same condition. As in Mus, Sigmodon,
and Hesperomys proper, the incisive palatine foramina are long, reaching to or
even l)eyond a point opj^site the anterior molars; the opposite is shown in
Ncotuma, where the foramina full far short of the molar series. The great
l)ackward production of the bony palate that Oryzomys shows does not occur
in any other North American Hesperomys (where the posterior edge of the pal-
ate is about opi)i)site the last molar), and perhaps represents one extreme in
this respect, of which Neotoma, where the palate is scooped out to opposite
111!' middle molar, may l)c the other extreme. The little deep pit, or fossa, on
either side of the palate opposite the last molar, is us in Sigmodon; but in the
latter these pits are separated l)y a median lengthwise process, which is not
the case in Oryzomys, where the hind l)order of the l)ony palate is almost
prrfect/y straight crosswise. This i)ackward extension of the palate in Ory-
zomys is almost exactly tiie same as in Mus (decumanus) ; and, altogether, the
cranial characters, saving the Sigmodont dentition, are certainly the nearest to
those of typical j\fiis of any Hesperomys of North America, if indeed they
\^:\ '!:!
\
MURIDjE-SIGMODONTES-HESPEUOMYS palusteis.
113
^liii
are not actuall}' more liUe Mas than tliey arc like Ilesperomys. Tliis cranial
resemblance to Old World Murines is strikingly borne ont by the external
characters of the animal, which, in general appearance, looks really more like
a small house-rat than like one of our New World Hesperomys. Tiic resem-
blance is at a climax in the very long, scant-haired tail, on which not only are
the annul! distinct, but the granular plates perfectly evident, at least along the
upper side of the tail. The aquatic nature of the animal is indicated by the
feet and ears. The former are much like those of Fiber in being naked and
granular beneath, velvety-pilous above, and especially in having such long toes,
slightly webbed at base and set obliquely on the metatarsus, to facilitate their
"feathering" during their forward motion in swimming. The low, orbicular,
thickly hirsute ears are specially provided with a fluflfy tuft inside to guard
against entrance of water, and the antitragus is well developetl for the same
purpose. While the general construction of the feet is much as in Fiber, the
tuberculation of the soles is like that of J/jM. '.■"' > i
On the whole, we may consider this animal as (next after Onijchoinys
leucogaster, which leans so strongly toward Arvicola through Evotoinyx) the
most aberrant of the North American group of small Hesperomys, sharing
many features of the larger Sigmodon, showing a slight approach, by analogy
at least, to Fiber, aYid having much real affinity with the Old World Miis
proper. It is certainly the nearest to typical Mus of anything we have in
North America ; it inclines toward Mus proper, and especially to Sigmodon,*
much as Onychomys, our only other subtypical section of Hesperomys, does
toward Arvicola.
HESPEROMYS (ORYZOMYS) PALUSTUI?, (Htrl.) 'V,:g„er. ,
Blcc-fleld Moose.
Jfii» palmtrit, Harlan, Am. Joarn. Sci. ixxi, 1837, 3^ (New Joreey).
He»peromy$ palmtrU, Waonrr, Suppl. Schreb. Hi, 1843, 543.— LrContk, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila. v\,
1853, 410.— Allen, 3ii1I. Mii». CoDip. Zuol. ii, 1870, 182 (Florida).
nesptromyt (Orgtomi/t) pntuitrii, Uaikd, M. N. A. 18.'i7, 482 (Oeorgia and South Carolina).— CouES, Proo.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1874, 184.
Arvieota oryzitora, AUD. &. Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 214, pi. 144, fig. 3.
Habitat. — South Atlantic and Gulf States, especially in maritime por-
tions and in rice-fields. Kansas! (Gro«a). Mexico {Sumickrast). Jamaica??
The specific characters of this animal are necessarily involved with
* We have already noted how clou is the relatinn between' Orynmiy* and ligmodon, showing that
the former in na much to be considered a section of Sigmodon as of Beaperomjii, auu that Sigmodon itself
is hardly or not more different from ordinary Huperomyt than OrftoMj/i is.
8 M
-tl
■&<
hv:
l1
114
MONOGRArnS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTrA.
M\ii
[•
1^ 1^
those of llic subgenus of wliicli it is tlio type and only representative, and
probably most of tlicm have already been mentioned in our account of Ory-
zomys. The aniinal varies a great deal in size, from the dimensions of a
third-grown house-rat up to the size of a small individual of that species ;
and these larger ones really look so much like Mas decumanus that one might
almost be excused for making the mistake. The tail, as usual, varies still
more than the body in lengtii. The body and tail average, perhaps, about
equal to each otiicr in length ; the former ranges usually from about four to
five and a half inches in length. In the largest specimen before me, No.
3327, from Neosho Falls, Kans., the total length of trunk and tail together is
10.} inches; figures far above any reached by any other North American
Hesperomys (the largest H. californicus falls short of 9 J in the same measure-
ment). The general range of variation is much the same as in other Hespero-
mys. This, with the absolute size and relative proportion of parts, is so fully
illustrated in the table below that further notice here is unnecessary.
The pelage of this animal is rather coarse, if not harsh, but it is glossy
from the great proportion of long, glossy, soft bristles that it has. Perhaps
the most interesting point in this connection is the unequal hairiness of the
upper and under surfaces of the tail. On top, this member is so scantily hir-
sute that the pavement of granular reticulations is distinctly visible ; below,
the plates are generally hidden by longer and more numerous hairs. The
difference is most evident in those tails that are distinctly bicolor. There is
a great range of variation in this latter regard ; some tails being almost as
siiarply bicolor as in H. leucopus, while others are merely a little paler below
than above. In this case, as in others throughout the genus, we have often
thought that the difference is not so much an individual matter as one depend-
ent upon season, age, and state of health ; and that the same individual may
change in this respect. Like H. aureolus {nuttalli), this animal does not show
the sharp dividing line along the sides between the colors of back and belly ;
the two generally blend insensibly. The darker color always reaches down
the limbs to the ankle and wrist, and involvfes the extremity of the snout,
although the lips and cheeks are like the belly. The color is a mixture of
yellowish-brown, grayish-brown, and black, producing the grizzly rat-color
impossible to name. The mixture is very intimate ; only the lighter shades
prevail over the sides and rump, and the darker along the dorsal area, some-
times producing a pretty distinct stripe, but oftener shading insensibly into
the general hue. The under parts arc whitish, of varying pitrity, but rarely
MURID^-SIGMODONTES— HESPRHOMTS rALUSTRIS.
115
quite pure; generally, it is obscured l»y the ashy of the roots of the hairs
showing through, an«l it often has a faint brownish wash, like a very weak
dilution of the color of the sides. The cars have no distinctive coloration.
The eye is usually surrounded by a slight blackish area, which sometimes, as
in No. 1305, extends as a frenum to the muzzle, there meeting its fellow. Tiic
moderately abundant whiskers, of medium length, are some of them black,
others colorless.
The palms and soles are both perfectly naked ; on top, these members
are clothed \o the nails with short close-pressed hairs of satiny texture and
luster, sometimes pure glossy-white, at others soiled ; this furring is generally
dense, but sometimes so scanty that the flesh-color of the skin shows through
Sometimes the palms and soles are flesh-colored, sometimes they are black
ish. The soles are 6-tubercuIate : (1) a long linear tubercle along the inner
side, midway between toe and heel; (2) a very minute one just outside the
anterior end of the last ; (3, 4) one at base of both inner and outer toe ; and
(5, 6) two at bases of the three central toes. Where non-tuberculate, most
of the sole is granular-reticulate ; all the toes are annular-scaled transversely
underneath, with a terminal node. The 2d, 3d, and 4th toes are very long,
and almost of equal length ; the 5th reaches nearly to the middle of the 4tli ;
the 1st scarcely beyond the base of the 2d. The claws are all short, thick,
little curved, and not very sharp ; the calcaneal tuberosity is prominent ;
traces of the several metatarsals are evident. The largeness of the foot itself
is in«triking contrast with the shortness of the hind leg. There are five tuber-
cles on the palms, almost entirely occupying the surface : two very large ones
posteriorly, subequal in size and side by side, in fact almost coalescing; the
inner of these bears the little nodule, capped by a bit of horn that represents
the pollex. There is another smaller tubercle at the base of the 2d and 5th
fingers respectively ; and a fifth at the conjoined base of the 3d and 4th fin-
gers. The 3d finger is longest, the 4th but little shorter ; the 2d and 5th
successively diminish rapidly.
Unlil<fl the feet, the ears are not densely and soflly pilous as in other
Hesperomys, but are hirsute — almost strigous — with rather long and stifiish
straight hairs, that form a slight fringe. A part of thfcse, nearest the antitra-
gus, on the concavity of the auricle, are longer than (he rest, and form the
tuft already mentioned. The back of the ear is pretty evenly furred, though
rather more scantily toward its base than around the edge. The ears project
a little beyond the general fur.
r,
m
I:
IF;
i »
116
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
t ?
i rUi' i
'm
This remarkable rat lias hitherto only been reported from the Southern
Atlantic seaboarfl, whore it is said to be abundant, particularly in the rice dis-,
tricts. It is eminently aquatic ; in this respect equaling the Arvicola amphi-
bius of Europe, and, in our country, only surpassed i)y the muskrat. Its whole
structure, but particularly its feet and ears, point to its amphibious nature.
Several specimens in the present collection, from unsuspected localities, enable
us to greatly extend its known range. Several were taken in Kansas liy Mr.
]J. F. Goss, who also forwarded from the same locality in that State (^Neosho
Fails) examples of Onychomys leurognster, Pedomys austerus, Synaptomys
cooperi, and otiier interesting animals. These Kansas specimens of Oryzo-
mys are larger than Carolina or Georgia ones, and otherwise a little differ-
ent in having heavier tails, lighter colors, &c. ; but do not raise a suspicion
of specitic'distinction*
The original Mus jmlustris of Harlan purports to be from New Jersey ;
and, as there is no reasonable doubt of this, it is the northernmost recorded
locality. Tiiere is little to be said of the bibliography of the species ; in
fact, the "General Remarks" in Audubon and Bachman, which are here repro-
duced to settle the question of Mus palustris, Harlan, comprise everything
essential. "We obtained," they say {op. cit. 216), "specimens of Arvicola
oryzioora in tlie winter of 1816, but did not describe it until May 1836. . . .
Having occasion to send descriptions of several, then undescribed, species to
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Piiiladelphia, we sent a specimen of
this animal to Dr. Pickering, requesting him and Dr. Harlan to compare it
with the Arvicola riparius of Okd. ... In searching in the Academy, a speci-
men of this species was found, and Dr. Harlan, in opposition to the views
of Pickering, felt himself authorized to publish it in Silliman's American
* A Bpecimen, No. 94:il>, from Tiicliitnn, Tehuantcprc (Professor Stimichrcut), I caDiiot distin(;uiHb
from the ordinary palmlrit of Cnrolina. It la about 4.25 long ; tail, 4.50 ; foot, l.iiO. In color, it is a
little clearer tlian most Carolina Bkins, yet not of the paler yellowiBh-brown noticed in Kansas ones, but
rntber a brigbler fnlvons-bronn ; the under parts are nnnsnally pure wbito. I have not met wii^h any
Mexican quotations of Orj/zomys ; but if any species has been described from Mexico, and of which No.
!)4'36 is an example, it cannot well prove difl'ereut from patutlris. The cose seems to me to be parallel
with that of the 8igmo<1ona elsewhere discussed.
Two Jamaican skins of Orysomyii (Nus. 7775 and PUT), received since the preceding was written,
agree completely with paluilris in size and shape, bnt are noticeably difierent in color. They are of a
rich furrugineous-brown, oiily'a little darker along the back, and the under parts are strongly washed
with a dilution of the same. The difference, indeed, from the ordinary dark Carolina palutMi, is nearly
as evident as iu some of tlio dullest Ilmperomyt OHreoluB compared with hucopm. Probably these siwci-
mens represent a race if not a good species ; but, in my ignorance of the pbysico-geograpbical iofluencea
that work npoa the West Indian rats, I cannot pursue the subject, and especially refi'ain from giving any
name to the animal, aa I presume it baa been described, thongh 1 have not met with any reference to it.
1 , I
m\\\
MUBID^— SIGMODONTES— nESPEROMYS PALD8TKIS.
117
Journal (vol. xxxi), bestowing on it the name of il/«s palustrit, making use
of the head of our specimen for an examination of the teeth."
Thus it appears that Harhm's species was based, in part at least, upon
the very same specimen tliut atlerward became the type of Arvkola oryzi-
vora, Aud. & Bach. The latter authors, naturally disliking Harlan's pre-
emption of their species, re-appropriated it to themselves in this wise : — They
took it for an Arvicolu, and reasoned thot "as the name 'Aivicola pnlunfris'
is preoccupied (Harlan,* Fauna, p. 13G) we are favored with an opportunity
• * of restoring it to its true genus under the name [ori/zivora] given by
its legitimate describer." How such excellent naturalists as Audul)on and
Uachman could have been betrayed into such a blunder as to consider Onjzo-
mys on Arvkola, we cannot imagine ; but they were just as wide of the mark
when they placed Hesperomys sonoriensis, LeC, and "campestris", LeC, and
"texana", Woodh., all under Arvkola; and when they described the Texan
Sigmodon as Arvkola texiana. To be sure, it was vexatious that Harlan
should have anticipated them in such a summary way; but for this oflen-
recurring accident there is no help that we can see ; ond, at any rate, the
genus Arvkola proved an inconveniently small loop-hole in this case.
Tablb TiWI.—ileMuremnU of ItreKlg apednuiu of Hesperomys palcstris.
i
LookUty.
CoUMtor.
XoMto—
1
1
1
Nktura.
■i
i
1
6
is
^
1
t
t
1
a
^
mi
Society HIU, 8.C
U. A.Cartlt
4.00
4.50
0.50
1. 18
0.94
Dry.
..do.
J
do
...do
1.33
3.15
3.60
0.48
1.11
0.93
1M7
do
...do
4.00
3.80
0.93
1.11
0.90
...do.
ISM
8603
do
....do
0.94
1.13
1.30
4.90
4.10
4.80
C03
0.53
0.49
1.13
t.io
0.93
0.93
..do.
AlooboUc.
do
...do
90M
do
..do
0.fO
1.10
1.35
4.S9
4.05
0.90
1.19
0.98
.. do.
M09
do
...do-.
0.53
1.00
1.95
3.15
0.43
1.08
0.45
..do.
9009
S^ot 8linoD'>Iid>nd,0*..
aW.WUMn
0.5J
O.M
1.85
3.10
3.80
Oil
1.11
0.93
..do.
MIO
do
...do
0.110
I.IO
1.35
3.80
4.90
0.50
1.18
0.50
...do.
Mil
rf
do
...do
U.OO
1. 33
4.00
4.30
0.48
1.18
0.55
..do.
Mia
?
do
...do
0.53
1.00
1.85
4.00
3.00
0.44
1.05
0.50
..do.
8103
<r
do
...do
O.Sl
0.90
1.80
3.60
3.89
a 43
1.01
0.45
...do.
•1488
do
...do
.. do.
8110
J.P.Poitell
0.60
1.13
1.30
.1.15
4.85
0.59
1.15
0.55
...da
8111
9600
do
...do
Or.Gmner
0.«l
I.IS
1.40
3.80
4.95
4.10
3.1(1
0.50
0.93
t.io
1.16
0 51
...do.
..do.
rf
Colanibiu,ao
8601
«
do
...do
0.«j
1.19
i.m
4. 05
3.00
0.50
1.14
0.93
...do.
3101
J
Neoobo F»IU, Kua. Tor. . .
BF.Gon
4.35
4.50
U. 40
1.06
0.40
D.7.
3108
...
do
...do
4.13
4 00
O.."i0
1.10
...do.
3387
do
...do
3.50
9.00
0.11
1.S0
...do.
tm
Tehaaulepeo, Ueiico
F. Snmirhraat. . . .
4. 39
4.90
1.90
...do.
■■';; '^v,
* lUa Dumber U conipleiiieiited by auckllng young from Not. 9998 to 10018, IncluaiTe,
* HiirUii's Anlcola palmlrii i§ = A. riparint, Ord.
,
T
H
• 1
I., r
1^'
M ! ; •
I nli '
■I'll
118
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTU AMERICAN RODENTIA.
NoTK.— Ah prcliniinnrj to considoralinn of thu gcnns Ochetoion, a notice or tho gontb American
Iti'ilhwilon 18 introduced, tu facilitutu cuuiimriwu butweeii tlio two.
Genus RBITDRODON, Waterhouse.
Heillirodov, WATEnilouSK, Proo. Zool. Soc. 1837, 89 ; Zool. Voy. Bcnglv, pt. ii, 183U (mm LcCoutr, Boird).
Diagnosis.— Upper incisors snlcato. liostral portion of tbo skuiriurgti in proportion to the cra-
uiul, producing u bigh convex forubcod; zygomatic widtb of skull about twu-tbirds its length ; iuter-
urbitnl portion narrow ; poalerior nnrcs contracted from close approximation of tbo pterygoids; palate
with lateral paired fussB), and ending nearly apposite or Iwyond the last niolor ; incisive forauiiua very
lung, extending to or beyond tbo lirst molar ; coronoid process small aud cxUected ; condyloid narrow and
very oblique; descending process large, snbqnadratc, tbo emargination between this and the condyle
deep. Size largo ; form stout and compact ; bead broad and arebed ; eyes large and prominent. Kurs
uiuileratu, pilous. 8ules liuiry behind ; lateral toes subcqual and extremely short. Tail short, about oue-
bulf tbu head and body, moderately hairy.
Notwithstanding this genus has certain peculiarities of external form that combine to produce an
aspect unusual among Murines, it is certainly a true member of the subfamily, as Waterhouso originally
pointed out, and agrees with MuriiitB in every esseatial feature. It may be recognized at once by the
longitudinal grooving of the upper incisors, a feature not shared by any other South American mice as
far as is known, and only again met with among American M»rina in the North American genus Ochelo-
don. liut we are satislied, from our study of Waterbouse's perspicacious accounts, that in this case the
grooving of the incisors is a character mondy incidental to two genera otherwise widely separated ; for in
several points of cranial structure, and many external features, Oohetodon is very unlike UtilhrodoH. The
former includes little animalrwboso general appearance may be summed up as that of Mm mvscHlut,
while the latter comprises largo species with a strikingly rabbit-like ai>pearaace (see also under
Uchetodon).
Indeed, wo arc not satisfied that tbo three species originally referred to Heilhrodon do not themselves
share sulcatioH of the superior incisors as a character only incidental to two diifureat types of at least
subgencric value. Tbcy certainly differ notably in several cranial peculiarities as well as external fea-
tures. There is a remarkable difi'erence in the shape of the plate inclosing the onteorhital foramen, in
the details of the palatal structure, and in the form of the under jaw j while there are external charac-
ters in the proportions of tbo tail, feet, and ears. In the respects of palatal structure and the form of
the anterior zygomatic root, there is a curious analogy to the same points as distinguishing Sigmodon and
Oriizmiya from each other. We may t^tbulato the distinctive characters of Keitkvodon, and of Euneomy»,
as we have termed the now subgenus), as follows : —
Ileillirodoii, Watekiiuuse. — Anterior root of zygoma deeply cmargiuated in front. Palate ending
much behind tbo molar series, and showing a median ridge intervening between lateral paired deep
excavations. Pterygoid fossiB deeply excavated, aud tbo bones very closely approximated. Incis-
ive foramina reaching beyond first molars. Condyloid process of lower jaw concave internally;
descending process rounded off inferiorly ; coronoid process very obliqne. — Type, H, cmiouhida.
ICuncomije, KoB., Proc. Acad. Phila. 1874, 185.— Anterior root of zygoma about straight in front.
Palate ending nearly opposite the last molars, slightly ridged or excavated. Pterygoid fosso) shal-
low and these bones less approximated. Incisive foramina reaching only to first molars. Condyloid
process of lower Jaw (lat internally ; descending process angular; coronoid process nearly vertical. —
Typk, a*, fhinchithidcs.
There are other differences in the relative proportions of the sknll ; and doubtless additional diag-
nostic features could bo adduced, but these will suffice.
Aside from the grooving of tlie upper incisors, the dentition of this genns is of the ordinary sigmo-
doiit pattern, calling for little further comment. The incisors, as usual in tbo subfamily, are deeper antero-
puKtoriorly than they are wide across. The molars decrease regularly iu size and complexity from before
backward ; tbo front upper one has two external and two internal folds of enamel, the resulting tbreu
salieiicii's on each side being about opposite each other, while the two rcentrances from each side, which
meet on tbo face of thu tooth, are alternate. The other two upper teeth have but one internal and two
external folds ; the posterior one of the latter, in each tooth, being much deeper and more tortuous than
any ol' tlin otliers. The front under molar shows on the onler side three perfect reentrant loops, nnd mi
the inner side two such, but may have one additional slight loop on each side, from indentations of the
anterior end of tbo tooth. The mid-lower molar has two folds on the outside and one on the inner side,
Bometiuics, however, with trace of another. Thu buck lower molar has but one fold on either side; these
MURID^— SIOMODONTES— REITHRODON.
119
alternata, and in some stages of near show a porfeot letter S, at one time auiiposcd to bu cbuructoi-
Istic of tbo genus Sigmodoit, but now known to be a pattern of couimou, if, indeed, it bo uut uf universal,
occurrence'amoug American Murtvai.
Tlie geuUB appears to bo ooutlned to tbo southern part of South America, fruiu which tlireo siiucio^i
have been d'-sctibed. Two of these, tt. cunieuloidn and M. ehinchiltoida, are sharply distingiUHhed by the
characters already pointed out, and others ; but the diflTerences between It. cunicutoideii aud Jl. lypivai ure
not so clear. It Heems to us probable that the latter will prove to be, If not identical with, at most only
a geographical race of «Miiicii(o(({p<— the ascribed characters appear, according to our experience with this
family, to be within an ordinary range of variation in the same species. But without specimens wo can-
not, of course, presume to say that such is the case; and we rcdesorihe the three species, as we have the
genus itself, from Waterhouse's original notices.
KEITHBODON CUNICUL0IDE8, Waterbonse.
UMhrodon cuHiculaidei, Waterhodse, Proo. Zool. Boo. 1837, SO; Zool. Voy. Beagle, pt. ii, 09, pi. xxvi
(animal), pi. zzziii, figs. 2b, So, id, 2e (teeth), pi. xxxiv, figs. 2a, 2b, 2a (skull).
DuGNOSis. — Yellowish-gray mixed with bluck ; throat and belly pale yellow; rump and fuet
white; ears of medium size, yellowish, with a yellowish-white patch behind them; tail about half as
long as the bead and body, bluolor, dusky above, white belo'.r. Length, 6i ; tail, 'H ; hind feet, H ; ear, }.
Habitat.— Patagonia (Port Desire, Saint Julian, Santa Cruz ; Darwin).
The fiir is described as long and soft ; the general color of the upper parts is " gray isb-Urown with
s considerable admixture of yellow"; the sides are yellowish-gray, paler below, fading into yellowish-
white underneath, aud there is a patch of the same behind the ears, which are also yellowish; mous-
taches very long and nnmerous, black and gray ; soles partly hairy ; hairs of the tail snfflcieut to hide
the annuli, dusky abcve, white below ; incisors yellow. The dimensions of a skull are given as follows : —
Length, 1^ ; width, {. The teeth are very satisfactorily figured, enlarged in the plate above cited, while
a glance at plate 86 is sufficient to show the curious general appearance of the species which suggested
its specific name.
■EITHBODON TYPICUS, Waterhonse.
BeUkrtdim tfpUiu, Waterbovse, Proc. Zool. Boo. 1S37, 30 ; Zool. Voy. Beagle, pt. ii, 1839, 71, pi. xxxiii,
fig. 4a (teeth).
As described, this supposed species differs from the last in being smaller, with shorter feet and
longer can, and of darker color. The dimensions assigned are, length, 6 inches ; hind foot, 1 inch 8i
lines ; ear, 6| lines. From La Plata (Maldonodo, Darwin).
As already intimated, we admit the species on probation, suspecting it will not prove distinct
from e»niimloide$. It does not appear why it was named " typicus", since the genus appears to have been
drawn up from the better-known oaiiuia/oidM, wbioh must stand as the type uf Jieilhrodon, B. chinchil-
hida was not described nnlil two years afterward.
KEITHBODON (EUNEOMYS) CHINCUILLOIDES, Waterhonse.
Heithrodon ckincWloida, Watbbhodsk, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 1839, pt. ii, 78, pi. xxvii (animal); pi. xxxiv,
figs. 20a, 206, 20o, 2Qd, 2Ue, 20/ (skull and teeth).
Iteitkrodon (Buneomyt) ckinckilUridet, CouES, Proc. Aoad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1844, 185.
Diagnosis. — Cinereons, washed with yellowish-dusky, under parts yellowish-white ; tail dusky
above, white below, half as long as the head and body ; ears and tarsi rather short. liCUgth, 6 inches;
tuil, 2i ; tarsus, 1 ; ear, hardly i. I^kull, 1^ long, 8^ lines wide.
Habitat.— Straits of Magellan.
We have already detailed the notable structoTal characters by which this species differs from
cnnioiloidet or igpUMii and the plate above cited shows an animal of different external appearance. It
is smaller, with apparently disproportionately smaller members, the color different, aud the for particu-
larly long and soft — a ciitinmstance snggeating its specifio name, althoogb it has, like ennicnhidn, the
curious rabbit-like aspect characteristic of the genus.
■TT^
!l
]
] I
. 1
i
j
1
■ M
i^^R^
»
1
I
120
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
i\
Genus OCHETODON, Coucs.
X Mill sp-, Al'D. & Bach.
X Uinpeiomiji 8|).> Waonkh,
= Ilritlirodon, LkContk, Proc. Acnil. Nat. Scl. PLIIn. Ifc'33, 413.— Baiiii>, M. N. A. 1H57, «7. JS'eJ(/ Waterh.
=z (khtlodoH, CotiES, Proc. Acad. Nnt. Sui. Pbilii. 1874, 184.
Chars. — With the general nppearancc of 3fus proper, but the essentiol
charactor.s of Ilesperoini/s, except that the superior incisors are deeply grooved
lengtin.ise. Tail about as hmg as the head and body.
The occurrence in North America of sigrnodont mice with sulcate inci-
sors was first made known in 1841 by Audubon and Bachman, who descril)ed
iI/(/.s- humilis. Their animal was almost immediately referred to He.speromt/s
by Wagner. These authors overlooked, or, at any rate, did not take into
special consideration, the remarkable condition of the upper incisors, and it
was not until twelve years subsequently, in 1853, that Major LeConte took
np tills point and referred a species to the South American genus Reithrodon
of Waterhousc. In tlii.s course, he was followed, in 1857, by Professor Baird,
who united two of Audubon and Bachman's species {humilis and lecontei) in
one, gave Mus carolinensis, Aud. & Bach., as a doubtful species of the genus,
and described tiiree new ones, 11. montanus, K. megalotis, and R. longicauda.
Although adopting Reithrodon alter Waterhouse, Professor Baird com-
ments at length upon the obvious differences between the North American
mice with grooved incisors, and the several species of Reithrodon from South
America, expressing his surprise at the re-appearance of the genus in the
United States. Without an opportunity of direct comparison, however, he
refrained from separating the North American Ochetodon from Reithrodon,
although he indicated some of the prominent distinctions.
We regret tiiat, like Professor Baird, we are unable to make the direct
comparisons o^ Reithrodon and Ochetodon that are needed, having neither skins
nor skulls of the former for examination. Judging from the figures and
descriptions that have been published of Reithrodon, we are satisfied that the
genus we have founded will prove valid ; and, indeed, we should not be sur-
prised if the grooved incisors proved to be the chief character that Ochetodon
and Reithrodon share in common. As is well known, the South American Sig-
modonts are almost without exception widely different from the North Ameri-
can ; Calomys being the only one of them that closely approaches ours.
The following differential diagnosis may doubtless be largely supple-
mented with additional characters: —
MURIDiE— 8IGMODONTES— OCHETODON.
121
Sigmodont Murina: rcilh grooved tipper incisors :
Size very largo. Tail Imlf ns long
Size very sinnll. Tail avernging
Reithrodon. — Form stout, leporine.
as tlie trunk.
Ochetodon. — Form slender, murine.
as long as the trunk.
With typical examples before us of all but one of the described species
of Ochetodon, we are oble to notice the genus with entire precision.
Oc/ietodon com])ri8es the smallest Murines of North America ; the small-
est mammals of this continent, excepting some of the Soricidee. In general
appearance, they are hardly distinguishable on sight from ungrown house-
mice, they conform to the latter so closely in size, proportions, and color.
The teeth, however, ot once distinguish them from Mus ; the molars being
sigmodont, as in all Murina indigenous to the New World, and almost exactly
as in North American Hesperomys, while the sulcale incisors are sui generis.
The remarkable sulcation of the upper incisors is unique among North
American Murina, though recurring in the arvicoline genus Synaptomys. (It
is much as in Zapus, which latter, however, is the type of a family apart
from Murida) The grooves are deep and conspicuous, and nearly as broad
08 the prominent face of the tooth on either si»le ; they are median in situa-
tion, run the whole length of the tooth, and terminate in a notch, so that the
conjoined ends of the pair of incisors present four points instead of a straight
bifid edge. The anterior face of each incisor is a prominent rounded ridge
on either side of the groove; but the face, as a whole, is so much beveled off
externally that, when the tooth is viewed in lateral profile, one of these ridges
is entirely in front of the other, and the tooth appears double by the amount
of separation that the groove affords. As usual in Murina, each incisor is
deeper antero-|)osteriorIy than it is wide transversely ; but the incisors differ
noticeably from those of Hesperomys, &c., in their great curvature, which is
sufficient to cause their apices to full behind a perpendicular let down from the
tip of the nasal bones.
The under incisors are simple, and, with the entire molar series, much as
in Hesperomys. But there seems to be a difference in the tooting of the mo-
lars. In all the Hesperomys examined, the anterior upper molar, at least,
invariably showed us three roots, making as many distinct perforations of the
alveolus : two exteriorly, in a line with each otber ; and oao interior, midway
}i
122
MONOORArnS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Mi
between the two outer ones. In Ochetodon, the same molar has four routs;
three larj,'c ones, just ns in Ilcspcromyi ; and an aihlitional very small exterior
one, midway between the other two exterior ones. The second molar (in No.
2282 lor example) has only three evident ones, but a similar, only very minute,
fourth one also appears. The last upper molar makes but two perforations.
Some difTorcnce in the molar crowns of Hesperomjjs and Oclietodon, correspond-
ing to the different rooting in the two genera, may yet be established. This
additional root of Ochetodon is an approach toward Mus proper ; for, in an
example of J/, decumanus before us, we find that the alveolus of the upper
anterior molur is perforated with six distinct holes.
There are several remarkable peculiarities in the skull besides the grooved
Tipper incisors. Prominent among these is the singular shape of the descend-
ing process of the under jaw. This is really a subquadrate plate, retaining
the essential characters that here mark off Murina from Arvicolina, but, nev-
ertheless, when viewed in lateral profile, more nearly resembles the charac-
teristic hamular process of the ArvicoHncB. This appearance is due t« the
abrupt inward inflection nearly at right angles of the lower border of the
process; nothing like this is seen in Hesperomys, &c. The coronoid is very
small and acute, and curves very obliquely backward. The inside of the
ramus of the jaw shows, as usual, a ridge denoting the passage of the under
incisor up toward the condyle. The skull as a whole is broader and shorter
than in Hcsperomys ; the lengthwise convexity on top is greater, and the cra-
nium is quite as wide across the parietal portion as between the zygomata.
The latter dip deeply down to the level of the palate, but do not stand out
much, their middle portions being nearly parallel. There appears to be a
peculiarity in the anteorbital foramen, which is settled far into the zygomatic
part of the maxillary, and, of a consequence, appears almost circular above,
suddenly contracting into a narrow slit below (somewhat as in Oryzomys; in
Ilesperomys proper, the broad upper part of the foramen is rather pyriform,
and narrows gradually below). The incisive foramina are large and very long,
reaching from a point opposite the anterior molars almost to the incisors. The
l)alate ends beiiind abruptly as a transverse shelf, opposite the back border of
the last molars ; but this shelf-edge is very narrow from side to side, owing
to the close approximation of the nearly parallel pterygoid ridges; and, on
eitlicr hand, the palatal level almost directly continues into tlie shallow
depressions, of unusual width, that lie between it and the bullae auditoiise.
■I'M
MURID^— SI0M0D0NTE8— OCnETODON.
123
(In all this, however, there is nothing essentially different from Ilcsperonii/s.)
The hitter arc very large and tiiin, and widely separated by a broad wedge-
shaped basioccipital, their axes rapidly approximating from behind forward.
In external form, there is little or no difference from Hesperomys to note.
The hairiness of the tail and cars is much ab in that genus, and more than in
Mus. The tail averages about as long as the head and body — a little less in
O. humilis, and a little more in O. longkauda and O. mexicanua. The fore feet
are about half as long as the hind ones; both arc rather scant-haired above,
though the hairs reach to the end of the claws. The palms show the ordinary
five tubercles. The soles are scantily hairy for about one-third their length,
being for the rest granular-reticulate, with six very distinct tubercles: the
first internal, midway between heel and base of inner toe ; the second just in
advance of this, but external ; the third in advance of the second, but internal
and at base of the inner toe{ a fourth and fifth lie at bases ot^ respectively,
the fifth and second toes ; the sixth rests upon the conjoined bases of the third
and fourth toes.
We append Uie measurements of several skulls of Ochetodon, without
distinction of species, since no specific characters rest upon peculiarities of
the cranium.
Tadli XXXlI.—Utaturenuntt offitt tlculU of Ochetodon.
1
1
i
1
1
a
Tip of under iuci-
Bors to —
1
Locality.
N
1
t
n
1
1
Species.
m-
Saint Louis, Mo
0.76
0.40
0.12
0.29
0.14
0.47
0.37
0.40
haniUn.
nv,
8oao»
0.82
0.43
0.13
0.30
0.15
0.50
0.40
0.49
"megaloHB."
v^
Boolty HoDDtains
6.78
0.40
an
0.28
0.13
0.48
0.38
0.45
"mOKtdNIM."
•HH
Potalama, Cal
0.69
0.38
0.11
0.26
0.12
0.42
0.31
0.40
longioawla,
do.
do
0.70
0.40
fl.lS
0.27
0.13
0.47
0.35
0.40
' No. 2&J2 is, perhaps, uot tiuito full-grown.
OCHETODON IIUMIUS, (Aud. & Bach.) Coues.
Little narvest Honge.
JtfiM kiimllif, AtiD. Sc Bach., Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Pliila. i, 1841, 97 ; Jonm. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1842,
viii, pt. it, 300 ; Q. N. A. ii, 1851, i03, pi. Ixv (South Atlantic States).
netprromgi kitai<(i«, WAOHKn, Wieg. Arch. 1843, pt. ti, 51 (after And. A. Bach.).
SeitkrodoH hamilu, UAinD, H. N. A. 1857, 448 (South Carolina, Qeorgia, and tMissonri).
(kheiodof humilU, Govts, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 185.
JKm /(ooiiNJ, AuD. & Bach., Journ. Acad.Mat. Sci.-Phila. viii, 1842, 307 ; Q. N. A. iii, 18D4, 324 ((at. aitNa),
(South Carolina).
M
124
MONOGKAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
I :;
i'J
Ilcupiromyt hconiii, Waonkh, Wicg. Areli. 1S43, pt. ii, 51 (after Aud. & Bacli.).
lUillirodon kcotilii, LkConth, Proo. Acnd. Nat. Sci. I'liila. vi, 18."3, 413
r Mtt» caroliiiriiHia, Ai'D. & Hach., Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, pt. ii, 1842, 306 ; Q. N. A. iii, ia'>4, 3,12.
(.Suntli Cnruliiiu, iu iunndatcd lands, rare. "Tail longer than the body, ears long and hairy,
color liglit pltinibi'ons; * * nnder surface Hcarcely a shade lighter. Length of head and
boily ^.33, of tail 2.75, ear 0.33, tarsns 0.54.")
f ITcuperomyii cttroliiiemie, Wao.nki!, Wieg. Arch. 1843, pt. ii, 51 (a''ter And. & Uach.).
t r.iilhroion carolineum, IIaiiid, M. N. A. 1857, 4.")2 (after And. & Bach.). *
llcUhrodon meiialolin, 1!aiiii>, M. N. A. 18.')7, 451 ; liep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv. ii, pt. ii, 1859, Mam-
mals, 43, pi. vii, fig. 4a~c, and pi. xxiv, flg. 4a-g. (Sonora. Largest of North American
species. Head and body, 2j-3 ; tail, 2} ; sule, i-} ; oar, 0.43 high. Colors as ia B. humile.)
Diagnosis. — O. mure musculo minor seu staturd suheequans, caudd trun-
cum suhcequante Iiirsutd, suh-bicolore, auriculis prominulin, himutis, plantis
semi-nudis, vfllere moUi, supra murino, infra griseo-alhido, lateribus fulves-
centihus.
Habitat. — South Atlantic States. Gulf States into Sonora. Up the
Mississippi VuUcy to Saint Louis. Iowa. Kansas. Nebraska.
Numerous e.xccllent examples, from the South Atlantic States, of this
diminutive Rodent, which, with the general appearance of a small house-
mouse, is instantly distinguished by its generic ciiaracters, present very little
variation cither in size, shape, or color. None show the peculiar proportions
attributed by Audubon and Bachman to their Mus carolinensis. The tail is
always a little shorter than the trunk. The hind feet range from 0.50 to 0.60
in length ; the ears project beyond the fur, and have a somewhat character-
istic shape, difficult to describe, represented with indifferent success in Audu-
bon's plate above cited. They are rather obovate in siiape, and narrow for
their length; the antitragus is valvular; the interior below is nearly naked
and flesh-colored ; this part is overlaid by tlie long hairs of the cheeks ; the
rest of the ear is rather coarsely liirsutc than closely pilous. The fur is soft
and silky; above, the color is exactly as in the house-mouse and nearly uniform,
being merely a little darker along the middle of the back ; but all along the
sides tlie brown is enlivened with a decided wash of fulvous or pin'wish-gray,
never seen in M. muisculus. Generally, this tinge is diffuse, but it sometimes
forms quite a striking lateral stripe. The tail is distinctly bicolor, but not
very sharply so. The under parts are whitish, obscured by the plumbeous of
the roots of the hairs showing through, and generally also noticeably washed
over with a dilution of the fulvous that tinges the sides. The lips, however,
arc pure while; and the whole oral and mental region, with the upper sur-
face of the feet, arc likewise white. The ab.solute size, and to some extent
the range of variation, of this species appear from the table given below.
m
m
MURIDiE-aiGMODONTES-OCnETODOX HOMILIS.
125
The Kansas specimens there enumerated are identical in every respect
with typical Carolina and Georgia ones, l)ut with tliis exv;eption : we find that
directly we turn from South Atlantic to other skins we are met by a devia-
tion from the type that threatens difficulty in determination of other western
forms that have been described as distinct. Thus, the two Saint Louis skins,
569-570, have the tail at least equaling the head and body. They are, how-
ever, in too imperfect condition to admit of positive determination, and we
assign them to humilis with a query, just as Baird did. The Nebraska skin,
No. 3095, shows the same thing ; but the tail has been skinned and stretched
on a straw, so that probably in life it was really shorter than the head and
body. It further differs in its paler colors; but this is like what is seen in
the Hesperomys, Ncototna, and A 'vicola, from the same region, and need not
worry us at all. The Iowa skin, No. 9339, is one of the largest we have ever
seen, and unusually bright fulvous on the sides — not pale like the Nebraskan,
nor dark like the Carolinian. It falls, however, within ordinary limits of
variation, and does not excite a suspicion of distintness.
The Mus leconlii of Audubon and Bachman is certainly the same as
their i)/. humilis; but the determination of their M. caroUnensis offers some
difficulty, as the description above quoted ascribes characters that we do not
recognize in our specimens from Carolina. We have never seen an Ochetodon
from the South Atlantic States with a tail even equaling the head and body,
much less as 2.33 to 2.75, nor a specimen from any locality in which the under
parts were not decidedly lighter than the upper. But as it is improbable that
a second good species, differing as these authors say, occurs in South Carolina
alongside O. humilix, we are forced to believe either that there is some mis-
lake in the measurements given* and colors ascribed, or else that O. humilis
varies to the degree indicated in the description of Mus caroUnensis. This
latter supposition is very like'.y ; -'f* have already cited instances of colcr-varia-
tion quite as great as those ascrii»i., *o caroUnensis, and have seen, in Saint
Louis and other specimens, tails at least tq 'aling, if they do not exceed, the
head and body. After all, the variation in this lattei respect is quite within
the limits we elsewiiere establish for species of Hesperomi/s, Sigmodon, and
other genera. The case is noteworthy in connection with the long-tailed
species O. longicauda, that we next describe.
There can be but little doubt, and there is none at all in eur mind, that
. \U
:i
* More gUrliig inooourncieB tbaa thin wear Id the work Id question.
120
MONOORAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Mili'
;!■ 1
■ ', •! : 1
I ■
I :■•
tlio RcUhmlon megalotis is tlie same ns O. humills. The colors are confess-
ciUy the same. Tlic hciglit of the car (0.43) tliat is dwelt upon is no greater
tlian occurs in typical humilis (see table). The size (3.00) of one of the two
type-specimens is greater than we have ever determined for humilis by four-
tcntlis of an inch, but tiic other type (2.42 long) is well within the ordinary
range of humilis. It is interesting to observe that these two animals (Nos.
1039, 1040, fiO>n Sonora, Dr. Kennerly) do not approximate toward either
O. longicauda nor to tlie still larger and longer-tailed O. mexicanus.
T.vDLK XXXIII. — ileaiuremcnU of twenty-six upcdment of Ociietoix>n humiijs.
i
s
9
Locality.
CoUectoT.
Nose to-
■s
I
I
225
2.01
1.10
1.07
1.83
1.65
200
1.75
t
1
<9
a
5
"S
1
Nature of spec-
imen.
h
1
0.T7
0.80
0.70
i
1
•2.42
2.10
2.10
2.15
2.10
S533
axw
2537
8538
loci
IMS
1993
199.5
2248
4099
4-00
4-01
4948
8520
S527
8528
6529
8,530
BI33
9339
3095
1569
1570
7302
4957
9997
Society Hill, a U
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Liberty County, Ga
do
do
do
Southern United States . . .
Ncoahu ]?'u1Ih, Kans
do
do
do
do
Burlington, Kana
Buchanan County, Iowa. .
Polo Creek, Nebr
M.A.Cnrtis
...do
...do
...do
... do
0.38
0.40
0.33
0.35
0.89
0.90
0.85
0.86
0.30
0.28
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.96
0.60
0.60
0.50
0.57
0.62
0.58
0.61
0.69
0.50
0.60
0.61
0.56
0.58
0.69
n.63
0 64
0.63
0.60
0.64
0.05
0.64
a64
0.61
0 66
0.60
0.61
Alcohollo.
do
. do
do
0.40
a 41
0.41
Dry.
...do.
...do.
do
....do
....do
2.40
l.H)
3.20
....do
J. LeConto
... do
0.39
10.43
0.40
...do.
...do.
....do.
do
9.15
2. CO
1.90
1.00
2.30
3.90
2.25
1.70
2.00
1.90
9.10
2.50
9.00
1.75
2 90
l.fO
i.eo
0.97
0.98
0.25
0.30
0 9-1
0.24
...,do
2.30
2.60
2. IS
2.55
2.33
2 37
2.30
9.00
2.00
8.60
2.50
2.00
1.75
ft20
2.00
2.00
....do
1
B.F.Go8a
0.35
0.73
0.69
0.47
Alcoholic.
Fresh, except
feet,
do
....do
.. .do
do
...do
...do
A. Crocker
0.35
0.33
0 72
0.70
0.8»
0.40
0.88
Alcoholic.
....do.
Dry.
. . do.
O.iC. Blackburn
W.a Wwd
... do.
Snlnt Louis, Mo
0 75
Alcoholic.
.. do.
. ..do
I alcaslou Pasa, La
Camp Floyd, Utah
do
...do
G. Wiirdeoiann ..
C. a McCarthy...
...do
0.38
0.33
0.34
0.70
0.62
0.63
0.80
0.82
0.83
0.37
0.40
a3»
....do.
...do.
....do.
* Thia la tho idcDtioal length of bmly wwribod to the smaller of the two ipeclmons of "megalotis".
t Thia is tho identical length of oar ascribed to the larger of the two specimens of *' mogalotia'**
OCHETQDON LONGICAUDA, (Baird) Coues.
JMthrodon longi'auda, Baiiih, M. N. A. 1857, 451 (California).— fToMKS, Proo, Zool. 800. 1861, 884
(Gunteninlii).
OchelodoH longicaHiUi, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pblla. 1874, 18C.
Diagnosis. — O. humili simili^, sed caudd longiore, truncum superante, et
pedibus paululum validioribus ; coloribus magis Jlavicanlibus. Long. tot. 2-2J,
caudcE 2J-3, pedis §.
MURTDiT!— SIOMODONTES-OCnETODON LONOICAUDA.
127
Habitat. — California (Samuels, Stiwpison, Xantus). ? Guatemala ( Tomes).
" Size small. Tail considerably longer than the head and botly (which
measure from 2.10 to 2.30 inches), usually from 3 to 8 tenths of an inch
longer. Hind foot .65 to .70 of an inch. Above, dark brown : beneath,
white, tinged with reddish yellow, A broad wash of bright fulvous on the
sides and checks." — {Baird, I. c.) ''""'v^', .
This animal, accurately indicated by Bnird as above, is certainly dis-
tinguLshable from O. humilh, though the full question of its specific difference
from humilis is perplexing. While we have never seen an Atlantic Ochetodon
with the tail even as long as the body, and while even in the Middle Region
the tail never exceeds the trunk, there is no example of longkauda in which
this member is not notably longer. The trunk ranges, as shown by the fol-
lowing table (mostly copied from Baird's published one), from 1.83 to 2.40,
settling near 2.25 as an average, while the tail ranges from 2.25 to 3.15, only
once, however, touching this last figure, and usually falling under 3.00. The
feet, likewise, are somewhat larger, ranging from 0.60 to 0.70, with an aver-
age of 0.66, only once reaching 0.70, and perfectly connected with those
of humilis by intermediate measurements ; though in humilis the feet rarely
reach 0.66, and will not average over 0.60. The colors of longicauda are
likewise noticeably different; only a restricted dorsal area is as dark as in
ordinary hvrr.'Ms, while the whole sides of the head and body are broadly and
brightly fulvous, and the under parts are washed with the same. This lively
shade is not even approximately attained in any specimen we have seen
except 9339 from Iowa.
We have, therefore, little hesitation in indorsing the name, though certain
facts arouse our suspicion and prevent us from making out a perfectly satis-
factory case. Thus, Audubon and Bachnmn have described a Carolina animal
nearly identical with longicauda in proportions. Then, again, in our speci-
mens from intermediate localities, as Missouri, Iowa, and Nebraska, the tail
lengthens to an equality with the body, and the feet averoge over 0.60. The
question is resumed and more fully stated under head of the next species,
mexicanm. We cite the above Guat(!malan reference with a query, suspect-
ing that this particular form does not occur in that locality ; but, of course,
we have no assurance that such is not the case.
f
\M ■ <
u
\' ] '
128
MONOGIIAPUS OF NOUTII AMERICAN llODBNTIA.
Taiilk XXXIV.— J/ca»Hi-emeii(« of twentii ipecimem of Ociiktodox LoxaiCAUDA.
1
i
Locality.
Collector.
From tip of nose to
i
9.70
Lengthof—
Natnre of
specimen.
(3
i
1
1
£
&
1
1
a
a.m
0.72
n.PR
0.96
063
n:i\
OS!):
Fort Ti'jon, Cat
Monterey, Cal
do
o.ai
0.fi5
0.83
3.30
9.40
0.95
0 09
do.
C S.CaD&eld
0.39
0.76
0.90
9.90
3 00
0.39
0 68
do.
....do
0.34
0.75
0.88
iI3
3 CO
0.28
0.67
....do.
laijo
ilo
...do
0.35
0.70
0.88
!L90
3.00
as5
0.64
...do.
14IH
retalumn, Cal
E.SnrouelB
0. 75
■1.08
3.95
0.25
0.63
Frcah.
IJK)
1419
do
.. ao
0.83
0.83
1.88
ass
3 33
3.43
0.95
0.98
0.63
0.68
...do.
...do.
...do
2.-ISI
do
...do
0.35
0.70
0.00
a. 15
9.30
0.93
0.65
Aloohollo.
3S«3
Jo
...do
0.55
0.C9
o.e«
9. IS
9.45
0.30
aes
...do.
1)383
do
...do
O.40
0.80
0.95
9.10
3.80
0.39
0.68
...do.
a-'wi
do
...do
0.35
a 73
O.CO
9.10
'2.40
0.96
0.60
...do.
aoS3
do
...do
0.35
0.70
0.CO
3.13
a 15
0.30
0.70
...do.
£3811
do
...do
0.30
O.CS
0.84
3.00
3.3.1
0.95
0.63
....do.
8587
do
...do
0.40
0.73
0.00
3.30
3.63
0.30
0.66
....do.
aMs
do
...do
0.40
0.70
0.90
3.00
3.60
0.30
0.63
....do.
2.t89
do
...do
0.40
0.M
O.OO
3.40
9.68
0.31
0.05
....do.
S390
S3JI
do
do
.. do
0.38
0.88
0.711
0.70
0.90
0.87
3.10
3.30
2.70
9.65
0.30
0.30
a66
0.60
...do.
....do.
..do
10013
do
.. do
1.83
9.00
0.95
a64
...do.
OCHETODON MEXICANUS, (Do S.) Coues.
lieilkrodon mrxicanm, Dk Sai'ssuiie, Rev. & Mag. Zonl. 18G0, p. — (p. 27 of the separate reprint). — ToMEf,
Proc. Zool. Sac. 18G1, 284 (Guatemala).
Ochetodon mexioanus, CouKS, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Philu. 1874, Wi,
Diagnosis. — O. maximus, caudd Irunco longiore, pedibus validissimis ,
murino-bmmieus, siibtus ex brunneo albidus, lateribus suhflavicantibus. Long
lot. 2J-3, caud(B 3-3;], pedis 0.70-0.80.
IIaiiitat. — Mexico {De Saussure, Sumichrast). Guatemala {Tomes).
Louisiana (Saint Charles College).
Larger than eitlier of the foregoing ; upward of 3 inches long, with the
tail averaging 3J, thus much exceeding the head and body, as in O. longi-
Cauda, but feet much larger thin in that species, 0.70 to 0.80 (whereas the
feet of longicauila are barely larger than those of humilis, very seldom touch-
ing 0.70). Upper parts a rather warm mouse-brown (rufous or dull ferrugine-
ous, not mouse-gray), wiiich on the sides usually grows brighter, and is
sometimes almost crange-brown ; this, again, fading on the under parts into
a muddy-whitirth (not wiiite at all). Tail extremely scant- liai red, nearly as
naked as in Mas musculas, in dried specimens appearing nearly unicolor;
in alcoholic ones, dull pale brown above and whitish underneath. Hands and
feet whitish above (like the tail Jinderneath).
MtJRlDiE— SIGMODONTES-OCHETODON MBXIOANUS.
129
We have no doubt that Professor Sumiclirnst's specimens represent typi-
cally the Reithrodon mexicanus of De Saussure. Though they present some
discrepancies in dimensions, De Saussure's measurements, he says, are prob-
ably a little under the mark, while Sumichrast's specimens seem a little
stretched ; this is enough to bring about perfect concordance.
Our Louisiana specimens are highly interesting, as showing for the first
time the occurrence of the true Mexican form in the United States. They
are unquestionably identical with Sumichrast's examples from Tehuacan, and
agree even better than these with De Saussure's figures. The discovery of
this style of Ochelodon in the United States is especially important in its bear-
ing upon the identification of Mus carolinemis, Aud. & Bach. Nos. 7748-7749
agree with the account of carolinensis in length of tail, and in the dullness of
color of the under parts ; and it may be, after all, that this long-tailed mexi-
canus ranges coastwise up to the Carolinas. Still, there are discrepancies
that cannot be overlooked between Audubon's description and the present
animal, especially as to the size of the feet ; and we are not at present war-
ranted in calling the form Ochetodon carolinensis. The latter name must be
assigned, with a query, as a synonym of humilis, at least until we find the
long-tailed large-footed form in Carolina.
That there is a regular gradation in length of (ail and size of foot
between humilis on the one hand and mexicana on the other is undeniable ;
and if we could have proven in the genus Ochetodon the same amount of varia-
tion with locality that has always been admitted in the case of Zapus hud-
sonius, and that obtains with Hesperomys leucopus and Arvicola riparius, we
should h° forced to merge the three supposed species into one, with two
geographical variations. Failing in this, however, at present, we can, at any
rate, conveniently mark off three kinds of Ochetodon. The following analysis
(in which coloration, which though an aid in identification, may not be always
reliable, is omitted) will, it is believed, enable us to readily distinguish ninety
per cent, or more of our specimens: —
A. Tail shorter than head and body (at most barely equaling bead
and body).
a. Hind feet under 0.70 long (usually 0.55-0.65) humilis.
B. Tail longer than head and body.
b. Hind feet under 0.70 (exceptionally just reaching 0.70) . lonqicauda.
c. Hind feet over 0.70 (rarely, if ever, falling to 0.70). . . mexicanus.
0 H
i i
r-
! :
b
w
*(
'i,
1
5
' ( 1 , *
130 MONOGCAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Tablk \X\V.—Mea»ureme«t» of clneti apeciment of OcilETODON mexicanus.
774S
7749
700T
70O7»
7007"
8390
8459
8460
7490
•48«a
8393
Locality.
Grand Cotcau, La . ■
do
TekuocAD, Mexioo..
do
do
Orizaba, Uozico —
Cordova, Mexico...
, do
Mirodor, Moxic<i .
do
do
Saint Charles College.
do
F. Samichraat
do
do
do
do
, do
C. SartoriuB..
do
do
Noae to —
H
0.3S
a4!l
0.45
a4ii
0.43
0.43
0.40
0.43
0.40
0.43
0.68
0.78
0.80
0.76
0.80
0.65
0.78
0.76
0.73
0.44" 0.80
0.7J
0.89
0.06
1.00
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.90
0 98
1.00
0.03
3.40
175
3.00
3.75
3.75
3.00
3.30
3.30
3.75
3.50
3.50
3L30
3.75
a 75
aco
a 10
aeo
ass
ass
aoo
a 40
a35
0.33
038
0 35
0.33
0.30
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
a33
n
0.77
0.83
0.80
0.81
0.73
U.75
0.74
0.77
0.78
0.77
0.75
O.IIU
0.45
0.50
0.45
0.47
a 57
0.46
0.47
0.50
0.S3
0.53
Remarka.
Aloobolio.
...do.
Dry.
....do.
...do.
Alcobolio.
... do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
....do.
* No. 4b63 is a perfect albino, pare white overy where, and doubtleaa bad pink eyea.
tOCHETODON MONTANUS. (tp. proband.)
B^throdon monlatiuf, Baird, Froc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila. vii, mSf), 335 ; M. N. A. lif^l, 449, pi. liv, fig.
No. 1300 (teoth), (Kocky MountaiuB, latitude 3!)°).
Chars. — Very small : head, f of an inch ; head and body, 2J ; tail, 2 ;
hind foot, i; ear, J. "Above brown and pale yellowish gray, much lighter
than mouse color. Outside of ears and flanks, pale yellowish brown, without
any rufous. Beneatii, dull whitish." — (Baird, I. c.)
The type and only known specimen of this species (No. tVuV, Mus. Smiths.),
now before us, is one of the very smallest North American Rodents we ever
saw, although, as Professor Baird says, it appears to be perfectly adult, from
the worn teeth and other signs. It is somewhat less than ordinary adult
humilis ; it lias, however, the same relative proportions of parts as in that
species. In color, it is noticeably different from any other Ochetodon, being
of the very palest kind of mouse-color above, the sides and under parts yel-
lowish-gray, with barely a trace of the fulvous always noticeable in the other
species. This coloration is exactly what we should expect after immersion
in alcohol for some time, which we suspect to be the case, though we have no
authority for stating that the specimen has been skinned out of spirits. The
single specimen is too imperfect to permit of final characterization, or to
enable us to come to any positive conclusion ; but if the size and coloration it
presents are really permanent, we should judge it entitled to recognition as a
valid species. At present, however, we regard it with suspicion, and are
unwilling to indorse its validity.
MURID^— ARVICOLINiE— E VOTOKl S.
131
Subfamily ARVICOLIN^.
The characters of the group having been given on page 2 in a manner
which suffices for present purposes, and some analysis of the genera being
represented in the table on ])ages 4-6, we may immediately proceed to con-
sider the various genera and species successively in detail.
Genus EVOTOMYS, Coues.
< Anioola sp., Auctorum.
< U^odea, 8elv8-Lonociiamp8, fitndes de Hicroin. 1839, 87.
— IlypttdaM, Keysrrling & Iti,Af>ius, Wirbeltli. 1843 (type, Anicola glareola), (not of lUiger, vhich in-
cludes ifut lemmH», amphibim, and analis).
= B$puda>u», Baird, M. N. A. IWiT, 513, 51.^), .MB (»yiie, ArHeola gapperi).
= E<!oiomy», Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Pliilu. 1874, 180 (type, Mut nitiliM, Pall.).
The name "HypudaBus" appears to have been loosely, if not indiscrim-
inately, used by authors ; and, before proceeding to its definition, we wish to
explain the above synonymy, in vindicating the necessity for a new generic
name.
According to Agassiz, tiie name Arvicola, proposed by Lac^p^de in 1803,
applied to Mus amphibius and Mus arvalis, and therefore, of course, is out
of the question for the present genus.
According to Baird, the name "Myodes", as used by Selys-Longchamps
(1839), is the same as Hypudaux, Illiger, and therefore conflicts with Myodes,
Pallas, of same dale, applied to the Lemmings.
"HypudsEus", Illiger, 1811, included Mus lemmus, amphibius, and arvalis,
and is therefore inapplicable to the present genus.
But Keyserling and Blasius, in 1842, in separating the old genus Arvicola
into two sections, retained the name Arvicola for the largest and most compre-
hensive of these, and applied lUiger's term Hypudceus to the restricted group,
of which Mus rutilus, rubidus, glareola, gapperi, &c., are typical. Baird, in
1857, used Hypudteus precisely in the same sense that Keyserling and Blasius
had attached to it.
It is simply the old question : Shall a synonym of one genus become the
tenable name of another genus t Here, Hypudteus, Illiger, a synonym of
Arvicola, Lacdp^de, if not also a synonym of Myodes, Pallas, has been held by
Keyserling and Blasius and by Baird as the distinctive name of a different
genus. It is immaterial that these latter authors gave the term an entirely
\ '■ ^11
!, I
'I!
r
! •]
i
■ i
132
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
I i
5'^ ^ :
different significance from tiiut which Illigcr attached to it. \Vc hold that a
name once shown to be a synonym of a previous name is, to all intents and
purposes, dead, and cannot be revived for use in another connection. This
decision, which, we think, will be granted to be sound and just by most nat-
uralists, has obliged us to propose a new name for the genus of which rutilus
is the type ; for we cannot find that it has ever received a distinctive appel-
lation, and it is well worthy of full generic rank.
Diagnosis. — Generally like Arvicola proper in dentition, but molars each
2-rooted ; middle lower molar like the last one, with three transverse trian-
gles seriatim, instead of alternating lateral ones ; lateral triangles of front
lower molar rather opposite than alternate. Inward folds of enamel generally
not perfectly fused along middle of tooth. Generally like Arvicola proper in
external form, but ears distinctly overtopping the fur ; closely pilous. Bony
palate ending posteriorly with a straight transverse edge opposite the middle
molar, the whole space between the last molars thus lefl open. Coronoid
process of under jaw short, its apex far below the level of the condyle.
Type. — Mus rutilus, Pallas.
This interesting genus is truly arvicoline, not only in general external
form, but in the prismatic molars and the structure of their crowns ; at the
same time, it shows decided affinities with the Murines proper, and seems to form
a connecting link between them and Arvicolince. In external form, the con-
spicuous ears are the chief departure from typical Arvicola and an approach
toward murine forms ; for exserted ears are rare in Arvicolince, if not entirely
confined to this genus and Synaptomys ; while in Murina they are the rule
without signal exception. The ears of Evotomys do not reach the develop-
ment witnessed in Hesperomys proper, but are almost as large as in Onycho-
mys, and quite as large as in Oryzomys. The resemblance, in extemnl
form, to Synaptomys, is so close that we cannot point out any reliable dis-
tinctions ; but Synaptomys is instantly distinguished by its peculiar cranial
and dental features, as elsewhere detailed, these being, in fact, almost exactly
as in the Lemmings (Myodes).
The most remarkable indication of murine affinity is. seen in the rooted
molars. The molars of Murines are rooted, perhaps without a single excep-
tion ; while the molars of Arvicolince are normally rootless, with probably the
single exception of the present genus Evotomys. But there is this difference
in the mode of rooting between Evotomys and true murine forms : In Evoto-
MURID^-ARVLOOLIN^— BVOTOMYS.
133
mys, the molars have only two parallel roots apiece, one directly behind the
other, and both broad ; and the rooting is simply the closing-up of the ends
of the roots from failure of the pulps that in other Arvicolinte are supplied
indefinitely, causing the roots to persist open. On the other hand, in Marina,
the roots of the molars are distinct diverging prongs, closed from the first;
there are at least three sucli prongs (two external and one internal) in Ameri-
can Hesperomys or Sigmodoht Murines, and even more in the Old World Mus,
each perforating the alveolus separately. In Evotomys, there are but two
such perforations of the alveolus, and these even are almost confluent.
From Arvico/a, the next most signal difference of Evotomys is seen in
the construction of the bony palate. In Aroicola (e. g. amphibius or riparius)^
the palate behind has a little pit, or fossa, on each side opposite the last molars,
and the whole space between them is depressed ; and this depression is fissured,
or excavated, by the advance from behind of the inter-pterygoid cavity, which
either ends at the palate with a single curve, or with a double curve from the
development of a little azygos process on the middle line of the posterior
margin of the palate. "Thus," to use Baird's words, "there is a step from
the plane of the bbny palate to the bottom of the fossa, and another thence
to the bose of the skull or body of the sphenoid"; and the sides of the palate
behind run out continuously into the pterygoids. Now, in Evotomys, all this
depressed or fossate part c - he palate is done away with ; the palate ends
by an abrupt transverse edge, as a straight shelf, opposite the middle molar
(or rather opposite the space between the middle and last molar), leaving the
excavation of the base of the skull apparent in the whole space between the
last molars, and breaking all connection with the pterygoids. This construc-
tion of palate, so unusual in Arviixlina, is, however, again found, with no
appreciable difference, in the Lemmings ; but, singularly enough, the genus
Synaptomys, which repeats Evotomys in external form and Myodes in denti-
tion, has the palate constructed as in Arvicola. The curious interrelation of
Myodes, Synaptomys, and Evotomys is sufficiently ir.teresting without consid-
ering the murine affinities of the latter ; but, while we are on the subject of
the palate, we may here allude to some of its conditions in murine forms. In
Mus decumanus, the palate behind has no step downward or depressed fossate
part, as Arvicola has, ending as a straight, sharp, transverse shelf, as in
Evotomys; but then it reaches as a continuous plane far behind the last molar,
and runs directly into the pterygoids on either hand, the median e^tcavation
I'
r
'!:'•
■41
5
^(3
I
m
•ift:i|
184
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
1 1
being narrow. This style of Mus is siil)stuntially repeated in Hesperomyn,
Reithrodon, and Signwdon, though in these the pahitc does not run quite so
far bacii, stopping at or just behind the posterior ijorder of the last molars.
In Neotoma, on the other hand, the reverse occurs ; for here the palate of
Evotomys is almost repeated, in that the excavation runs forward to oppo-
site the interspace between the last and pe.u'.timate molars; but there is
this difference, that in Neotoma the posterior outline of the palate is deeply
concave, and ith sides run back continuously with the pterygoids.
The under jaw of Evotomys is unmistakably Arvicoline in its sharp,
twisted, and upward-bent hamular process, reaching up to tho level of the
molar crowns. This form of the descending process is constant, so far as we
are aware, and marks the gubfamily Arvicolinte from the MurincB ; for, in these
last, the same process is a flattish, oblique, subquadrate plate, never attaining
the level of the molars ; and we have never seen an intermediate form. But
the jaw of Evotomys has one character not shared by any other Arvicoline
that we know of: the coronoid process does not attain the level of the con-
dyle. This is owing, we believe, to its absolute shortness, as the length and
obliquity of the condylar process itself upjtears about the same as in other
Arvicolines. This state of the coronoid is only elsewhere found, among the
genera we have studied in the preparation of this memoir, in Ochetodon and
Hcsperomys proper ; for in the Onychomys and Oryzomys grou))s of this last,
ill Neotoma, Sigitiodon, Mus, and all Arvicolince, the apex of the coronoid
mounts as high as, or even surmounts, the condyle.
The auditory bullae of Evotomys are remarkably large, exceeding in their
size and inflation those of any other genus with which we are acquainted.
Thus, they are absolutely almost as large as in Arvicola amphibius, an animal
twice as big. Tiie nasal bones run back about as far as the nasal branches
of the preniaxillaries, both stopping abruptly opposite the anterior roots of
the zygoma, and thus considerably in advance of the orbits. It is much the
same in Myodes and Synaptomys; in other Arvicolines, in Mus, Hesjiero-
tnys, &c., these bones may be of decidedly different lengths, and one or the
other — generally the prcmaxillarios — extends to the orbital region of the skull.
As in all Arvicolince, the upper incisors are broader than deep; and ns in all
these, except Myodes and Synaptomys, the under incisors run past the last
molar up the condylar process of the jaw.
Tlie foregoing appear fo be the tdiief characters of Evotomys, if f,h(!y be
mm
MURID^— AKVICOLIN^— EVOTOMT8.
135
not all there are ; and as a rrsume of this attempt to indicate fully the rela-
tive position of the genus among its congeners, we may say Evotomys is a
true Arvicoline, yet it stands near the boundary between Arvicolince and
Murina, and especially approaches Onyr.htnnys of ihe latter sublamily ; and
that, though thus a connecting fink betweo i the two subfamilies, nevertheless
it stands in its own subfamily intermediate between Synaptomys, Myodes, and
Arvicola, having the external form of the first, the palate of the second, and
the dentition (excluding its sui generis dental peculiarities) of the tiiird. This
is by no means an isolated case where a certain form is "synthetic", inso-
much as it combines the peculiarities of several forms of its own group, and
is thus central so far as its own group is concerned, and yet is "peripheral"
so far as another group is concerned ; i. e., represents the inosculating point
of its own with another group. It is througii Evotomys, as a comj)rehensive
type of A^colina, that Murince are relate<l to all Arvicolina. We may sur-
mise that Evotomys remains nearest an original type of Glires, from which
both the Murinm and Arvkolince of the present day have descended ; ond
that, while Synaptomys, Myodes, and Arvicola have been successively difier-
entiated from Evotomys, still this stands nearest the forking where the murine
series branched off from the arvicoline.
A minute descriptibn of the teeth of Evotomys will be found under
head of A: '^gapperV.
The species of this genus are few in number ; but, in the absence of
authentic skulls of some European and Asiatic animals that have been referred
to it, we cannot undertake to say how many there be. The North American
animals may be recognized at a glance among other Arvicolince by their prom-
inent ears and tawny-red color, due to the mixture of orange in the ferruginous
or chestnut that is a common tint with the other species. We have had the
pleasure of introducing a species not hitherto known to inhabit North Amer-
ica; and in our further account we hope to prove our present belief, namely,
that Arvicola or Hypudaus rutilus of authors {:=Mus rulilus, Pallas) is a
species of circumpolar distribution, which, south of a certain isothermal, has
become differentiated into varieties known in North America as "gapperi",
and in Europe as "rubidus" and "glareola".
Mi
' 1!
1''
{ ,;
186
MONOGItAPnS OF NOKTH AMEKICAN KODENTIA.
I I
M
m
4'- ^i"
ii
I
I
mi
EVOTOMYS RUTILU8. (Pali.) Coucs.
iViM ri(/i(iM, Pallas, Nov. Sp. Qvnil. niiriiiiii, 1778, atd, pi. xlv, U.
KrolnrnxiH riintun, CoiiKS, Prm!. Aciul. Nut. 8oi. I>lill». 1874, 187.
Arricolu gapperi, Dall, Aliiskii iind it» KcHonrdes, 1870, 577.
IIahitat. — Circumpolnr regions of both hcmisplieros.
Description. — This animal is less than the average size of Arvicola
proper, about equaling Vitymys pinetorum in (limcnsions, and in color it is so
conspicuously different from' any other of North America that the somewhat
extended notice we sliall give it is for the purpose inaiidy of settling its rela-
tionships to its own varieties, not of distinguishing it from other species.
With one exception, it has an external form indistinguishable from tlmt
of Arvicolm generally. This exception is in the ears, which are always visible
above the fur, even wiien, as in winter and in northernmost specimens, the
])elage is longest and thickest. The ears are of ordinary shape, but dilfer
from tliose of some species of neighboring sections in being very closely
pilous, like a squirrel's, for instance, instead of rather loosely hirsute. The
hairiness Ibrms a slight even fringe around the margin, but below internally
is almost wanting; the part that is covered by the general fur of the head
l)eing otherwise naked, so tlmt the portion of the auricle that projects beyond
the general pelage is the only part really furred. The antitragus is well
develoj)ed ; and just at its base there is a slender tuft of long hairs equaling,
if tiiey do not exceed, the wliole ear in length.
Possibly the snout is a trifle less blunt than in some other Arvicolines;
but the difTerence, if any, is not very obvious. The end of the muzzle is
completely hairy, except the two little pads in wliich the nostrils open;
beneath these, the hairs of the cleft upper lip fall like a moustache over the
teeth, completely hiding the edges of the lips. The eye is of ordina.y size,
and in the usual situation relative to snout and ears. The whiskers are medium
in number and length, equaling — some of the longer ones a little exceeding —
the head. The fore feet are from little less than half to about three-fifths
the hinder. They are softly and densely hairy above and along the sides,
only the palmar tubercles and under surfaces of the annulated fingers being
completely exposed. The 3d and 4th digits are of alwut equal lengths and
longest; the 2d is much shorter; the 5th a little less than the 2d; the 1st
obsolete. The furrincss of the feet is much the same as that of the hands ;
the soles being hidden to the tubercles, and the sides of the toes fringed with
m^\\
MDBID^— AEVICOLlNiB— EVOTOMY8 11UTILU8.
137
•J, I i
hoir; and, in some specimens, especially in winter, the entire sole is covered
with fur, although no hairs really grow on the tubercles. The 2d, 3d, and
4th toes are about equal in length, and longest ; the 5th is only about half
their length ; the 1st still shorter ; all bear ordinarily developed naiU. On
the whole, the furring of the feet of this animal is much heavier than that of
Areola living in less rigorous climates, and is only surpassed in length and
density by that of the Lemmings. The tail is similarly indicative of a hyper-
borean habitat, and merits special attention, since the difference in this mem-
ber between true rutilus and its conspecies of lower latitudes is the most
conspicuous feature. If we call to mind the stumpy, heavily-furred, almost
rabbit-like tail of a Lemming, and then lengthen it to half-way between this
and the tail of more southern Arvicola generally, we shall have about hit the
mark. Even including the unusually long pencil of hairs at the tip, the tail
is barely or not twice as long as the sole, and it oflen falls much short of this
proportion. It is remarkably thick, and hardly diminishes in caliber to the
very tip, which is obtuse. It is densely hairy throughout, having no trace of
scales or annuli ; and the long, thick, terminal pencil averages fully a third of
the length of the vertebral portion.
The size and relative proportions of this animal are sufficiently illustrated
in the table below to render further notice here unnecessary.
The peculiar color of this, the type of the genus — and the shade is
shared to a greater or less extent by all the forms of the genus with which we
are acquainted — is almost of itself diagnostic. The middle lengthwise area
of the upper parts, from the forehead, or even the snout, to the tail, are of a
bright rusty-red, or brick-color, just as if a trace of orange, or even a touch
of vermilion, were mixed with the rufous-brown that marks so many other
Arvicolines. This rusty-red always has a few black longer hairs in it; some-
times these are so sparse that its uniformity is not perceptibly removed, but
at others the very central dorsal line becomes a little blackish, especially over
the haunches. The width of this dorsal area and its sharpness of distinction
are very variable; sometimes the red is spread over the whole back, and
washes imperceptii)ly into the color of the sides, and at other times it is
narrow and pretty distinct. The color of the sides is luteous, like unbaked
yellow clay, but is often grayish-yellow rather than yellowish-gray. . Just as
the back fades into the sides, so these wash out into the color of the belly,
without much sharpness of definition, though the line of change is usually
LI
^'1
■-^tJ
IP-
I ;
!i
138
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
' i! !'■
Ijcrccpliblo. The under parts arc dull white, much soiled, with a weak shade
of the yellowish clay-color of the sides, and the ashy of the bases of the
hairs is always more or less apparent. The luteous shade of the under parts
is sometimes almost as strong as on the sides, especially across the abdomen.
Between the thighs and arms, and under the throat, a whiter and ashier shade
prevails. The tail is distinctly bicolor, but not very sharply so; the under
surface is like the belly or rather yellower, the upper like the back or rather
<Iarker. There are no definite markings about the head ; but a slight dusky
an.'a frequently observable about the eyes, and a sort of stripe of dusky along
the nose, sometimes suggest a certain particoloration there. The upjjer sur-
faces of the iiands and feet are nearly white.
We should not omit to add that the pelage is everywhere long, full, soft,
and mollipilose, with but little admixture of lengthened bristly hairs, thus
aifording efficient jirotcction from the rigors of the winter of high climates.
There is a tangible dilTerence in this regard in the more southern varieties.
We have great pleasure in adding this interesting animal to our fauna,
our only previously-recorded form being the var. gapperi, and the Mus rutilus
of Pallas being supposed to be confined to the north of Europe and Asia.
Of the correctness of our identification there can be absolutely no question
whatever. We have carefully compared our North American scries with
specimens from Lapland and Kamschatka, and they prove identical. All the
difTcrences supposed to mark the North American "Hyj. dieus" disappear in
tlie Arctic scries below given, being only applicable to the series from tlic
Nortliern United States and adjoining regions ; and they are, we hold, only
indicative of a climatic ditferentiation. We challenge the proof that Mus
rutilus is not a circumpolar species, which, south of a certain isothermal, has
become modified into what is known in North America as ''Hypudaeus gap-
peri" and in Europe as "H. glareola" and "H. rubidus".
Professor Baird says, of the skulls of "Hypudacus" he examined, that
that of gapperi "bears a very close resemblance to that of Arvicola rutilus;
so close, indeed, that * * I am unable to indicate reliable characters to
separate specimens from Massachusetts and Lapland". We are able to
include glareola in the same statement, and to prove, by the following table
of measurements, tliat there are no cranial or dental differences whatever in
tlie three supposed species.
,i>'/i'
MUlllDiB— ABVICOLINiE— EVOTOMYS RUTILUS.
139
Taiilk XXWl. -ifeaauremmls of nine skuUt of a. iiutiujs, "<japperi",and "glareola".
No.
Name and locality.
.a
a
3
s
s
ft
k
P
e
s
a
i
J
Tip of under inci-
sors to—
1.
n
° t
"si
Q
6
1
5
Mi
1^
1057
V,¥
rudViM— Lapland
do
do
jforeo/a— Sweden
gapperi — Lake Superior.
do
(/a^ipiTi— Massachusetts .
do
0.95
0.96
1.00
0.97
0.91
0.92
0.94
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.34
0.34
0.31
0.31
0.33
0.58
0.49
0.54
0.55
0.53
0.50
0.51
O.iiS
0.17
0. IH
0.17
0.19
0.16
0.1>i
0.17
0.17
o.ia
0.20
0.19
0.19
0 22
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.80
0.19
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.16
0.52
0.50
0.51
0.49
0.48
0.49
0.68
O.ft'l
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.65
0.C2
0.60
0.70
0.65
0.60
0,62
0.65
0.68
0.08
0.61
0.61
0.67
0.80
0.80
0.81
0.83
0.23
0.23
0.80
0.82
0.20
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.24
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.26
do
Thus it appears that the differences between the Lnpland and Massachu-
setts sUulis are no greater than those discrepancies that occur in either, and
that all are largely within the limits of individual variation. A detailed
account of the skull, especially as regards dentition, will be found under
head of var. gappcri. We here tabulate our specimens of true rutilus, with
measurements.*
-:v lil
Table XXXVII. — .Vi^asuremenU of Bixly-scven (and Utt of other) »j)eo'iBen» o/ E votomys ncTiLL's/iwH Asia,
Europe, and North America.
1468
IDTG
404
405
3087
am
H758
OlhIO
5184
5725
5723
4.Vi3
0917
Locality.
KAnitMbAtka .
ilo
Lapluid
ilo
NHion R., H. : T.
DiK Island
Flirt Clootl nope
Furt Norman
Fort lUo
Arotio America —
FortLlonl
ilo
J^ Pierre llotise. . .
Collcotor.
MiiAoun) Hcrlin —
Mitt)6um St. Peters-
linrg.
KoDgLSvoQBkAk..
». 48 0.00
0.510.00
.do .
D.Gnnn
J.Reld
C. P.Oaadet
N. Taylor
L.Clarke
aaRoaa
W. 'j. HardUty..
A. McKenzie
J. Flett
Noee to —
3.40
3.5C
J. 60
3.50
iOO
3.10
3.50
3.
175
aoo
1.00
1.15
1. 30 0. 37
1.500.34
1.08|1
1.00 1.
1.10
0.05
0.80
0.00
1.80
1.00
t.00
1.10
a 70 0. 40
0.63 0.4r.
360.
340.
300.
3:10.
30 0.
...0.
.3i.a
...0.
330.
310.
36a
0.411
68 0.30
7S0.54
KomarkM.
Dry.
..do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
Dry ; stretched.
Dry.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
* About thirty other skins, collected by Eaqnimaax in the Anderson and Mackonziu River ref;lonB,
are prepared m> wretchedly ns to aiTonI no data of size of the body, while the feet and tail are as with
the rest. Tliey are therefore not iutnxlnced. Some of these skins measure npward of six inches in
length, II striking instanue of tl: ) elasticity of the skins of these small maiumols.
1
140
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
Tablb XXXVII.— Mea««remen(« of nixly-seveii (and Vml of other) specimum o/EvoTOMYs iiUTiLUs/roin Asia,
Europe, and Norl^ America — Continued.
a
i
1
1
LooiUity.
ColleoUir.
Nose to— Tall to—
i
Si
n
1
Romarks.
k
i3
t
1
t
i
*s
n
6919
()9ie
J Flett
0*1
V}
.40 0.34 0.70 0 S9
Dry i Biretched.
. . .do.
do
..do
.00
.10
.50 0.330.76 0.55
7005
1090
J. Lockhardt
100
1.00
.30
.00
.50 0.33,0.700.48
.30 ... o.Ta|o.oo
Drj-.
...do.
do
...do
7097
7098
4J59
do
...do
1.00
).00
3.90
3.85
170
9.71
9. 79
9.70
9.47
9.47
1.40
».r,
...do.
...do.
FreaU.
..do.
rto
...do
.90
.23
.08
.50
.55
.36
...
).35
9.35
9
R. Kouuicott
...do
).Mo.m
». 50 0. 88
.00
.oo;
Fort Simpson
4561
^
do
...do
»..■»
). 9.-I
.05
3.50
.95
.63
9.40
9.75
0.38
...do.
7745
...
do
...do
D.43
9.88
1.05
J. 40
1.05
1.35
9.37
9.70
D.55
Alcoholic.
7747
?
do
.. do
15
9.95
1.05
3.20
1.10
1.45
[1.36
D. 68 0.49
....do.
6898
900 milM S. W. of Yukon R
...do
0.51
9.06
i.oa
0.90
l.35 0.33|
0. 74 0. 45
Dry.
089;i
0891
.do
...do
0.33
0.34
0 73'n Wl
...do.
...do.
do
...do
0.53
0.9:
1.30
0.75
0.47
6894
6895
6907
do
..do
1.15
i.to
1.55 0.37
1.50 ..
0.66
0.75
0.50
...do.
...do.
...do.
do
..do
...do
0.47
0.97
...
Porcupine River
6904
do
..do
1.83
1.10
1. 43
0.37
0.70
..do.
6911
6901
61X19
0908
0903
do
...do
1.10
1.00
1.08
l.O.'i
0.90
1.50
1.33
1.5C
1.45
1.30
0.33
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.34
0.72
0.68
0.70
o.«;
0.79
do
do
...do
....do
3..'i0
....do.
....do.
do
....do
....do.
do
...do
....do.
690-2
(1898
do
do
...do
...do
0.50
1, or.
3.00
1.00
0.95
1.40
1.40
0.33
0.39
0.70
0.70
....do.
....do.
0897
do
...do
....
..
0.05
1 40
0.37
0.75
....do.
6004
do
....do
XK
1.00
1.43
0.39
0.68
. . . .do.
0899
l>900
1 61115
6914
6913
6',l0a
6ui;i
0896
wail
to
OlOflJ
do
...do
1.00
1.10
0. 05
0.95
1.10
0.90
0.95
1.00
0.69
0.75
0.73
0.M
0.74
0.79
0.75
0.73
....do.
do
do
...do
.do
...do
....
1.50
1.40
..30
1..50
1.30
,.33
1.45
0.34
0.33
0.31
0.35
0.34
0.35
0.39
....do. -
...do.
....do.
....do.
do
.. do
do
.. do
»••
....do
do
..do
....do.
do
. do
....do.
01171
,o
91191
do
....do
...
...
...
....do.
gllMI
9iwj
do
do
...
...
....do.
1
eoio
Korl AiidersoD
....do
.).4t
0.9(
):...
3.0(
0.9(
1.3C
0.34
0.7.
0.5:
....do.
8017
do
...do
1
3 .V
0 0.
1 8.
0 3.
0. 70!o. 5.
....do.
8018
9
do
....do
O.S(
0.88;...
3.1
I.W
I.5(
0.3-
0.7
0.5
...do.
6019
rf
do
...do
3.7
1.0.
1.51
0.3
l\7
0.5
i....do.
eoao
rf
do
...do
3 7
1 W
1.45'0.3(
0.61
.
... do,
8014
oine
SI60
SlOO
9171
9
do
. .do . .
... do.
do
....do . .
0.«(
11.3.
1 ...
0.7
1
....do.
do
..do
...do.
9
do
...do . .
i.a
SI. 3.
S ...
0.T
i ...
..do.
... do.
do
...do
i
MUBID^— ARVICOLIN^— EVOTOMYS RUTILU8.
141
TABI.E XXXVII.— Jlfea«iirem«n<« ofaixty-smen (oh<1 list of other) specimen) of Evotoxyb nuTiLUs/rom Alia,
Europe, and North America — Coutinued.
X
J
LocaUty.
CoUeotor.
Nose to —
TaUto--
1
1
1
1
1
Bemulu.
h
1
t
1
1
0103
8736
8306
83D7
8«M
tm
4681
7S69
9083
9984
0085
0988
0987
d
Dry.
....do.
Alcoholic.
....do.
...do.
Dry.
...do.
do
....do
3.40
3.10
3.40
1.00
0.95
U.86
l.SO
1.35
1.80
0.39
o.3e
0.75
0.74
0.73
0.70
0.78
0.70
0.79
0.80
0.77
0.76
0.75
0.35
0.48
0.55
0.49
do
...do
...do
... do
....
?
d
do
do
Aiiderai)D Rirer
do
...do
do
0.S0
3LS0
3.50
3.10
3.70
3150
3.11
.180
3.40
1. at I. CO
1.101.25
1.00 1.40
1.301.70
1.30 1.60
1.80 1.50
1.801. 55
0.35
0.31
0.3,5
0.38
0.40
0.36
0.34
0.75
do
NaUto, Aluk*
...do
W.H Dall
...do
...do
do
a 30 0.85
0.47 1.00
0.46 0.94
0.45 0. 00
0.46 0.85
0.50 0.90
1.10
l.SO
l.It'
1.10
1.00
1.10
0.49
0.55
0.48
0.45
a 50
9.SS
Alcoholio.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
do
do
do
a
do
....do
1.15
1.55
Observations made just now regarding the identity of the measurements
of Lapland and Massachusetts skulls *may be here repeated respecting meas-
urements of Asiatic, European, and American skins: there are discrepancies,
but only those of individual variability.
The distance from nose to eye averages half an inch; from nose lo ear,
about nine-tenths; the length of the head about an inch. The average
length of the body we cannot make out precisely, as all our specimens are
dried skins, and many of them stretched or otherwise distorted. Doubtless
the average derivable from the table, as the figures stand, is a little too high.
We doubt that any one of the specimens exceeded 3.75 in life, and think
that few touch this dimension, which we are inclined to fix as about the
normal maximum; the average is probably just about 3.33, while the normal
minimum of adults may be a trifle under 3.00. The tail-vertebrse run between
O.SO and 1.2.5, with an average of iiard upon 1.10; the pencil of hairs at the
end is the fullest and longest of any North American representative of the
subfamily, a Lemming hardly excepted. It is rarely under a third of an
inch, averages upward of four-tenths, and sometimes reaches the half-inch.
The tail to end of hairs averages clo.se upon \.hO. The palms are within an
inappreciable fraction of a third of an inch, while the soles correspondingly
bear upon 0.70, with two-thirds and ihree-fourths as apparently minima and
maxima. The ears run between barely over a third to little more than hall
an inch, averaging nearer the latter dimension.
«r-'
1
1:i.
•■1^^
m
liijffl"
142 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
EVOTOMYS RUTILUS GAPPERI, (Vig.) Coues.
Bed-backed Honsc.
ArvicoTa gapperi, Vigors, Zool. Journ. v, 1830, 804, pi, 9 (Canada).— DeKay, N. Y. Zool., i, 1843, W.—
ScniNZ, Synop. Mam. ii, lt<4S, 3.'i2.— Allen, RiiII. Has. Coinp. Zool. i, 1H69, 831.
Arvicola {Hi/pudceus) gapperi, Bairo, M. N. A. 1857, 518.
EfOtomys rutilM gapptri, CoUKS, Proc. Aoad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1874, 187.
Arvicola fitha, Aud. &. Bach., Jonni. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1842, pt. ii, 895 (name pre-occnpied and
afterward cbanged to " dcAoyi ").— VVaonxr, Wiegniann'H Arcbiv, 1H43, pt. ii, 53.
Arvicola dekayi, AuD. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 887 (same as their fulra of 184'.!), (exclude tbe synonym
"oneida De Kay", whicli belongs to Arvicola riparim).
Diagnosis. — A. rutilo similUmus, sed staturd paululum major, colorihus
ohscuriorihus, caudd, pedibus auriculisque longioribus.
Habitat. — The northern frontier of the United States, fro- Atlantic to
Pacific, and an adjoining belt of British America; further north replaced by
the true rutilus. Nova Scotia. South to Massachusetts.
The occurrence of the true A. rutilus in North America was not more
unexpected to us than the relationship of A. gapperi, which we had always
unquestioningly taken as a valid species, proved to be. The differences, as
detailed by Baird (op. cit. 521), seemed perfectly satisfactory; but, with more
exten.sivc material than that writer enjoyed, we are enabled to make out a
different stiite of the case. Our views would have received strong corrobo-
ration upon a priori considerations from the mere circumstance of finding
the true rutilus in America; but, independently of this, we are prepared to
present a chain of evidence that cannot be broken down, from direct com-
jiarison of specimens irrespective of locality.
The general tendency of animals that range from temperate to frigid
regions, to shorten their members, or, as it were, withdraw peripheral parts
from the cold, and to put on thicker, warmer covering, in higher latitudes, is
a well-known law, of which the present case merely affords another example.
We have already seen the condition of the pelage, and the proportions
of the tail, ears, and feet, in true rutilus, from high latitudes; and the present
variety, witli the same general characters as rutilus, differs in the length of
its several members, and their amount of hairiness, as well as in the condi-
tion of the general pelage. The difference, however, is not abrupt, nor is it,
ill fact, even well marked, except in its extremes. The transition from typi-
cal rutilus to tiie extreme of southern gapperi '.a so gradual and insensible
that there is no break in the series. This will be evident from the table
given lielow, in whicli the various examples of gapperi differ as much among
Ihenisulves as some of them do I'rom true rutilus. Still, comparison of the
MDRIDJS -AltVICOLIN^— BVOTOMY8 RUTILUS GAPPERI. 143
two tuMes gives an average difference between gapperi and true rutilus which
is readily appreciable; and most specimens are sufficiently marked to enable
us to assign tiiem to one or the other form with much confidence. We have
never seen a United States example that was not unmistakably gapperi, nor
un Arctic one not as evidently true rutilus. But the two forms dovetail so
nicely that they cannot possibly be specifically separated; and, moreover, we
are unable to assign the geographical limits of either with greater precision
than is given in the opening paragraph under the heading.^ Mr. Kennicott's
Red River specimens appear to be gapperi, but stand liard against rutilus.
The Fort Churchill animal, although so northern, is one of the longest-tailed
of the whole series.
Regarding the name of this southern form, there is little or no question.
As we have shown, the long-tailed and -footed forms extend a little north of
the United States; Nova Scotian examples, for instance, are truly like those
of the United States, and so are others from the Red River of the North.
Gapper's animal was from Canada, and therefore quite within the known
range of the southern form. In 1842, the United States style was renamed
"fulvus" by Audubon and Bachman, probably in ignorance of Vigors's pre-
vious name gapperi; but, in 1854, these gentlemen, finding their name "fulvus"
pre-occupied (by Lemmus fulvus Geoff., a French Arvkola), changed it to
dekayi. They gave an excellent and unmistakable description, and only err
in adducing ''^. oneida DeKay" as a synonym, the last being one of the
interminable designations of Aroicola riparius.
This animal is so much like rutilus that we can only characterize it in
comparative terms. Possibly it ranges a trifle larger ; but the difference is
never very evident, and often none exists. In color, it runs a little darker, we
believe ; that is to say, the upper parts are more strongly chestnut rather than
yellowish ferrugineous, lacking the "red" or "orange" shade that rutilus
shows; the sides are not so luteous, being more yellowish brown, as in Arvi-
cola riparius for example, and underneath the iur is simply grayish-ashy-white,
instead of having a strong clay-colored cast. Generally, the feet are less
purely white ; a difference in the length and thickness of the fur is notice-
able. But the chief discrepancy lies in the relative and absolute length
of the feet and tail, especially the latter. Without professing to draw an
infallible dividing line, we may say that in true rutilus the tail (vertebraj) is as
long OS the head, and tliat in gapperi it is longer. In either case, it is, with
the hairs, about twice as long as the sole; but then it must be remembered
V'f,
'M
w
m
II
V ' i
144
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
['U^i}
that in gapperi the feet and tail are lengthened pari passu. There seems to
be a positive difference in the shape of the tail, which in gapperi, besides
being longer, is slimmer, or of less caliber, than in rutilus, and it tapers to a
finer point. In gapperi, again, the hairiness of the tail is much less than in
ruHlus, the annul! being always visible, and the terminal pencil never equaling
a fourth of the length of the member. There is a corresponding decrease
in the hairiness of tiie feet; the soles of the Massachusetts specimens, even
winter ones, showing a naked space behind the posterior tubercle.
Wc cannot agree with Professor Baird that gapperi "appears quite dis-
tinct from the Hypudceus glarcola of Keyserling and Blasius". It is true that
our material is insufficient to bring us to any conclusions to which we should
wish to finally commit ourselves; but, for all that we can see, rutilus has in
Europe undergone precisely correspondent modifications with climate, result-
ing in the so-called "glareola". Our samples purporting to be of this last
are only two, Nos. 402 and 403, both from Sweden, and one of these is
young and in poor condition, and therefore not eligible for comparison ; but
No. 402, taken in the depth of winter of 1847, seems to us in every respect
identical with winter skins from Massachusetts and Lake Superior. Thus
No. 402 and No. 910 (from Lake Superior) might have belonged to the same
litter, for any difference that we can discover.
We feel justified in using substantially the same language respecting the
so-called Hypudaus ruhidus of Europe; that is, provided No. 2994, from
Switzerland, labeled "Myodes rubidus", be really an example of that form.
This, our only example purporting to be "rubidus", is a little smaller, perhaps,
than average gapperi or "glareola", with length of tail and feet at a maximum,
as was to have been expected from its very southern habitat; but we find
nothing to raise a suspicion of its specific distinction.
However, in a memoir upon North American mammals, we need not go
out of our way to discuss a question affecting those of other countries exclu-
sively. We do not, therefore, pursue the subject; and in the same spirit we
refrain from adducing any European names as synonyms of the American
gapperi, or rather we retain the latter name as the designation of our animal,
not making the change in nomenclature that might be necessary were gap-
peri, glareola, and rubidus combined.
A specimen of gapperi from Chilowk Lake, Washington Territory,
collected in August by Dr. Kennerly, while attached to the Northwest Boun-
dary Survey, enables us to extend the known range of the species materially.
MURID^— ARVICOLIN^— EVOTOMYS RUTILUS OAPPERI. 145
Tadlr XX^Vlll.— Measurements of thirty-eight (and IM of otiier) apecimenii of Evotomys iiutih:h
OAPFEili from the Northern States and adjoining Ilrilinh I'rovinceii.
1
i
Dslo.
Locality.
Colleotur.
NOBO to—
railto-
1
•a
i
I
Nnturo of
B|Hx:imeu.
C
S
.1
i
H
3.75
3,4'.
3 93
1.40
1.33
I.8S
1.8;
LIS
1.90
1.56
1.33
I..V1
1.40
1.40
1.13
1.36
1.43
1.30
1.50
1.13
1.70
1.55
1.58
1.43
1.50
1.50
1.40
1.13
1.70
1.38
i
'a
1359
im
iV/r
Sd71
S873
i!8T4
8875
7640
0M4
M»
950
1091
1093
1093
1094
1097
T^23
9065
8530
ftyfe
1794
9894
HfttIfikx.N.S
1.60
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.8.
1.40
1.7t
1.3f
1.63
1.00
1.50
1.30
1.53
1.60
1.43
1.63
1.3(1
1.9C
1.70
0.4i.
0.35
0.30
0.J8
i).43
|).33
0.40
i 37
0.20
0.30
0.38
0.30
0.33
0.34
0.33
0.34
0.37
as*
0. 7.'i
0.70
J. 6!)
0.73
0.70
0.70
0.75
0.73
0.73
0.73
O.CO
0.73
0.66
).60
0.70
0.70
0.71
.1.73
0.74
173
0.75
0.73
0.73
0.67
0.73
0.60
0.75
0.73
0.45
0.48
Dr)'.
Fruah.
...do.
if
J
d
<5
July — , 1853
July — , less
July — , less
July — , less
July — , 1855
July — , less
July — , less
Oct. 88,1853
Not. a, less
Not. 9, less
Not. 14, 1835
Not. 7,1855
Deo. 6,1855
Dec. 10,1855
Mlddleborougb, Mus
do
do
do
do
do
do
....do
J.W.P.Jenk.....
... do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
0.40
0.40
'.45
0.4f
o.4r.
0.4S
0.4J
0.S0
0.40
0.43
0.44
0.43
0.40
0.50
0.44
aeo
0.7.-.
o.eo
0.R5
0.83
0.05
0.90
0.05
0.94
0.90
0.05
0.9a
...
0.80
l.OO
0.83
1.00
1.08
1.04 a 8.'
a re if*
I.OI 3. If
1. 10 1 S(
1. 03 :i i;i
I.1S3 73
Aluoholio.
do.
,1.45
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
MlnneMU
. ...do
....do
....do
....do
...do
...do
...do
....do
....do
P.F.Odell
...do
1.18
1.80
1.19
1.10
1.17
1.08
1.10
1.03
0.98
1.80
.1.50
150
130
4.00
4.50
170
4.00
190
no
185
164
183
<60
130
160
9.68
i v\
0.40
0.30
0.40
0.48
..43
0.43
0.57
3.32
Dry.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
... do.
Alcoholic.
...do.
...do.
?
9
Lake Superior
do
do
do
Upper Miaaonrl
rhllowk T.>kn
L. A(!av.i8
...do...
...do
a A. Bniihca (t) .
J. 0. Cooper
r,. R IL Krnni-riT
Jnno 7,1660
1.60
1.73
1.70
1.60
1.70
1.30
1.90
1.33
0.40
).40
0.37
0.31
0.36
0.88
0.40
0.37
0.48
0.50
0.49
0.53
0.39
0.57
0.4:
Dry.
...do.
Alcoholic
Dry.
Minio
Maiii
Atom
1.07160
ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS.
7783
9966
0»<7
9968
99S9
9970
0971
9974
9973
9974
9975
•9976]
to
9988
7«89>
7046
8357
1
bloSoyale
do
do
do
do
do
do
B, A. Hoopea
...do
....do
....do
...do
...do
....do
....do
o.sa
0.47
0.43
0.43
a 43
0.4A
0.46
0.45
0.43
0.43
0.S0
1.00
0.92
0.8U
0.07
0.90
0.91
a93
aw
0.9f
0.05
1.00
1.80
1.15
1.00
1. 10
1.05
1.10
1.10
1.03
1.05
I.OS
1.18
1.73
1.53
1.55
1.30
1.43
1.70
1.50
1.60
1.60
1.50
1.73
0.37
0.33
0.38
0.37
0.33
0.38
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.40
0.38
0.78
0.77
0.75
0.75
0.74
0.75
0.78
0.75
0.78
0.80
0.73
0.60
0,55
0.5O
0.50
0.51
0.54
0.S3
0.58
0.50
0.53
0.43
Alcoholic.
...do.
....do.
....do.
...do.
....do.
...do.
....do.
...do.
....do.
Dry.
AlcohoUo.
...do.
170
190
175
160
4.00
190
leo
175
4.00
too
1.30
1.35
1.93
1.80
1.4S
l.SO
1.33
1.40
1.30
1.5(1
do
rf
Aug.-.—
do
do
SedRlTer
...do
...do
B.Konnlcott
....do
do
do
....do
do
....do
...do.
?l
FortChufohlU
J.MoTaTiah
0.45
aos
1.15
190
1.65
....
0.37
0.77
0.S7
....do.
W ' ■ '
* No. 9976 and the eight ancceeding Dnmbera are young, or otberwiw ineliglblo for meaanrement.
\ 6357 1— Maramie, 6 j 9 paira pectoral i 8 paira Inguinal ; tie two aeta widely aeparotod.
10 M
■i -'j; < A^ii'j.ncl.t^'l^uj^
.
■ '
1 i
w
■
h
ft
1
it
146
MONOOKAPUS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Tlie forogding fiiblc is inndfi up of measurements publislicd by Bnlrd in
1857, witli tiiose of twelve ndditionnl specimens. Tlie dry measurements are,
of course, only approximately correct, and, as far as the total lengtii of body
is concerned, are a little ovfjr the truth, from over-stuffing, as is certainly tlie
case with No. 10!)2. T'- >bly no one of them was in life over 4.00 at the
outside, and the real av ;n.ge cannot be over 3.50, instead of 3.60, as the fig-
ures stand No. 2872, whiclv we have not seen, is most likely ungrovvn.
These circumstances tend to bring the maxima and minima a little nearer
together, say 4.00 and 2.75 for total length, &c.
On comparing this table with that of A. ruli/us, it will be seen that the
average size is greater; that the tail-vertebrae average about a third of an
inch longer, and the tail with its iiairs little if any longer, showing the great
•lifference in the length of the terminal pencil ; the foot is 0.72 instead ot
about 0.70 on an average. The tables also show that while gapperi touches
figures tiiat rutilus rarely reaches, and that the average of the latter is near
the minimum of the former, especially as regards tail, feet, and ears, that
nevertheless the intergradation is complete.
Description of the skull and teeth of A. gapperi. — Aside from the generic
features given under head of Evotomys, the skull of gapperi does not differ very
noticeably from that of Arnicola in general. It averages in length 0.95, by 0.^)2
in zygomatic breadth, or about as 100 to 55. The interorbitul constriction is
al)i)ut as broad as the rostral portion of the skull. The molar series is one-fifth
or liarely more of the total length. The upper incisors protrude a little less, and
tlie under a little more, than the length of the molar scries. In the lower jaw,
the distance from the tip of the incisors to the end of the hamular process
ccpiuls or is even less than the distance from the same point to the i)ack of the
condyle. This is as in Pitymys, and not as in the riparius section of Arvicola,
where the former measurement exceeds the latter. The height of the skull,
measured from the last molar inclusive perpendicularly upward, is just about
oiic-tliird of the length. The interparielal bone is acute-angled laterally;
there is a little foveole on the frontal; the nasal branch of the premaxillary
is not longer than the nasal bone, and neither extends back of the anterior
root of the zygoma. The tympanic bullae are very much inflated and papery;
the foramen magnum is large and subcircular. The incisive palatal foramina
arc long and narrow; the auteorbital are as usual in the subfamily. In adult
skulls, the muscular impressions are distinct, leaving a shield-shaped plateau
on top of the skull.
MURIDiE— ABVICOL1NJ5— EV0TOMY8 UUTILL'S GAPPUIU. 147
/I
As usual in Artncolince, the upper incisors nre broader tlinn they are
«leep, ungrooved, and yellow on their faces. As in all ArvicoHnce, except
Mijodes and Synaptomys, the under incisors run past the lust molar, and reach
up the ramus half-way to the condyle itself.
The molar series nre not quite parallel, diverging a little from before
backward. Spite of their rootcdncss, in which they resemble the teetii
of Marina, they are essentially constructed upon the plan of Jrvicoli/ifr,
being truly prismatic, with acute salient and reentrant angles, and flat crowns
composed of triangles of dentine surrounded by enamel walls — these walls
meeting in several instances along the middle line of the tooth, and isolating
denline islands, in other instances allowing contiguous dentine islands to
become continuous. Details of the molar crowns are as follow: —
The front upper molar presents little or nothing characteristic, having the
form constantly preserved throughout the subfamily. There is an anterior
closed triangle or semilune, then an interior closed triangle, then an exterior
one, then an interior one, then a postero-external one — five in all. The
middle upper molar is the same essentially, but with only four alternating tri-
angles, of which the first after the anterior one is external, the second inter-
nal, the last postero-external. This is much as in the Pedomys and Pitymys
section of Arvicola, and not as in the riparius section, where the last triangle
develops a snag or spur from its inner face, making five in all, two of them
internal. The back upper molar is the most peculiar and characteristic of
all; indeed, it seems to be the case throughout ArvicoHnce that this tooth is
diagnostic of the genera and subgenera; the sculpture of its crown certainly
differs more than that of any other tooth. In the present case, the tooth is
remarkable, first, for being absolutely longer antcro-posteriorly than either of
the other upper ones, which is not the case in Arvicola. In general, it comes
nearest to the riparius type of Arvicola, having really the posterior crescentic
loop and two distinct external triangles,' so characteristic of riparius (instead
of a simple posterior trefoil and one exterior triangle, as in Pedomys and
Pitymys and Chilotus); but the details are even more complicated than in
riparius. We have, first, the anterior loop quite across the tooth in front,
then comes the first exterior triangle, then the first interior triangle; then
all the rest is the plication of the immense posterior crescent, thus: the
crescent has its l)ack, which is long and nearly straight, to the outside of the
tooth, but it throws off a spur anteriorly, forming the second exterior triangle,
?''!
'ir
RRHMI
il
lii;
"4
148
MONOOUAI'IIS OF NOUTII AMHUICAN IJODKNTIA.
.'i •
which may he quifc! dosed, or its nrca coiilluent with the generul iHluixl of
tlie crescent; l)ehiii(l, the crescent hwjis broadly, forming tlie end of the toofli,
then throws out a spur on the postcro-internal corner of tlic tooth, then in
front of tliis is tlnown into a large loo|», which makes the second interior
triangle, not closed, however, but continuous with the general area of the
crescent. Thus there are in nil, on the back upper molar, three exterior
salicncies and four interior saliencies. The precise details of this tooth vary
a little with individuals, but the pattern, as just described, we have never
lijund effaced or even obscure; it is, therefore, highly diagnostic.
The molar crowns of Arvicola; in general appear to liave central enamel,
or interior folds and ridges separated from liie general enamel wall that
enfolds the teeth, but this appearance is deceptive; there is but the single
enveloping sheet of enamel around the whole tooth, which is so deeply
indented or folded in at the reentrant angles of the several prisms that the
enamel sheet of opposite sides meets and fuses along a central line, often no
wider tlian a single sheet of enamel, producing the appearance just mentioned.
Now, in Erotomys, the enamel of opposite sides, in the upper jaw, meets at
various places, but the fusion is not complete; either the two sheets are
apparent where they touch each other, or else the imperfect fusion results in
a wall the composition of which is evident by its being broader or thicker
than a single sheet of enamel is anywhere. And in the under series, which
we now come to examine, the enamel walls are still more distinct, revealing
their true relations; they never quite fuse, and, even where they press upon
each other most closely, we can discern two distinct folds, and thus trace the
single enveloping sheet of enamel, in and out, in its various plications, all
around the tooth.
The posterior lower molar aflfords nothing diagnostic, being, as in
Arvicola, composed simply of an anterior, a middle, and a posterior spheri-
cal triangle, each one of these reaching quite across the tooth, and thus lying
directly one after the other; but a singular thing is, that the middle lower
molar copies tiie same pattern. In our Arvicola: proper, this middle lower
molar has an anterior triangle, succeeded by alternating lateral triangles; but
in this genus the lateral triangles arc opposite instead of alternate, which fact,
together with the lack of a me<lian lengthwise line of enamel, throws the
two lateral ones into one that reaches quite across the tooth. It is surprising,
in this case, with essentially the same pattern, such a little variation as this
MURIDiB— AUVICOLIN^— AKVICOLA.
149
produces a tooth that looks radically difFcrcnt in sculptiirn. The front lower
molar carries the same general plan of oppositeness instead of alternation of
the lateral triangles, which, with the distinctly double condition of the
indentatcd angles of enamel, where these meet along the middle, tends to
throw, and almost succeeds in throwing, the lateral triangles tiiat occur in
Arpkola into larger triangles, reaching quite across the toolh. Thus, fntin
behind forward, there is first one perfect triangular loop reaching across the
tooth; next, there are an external and an internal angle opposite eacli other,
inclosing a lozenge that reaches across the tooth; next, there are an internal
and an external angle, not quite opposite each other, and therefore forming
two nearly separated lateral triangles, generally not completely closed in,
liowevcr, but more or less continuous with Uic area of the large anterior
trefoil that finishes the tooth in front.
'■li
,\:.iX:
Genus AllVICOLA, Lact'pfcde.
<J/iu, LiNNiEUS, Synt. Nnt. i, I76li, and niont early Authors. i 'i
<Af»re> cuHJcutarii, Pallah, N. Sp. Glirium, 1776, 77.
<LemmHt, LiNCK ; Fikciikr, et al.
ityodn, Pallas, Ziiog. R.-A. i, ISII, 172. Nut Mi/oda of Selys-LoDgcLampH, 183U, wliicb =^ Hi/piidceut,
Keyserliug and Biasing,
<"AnU)ola, LACfei'^DK, Tableau, 1803" (fldo Agoaaiz), and most late authors. Includes amphibiHs and
arvalu.
Klljipuiaut, Iluorr, Prod. 1811. Not of Koyserling and Blasius, nor of Daird. Includes Mu» lemmua,
' ampkUAM, and arvalia.
> Jlfynomea, Raklsesquk, Am. Monthly Mag. ii, 1817, 45. Type, If. pratenm — Wilson's Meodow-monse,
=^ Anicola penntjiliianica On\.
> rmmmomyt, LeContk, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1829, 1:1:2 {pinetorum). Not of Rucppel.
> rUyniyit, McMuRTniB, Am. od. Cuv. R. A. i, 1*11, 434. Typo, A. pinetorum, LeC.
> Hemiolomyi, Sblys-Lonociiamfs, fitudos do Microm. 1839 85 (iucludus amphibiut, terratrit, &o.).
> ^i«ra(iM, 8KLY8-LONOCIIA.MP8, op. cit. 1839, 8S.
>/'ii««iHj», Lesson, NouT. Tab. R. A. 1848, 13 (pinctoriim). ' ' ''■ •
> /femiotom^a, Daird, M. N. A. 1857, 515. Type, ^rvico'a ri;iariu< Ord.
> Pedomi/s, Baird, op. cit. 517. Type, Arcicola aitsleriit heC. ' '
> Ckilolui, Baird, op. cit. 510. Typo, Arvioola oregoni Bach.
The foregoing synonymical list of itself indicates the limits we wish to set
to Aroicola. All the earlier names, Mus, Lemmus, Myodes, Arcicola Lacdp.,
and Hypudeeus III, marked <, were of wider applicability than Arvicola, as
wc define it, is-, for they all (unless Aroicola Lacdp. be an exception)
included the Lemmings, and made no distinction of the rooted-molar species
of what Keyserling and Blasius afterward called Hypudeeus, and what we
now call Evotomys. The many later names, marked >, are of less enlarged
application than our Arvicola, being simply based upon particular species of
the genus; most of them will stand as convenient subgeneric terras for the
'Ai
b "S
i!«
f!
I, '
m '
150
MONoouArns op north American rodentia.
vaiimis sections iil' \\w i;(Miiis llmt it is quite wortii while to recognize. The
niinics l'.i(i)iimomijs LrC. {iwc Rupp.), PUymys McMurt., and I'incmys Less,
are mere synonyms, nil having been based on the same annual (pinetorum),
and two of them being simply amends for LcCoiite's mistake in taking
I'tiiimmoinyi Riip|». for his Ani'wola pinetorum. *^ Mlcrotus" Solys. appears
to bo about the same tiling as PUymys. Ilem'wtomys Selys. {nee Baird) goes
to the VA\ro\')cm\ amphibius. Myonomes Raf and Pcdomys and Chilotus Baird
are tcnaljle sul)gonerio names for particular American groups. Doubtless
there are some other generic or subgencric names that have not como to our
notice.
In proceeding now to define Arvicola, we may premise that our dias;-
nosis of the genus will simply be equivalent to such restriction of the char-
acters of the subfamily Arcicollnce as will exclude tiie Lemmings, the
remarkal)l<^ Synnjifomys of Haird, and tiic rooted-molar group {Ei'otomys nob.
:= Ilyjiiiilceus Keys. Bias. Bd. nee 111.). Some of the more boreal Arvicola do
indeed closely approximate to the Lemmings in the shortness of their ears, tail,
and feet, and in the mollipilose pelage; but the radical differences in dentition
arc never, so far as wc know, obscured. It may be that there are some
species of Arvicolincc that require generic separation from Arvicola besides
tiiose just mentioned, but none such have come to our knowledge.
Some of the characters we arc al)out to give are rather those of the sub-
family than of the genus; but the particular combination, as expressed in the
whole paragraph, is generally diagnostic. • ' ' • ' , ',' ;
Gkn. Chars. — Ciownsof the (^, rootless, perennial, prismatic) molars
plane, divided into several closed islands of dentine by folds of the surround-
ing sheet of enamel that meet from opposite sides and fuse along the median
line (cf Erotomyn) ; the saliencies and reontrances of the alternating prisms
strong and sharp, equally so on both inner and outer sides of the molar series,
the profile of which is therefore equally serrate on both sides (cf Myorlet,
Synnptotny."). Anterior upper molar of 5 prisms, — 1 anterior, 2 interior, 2
exterior. Middle upper molar of 4 (or 5) prisms, — 1 anterior, 1 interior, 2
exterior (the last sometimes giving off a supplementary postero-intcrior one).
I'osterior upper molar of 4 to 7 prisms, of which the first is always anterior
and transverse, the last a variable treffle (C, G, U, V, Y, &c., in siiape,
according to subgenus or species), and the intermediate ones lateral and alter-
nating. All upper molars subcquul in length and breadlii (cf. Myodas, Synap-
31'
■i Hi
MUBID^— AHVICOLIN^E-AIIVICOLA.
151
ioini/n). Anterior lower inolnr of 5 fo 8 prisma, of which tlio anterior forms
an irregular trefflc, the posterior 11 tmiisverse h)op, tlie interme<iiiitc forming
lateral, alternating, closed triangles; this molar nearly as long as theotiier two
together. Middle lower molar of 4 to 5 prisms, of which the last torms a
transverse loop, the rest forming alternating lateral triangles (ef. Ei'o(oiin/s).
Posterior lower molar abruptly narrower than the rest, never of more than •'{
prisms (ef Synaptoinys, Myodes) seriatim, each making a transverse loop (no
lateral or alternating triangles). Upper incisors plane (cf Synaptoinys).
Under incisor roots running past the last molar, and thence u[) the hack of
the condylar process, forming a thickening of the ramus, or a strong ridge
that subsides at the notch between condyle and descending process (cf Symiji-
tomys, Myof/e.s). Skull solid, massive, its zygomatic diameter slightly exceeding
its length; interorbital constriction abrupt; temporals angidarly encroaching
on orbits Zygomata not dipping to level of palate, slightly expanded. Pos-
terior termination of bony palate never a single, abrupt, transverse shelf (cf
F.votomys, Myodes, Symipfoiiiys), l)ut palate ending between ultimate molars
by dip|»ing to a conspicuous fossa on either side, between which is the narrow
median fissure of the posterior nares; said fossa; leading directly out to the
pterygoids. Incisive foramina short and close, attaining neither incisors nor
molars, but midway between both. Nasals anteriorly subtruncatc opposite
incisive alveoli ; j)osteriorly subcqual or equal to nasal branches of maxillary,
which reach nearly or quite to orbits. Coronoid process rising as high as the
condyle (cf Evotomys). Size medium for the subfamily; form .stout; mem-
bers short, but none of them rudimentary; neck indistinguishable; liead
broad, with convex forehead ; muzzle obtuse ; lip fairly clef>, hirsute; eyes
small, midwoy between cars and snout; muzzle furry, except nasal papilte;
whiskers 5-seriate. Ears well developed (cf Myodeii), but never noticeably
overtopping the fur, orbicular, more or less hirsute both sides, with valvular
antitragus. Fore feet J-^ the hind feet, with mostly naked tuberculate palms,
4-digitate ; thumb obsolete, with abortive, obtuse, flattened, sessile nail ; fin-
gers unguiculate, inferiorly scutellate. Hind feet with soles neither entirely
naked nor entirely furry, 5-G-tubcrculate, the posterior tubercle long,
5-digitate; three middle toes longest and subequal, ftth and Ist successively
much shorter. Tail terete, always hairy encmgh to obscure or conceal its
annuli, and with terminal pencil, sometimes densely hirsute ; always longer
than the sole, generally exceeding the head, but ranging in length from about.
■ii\
■ss
152 JlONOOUAl'IIS OF NORTH AMERICAN ItODENTIA.
as loiif,' lis lu'iul fo iirarly Imlf as loii",' as trunk. Pelage thick, soft, of ordiiuiry
fur, iuhirspcrsf-'d dorsally witli longer bristly hairs; the fur at the roots uniformly
l)lunil)oous, colored only at the tips; general colors subdued, the shades
diiluse, rarely with distinct parti-coloration, but under parts ordinarily lighter
than upper, and tail bicolor from sharing the respective shades.
The North American species fall naturally into four groups, as originally
])ointed out by Professor Baird. These groups may be thus conveniently
analyzed : —
((f) ]}ack u})per molar with 2 external triangles and a posterior
crescent Mijonomes.
1 external triangle and a posterior
trefoil {h).
{!>) Front lower molar with 3 internal and 2 or 3 external closed
triangles Chilolus.
2 internal and 1 external closed tri-
angle (c).
(c) Fore claws not larger than hind claws Pedomys.
obviously larger than hind claws . Fitymys.
There are no tangible differences in the skull and teeth between Pedomys
and Pitymys ; nevertheless, the external peculiarities of Pitymys are greater
than those of either of the other forms. Chilotus, in general external char-
acters, is so like both Myonomes and Pedomys that we cannot diatinguish them,
except by the peculiar construction of the ear. It shares the posterior trefoil
of the back upper molar with Pedomys and Pitymys, but shares the greater
number of lateral closed triangles of the front lower molar of Myonomes.
Myonomes, again, is not separated from Pedomys by any external character, but
by its posterior crescent and two external lateral triangles of the back upper
molar. So, coml)ining dental and external characters, wc may draw up the
following antithetical diagnoses, making combinations perfectly tangible and
satislactory : —
A. — MvoNOMiis. Back upper moiar with 2 external triangles and a posterior
crenent. Middle upi)er molar with 2 internal triangles. Front lowet
molar wi' I) 3 internal and 2 or 3 external lateral triangles. Ear unrim-
med in front. Sole G-tuberculate. Fore claws not longCi th;.i hinder
ones. Tail about J the head and body, or more, Peliige ordinary. Of
maximum and medium size.
MURID^— ARVIC0LINJ3— AUVICOLA.
153
B. — CiiiLOTUS. Back upper molar with 1 external Iriaiiglu and a posterior
trefoil. Middle upper uiolar witli 1 internal triangle. Front lower
molar with 3 internal and 2 or 3 external triangles. Ear with a rim in
front of the meatus, owing to meeting there of the anterior and poste-
rior roots of the auricle. Sole 5-tuberculate (?). Fore claws not larger
than hinder ones. Tail about J the head and body. Pelage ordinary.
Of minimum size.
C. — Pedomys. Back upper molar with 1 external triangle and a posterior
trefoil. Middle upper molar with 1 internal triangle. Front lower
molar with 2 internal and 1 external triangle. Ear unrimmed. Sole
5-tuberculate. Fore claws not larger than hinder ones. Tail about ^
the head and body, or a little less. Pelage ordinary. Of medium size.
D. — PiTYMYS. Back upper molar with 1 external triangle and a posterior
trefoil. Middle upper molar with 1 internal triangle. Front lower
molar with 2 internal and 1 external triangle. Ear unrimmed. Sole
5-tubcrculate. Fore claws larger than hind ones. Tail about J the
head and body, or less. Pelage dense, mole-like. Of small size.
Subgenus MYONOMES, Rafinesque.
< Arricola of American writers.
=Arvicola A, Ilemiotomyi, Baiiu), M. N. A. 1857, 515 (type, Arvicola ri/urtv« Onn). Not of Selys-Lono-
ciiAMi'8, wlioBe typo is the European Arvioola amphibim.
=.Mynonu»' RAFlNcsqcE, Am. Monthly Mag. ii, 1817, 45(tjpe, Munomea pratetuia Rakinesquii, wliioh
is baaed on Wilson's Meadow-Mouse, Am. Oru. vl, pi. 50, f. 3, and is therefore = Arvioola
peniujilvanioa Ord and auot.).
:= Myonoma, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sui. Phila. 1874, 189.
Chars. — ^'osterior superior molar witii an anterior loop, an internal
closed triangle, (wo external closed triangles, and a posterior crescent. Ante-
rior inferior molar with a posterior loop, an anterior trefoil, three lateral inter-
nal closed triangles, and two (or three t) lateral external closed triangles.
Middle superior molar with a supplementary postero-internal triangle. (Other
dental and cranial characters as in Arvicola at large.) Ears abouL 'equ %
the fur, rounded, hirsute, with well-developed valvular antitragus; no pc.ul-
iar construction of the concha. Tail exceeding the head in length (about
one-third as long as head and body), fairly hirsute and with terminal pencil,
'The original orthography is MynoMtt. I do not know what, if any, meaning attaches totliis
word, bnt snpposo it to be compounded with //vf, so that it should bo spelled ifyonomeii, if not further
altered into Atyoiiomus.
t When there . I'O three, tho third reeclts from change of tho outer leaflet of the anterior trefoil
into a triangle.
\''4
11: m
■ 1
154
MONOGRAPHS OF NOllTn AMERICAN RODENTIA.
i
^1
l)ic()l(>r. Vc.ci inodiM-alc; tlio fore al)out thrcc-fiftlis as long as tlie hinder;
fore claws not larger tiiaii hind ones.
This siihg(!niis is fully illnstrated in our article on its ty])e, Myonoms
ripnriux, where will l)e found an extended account of the dentition. Above
we only give the diagnostic characters and their more prominent collat-
(•ri;ls. The section is cs|)ecially characteristic of North America, not being,
perhaps, exactly matched in Europe or Asia; it embraces the greatest
numl)er of Anun-ican species of the genus, among them the most widely-
distributed one of all, and includes, likewise, the largest of all; while none
of th(!m are so small as our species of Chilolu.s, Pitymi/s, or Evotomys.
It here becomes necessary to explain the synonymy above adduced, and
show cause for adojjting the name Myonomes for the subgenus.
In the first and only subdivision of the American species of Arvkola
which has, to my knowledge, been atten.,,ie(l, and which was so satisfactorily
accomi)lishe(l in 1B57 by Professor Baird, the term Ilemiotomys was adopted
f<)r this section. Professor Baird is, however, careful to add tiiat this name was
constructed l)y Selys-Longchamps to accommodate the European amp/iihivs,
/erresfrls, &c., the skull of which is more like Pedomys austerus; and tiiis is
exactly so. Now, the very first and most esscnlial character of Arvicola
r'lpar'ius, as compared with Chilotus oiegoni, Pedomys austcms, and Pitymys
intiefonim, is the remarkable posterior crcscentic or C- or G-shaped loop on
the back upper molar, which is unique among American species of Arvicola
proper, though again found in another genus {Evotomys). This particular
feature is not seen in Arvicola fniipJiibiiis, where the posterior upper molar
has but one external and one internal lateral closed triangle, and then a pos-
terior trefoil almost exactly as in Pedomys austerus. The inapplicability,
therefore, of the name Ilemiotomys to this section is evident; for to apply it
here, is to ignore, by implication at any rate, the chief character of the section.
If it is to I)e applied to any American section, it certainly ought to be given
to that one of which A. austerus is typical, and thus be made to supplant
PedoMiys.
After coming to this conclusion, our first care, of course, was to sec what
European or Asiatics species our A. riparius did agree with in this particular
pattern of the last upper molar. Among the limited nund)er of skulls at our
command, in addition to A. amphihius, we fmd as follows: — A Lapland skull,
labeled ^'ratticeps" (No. 105G), has on the back up|)er molar an anterior loop,
IT (,|.;
MURID^— ARVICOLINiE— ARVICOLA.
155
two exterior closed triangles, (wo interior closed triangles, and a small sub-
circular posterior trefoil, all of which makes a very dilferent pattern from
that presented by A. riparim. Another skull, from Siberia, lal)eleil '^ohxcurus"
(No. 322G), siiows an anterior loop, three external closed triangles, two internal
closed triangles, and a posterior trefoil that is almost a short, very concavo-
convex crescent by the depth of the notch of its inner leallet. This is nearer
to A. riparius, but not exactly it, as there is an additional interior closed tri-
angle, and the crescent is not quite a crescent. A close approach, however,
is made by No. 3228, labeled "decoriomm? or aconomus?" from Siberia; and
in another, No. 2026, labeled "tigresds", from Sweden, tiie i)eculiar pattern
of riparius is exactly reproduced. Upon dental characters alone, there-
fore, we would take as the name for our ripariux any special genus that has
been proposed upon either of these last-named species. The external char-
acters, however, of riparius, do not agree with those short-tailed forms of
boreal Europe and Asia, such as agrentis,* aconoiiius, &c., but are very nearly
as in "ratticeps". We, therefore, think it probai)le, as we said above, that the
section for which we adopt the name Myonomes is not exactly represented in
Europe, and consequently less confusion can ensue if we reject for the species
not only Hemiotonujs, but any other generic name that may have been based
upon an Old World form. All the sui)generic or even "generic" divis-
ions that we know of in the genus Arvicola are (with the single exception
of the strongly-marked Hypudicus of Keyserling and Blasius and of Baird,
equal to our Evotoynys) so trivial as to be, in fact, but slightly superspecifie
designations, only worthy of being retained on the score of usefulness; for it
is practically a tfonvenient thing, in so difficult a genus as Arvicola, to strike
* If tbo Central and f.oiitherti Enropeau speciuHiHB of "arvaU» " ami tbe iiortliorn ones of " agreotis"
bo correctly liibcled, tbero appears to be soino mistake in wbat Professor Baird says (/. c. 513), in speakin";
of the species of his section Ilijpndwuii. "Arvicola ar%'alis of Suntbern Europe," bo says, "and Airimla
agrmtit of Nortbern Eiirupu, supposed to bo identieal with the A. atra(i» of authors, fall le^-itiniit ,ely in
tbo other genns" [i. e., in Arvicola proper instead of in lli/piidceus]. Bnt all our skins marked "arralit"
have tbe proniincut ears, &c.,of " Ilijpudaui ", and their skutU have tbo peculiar palatal structure of "ZA/pii-
da:m", and their molar teeth are rooted, with crowns exactly as in other " Hiipudnl". They certainly are
Hypuda'm (ErolomyH), and must be ranged clcse alongside E. rutilm, E. nibidas, E. glareola, and E. gapperi.
On tbe other hand, those skins marked " agrestis " have tbe bidden ears and short tail and other exter-
nal characters, and the ordinary bifof..-,ite palatal strnctnr , of Arrieola prupcr, to say nothing of their
rootless molars, with crowns fashioned nearly as in ripariun. So far, tlien, are our specimens from being
specifically identical, that they are not oven congeneric. Wo do not know bow it may lie with tbe
"arralin of authors", not having looked up the bibliography of tbo spociesj but, certainly, the "arvalis"
before us is uot as Professor Itaird 6up|H)sed.
On n subsequent page (.MO), ...iwever, Professor Baird correctly says that "A. agreetit from Sweden,
in tbo character of its sknll and teeth, Vielongs strictly to tbe group having A. ripariiu for the type ". So
tbo mistake scorns to be simply in confusing "arrafi*" with agreaiin.
■■!•'
f
156
MONOGUAl'US OF >'0UT11 AMERICAN KODENTIA.
as many dividing linos as can 1)0 drawn between individual species and liiUe
f,M-(»ii|)s of conspecies. On (his consideration, we iiavc no scruple in drawing
up (lie cliaractcrs of M/jonoi/ics so stringently that all the European and Asiatic
forms sliail be excluded if possible.
Though we adopt the term "Mi/onofr.cs" i'ur what Professor IJaird called
I lemiolomys, we do not sup|)ose that Kafinesquc had any idea what he was
about wiien he invented it. But there stands the name "Mynomes praten-
sis ", l)ased upon Wilson's IMeadow Mouse, afterward Arvicola i)ennsylvanica
ol' Ord, which is also Arvicola riparius of Ord. We do not see how the
name can l)e rejected, seeing that his type — a now well-known species — Fs
mentioned; and, after all, it is perhaps just as well that he did not try to
explain what he meant.
i1
ARVICOLA (MYONOMES) RlPAIilUS, Ord.
Common American Uuadow Mouse.
CampiKjnol or Meadow Home o/ Penmi/h-ama, Wardks, "Doscr. U. 8. v, (is!.')."
Mcailow Home, Wilson, Am. Orii. vi, pi. 50, f. li.
M ijHoims iiratemis, UAi'iNK.sguK, Am. Monthly Miij;. ii, 1817, 45.
Anicola pcmwjhaniea," Ol<i>, Giitliriu'H Qeo);. 'id Am. eil. ii, 1815, 2U2 (based on Wilson, /. c), — IIaklan,
I'll. Aincr. 1825, 144 (in part. Quotes Ord, (. c, and describes piwetonim).— Wagnkii, Snppl.
Sehreb. viii, 588.— Scni.vz, Syuopsis, ii, 1845, i!47.— AuD. & lUcii., Q. N. A. i, 1849, 341, pi.
xlv. f. — .— LeConte, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. vi, 1«>;1, 4()7.
^riioilo paluatria, IIaui.an, Fn. Amer. 1825, 136; Med. & Pbjs. Eeseorcbcs, 1835, 47.
Arcimla riparius, OnD, Jonrn. Atad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. iv, pt. ii, 182."), 305 (Pbiladelpbia), (not of liicbard-
sou t).— UkKay, N. Y. ZooI. i, 1842, 84, pi. xxii, f. 2 (y< ungf ).— AuD. & liACil., Q. N. A. iii,
1854, .302 (not figiiitd. In text under "uiontana").— LkContk, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila.
vi, 1853, 40().— liAUiD, M. N. A. IS.W, 522 (Eastern United States).— Godman, Aiuer. Nut. Hist.
3d ed. 18()0, i, 301.— .,>i.len, Mumm. Mass., Bull. MuB. Couip. Zuol. No. 8, 231.— And of late
iintbors generally.
Arvicola (ilyonomen) riparius. Cow ■ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Plilla. 1874, 189. — CouES & Yarhow, ZooI.
Expl. W. lOOth Mcrid. 1870, — .
Jrvicoh riparius longipitis, Kknnicoit, Agric. Rep. U. S. Patent Ofllco for 1850-1856, 304 (spocimoua ill
beavy winter peliigo from West Northfield, III.).— Baikd, M. N. A. 1857, 1)24 (in text; same
us Kennicott's).
Ihipvihrus riparius, Maximilian, Arcli. Naturg. xviii, 1802; Verz. N.-A. Siing. 1862, 174.
Arrieola xanlliognaiha, IIaiilan, Kn. Anier. 182.'), 136. — Godman, Anier. Not. Hist, ii, 1826, 65; and 3<1 cd.
1800, i, 2'.)i) (»»( .)/ l.mch and RicAarrfson).— Say, Long's Exped. K. Sits, i, 1823, 3()',l.— UeKay,
N. V. Zool. i, 1842, 90.— LiNSLEV, Am. Journ. Sci. xliii, 1842, 3,50.— f f Sauinu, App. Frank-
lin's Jonrn. 1825,61)0.1
"This should stand, in strietness, oa thu specific name, with which Ord antedates Kaflnesqiin.
Since, however, the nan;j is simply bused, without sufllcient description, upon a scarcely recognizable
figure incidentally introduced in an ornithoh)gical work, I have preferred to a<Iopt tbu same author's
liroperly-cbaracterizcd term yiparius, though subsequent in point of date. Though I am anurc that this
course is, technically, indufensilile, such slight latitude of choice stands to common sense, and infiingos
upon no author's rights, as Orel's earlier term cuts Rafinesi|Uo out of bis.
t Doubtful. I havo rot been able to look up this ret'eiencc; but liiehardson says(l''. II. -A. i, 122),
"Tlio description ipioted by Sabine " * under title of .1. xatithoyualliu (hies not l)eloug to this animal,
but to a much smaller species, which I have referred to the J. pennsi/lcanica of Old."
MUniD.Tl-AUVlCOLIN.K— AUVI(X)riA uii'Aim;s.
157
Jrrico/fl n/ftoni/(wcn«, Kmmons, Ucp. Qmul. Mn8H. ISIO, (iO (MnssncliiiBcltH; |initiiil iilbimi)— 1'kKav, N.
Y. Zool. i, lH4"i, H',1 (HiiniP as KmiiiniiK's).
Arrimla Urmlm, Emmons, Rc|i. Quad. Miis.-t. IHId, (>0.— DkKav, N. Y. I'li. i, 1H48, HIi (snme nn Eiiinioiin'H).
Jrna)Iaiia«H(<i, IIaciiman,, luiiin. Acad. Nut. irici.l'liilii.viii.pt.ii, 1H4'.>. ■^,K;(Miu<8Hi'liuiiL<ttN). — Ari>. & IIacii.,
Q. N. A. iii, 185;i, 211, pi. clxiv, f. 2 (Mn88.icliH«etts, N<nv York, niiil Miclii({nn).— LkContk,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. vi, 1H53, 4U7 (iiiiotcs " Wii'gDinim'H AreLiv, I84:<, !>2, and Scbiuz,
251 ").
Arvkota Oiieida, DkKav, N. Y. Zool. i, 1842, 88, pi. xxiv, f. 1 (youiiR ; Now York).— LkContk, Proc. Acad.
Nut. Sci. Pljila. viii, 1853, 400 (same 08 DcKuj'n).
/JiTirafo rufmceng, DkKay, N. Y. Zool. i, 1842, 85, pi. xxii, f. 1 (Nortliern New York).
Anicota ocdden(o/i», Pkai.e, Mainni. U. 8. Expl. Exped. 1848, 45 (Piiget's Sound).— LkCdste, Proc. Acud.
Not. Sci. Pbilo. vi, 185:1, 408 (miiub as PcoIoV).— Ai,l>. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 2U4 (auine
08 Pcale's).— Baird, M. N. A. 1W)7, 5:14 (Peale's type described),
Anicola cali/ornica, Pk.vle, Momm. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1848, 40 (Coliforniu).— LkContk, Proc. Acail. Nut.
Sci. Pbila. vi, 185:1, 408 (same as Pcalc's).— Aid. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 18.54, i!93 (someoa
Peale's).- BAlim, M. N. A. 1857, 532 (Peale's type).
Artlcola montana, Pkale, Mainm. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1848, 44 (Mount Sbasta, Cal.).— Aim. & Bach., Q.
N. A. iii, 1854, :i02 (same as Peale's).- Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 528 (California and t Nebraska). -
NEWUEKitv, P. U. K. Kep. vi, 1857, Zool. 61.
Arricola edax, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Not. Sci. Pbila. vi, 1653, 405 (California).- Aui>. & Bach., Q. N. A.
1854, iii, 270, pi. 154, f. 2 (taken from LeConte's type, and description compiled from
LeConte).— Baihd, M. N. A. 1857, .531 (description from LeConte's tyiMs).
Arricola borealia, LeConte, Proc. Acnd. Nat. Sci. Pbila. vi, 18.53, 407, excl. syiion. (not of Ricbardson, &e.
Tlie species is based upon specimens from Rbodo Island now in Mus. Smitbs.).
Artsicola trotciridgti, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, .529, in text (name suggested from some supposed dental pecul-
iarities of No. -fiW, Mus. Smiths., from Monterey, Cal.).
inicola longiroalris, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, .5:10 (based on supposed cranial peculiarities of No. HH, Mns.
Smitbs., from California).— Newberry, P. U. K. Rep. vi, 18,57, Zool. 01.
Anicola modetta, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, .535 (based on No. VV'it, from Kocky Mountains; very young).
Arvicola riifidorsum, Baird, M. N. A. 18.57, 520 (Holmes' Hole, Mnss. ; a very red specimen).
Arvicola brcweri, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 525 (bleached breed from Miiskeget Island, Mass.).
Skull. — The cranium of Arvicola riparius bus not a single specifically
diagnostic feature ; all its characters are subgeneric, shared by xanthognalkuit,
and by the various geographical strains more or less deviating in external liiar-
acters from ordinary riparius of the United Slates. It averages, of course,
smaller than that of xanthognalhus or even of var. totcnsendi ; but the mini-
mum of l)oth of these is within the average of riparius. Our table of meas-
urements indicates both size and shape so perfectly that those points need not
detain us here. The skull is not satisfactorily distingui.jhable, dentition aside,
from that of Pedomys; for the difference in the length of the nasal branches
of the intermaxillaries, given by Baird, does not always hold. From Fitymys,
it may generally be known (dentition aside) by being larger and not quite so
wide for its len;jth (as 0.59 to 1.00, instead of 0.62 to 1.00, as in Pitymys).
It averages much larger than that of Cliilotus oregoni.
. The dentition, likewise, offers nothing specifically diagnostic; all the
speci' and varieties of the subgenus having the same pattern of tlie molar
crowns. The present opportunity, however, is taken to fully describe tiie
■11
IW
1 .1 !.
1 58
M()X()(ll!APn8 OP NORTIT AMERICAN IIODENTIA.
J it
Icclli. 'PIk- iwculiarify of (lie l)iU'U iiitpcr molar i.s not sliarcd by any other
Nortli Aincrican section ol" Arvicola, tliotigli re-occurring in Evofomi/x.
'I'Ik! buck lo\v(;r nioiar consists of three prisms, the crowns of vvliich
form tiirec nearly transverse spherical triangles, with their greatest convexity
posterior; the inclosed dentine islets reach across the tooth (/. c, there is no
median lino of enamel dividing off lateral triangles on cither side, as is the
case with all the other teeth; though sometimes, when the middle islet is
very sliarjj-aiigled and a little oblique, it gives rise to a partial enamel-line,
al)utting against the wall of the back islet). As elsewhere throughout the
genus Arvicola, the tooth is abruptly narrower than the antecedent one.
The middle lower molar has n posterior transverse crescentic ellipse, or
spherical triangle, with its greatest convexity backward, its dentine islet
reaching across the tooth. The rest of the tooth is of four alternating lateral
closed triangles: the first internal, the second external, the third internal, the
fourth or front one antero-cxternal. Thus there arc in all three saliencies on
each side and two reiintrances on each side {three internal reentrances, if
a nick between the antero-external and next internal triangle be counted).
'J'he median zigzag of enamel effects perfect closure of all these triangles,
starting from the front of the back loop forward and inward to form the base
of the next lateral triangle, then shooting forward and outward, then forward
and inward, then forward and outward. This tooth is much shorter and a
little narrower than the next one.
The front lower molar is the longest of all the teeth; its crown is
exactly that of the middle lower mo\f\v plus one more internal lateral triangle
and the large anterior trefoil. Thus there are in all three external saliencies
(two of them being closed lateral triangles) and four internal saliencies (three
of them being closed triangles), without counting the lobes of the anterior
trefoil, which give another saliency on each side; and likewise there are three
external reentrances and four internal reentrances, without counting the nicks
of the anterior trefoil, which give another reentrance on each side. The
posterior loop and the several lateral triangles of this tooth are pretty con-
stant, but the anterior trefoil varies interminably in precise size and shape.
It would be useless to attempt to give its endless minor modifications. But
we should note that cither lube of this trefoil may closely simulate an addi-
tional lateral trFangle; that this is particularly the case with the outer lobes,
and, when it is acconipanicd l)y a forward extension of the median line of
MUltlD.E— AUVICOLIN.E— AUVICOLA UIl'AKIUS.
ini)
enanic'l, the l()l)o is cist olF IVoiii the rest, ot" (ho licloil, and traiisfoniicd iiilo
an actual closed cxtnrnal triangle, of wliicli, tlieretore, the tooth may show
indiiFerenlly two or three. A step further in nioditication is this: — tla; trefoil,
after heing partitioned otF as just explained, may (hnelop an external lobe on
its niidleaf, and so remain in efTect a trefoil, giving in uW Jive external salieii-
cics, viz: one from the posterior loop of the tooth; two from the two closed
triangles proper; one from tiie addilioiiul closed triangle; and one from the
supi)lementary lobe of the trefoil.* We have not noticed the same thing
with the inner leaHct of the trefoil, but presume it nuiy occur.
The upper molars reverse the pattern of the lower; their transverse loop
is in front instead of behind, and the lateral triangles alternate from before
backv/ard instead of from behind forward; and the last upper molar ends
l)ehind, just as the iirst lower molar begins in front, with a formation not
seen on any other teeth. The first upper molar, like the last under molar,
is very constant throughout the whole genus; the last upper and first under
are our diagnostic teeth for the several subgenera, tiiough the middle ones,
both upper and under, furnish collateral characters.
The front upper molar has in front a transverse loop, sicceeded by two
internal and two external alternating lateral closed triangles; the first of these
being internal, the last postero-external. The saliencies and reentranccs on
both sides are sharp; the saliencies, both external and intenial, are three in
number, counting a corner of the anterior loop in each enumeration.
The middle upper molar likewise consists of an anterior loop succeeded
by alternating lateral closed triangles, but here the first is an exterior instead
of an interior one. The anterior ellipse usually sits a little oblique, its con-
vexity looking inward as well as forward. Regularly there are only two
])erfectly-closed lateral triangles on this tooth ; first an exterior, then an inte-
rior, for the last one is as much posterior as interior, and not often regularly
triangular. It may be called an exterior triangle, api)cndaged with a
posterior lobe or spur representing an imperfect additional internal triangle.
* This is our view of tue formation of a variable nnmbcr of lateral closed triangles in tUiH tooth ;
it is simply a higher (le{,'ree of complexity in the ibids of tbu uutoiior trefoil. In Peilomya and Pili/myi,
the reverse, of (oiii complexity, is h<'oii. Hero the median zigzag of enamel does not run so far forward ;
the anterior triangles are not fairly closed np, and their openness throws their dentine islets into one
dlaniond-Kbaped urea that is nsiiully also continuous with the interior of tho trefoil itself. This is
nearly as goo<l a character for distinguishing Pedomyg or i'i(i/m;/« from ony style of .1. riparius a* that
afforded by the back upper mn'ar itself; thougl. it is sometimes obscure, wo have never seen the anterior
lateral triangles fairly o|>en in riparius, nor completely closed in the other two subgenera. Chilotue,
however, is iike ripariiM in this respect.
■• li
I
I'
100
MONOdUAIMIH OK NOIJTII AMERICAN kODENTIA.
( i
) ,
When lliis pxterior triangle is most perfcet — most like tlio antecedent one —
tiien also it l)ears the most perlect 8iii>|)lementary interniil s|)nr; l)iit oftener
tiie two logellier have an iiuletenninate contour and a common dentine islet.*
The lust upper inolar is the diagnostic tooth of this section of the genus.
Certain European species show it exactly as in our forms; but in North
America, as tiir as is known, no Arvicola but xanthognathus and the varieties
of riimrius show tiu; peculiarity. Tliis tootii consists essentially of an ante-
rior transverse elliptical loop, one interior lateral closed triangle, two exterior
lateral closed triangles, and a long oblique posterior crescent. The ellipse
is succeede<l first by the first exterior triangle, then by the single interior
triangle, then by the other exterior triangle; the long anterior horn of the
crescent Ijcnds inward to form a second interior saliency ; the long outward
convexity of the crescent bears the second exterior triangle upon its back, as
it were ; the posterior horn of the crescent curls inwardly to form a loop that
finishes the tooth behind. With endless minor modifications, as matters of
individual variability, this crescent is ahcays recognizable and rarely obscure.
Generally, it is seen at first glance, as something different from the U-, V-, or
Y-shaped trefoils that end this tooth in our other subgenera. Really, of
course, it i« not a continuous enamel-wall thus stretching crescentic across
the tooth ; simply, the second (counting from backward) internal rcentrance
is so deep that it pushes before it a fold of enamel till this touches and gen-
erally fuses with the external wall of enamel just behind the second external
triangle. It i.s, in fact, this fusion that produces the last-named triangle itself.
(In the other subgenera, the corresponding prism of the tooth is simply the
exterior leaflet of the posterior trefoil, opening directly into the midleaf,
through lack of the fusion that takes place in riparius.) Now let this second
internal ret-ntrunce be not quite deep enough to effect this closure, and we
have the first modification of the crescent to be remembered, a slight break
in its convexity, just at the posterior angle of the second external triangle.
When, as occasionally happens, this break is considerable, the integrity of
the crescent is destroyed, and we have a trefoil-like loop simulating that of
the other subgenera. But, even in these most obscure cases, we have always
found something in the configuration, perhaps not susceptible of definition,
* This little xubaidiary triangle is never, to our knowledge, developed at all iu our other soutions
of the genus, and tiierefore, when evident, is a good choracter ; hut it is very liable to he overlooked —
in Tact, it was only after repeated exiit.iinations that we verified the nice distinction Balrd drew (p. 514)
in the mailer of this tuoth.
MURID^— ARVICOLIN/K— AUVICOLA IMPAUIUH.
IC.l
but which, especially in connection with the clmrnctors of Ihc other tccMi,
l)roved decisive. The second notieenhii? niodilication of the crescent nileets
tlie posterior part of its conviixity, wiiich may develop a little lobe or spur
simulating a thin! external triangle; then, as a necessary result, the curve is
sinuate instead of regularly convex, having a little concavity in one part.
The third principal modification is in respect of the posterior horn of the
crescent. This is generally a simple lobe finishing the tooth behind; but it
may, as one of endless slight changes, produce a sort of curved spur or hook.
When this fold is pretty long, narrow, and curved, it looks like a little addi-
tional crescent lying in the belly of the main one. It is hardly necessary to
add that none of these modifications have the slightest siguificauee beyond
indices of individual variability; and we should not have entered into the
tedious minutiae except to bring this fact prominently forward, and to char-
acterize the pattern of this important tooth in all its phases.
We shall open the discussion of A. riparius witii the examination of
nineteen typical specimens from the locality of the original riparius Ord.
These were all collected at the same time and place, at a season of tiic year
when they are necessarily full-grown, and were all prepared by the same
person, in the same style of skin. Whatever differences, therefore, may be
found are to be attributed to purely individual variation, of which we thus
obtain a perfectly reliable equation, free from any disturbing functions, such
as age, season, climate, locality, &c. Whatever variation in size and propor-
tion may be found becomes a still purer index, if possible, from the fact that
not one of these specimens is distinguishable from any one of the other
eighteen in color; for, as far as color is concerned, they all might have
belonged to the same litter. In respect of the measurements, wo should
premise that, as great care was taken in preparing the skins, probably no one
of them differs in total length 0 25 from the original dimension in life, and
that, if anything, the lengths as given are a trifle under life-size, from shrink-
age in drying; and, secondly, that the loss in drying of the feet and tail may
be estimated at about 5 per cent.
11 M .
I- III
i1
\-
■#*
ir
l!
1i
1(52
MONfKlUAlMia OF NORTH AMEUICAN IJODENTIA.
Taiilk XXXIX.— .l/m«MPfin«ii(» «/
iiinelmi 'itrcimrnn of A. RIP.\IIIi;H/rom
I'hitailelphia
i
'A
a
II
ts
P
s
4:144
4M3
4141
4^43
4:140
4147
Loialily.
Date.
(•oUiptcdlij-
J.Krider
IMi'pnri'd b\—
i
1
1
5
5
1
s
B
1
riilliiiMpliln.Pft
Xov. -, IMO
...do
E Coiiea
4. V>
4.01)
4.;io
4.J3
4.40
4.30
4.U0
4,110
4. ,-,0
4,;10
4.4U
4. a.-.
4.M
4.00
4.40
4 a-)
4.19
4.40
4. .10
l.."iO
1. .-.5
1. J.-.
I.4II
1.55
1.1)0
i.:io
1. 4.-.
i.:io
1. M
I.CO
1.43
1.35
I.SJ
1..'*
1. g.-i
1.™
1.30
1.25
0 ;io
O.lt
do
...do
...do
...do
...do ..
...do
,l„
.. do
do
do
do
do
— .
0. :i5 ! 0. HO 1
do
ilo
...do
...do
...do
o.::o
(I. :w
0. 35
0.30
11. :iii
0,35
o.:i4
0.35
0.3U
11. 30
0.30
11. 35
0.31
11.30
0.34
0.37
11. *0
0, lO
0.73
0,FO
0, tO
0 C-)
(I.I
...do
lo
...ilo
. do .
do
...do
ill)
ilo
ilo
...d,.
..do
do
... ,|o
do
•:-
...do
. do
0, fu ;
0. 75 '
...do
do
.. do
n.;A j
.. do
do
...do
(1.77 1
llll
111.
ill,
...do
...do
. . do
...do
,,„
do
0, 10 '
do
...do
11. 70 '
... .111.
111.
do
.. do
...do
— do
do .
...do
0.78
11. 75
o.eo
do
...do
do
do
4.113
1.4j
0.35
0.77
It appears from this tabic that the average length is 4.3.1, and, hi the
best of our judgment, no allowance for shrinkage in the dimension is to be
made. The extremes are from 4.00 to 4.75, a variation of three-fourtiis of
an inch, or about 17 per cent, of the mean. The average of the tail, without
its hairs, being 1.4i, we may simihirly set its true average length at an inch
and a half; its variation amounts to 0..'17, about the same percentage. The
fore foot, averaging 0.35 in its present state, ranges from 0.30 to 0.38, that
is, a variatiim of over 20 per cent.; but from the sniallncss of the measure-
ment, the difficulty of placing the calipers upon exactly the same spot in the
several specimens, and an actual difTercnce in the ])osition of the ball of the
thumb when this is dried, the true percentage of variation would probably
fall below 0.20, and thus be nearly the same as in the cases of tiie head and
body and tail. The average dimension of the fore foot in life may be set at
three-twelfths of an inch, or three lines. The hind foot, from the tuberosity
of the heel to the end of the longest claw, can be measured with great exact-
ness; it averages 0.77, and so may be fixed at 0.80, or four-fifths of an inch,
in life; it varies 0.12, or very nearly 17 per cent., as before. With these
calculations for absolute dimensions and variation, we may further consider
MIIUIIM';— AHVICOr.lN.K-AltVICOI-A UirAlMlS.
llt.'i
the sume relntivdy: — Tlin avora^t; liciul and Inxly is to tlir average tail
:: 4.35 : 1.50 :: 1 : O.iU ; that !.•», the tail is almost cNactly one-third as Inni;
as the head and body. Tlio average fore foot is to the average hind liiot
:: 37 : 80; that is, it is a little less than one-half as long. It slionld 1><!
observed, likewise, that the variation in the ])roi)ortional lengths of parts is
consideral)le, i. e., tiie longe.st Irnnk has not always the longest tail and leet,
nor is n long hind foot always accompanied l>y an equally lengthened lore!
foot. These caicniations, moreover, it should bo remembered, really exhiitit
a minimum of purely individual variation; for the nineteen specimens occurred
under the most similar conditions possible.
We shall next introduce a table of sixteen specimens, all from the same
locality, hut taken at different seasons, in dill'erent stages of growth, and
])reparcd by different persons, for which reasons the series may be held to
fairly express an average of j)uveh/ itidiridital raiiahiHiy. In color, they an;
all so much alike, that no tangible dillerence can be noted, some being merely
a shade browner or grayer than others. On an average, they are a triile
browner or brighter than the Philcdtlphia series.
f
TaBLKXL.— 3/pfl«w»'rt)if»/»o/*fx/(f» fjHcmcnav/A. ujVAV.ivn (olleclfdhy J. W. J', 'h iikti, at MiddUhoro\ .)faHH.
1
H
Date.
rii-pnifil liy—
^6
1
t
1
1
n
Tall to-
B
I
1
1
i
1.08
lti>mnrkR.
in\
d
Mur. 1 1, leas
S.G. Drown ...
1.43
4.85
1.80
11.37
0. 73
Tlio flrat iiiiio HppclinecA oiiuniprnltMl
i'^^„
d
Sept. — , 1»5J
.. do
1.15
4.43
1.83
2. CO
o.no
0.70
wiTo skliint'd fi-itiii ulcoliol liy Air.
■Pff:!
¥
Sept. — , \rXi
...ilo
i.:w
4.37
1.56
1.73
O.M
0.80
Ilroffli, nnd ttii- llrMt four CfihillitiH
v'.,%
»
S*pt. -, IPM
.- <lo
1..14
4.43
1.83
2. CO
o.:n
0.70
of nir&Hurc-QiPDta of IIil'mu iiIiii' Are
•,".?.;v
Pppt. — , 18:.5
....ilo
i,:o
4.40
1.83
2.0O
0.30
0. 73
Ilia, ra tnk(M) frnlji tlip t1ci.li. Kniiiu
tVA
<f
Si'p-. -, 1835
....do
1.33
4.44
1. 4.1
\.M
0.33
0.74
of IiIh tluurra for \\w talUaa tiiven
V-rA
J
Si'pl.— , ISJi
...do
1.25
4.13
i.to
3 03
0. .Tfl
0,-7
oti llio Iti1)clH aio (ihviotialy illior.
■m,
<S
Sept.— , It'M
— do
1.34
4.43
1.83
3 00
0.38
0. 75
iprt. and prolialily all arr In cxccaa,
VAi
d
Spiliig, 1630
... do
1.23
4.10
1.3C
1.83
0.30
0.(0
bia poiDt bi'iog takpn too far inf.iilc
7.11
•Iillio 8, 1833
J. W.r.Jcnks..
4. .13
1.40
i.to
0.33
0.70
tliii akin. All the otiior nicaaiiro.
1101
048
Die. 30, 1835
(kt. 28.18.15
...do
4.00
4.30
1.37
1.50
0.30
0.37
0.74
0.75
...do
lOS
July 9,1855
...do
4.S5
1.55
1.70
0.30
0.75
1433
Apr. 17, 1830
...do
5.25
1.83
3.13
0.38
n 80
1008
Nov. 5,1855
....do
5.73
l.CO
t.80
0.30
0.75
No. 10P8 la overstaffed, odd Nm. 1433
1000
Nor. 11. 1853
....do
.1.C0
1.80
3.08
a 40
0.80
and lOCIi eccm to bo aomewhut ao.
From this table it appears that the head, from point of the nose to
the occiput, averages just one and a third inches in length, which is slightly
less than one-third of the head and body together, and a little less than the
overage length of tail; its variation is 0.16, or a little over ten per cent, of
I 11
<^.
•'^*>.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
I
^^"^^^
4^
^Ag
^
1.0
1.1
la
HI
lit
140
IL25 III 1.4
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.6
HiolDgraphic
Sdences
Corporation
4^
^.
'^^-^S^^*' ^
%%^
11 WBT MAIN STRH r
WlftSTn,N.Y. MSM
(71*)t71-4S03
.
1G4
MONOOltAPUS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
tlie mean. The nvcrnge length of the nine specimens, as mensurcd fresh, is
4.30, and of tlie seven dried ones is 4.75; the result 4.52, ns the true Icngtit
of the aninial, is siigiitly in excess of thai deduced from the Philadclphiu
series, and precisely what we should expect from the increase in latitude.
But lu'tore considering the limits of variability in total length of this series,
we must allow f()r the j)robal)le changes produced in stuffing. Thus No.
1578, which was 4.10 htng when fresh, measures in its present state only
3.75, without obvious "bunching up" of the skin; while No. 105)8, with
apparently moderate overstuffing, reaches 5.75, and it doubtless was at least
5.00 in life. Making due allowance for these contingencies, it will be quite
safe to assnnic one inch in length of head and body as the fair average varia-
bility of nuiture individuals living in the same locality. It is beyond doui)t
tiiat this capacity for variation will be found exemplitlcd in every considerable
series of adult specimens from any locality.
The tails of the above series average 1.C6 in length ; but this dimension,
as we have remarked, is certainly in appreciable t'xeess. We should not
place the true average above l.fiO at most, and this would correspond pre-
cisely with the slight increase in average size of the Massachusetts over the
Philadelphia series; the tail being, as before, one-third as long as the head
and l»o(ly. We have, however, a higher rate of variation in the length of the
tail, viz, from 1.37 to 1.80 at least, which is almost half an inch. Although
this may .wem excessive, and be thought in)t quite reliable, owing to what \>ie
said of the measurements as taken, yet we arc sure it is nothing unusual,
and, in fact, we d(!monstratc further on, from consideration of more material,
n greater variability of the tail than this. The pencil of hairs at the tip is n
viTy inconstant feature, depending upon the general condition of the animal
as to pelage, and |)crhaps upon season. It averages about a fourth of an
inch, and ordinarily ranges between O.IO and 0.30. The measurements of
the feet, in tlie above table, arc essentially the same as those of the Phila-
dolpiiia series, and need not detain us, though we may gather the fact that
increase- in total stature is noi always accompanied by corresponding increase
in these members, since No. 101)8, the largest of the specimens, has feet of
only average dimensions.
As corroborative of the two foregoing tables, and ns introducing new
data ill dimensions, we shall next present n table of sixteen specimens from
sligiitly-separated localities (but of strictly the same geographical range),
and separated from the localities already noticed by a considerable interval.
M I-
MDIllDiB— AltVICOLlN^— ABVICOLA UIPAUIUS. 165
Tadlr XLI. — McanremeMli of liitten tptelwuni of A. niPAniUH from XorlhiraUrn Slattn.
I
A^
an
741
74J
743
1404
v!,'A
mi
gas
W3
M7
m
i
Ualo.
Looaltty.
CoIIocIimI by—
i
1
TalllooDd
If-
■6
1
1
0.3li
u.;)7
0 3.1
0.30
0.3«
a4o
0.38
0.37
0.3V
0.30
0.3:)
0.34
0.38
A 33
0.38
0.37
1
^!
0.71
II. Nj
Ui3
a 78
0.81
0. n
0.84
0.P0
0.75
0.81
0.H
ft 70
aM)
ft 78
0.1:0
ftEO
i
>
1
Went XorthaUd, III
ILKenuleott
1 to
1.60
I.UU
1.40
I.K)
3. so l.ni
?.51 1.4(1
4.(W 1 I.7U
3 73 i 1- TU
dii
do
SprlBB, 1833
Jan. -. I8U
Hprinx, 1833
do
do
do
do
do
do
4.83
4.33
3.83
4.90
4.80
4.40
3.73
4.93
4.43
4 00
4. SO
aso
1.43
1. .VI
1.4'.
1.711
I.SO
1.23
1.53
1.33
1.40
1..^0
1.4U
do
do
9
9
Stint Lonla, Mo
1.70
1.33
I.f3
ITU
1.43
l.tO
1.40
l.fS
1.75
do
do
do
do .-.
dn
IUelno,Wli
do
Dr.lMLUsy
do
9
July 10, l»S3
do
Dolroit, Mich
Kelrolt Rlrar, Mich
do.f
n.Ftoi
Ang. -, I8S3
Prof. 8. y. nainl
4.04
ft 70
These menHurcments arc nearly all from dried skins, which nevertheless
are so well prepared that there is no appreciable source of error. The aver-
age— barely over 4.00 — is less than that of the Philadelphia series by about
three-tenths of an inch, while the tails average ratiicr more. While the
pro|H)rtioii in the eastern series is as 1.00 to 0,34, here it is as 1.00 to 0.37.
We also learn from this table of an interesting variability of proportionate
length of tail to luidy. Thus No. iVar, which is 3.r)0 long, and No. iVnr, 4.60
long, both have the same length of tail, 1,60; in the former the proportion is
1.00 to 0.46, and in the latter l.CO to 0.36; that is to say, the tail may
vary in specimens from substantially the same locality, from but little over
one-third to nearly one-half the length of the trunk. The hinti feet remain
substantially the same as in the two preceding scries (being slightly larger
than the Philadelphia one and slightly smaller than the Massachusetts one),
which, v/ith the decrease in total stature, gives relatively a little larger foot
of these specimens. In animals, then, from the Upper Mississipiti Valley,
we see a slight decrease in average stature, associated with a little longer
(relatively) tail and hind feet. We desire it to be observed, for purposes of
certain comparisons instituted beyond, that we have not yet seen any hind
foot touch 0.90 in length, none exceeding, and but few reaching, 0.85.
'1'
(
I"'
111;/
%'
n
a
'■if'..
I
s
i
i"
1(5(5
MONOGUAPUS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTJA.
[The peculiarities of pelage of a part of these Illinois and WiMCoimiii
specimens, constituting the variety longipilis, are discussed elsewhere.]
Before taking up the intricate questions that western specimens present,
and to complete our review of eastern examples, we continue with a fourth
table, comprising all the rest of the dry specimens that liave fallen under our
observation from the United States east of the Mississippi.
Taiii.e XLII.— Lfjt oftiMxlmmt (addilional to IhoM of Tablet XXXIX, XI,, a»d XLI) «/ AIIVICOLA IIIPAIIIL'S
txamined dri/Jrom the VniUd Slain eatt of the Miulmippi, iri/A mcaturrtm xti of Many.
a
M
Data.
L<ic3lily.
Collcolodliy-
a
}1
Taill
.f
If
o end
1
1
3
UelunrLH,
X.
S
1.30
\.M
0.30
ft 75
HAlirni N 8
Dr.J.aOilpln.
... do
4.00
AW
do
3.75
a 73
1.30
l..->0
1.43
1.70
0.33
a3«
ft 70
ft 73
Dciul 1 liJ.
Lubrndor
l>r. J. Wyninu . .
I038S
T760
,18311
, 1<«4
WhI'e Mo-.inUiut,
.N. H.
B. llflhil, VI
I.M
ILOO
033
ft 75
Albino ( :- " «(ta ^fn-
C. .S. I'uille
f-N,
mi
9
IliirUiigtnn, Vt ....
ilii
/.. 1 liomim u . .
...do
J
4. CO
1.-0
1.00
0.30
ft 77
Uc..d iS.X
■f
iln
..do
cC
do
...do
1(17
i.ao
1.00
0,35
ft 73
...«•>.
',.m
?
Aug. ai, 1663
Wood! nolo, Mm
H.F.Bolrd
4. no
I.IO
3.10
a 43
ft 66
im
J
Aug. 81, ism
ilo
...do
4.90
I.CO
1.60
ft 78
hm
d
Si'pt il,IM3
do
...do
4.33
l.SO
1.70
0.39
ft 61
•
iw
Jlllj lt>, lfl«l
.... do
...do
3. SO
1.40
1.00
ftTO
im
9
July ■a. leei
do
...do
3.0)
i.m
1.33
ft 10
im
.Sept. 1:1, IW3
ScpL 11, letu
....do
1.60
1.05
4.10
0.40
0.41
ft 6-3
ft63
do
...do
Sc'pt », I8C3
do
...do
4.33
1.33
1.63
0.40
ft80
im
9
July -, IHX
Miirilieg(.t I., Mllu
Dr. T.M. Brewer
4.30
1.63
I.IM
0.63
NoM to eye ftSV, to ur
l.Oii : bead 1.35.
S5?]
rt
July — , l«M
Ao
....do
4.87
1.64
«.<4
0.45
ftOO
NoM to eye 0.S0, to Mr
1.16 i head 1.40.
!«l
rf
July — , leise
do
....do
Very yoaiig ; thli and
Moa. M30-1 lypoa of
•'brnurt'.
ff
IIIugliniu,UM>....
do
do
4.90
1 03
L83
0.33
ft 63
Head 1.60(1)
Head 1.33.
Type of *- rM/Uormm".
do
4 64
] 7Q
1 00
0.33
ft 75
Uolmm' Hole, Maw
Dr. J. Wymm.
4.W
1.35
1.85
ft83
im
?
Sept U, 1963
do
8.F.B«lrd
4.73
1.60
1.60
a 40
fteo
Like " ntfUormm".
017
Oct H, IMS
UlddlolM>n>a||b,Uii»
J. W. r. JenkB
Voang.
Bead 1 95.
)T.\pe of "Jorealta",
LeCoBto, 1653 1 nto
> .RlehardKii.
ff
IVor.L.A|i*Mli
aPowell
....do
4.90
1 40
1 55
0.34
ft63
Not. — , 18M
N. r. — , IBM
Newport, 11. 1
do
J. SO
133
1.39
1.60
1.90
0.31
0.40
ft 79
ft 81
rm
«ov. _, 18U
do
...do
1.40
1.60
ass
ft85
Type of "Mnto".
tM
Now York City
do
0 N LawroBoe
Very yonag.
8ST
t7J
ILOO
110
ft 80
Bimei Cooniy, N. Y
do
R E Halrt
AV*
(f
ft'pt— .l«i.-|
...ilo
4.00
1.00
1.83
ft 70
Dead 1.33.
rT
Mibol.,N.Y
It llnWfl 1
^onng.
Head 1.40. >
9
...do
4.10 I.CO
i.m
0.7«
w
MUKIDiE— ABVIGOLIN^— AltVICOLA RIPARIUS.
167
Table XLII.—XMii^qirdaimf (addUional IoHom of Tablu XXXIX, XL,and XLI)cfAnvicntJi ntPARius
namimtdjnm the Vnittd Slata tail of Ike illuitnlppi, wilk «eaa«irm«nf« of maiijf— Cuiitinuml.
!i4)
Ml
KS7
lU
tier
tl«
414S
41S0
■ffh
*tu
SIM
SIM
fNS
no
iM3
ma
fllT
I3N
Dal*.
Anff.— .IdM
8«pl — , laM
Fob. M, ISM
Sept. II, 1896
Nov. — , 1836
Not. — , ins
Not. — , 1)133
Hot. — , 1839
--,I8M
Lwtlitjr.
NI«hal>,N. T
BtMlry'i Point, M.J
C«rll*le,P*
....do..
....do..
....do..
....do..
do
Wllllanaiiort, Pa .
do
Fozbarnh, Pa. .
ColaailiU,Pa
do
Philadelphia, Pa..
PenuaylTaiila
(^Ilecled by—
Rllowfll..
aF.BalrU.
...do
...do
.. do
..do
do.
.. do
.. do
L UolUnn .
...do
MIcblKaa
CleTeUod, Ohio ...
Racine, Wla
LIvlnitatoo Co., Mo
Saint Louie, Mo .. .
Clarke Coonly, Va.
IIIlUboraach,N.C.
do
Pmlrle Her Xoage,
laataraUaltedSUIee
do
.do.
Unknown
..do
Mi(lw I<eCont«.
...do
...do
..do
.. do
J. K. Townappd
...do
J. LtCaoto
Or.J.p.Klnlaud
Dr. P. R. Hoy
.. do
Dr.Q, EnnelnMnn
Metolcy
U. A. Cortle
j2
4.r»
S.0O
4.90
!«
4.90
3.19
J.Valrie.
W.Cooper ...
Dr. T. IL Brewer
lliOor LeConto.
Armttt.
3.00
1-S
3.M
3.90
.\90
9.19
i.n
3.13
4.«3
3.00
4.ro
S.IO
4.«3
4.M
4.90
9.00
4.
4.(0
4.13
3.90
4.00
9,.'i]
3.00
3.80
4.90
4.13
S.00
Tall to cD(l
or-
i.eo
I.M
1.43
LW
LIS
1.40
1.40
1.(10
1. 00
1.83
LC3
I. CO
1.40
1.90
1.30
l.K
1.93
i
a
a. no
too
I. CO
i.oo
1.99
I.M
1.90
LOO
1.30
L90
LOO
L30
LIO
LS3
4.H
143
i.:o
MS
Lit
LSO
LIS
LOO
LS9
1.90
LSO
LIO
8.00
1.60
1.10
1.90
L35
I.M)
L43
LIO
Leo
1.40
LIO
LIS
a
0.39
0 43
0.40
0 40
0 31
0.34
0.30
O40
0,31
0 30
0 43
L«3
1.10
l.ti
1.80
LIO
LOS
0.30
0.33
033
0.33
030
0.33
031
O40
033
OlS
038
039
038
033
0.80
OUO
0.13
out
018
0.78
0 81
0.83
OW
O10
0.18
o.r:
089
O80
o.ta
OOil
088
n.TO
0.80
013
OBO
0.18
U.10
0.71
0 89
O80
llemarke.
018
a 16
a89
an
OBS
a84
0 80
on
on
Head l.flOt young.
SockUnf,
TonnR.
Very large and grlx-
■ly ■pfclmeni.
IaMwI "ncruto".
..do.
Type of ripariut.
Labeled "xaothogna.
tha".
...do.
Ltbelcd "nanOa".
Savkllns.
..do.
...do
Head 1.30.
Labeled " n/ttau ".
Very uray, like "brew.
erl"i labeled "na.
Mifa".
Vonogi labeled "enti-
da".
^Oiwa.
\ y\
t
k
1G8
jAIONOOHAPUS op NOKTU AMERICAN KODBNTIA.
til
■)!■'■
iii' ■
il^'-.'
m
Li a!
•il
''if "'
Tlu! large nmutiiit of inntcrial in this tabic gives tiie fuUdwing results: —
Tlio average; Iciigtli of the trunk (head and body) is 4.4?, or slightly loss
than fonr and a half inches. The minimum, of apparently adult animals, is
3.50, the mnxinium is b-lfi, and so two inches and a quarter is the gross
anionnt of variation deduced from the figures ns they stand. To maku
allowance, however, for probable error, both from inaccuracy of measure-
ment and from imperfect preparation uf the dried skins, from which most of
the measurements are taken, and thus to keep largely within reasunai>lc
bounds, we will add 0.25 to the minimum and sid>tract 0.25 from the maxi-
mum. With this very liberal allowance, it will be seen that we have proven
a net variation of one and three-quarters inches to occur in the sixty-three
specimen^! measured.
The tail averages 1.59 in this series, with 1.10 and 2.00 as extremes.
Making a fai'; allowance for error, as before, its true variation may safely be
held at three-quarters of an inch. Its average length relative to the tnnik
is as 4.43 to 1.59 :: 1 : 0.36 nearly, or a little over one-third the length of_
the trunk.
The average hiiul foot is here 0.80, with 0.72 and 0.92 as extremes.
Proiiably little or no allowance is here to be made for error, as the feet arc
never skinned, shrink but little in^drying, and can be measured to a nicety.
'I'he hind foot, then, varies two tenths of an inch in length.
Wc tabulate a resume of the four preceding series, as far as the three
principal measurements, of head and body, tail vertcbrBf, and hind foot, arc
concerned.
Buries.
t
•si
^ a
J -
3
a
L«D|;lli of livod
ntid botly.
Tiill (verteliiir).
Hind foot.
Average.
Masiniam.
S
B
J
'a
1
1.44
I.Kt
1.41)
1.50
B
a
a
1
§
a
'5
a
1
1
a
1
M
B
B
a
a
S
Pliilu<lvlpliia m>rk>8
19
IG
10
4.35
4.D3
4.04
4.43
4.7.'>
r..75
4. GO
5.75
4.00
4.00
3.50
3. r,o
t.co
l.UO
1.70
2.00
1.95
1.37
1.3S
1.10
0.77
0.70
0.79
O.SO
0.82
0.B6
0.86
0.92
0.70
0.70
0.75
0.72
Illinois, At'., Hvries
Gciienil scries. ..............
114
4.:u
5.75
3.50
1.59
'2.00
l.IO
0.78
O.OS
0.70
Combining the results of the 114 specimens, wc have on average length
of trunk of exactly four and one-third inches; a length of tail of 1.69, or alinust
MUKID^— AKVICOLIN^— ABVICOLA RIPAKIIJS.
169
exactly one and three-jijths inches ; and a foot of 0.78, or nearly four-fiflhs of
an inch. The innjority of the specimens run from 4.25 to 4.50 in Iciiglli; n
large proportion run between 4.00 and 5.00. Only eight specimens (al)out 7
jMjr cent, of the whole) exceed 5 00, and only twelve (about 10 per cent.) of
the adult ones fall below 4.00. The proportionally longest tail is as 0.41 to
1.00, or a trifle over two-fifths of the trunk; the shortest tail is as 0.27 to 1.00,
or a little over one-fourth of the trunk; the average tail is to the average trunk
as 0.37 to 1 .00, or about three-eighths. Only a single foot of the 1 14 (ixcccds
0.90, and only three touch this figure; not one fulls below 0.70.
The limits of what may be called normal individual variability are easily
set from the foregoing figures, and the bounds of (Hissible variation as readily
|)erceived for both al)8olute size and relative proportion of parts. It must
be observed that we have not yet presumed to inquire whether more than
one species be represented in the series; but what we claim to have shown
is that no more than one species can be predicated upon these specimens
from size and relative proportion of parts, since the ab&olute dimensions gnidc
imperceptibly between the extremes, ond the relative measurements are
inextricably interlaced.
As a supplement to the foregoing, we subjoin another table of more
detailed measurements of numerous alcoholic specimens, all from the Eastern
United States. This table extends and checks the above results to the last
details of structure, and requires no further comment.
Tablr XLSII.— Jtfiramimimto effortji-fitt (and IM nf Many othtr) alBokoUe ipteimau q/ A. miparicb flrom
Ikt Saltern U»UedSMt$.
■y-:'U
1
1
u
i
Looaity.
CollMtor.
Fmmtipofuow
to—
Till to
eod of-
Loaglh
of-
i
1
0.30
Nature of Apoolroen.
1
A
I.IO
L90
i
4. so
I
1.60
I.M
1
1
1
1
H
a 81
T4«
MM
MM
vn
1531)
«n
Ml*
•m
lom
1MI
im
1BN
BaUfla,NoT»8e<itla..
.... lis
J.aOilpIn
.. do
Alootnllo.
do
. ...do
....do
do
HMMlTUksr*
Labmlor
J.F.Thlck«««o ..
J. Wynuin
».n
I.OH
L30
lao
i.eo
i.W
0.44
«Lim
o.4:>
.. dn,
AI«oIhiII&
do
UkeSapwtor
d«
UwrpDanutm.
...do
...
...
....
da
...do
...
...
....
0i4S
ivn
...
....d«.
...do.
....do.
...do.
... dfc
....do.
do
... do
■"1
do
... to
...
Miiuraoto
aF.Oilall
RKmnkoU
...do
...do
do
< i
t
170
MUNOURAPUS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Taiilk XLIII.— ]f«iMiirem«ii(« of fortg-fin (and IM of many oi\er) alcoholle tptelmtMt of A. uipadiv* firom
Iht Eiuten Vnileil Slatn—ConUnnrt\.
s
4908
1630
16iU
10.116
to
losid
ri
9899)
10319]
to
iosmI
9»l
1399
10383]
to
10303 j
4913
10304
1616
1««
10303
•888
lOSWI
isn
9849
SfSO
9831
9869
9M3
1631
9834
1911
10991
10308
9868
10S09
10600
10601
10609
1603
10003]
to
loeiiJ
4893
10619]
to
10691
1614
10623]
to
10699)
Loullly.
Collfwtor.
Froatlpornoeo
to—
Tall to
end or-
Length
of-
i
1
Nature of apadnea.
A
i
1
I
I
^
i
1
i
I
i;*n*iliiWut
HinneautA
D. W.DavIa
O.KaaiTtaon ...
P.RBoy
....do
A'oobulle.
...do.
...da
do.
Raolne, WU
... do
do
....do
....do.
?
Saint Loiili, Ho
Wvtberatlitlil, Conn . . .
do
O.Kngalmiun....
C.Wright
....do
0.43
0S9
0.90
1.00
••
1.90
1.00
I.9S
1.40
1.90
4.93
..
3.00
1.90
1.80
1.60
1.10 0.40
9.10 0.4.1
I.W0.44
a 19 0.43
O.8«0.SS
a*....
....do.
....do.
3 Tery young.
Toiuc.
...da
...da
...da
TeMa: 4reot., 4abd.
Aleohello.
....da
do
....do
?
MkiDD
W.Stimpaoo
....do
. do .
EsuxCannt.T,N.Y...
Walorrllle, N. Y
. do
O.A.Soott
U.DaTia
...do
nuisborough, N. C ..
do
M. A. Cnrtla ....
4.110
1,13
90(1
0.43
OlBO
...do
Waihlngtoo, D.C
Tiogft, N. Y
— 1
B.Row«II
0.30
0.9ll
Ol48
0.48
I.IO
1.09
9.01
9.91
1.90
1.30
1.96
1.90
4.30
HO
1.10
1.53
I.BO
1.40
1.90
I.IP
1.10
lis
0,4f
a43
0.41
0.40
0.89
0.80
0.81
0.19
....do.
...da
....da
do
do
...do
....do
W.8.Wood
....do.
PhlWIelphik, Pa
. do
...da
...do
....da
CUrka County, V*....
do .
C. a B. Kanmriy
...do
....da
0.30
9.98
1.90
4.13
1.40
1.60
0.43
0184
0.49
....da
....do. <
SpatUjWaota Co., V»
do
A-W.Haaaay...
....do
....da
do
....do
....do.
Oneida Coniit.T,N.Y.
do
H.DaTia
da
,...4o
da
do
do
do.
do
....do
da
do
...do
da
...
Nlohola,ir.Y
B. Howell
....da
di
....do
....da
Wa^JrTlll^N.Y
.. ..do
U.DaTia
AloehoUeill young.
AlooboUe.
AleokoUe|4yonn(.
AlookoUe.
....do
Oo»ldaCoonty,ir.Y..
do
....do
....do
MUKIDJS— AKVICOLIN^— AttVlOOLA RIPAKIDS.
171
Tahi.k XLIII.-.l/Mnii-eiM*f« of forlg-fin (amd litl qf mang other) mlcohoUe tpaimmi of A. fclPAiilUri from
the Eatttrm Vnited •SI<j(m— Coutiiiiiwl.
MM
ISM
iMinj:
Laatity.
OormiiDtowii, Pa..
do
Ucnilpj Point, N. J . .
do
BurlliiinoD, T(
do
do..
Hlughom,
do..
Mutksgcl laUod .
do
do
CulMit, Pa
do
do
do
do
do
do
do ...
do
Moant Joy, Ps. .
do
do
do
do
do
do.
do
.do.
do
do
.... do .-...
Pbtladdphla, |P»
do
Bradfmd Conoly, Pa..
AUoftaaiiy Goonty, Fa,
CollMtnr.
ItSorgaaot
...l!o
HF.Baird...
...do
Z.TbaiopMn..
...do
OL
...do
T.ii.^nw9T.
...do
...do
...do
K F. Baird .
...do
...do
...do
...do
.do.
.do.
do.
a V. Italrd .
J. SladAtr .
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do.
..do.
B.aWalk«r..
Frontipornoae
HI
0.
0.9(1
0.
an
0i4e
Ol
Oi
II
0.
».
Lie
LIS
5.73
i.e.
4. so
LMLa7
LM
0.M
aM
LOO
0.S7
a.u
0.
0.
0.90
0.90
a 4.1 0.9311. 1»|.l
o.uo.oo'i.o«
0.47
0.41
0.
.m.
.ooi.»
.MLM
L30
L30 3.
L301
0.
OlSO
0.90
0.9U
0.90l.0alLIS|4,«l|L33
D; 46 0.93
0.9tjl
LOO I
L00L9H4.<
L49
LI9L
LWS.
Il.4i40.7e|l. 19 3.
931.981
LNL30 4.00|LM|L
LSI
0.93|Lia4.
0.93L3e4.
LUM.
L93)L
1
X
9lC0
too
110
L40
Ml.
Tall lo
«nd of—
■It
9.30
113.-.
Ls;
WLO
7. L4
»
40 L
iff;
i.ei
1.34
LU
LM
L83
Lft
3.73 1.93
001 90
IILOD
00 Las L
00 L 48 I.
ootai
80L«
ML 10
79 LM
9. 40 0. 80
[l.48laMI
1.4:
1.49 0.88
J14I0.B0
1. 40 0. 81
).30i0.eo
Lon;:tb
or—
0.81
1X83
0.49 0180
40 9.83
L
L
l.45fe37|0.M
.301180
.38 0.8:
D. 40 0.84
9. 40 0.83
.8111
.819.
0.79
9.4l|a86 9.44
33 9.40183
U 9. 41 9.
9.40111
1.40
9010. 49 0.80
83 0.410. SI
140 01
71I9L40
S>).4O0l7O|0i43
«8 0.43 0.80
9S 1.40 0.70
80 0.410,84
XM0.73
90 01401,79 0.93
0,74
0,43
9.43
40
Nntiiro of s,MMiiiiioll
Aluobollo,
..do.
. do,
. do.
..da
. •)«
.do,
. d&
^T)rpc«ar"Brrwurl.'
AtoohoUc.
...da
..da
.. (la
.. da
...da
...da
AlcoboUo.
...da
.. da
...da
..da
...da
...da
...da
..da
...da
...da
..da
..da
.da
•TWawl
KMIvradoM
aaaMotl»nfniaiBurtiogt<ioliavoiuiiMiullyloa(tall,aaliitliolI<qi. "niyodoa" ftoin Ihatnflon, Bnltbl*
mark llwn all i tbajr varj- half aa lack.
•'V;.
!:, ,
f iH'
11
..:■■
>
u
^ 1
,r
l'\
%
*:
11
172
MONOOKAPOS UF NORTH AMHKICAN ROOENTIA.
T.mi.K XlAlL—Mfamrrmtnlio/forlii-JIn (and fitf o/ many oiker) alcohollo tptrlmnt of A. t\iv.\mvii from
lite Ka$lrm Vmlltd «ral««— Conliiiaeal.
_
7.WI
io(n'i|
*"
lonotij
saw
■UM
107711 1
10778 1
lOTMl
I
Ucmlity.
CollMtor.
Knmtlporuooi^
lo—
Tall lo
«nd or-
Lrnglh
of-
i
1
Nuluraoriipnlaioo.
1
i
'
t
1
...
1
*'
1
1
n
Batrm.Obla
JailpiNewtaa....
...do
AlcolwUei TtryyouiiR.
Alcoholic
...da
Huppoanl .1 very yunnit.
Huppond 6 very yiKlDK.
Alcuholla
.. da
... da
...da
..da
.. da
...da
.. ila
..da
.. da
.. do
WiKtXiirthllrM.III .
.... do
ILKonnlnotl
..do
.... do
...do
do
....do
■■
....
..
"
do
.. do
do
....do
*t015
Pi' ni III mi. Ulna
do
...do
...do
do
...do
do
....do
....
do
....do
BeH9
Wood • Hole, Uus...
dn
8.F.Biilrd
...do
loeifl
do
...do
l(M13
do
...do
* Thi'M -n ap«clia»i not Idntlded by tootli, wllh fow uocptloiu. It It nKcwary to inilio * nots of Ihcte for foar
thcrti mfty bv Mine /VdoMyf owlcnu aoioDf iben.
Taiilb XL.IV.— Jfeafiirniiciita (/ tkirty-Mnt drf iptcimm of Ike hii'arics lipe from rarioHi tocalUia in tke
VniM SUila tcft of Ike Miulnippi.
a
p
M
Date.
LodOlW.
Collected by-
1
i
■s
1
Konurka.
»3JS
0336
0337
»3I7
43H
33«S
«M
mi
3096
84«8
aosi
■m
iWr
I09W
»m
3391
Aug.— ,1871
Aon. — , 1871
June 10, 1871
Tellowstoae Lake
do
FurlNeof
F.V.U«yd<in
...do
....do
3.79
3.75
4.30
4. 90
4.90
3.90
3.60
4.09
3.89
3.00
3.90
3.99
aoo
a 79
9. 79
4.90
179
3.30
1.90
1.60
1.30
a«7
a 74
0;7S
aTO
e.i»
t.76
Freab: "9.00lnlangi heul 1.13 '.
ronnif.
...da
Imiuura
Toung.
... Ui>.
l.lke " ados " In oelotr.
...do.
Yonnit
MebiMka
.. do
do
...do
do
....do
<f
July 1,1860
Ang. 10, I8S0
Aug. 36, 18M
AllR. 11,1897
July 98, 18-
Jnly 34, 1897
do
do
do
Cheyenne Pau, R. Mia..
Cheyenne River, IMk . .
Medicine Bow MounUlna
But of fort Union
O.H.Tn>oK
W.8.Wi.j<l
....<4t
... io
1.30 1 a Til
1.40 0.78
1.09 0.70
1.00 a69
0.77
0.70 0.60
a79 aoo
aco j ao)
U.W a«9
W.A.Hunmond.
O.Suekley
— Krentafi'ldt...
....do
do
Centrmt Plftfiii
C. Wornlgk
aOnix'er
l.llS
1.19
0.74
a68
9
Apr. 17, 1896
Fori UridRer, Utah ..
\i -
si::
MURIDJS-ARVIOOLINAj:— ABVIGOLA BIPARIUa.
173
Taulr XMV.— Jl«uiimiieii(< o/ lkMf-»iiu iry tptniwuKi ^ Iht rii-aiiiuh tgpt from rariaiu loatlUiM Ik Ik*
Vnilfd Slam tw$t of M« tflw<nljipi— ConliDued.
1
3390
33W
33M
NI3
MH
4171
3m
3M»
38M
3WT
■am
rt«
HU
\m
41«l
37m
leoM
lOOM
i
DUa,
LoMllly
CoUeeted by-
1
4.75
x-a
4.U
91M
3.73
4.M
s.ra
4. IS
4.8:.
4.SS
4.00
4.90
4.90
4.33
3140
4.40
4.00
IM
4.00
aso
1-
a. 10
1.00
1.30
1.90
1.33
l.«3
1.43
l.«3
ISO
I.SS
I.M
i.eo
1.40
I.M
I.S3
1. 4.-I
1.73
L87
t
i
0.1»
a70
a7s
0 74
o.aa
070
Oi77
0.83
OiJil
O.KI
0.»J
0.73
0.81
u.eo
0 83
0.80
ara
0.00
OKI
0.80
0i87
RonMrko,
V
Ui>yaa,iH8
JuM •,IH3<)
JUBO 4,I8W
IVirt Bridcrr, Citb
do
do
O.Dreiler
...do
D«rk«nlored.
....do.
...do.
....do.
...do.
Tyi<e of " lon^roffriff ".
Lobcleil "monfaniM",
Ulielod"«lwr'.
Labeled "Mtax".
Ubol«i"«iai>'.
Typoof "«lo»". |"«l««".
I.abeled " ttli/mniau" , like
Typoof '•M<(A>mlnu".
.. do
fWtVhlppIv, Aril...
do
KINUmer
...do
9
M«r.3l,liM0
KortCraok Col
J. Fellner
. ...do
...do
••
do
do
...do
...do
9
d
do
FtortTfJon Col
..do
J.XOIIIDO
J.tl.Ne»lierfy ...
...do
Upper Pit RiTor, Col ...
Lool Rlrer, Col
A.RT»yk>r
J.r.llonmoad .
...do
8wi Dieco, Col
do
CollltaniUi
J. LeCoate ......
C. S. Bi. Eip ...
...do
do
do
Pniiet Sound
.. do
4.10
1.93
0.W
As will he seen, this series embraces the type-specimens uf all tiie
nominal species we are to discuss except "montana", anil of this there is
a typical exan:ple. The series was made up without the slightest reference
to any desired or expected result, and simply includes, in fact, all i he dry speci-
mens that have i^ome under our observation. The seven specimens marked
"young" are not grown enough to furnish available measurements ; and as
(hey would vitiate the result if included, they are omitted in computing the
average.
It is hardly necessary to more than allude to the average of this series
OS compared with the eastern ones. The total length falls between that of
the Philadelphia and the Illinois series, and is 0.15 below the general average.
The length of tail is within a just appreciable fraction of the grand eastern
average, taking place between that of the general series and. the Illinois
series. The average proportion of body and toil is ^4.18 : 1.53) as 1.00 to
0.34, precisely as in the Philadelphia and Massachusetts series. The average
foot is precisely as in the Illinois series, and within 0.01 uf the grand eastern
nvrroge; only two feet touch 0.90, and none (of the adults) fall below 0.70.
jl!
m
m
m
, -.i'l
ti
174
MONt)OBAPn8 OP NORTH AMRRIOAN RODENTIA.
jSii
13ut since several iiuniinal sppcicH ure represented in tlie list, which inigiit
collectively strike a ji^ennrnl nvcriigc without being severally on an nverngn, it
becomes n(?crHaary to discuss the scries in detail. On running the eye over
the column of lengths ol Irunk of the adults, it will he seen that they are
imperceptibly graduated from 3.50 to 4.75, an«l that this graduation is inde-
pendent of geographical or other consideratiuns. We have only, then, to
discuss the relative length of tail and feet as coni|Nired with the body.
Now, the specimens from Nebraska, Utah, and the upper and mountain-
ous parts of California do not differ in any way from the eastern in size or
8ha|)e (as will be seen by making a calculation from the figures). '1 hose
from \\\c. lower parts of California and the Pacific Coast itself (representing
"edax", "californicus", and "occidentalis") average a little less (3.92; that is,
O.IG less) than the average of the whole; while the tails average a little
more (1.3 '; that is, 0.15 more), giving a relative length of body an«l tail as
3.J)2 : 1.G8 :: 1.00 : 0.43; while that of the whol;; e.istern series is only
1.00 : 0.37. The feet are correspondingly enlarged, averaging 0.84 instead
of 0.79. We may say, therefore, that these specimens are a little smaller
than usual, with tail and feet both absolutely and relatively a little longer.
But we must remember that this is only one end of a very long series of
145 specimens, a great many of which shade up to this extreme, and some
of which overlap it, and that the utmost of variation in these 39 specimens
is fairly within the normal limits of variability we demonstrated for the
eastern series. We now propose to match several individual specimens out
of this series, as nearly as may prove possible, with eastern ones.
No. 4318 (Nebraska) is 4.50X1-60X0.78, and No. 3-)25 (North
Carolina) is 4.75 X '-^OX 0 79; differing less than two specimens from
Nebraska. No. 3551, from Utah, is 4 75X2.10X0.78, and No. 857,
from New York City, is 4.75X2.00X0.80; difference much less than
that between the several Utah specimens. No. 3867 (Fort Crook) is
4 25X1-40X83; No. 4723, from Pennsylvania is 4.00X1-40X0.82;
the type of " longirostris" (No. 1268) is 4.50 X 1-«'>0X 0-73; a Philadelphia
skin is 4.25X1-40X0.70 (precisely the same proportions). A typical
specimen of "montana" is 4.50 X 1-55 X 0.81; a Philadelphia skin is 4.60 X
l..'iJX0.82. The type of "edax" is 4.00X1-^X0.90; No. 903, from
Nuntuckot. is 4.20 X 1-40 X 0.85; and No. 901 (type of rufidorsum) is 4.20 X
1..55 X 0 82. The type of " californicus " is 4.0d X 1-75 X 0.80 ; No. 1578,
MURIDiK- AIlVlCOLINiE -AKVICOLA BIPARIUS.
175
from Massachusetts, is 4.00 X 1 -56X0.^0. " Occidentalis " alone lins pro-
portionnlly longer tail and feet than any other of the whole series, but it
grades through " californicus " to the rest The difference in the length of
the foot between "occidentalis" and 'californicus" is only 0.07, which of
course furnishes no character of the slightest import, as we have seen a vari-
ation of more than twice as much in eastern specimens — enough to more
than counterbalance the greater relative discrepancy, which is owing to
"occidentalis" being a smaller individual. According to Duird's measure-
ments, the tail of "occidentalis" is 2.00, and of californkm LfiO; but there
appears to he some mistake here, and at any rate the specimens now in our
hands show no such discrepancy, one being about 1|, the other 1^. They
are both prepared in the same style, and apparently by the same person.
The above will be sufllicient, we presume, to establish what wc claim :
that in points of size and shape there is no difference whatever between the
eastern series and nearly all the western scries, and that there is no difference
in these respects of specific import, or even enough to constitute a geogroph-
ical variety in any of the Wo spejimens; and that, therefore, if more than
one species is to be r!st4ibli8hed, it must be upon something else than size or
shape.
To this we should add a word concerning Arvicola " modesti> ". We regret
that we cannot agree with the proposer of this species, that although it is " not
quite grown, the skull shows that it would not attain to much greater size".
To our view, this skull is that of a very young animal, as shown by its size,
smoothness, fragility, absence of muscular impressions, loose sutures, &c. It
corresponds in tliese and all other respects with several specimens of very
young eastern and western Arvicola measuring two or three inches long;
while the external dimensions are the same as those of the several young
ones with which it is associated in the last series given.
We supplement the foregoing table with one of more det'-i'^d measure-
ments from alcoholic specimens, dismissing it with the rerna ...at it amply
confirms what has been alreaily deduced.
l.'i]
I
1 'i\
n
a
11- .-
iir
176
MONOGRAPHS OF NOIITIT ^ MERICAN RODE^TIA.
Tablr \LV.—Me<uuremeHU nf thirteen alcoliohe. $peclmeHM of A. riparius y)v)«i (Ac V»ttti State* tcett nf the
UiiuiMlppi.
1
Locality.
Fort Briilgur, Utah'
Colhclor.
NoMto-
Tall to end'
of-
1
1
1
a
0.90
0.41
0.43
o..'a
0.33
0.S3
0.4)
0.55
a 43
0.37
0.33
Remarks.
1
1
a
t
>
1
1611
lOIIMj
.«
10007 j
17m
lOUOO
lOOffl)
10070
10071
10078
1738
11B3
1269 1
1370 1
4833
7571
10073
701! 1
7739
25 J6
9e93
U«lfl
10074 1
to
10081 J
C.Drcxler
...do
0.48
0.43
0.4S
0.50
0.47
0.99
0.40
0.S0
0.45
O.S,'!
0.93
0.IM
0.05
0.90
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.80
I.OO
0.02
1.05
1. 10
1.18
1.17
1.20
1.30
1.20
1.25
1.10
1.25
1.15
1.40
1.30
4.90
a2s
3.15
3.90
4.10
4.00
4.15
3.20
4.00
4.00
4.50
4.30
l.M
1.20
1.85
1.30
l.OS
■J. 00
i.eo
1.19
1.83
1.30
1.30
2.00
1.80
1.30
1.35
1.45
1.45
i.go
a. 15
2.0J
1.30
1.90
2.10
1.90
0.38
0.33
0.40
0.38
0.40
0.40
o.:n
0.40
0.38
<t.41
a 45
0.10
0.14
0.11
0.8)
0.17
aeo
0.80
0.70
0.80
0 80
0.10
O.00
0.81
Ynimg.
...do.
Tuuni;.
Toung.
...do.
...do.
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
C.S. McCarthy..
...do
....do
...do
...do
....do
Fort KeArDC7
Medicine Bow Creek
Klninath Lake
Upiwr I>en Chutes..
TTppor Platte River
Black IlllU. Dak..
Fort Shaw, Mont . .
Fort Crook, Cal
Fort TiJon.Cal
Sau Diego, Cal
Monterey, Cal
do
...do
W.S. Wood
J. 8. Newberry..
...do
O.Drexler
F.V.IIayden...
R.B. IliU
J. Fi'iluor
J. Xiiiitua
.1. F. Hammond
Dr. Cauiaold ..
...,do
....do
1
...do
1
* Dtexler's numerous Fort Itriilger Hpecimens wo have not tboni^ht necessary li> measnra in detail, as tlmy differ but
Utile, and are proclaely like the dry ones alrt'ndy preseot^d. McCnrttiy'o, from the snnio locnlity . show h good deal of iitficrciic*
in length nnd stutitnoiu of tail. It will bo observed thrtt these Hpectmena, which we cannot diatiu^^tflh even as a Inonl strain,
fmni ordiuary ripariui, were collooteil la company with a lot of A. autte.tu var. decurtatu*, wliicli aoeina oomnton in thai
locality, and is distingtiiiihable al a glnooe. Kvon the collectors appear to have separated the two species, tojudgo from tbo
labels.
t Uy some miHprint in Boird's work, Not. 130!>, 13T0 are given as mounted, whereas they now lie before us In nloohoL
Having exhausted our data of size and external shape, we will next inter-
rogate an extensive scries of skulls of eastern and western Arvicolas of the
riparhts section, to see if there be any cranial characters upon which more
than ii single species may be predieable. '
H '^ \
MURID-B— ARVICOLIK^— ABVICOLA RIPABIU8.
177
Tablb XI4VI. — iSetuHvdnentt of »ixl>j-eight »lt»Ui af eastern and tcmtern apecimena of AnvicuLA KiPARlUd.
mi
mi
mi
w/
iM
«M!
mi
mi
w
w
im
w
W4'
«l!88
mt
m}
w
\uu
Locality.
BurlinKton, VI.
ilo
do
.do.
Uiddlelioroagb, UaM .
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Uaakeget^ Mau
do
do
HlDgham, Mm«
Wood'i Hole, Haw . . . ■
do
do
do
nolmflc* Hole, Maaa . . .
do
Mioliol>,N.T
Bawx Conoty, N. T ..
Philadelphia, !■*
Fozbnrgli, Pa
do
Carll>l«,Pa
do
do
do
.... do
do
do
do
VeonivlTanla
do ,
WiiahinKtoo, D. C
niarke County, Ta . . .
Weat Hortkfleld, III ..
do
do
.... do
do
do
do
D«trol),Mlota
Dstrolt River. Mloh.
12 H
1.03
1.08
1.06
1.07
1. 01
1.90
1.09
LOS
1.08
1.00
I.IS
l.OJI
1.10
!. II
1.08
1.14
1.19
1.03
1.08
1.05
1.08
1.00
1.07
1.09
1.00
1 07
1.13
1.00
1.09
1.06
i.ie
1.06
1.00
0.06
0.M
0.41
0.49
0.40
0.43
0.40
0.40
0.4J
0.44
0.49
0.43
0.40
0.40
0.44
a4i
0.41
0.44
0.49
a4«
a 44
a43
0.39
a 44
a43
a4o
0.49
0.40
a4o
0.43
0.30
0.49
0.41
a 40
a 49
B.X
0.38
0.3i
b40
0.S9
0.03
0.69
0.63
0.61
0.05
0.00
ass
0.69
0.65
0.61
aos
0.S6
aes
ass
a 64
a 69
a 61
a«i
a TO
as7
a 67
a 69
a 63
a 64
as9
a so
a S3
as«
a 66
a 58
as8
a so
a 69
a 61
ass
a64
ass
ac9
a 18
a 16
a 17
an
a 15
a 16
a 18
a IS
018
a 17
a 15
a 14
a 15
a 16
a 17
a 16
a 15
a 18
a 14
a 15
an
a 16
a 18
a 17
a 16
a 17
a 17
a 16
a 15
a 18
a IS
a 14
a 17
a IS
a 18
a 16
a 15
an
a 15
a 15
a 14
a 14
a 13
a 16
a 16
a 97
0.97
a 96
a '.IS
a 97
a 97
a 98
a 97
a 94
a98
a 98
ago
a 94
a 98
ar
a 96
a 96
a 99
a 97
a99
a 97
a 98
a98
ass
as4
a 97
a9S
a97
a 97
a 95
a96
a 94
a9T
a96
a 97
as?
age
a 98
a97
a9S
a 94
a 94
a94
a 96
age
Uiidur Jnw froni
tip of inclsora to —
a 18
a 90
ai8
an
ago
a 90
a 99
a 91
ago
ago
ago
ago
an
a 93
a 10
ago
a 99
a 15
a 99
ago
ago
a 94
ago
a 91
ago
ago
a 94
a 18
agi
a 18
agi
a 19
ago
agg
a93
agi
a«9
ass
a 59
a 58
a 61
a 69
a 60
a so
a S3
ass
a 63
a so
a SI
a 69
a 60
ass
a 57
a 54
a6s
as8
a 63
asa
a gi I a i»
ail
agi
as9
ago
a 18
agi
an
af9
a 69
a so
a 58
a 59
ass
as6
a 79
a 74
a 75
a 77
a 77
a 78
a 80
a 70
a 80
a 80
a 78
a 74
a 67
a 87
a 77
a8f
a 8.1
a 81
a 75
a80
a 81
a 78
a 70
a 80
a 78
a79
aeg
a 79
aso
a 80
a7S
a 76
a 71
a 70
a 79
a83
a 76
a 77
n.eo
aM
a 78
a 74
a79
a 70
a 77
a7g
a 76
a 83
a 79
a 80
a 8:1
a -9
a 80
ago
a 70
a 81
a 84
a 89
a 80
ass
a 86
a83
o,:e
a84
agg
a 80
ae6
a 83
aB3
a S3
aso
a 81
aTS
a 71
a 83
ago
a 89
a 81
a 89
aes
a 89
a 78
a 77
a 79
aeo
a 77
a 97
a 98
a 96
a 97
ass
a 95
ago
aao
a 95
a 98
a 97
0.98
ago
ag4
ag7
a 99
a 96
o.g7
agg
age
a30
a 33
a 34
0 39
u. GO
aso
a 39
a 35
a 98
ass
ass
aso
a 97
ajo
a 93
a 36
a 95
a 3.1
a 39
aso
0.34
aso
ago I asi
a97
a«7
ag7
ago
age
a9s
aso
ago
aso
ags
age
age
ags
ags
ags
a 98
a97
ags
ag7
agg
ag7
ags
a 94
a94
age
ag7
a 37
ass
aso
a 34
aso
ass
a 36
a 34
a S3
a 39
a. 10
asg
aso
ago
a 31
a 36
a 31
a 31
asg
a 31
a SI
age
a 33
ags
ass
asg
Not fbll growD.
k^^.
1
r
t:
l!
1
i
y
ti. 1
i[ ■
i i
!!
fli:
'S
J'TT-f
•J''!:'
'ill'
I )
■ I'
!»'
!li
n;
178
MONOGKAPH8 OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Tablk XLVI. — itea»urementt of uMij-figM ukulU of Mtlem and teetlerH tpetime»» of AnvicOLA KIPARIUI —
Coutinned.
I
a
W
mi
me
mi
Looallty.
Kacino, Wig
HfllDt Loutrt, Uo
do
do
PrAfrle Iftr Rouge, Lii.
do
Montorpy.Gal
do
Putalumo, Cal
Sftn Diego, Cal
Upper Pit River. Cal..
Luat River, Cal
Fort Trjon, Cal
California
DeaChntoa, Oreg
Puget Soand, Oreg
1.03
1.01
1.04
1.03
1.10
1.00
l.U
I.U
1.10
1.08
1.01
l.OS
1.14
1.07
1.19
0.40
0.43
0.39
0.40
0.43
0.40
fl.41
0.44
0.4S
a 43
0.49
a 43
0.40
0.43
Widtliat-
N
0.S8
0.69
0.60
0.96
0.67
aoo
a 01
0.69
0.60
0.64
0.61
0.63
0.63
COS
0.63
0.09
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.16
0.19
a 19
0.10
a 14
0.17
0.19
0.U
0.14
0.10
0.19
0.18
0.36
a 96
0.27
0.99
0.97
0.95
0.97
0.99
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.97
0.97
0.39
0.38
0.99
a97
Under Jaw from
tip of ioclaora to—
0.91
0.18
a 34
0.30
0.33
0.30
0.39
a 17
a 18
a93
0.90
0.99
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.30
I a9i
0.60
0.61
aoo
0.98
0.64
0.69
0.66
0.B7
0.64
0.63
0.61
0.68
0.60
0.78
a78
0.80
0.74
0.80
0.76
0.80
O.tU
0.81
0.80
0.83
0.80
0.79
0.81
0.80
0.81
J!
s.-
0.89
0.f»
0.8J
0.77
0.83
0.79
0 81
0.84
0.89
0.89
0.84
0.87
0.8U
0.84
0.83
a 37
0.37
0.97
a99
0.97
0.99
0.S7
0.39
0.30
0 9R
0.39
0.33
0.31
0.97
0.99
030
&
B
9.31
0.31
ass
0.33
0.34
0.30
0.33
o.s:i
0.39
0.30
0.38
0.37
0.36
a39
0.33
0.39
Reniarka.
wontanM t
edax.
idax.
tong'roatrit.
oondmfaiia
The blanks in the foregoing table are owing to the defective condition
of' certain specimens. The measurement of the length is made from tiie tip
of the nasal bones to the upper border of the foramen magnum. The height
is the perpendicular from the posterior corner of the last upper molar. The
orbital width is at the point of greatest constriction of the orbit. The zygo-
matic width is at the broadest point of the zygomatic arches. The molar
seres are measured from anterior corner of the first molar to posterior corner
of the last one. The length of incisors is their protrusion from the alveoli.
The condyloid dimension is measured to the back corner of the condyle.
The average length of the whole series is 1.08; the minimum* is 1.00
and the maximum 1.20, the latter occurring in one of the "breweri" speci-
mens. The variation is, therefore, 0.20, or about 20 per cent, of the mean.
The average zygomatic width is 0.64; the maximum 0.69; the minimum
0.55. The proportion of length to width is, therefore, as l.OH to 0.64,
or as 1.00 : 0.59. The molar series in both jaws is about the same, and
averages a little over 0.25 of an inch (from 0.24 to 0.30) ; the upper incisors
protrude about 0.20 on an average (from 0.17 to 0.24) ; the under are rather
Uble.
'Of aduH «peof inoua : aoverol youDg sknila, rnnging from 0.80 tu 1.00, are exolndcd fh>iu the
MURID^— ARVrCOLIN^— AKVICOLA RIPABItTS.
179
more than half as long again as the upper, averaging about 0.33 (from 0.27
to 0.38). An interesting point is seen in the eighth and nintli columns: the
distance from the tip of the lower incisors to the apex of the descending
process of the jaw is invariahl}' a little greater than that from the same point
to the back of the condyle. This probably characterizes this section of tlie
genus; for in Pitymyit, at least, and perhaps some other sections, these two
measurements are equal. The number of western skulls (eight) is too few
to institute any very critical comparison; they average 1.10X0.64, while the
eastern ones are 1.06X065; there is every probability that this dispropor-
tion would disappear with larger series. It is only to be noted further that
No. 4156 his (type of occid^nttilvi) is among the largest skulls «>f the series ;
tending to show that the present dimensions of the skin (3J inches) are below
the truth, and, therefore, that the disproportion we found in the length of its
tail and feet is really not so great as appears from the dried skin. Its dimen-
sions are in no wise appreciably different from those of "californicus", No. 4156.
No. fHt is the type of J. "longirostris", and must be examined in this
connection ; for, as we have shown, there is nothing in the dimensions, nor,
as we shall show beyond, is there anything in the coloration that cannot be
exactly matched in almost any half-dozen samples of riparitu. The diagnosis
is:— "Skull 1.08X0.61, or as 1.00:55. Muzzle of skull very long. Distance
between upper molars and incisors more than one-third the whole length of
the skull." But this length, 1.08, is precisely what we found as the average
of the whole scries. The width, 0.61, is within 0.03 of the average. Skull
No, UH, from New York, gives precisely these dimensions, 1.08X0.61;
several others approach it within one or two hundredths. I can appreciate
but one single discrepancy between this skull and an average one The
incisors are a little tilted forward, so that their tips fall in advance of a per-
pendicular from the tips of the nasals, instead of about under the ends of the
nasals, as usual. This, with the corresponding change in the alveolus, makes
the distance from the incisors to the molars just appreciably greater than
usual ; thus it is 0.37 in "longirostris", and only 0.34 in the New York skull
jnut cited. But the molars are not "thrown further back than in other
species"; for, on taking their bearings from any other points of the skull than
the incisors, they will be found in the usual position. Examination of a number
of skulls with reference to the "set" of the incisors shows that this is very
variable; their tips may fall behind, below, or in advance of the nasals, and
'Hi
'''m
n
1
IP"
1
I' it!
i;::
Bft-msasm^
B' ' ! !
Ml'
tl'
5''
'*
*
180
iVlONOGBAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
"longirostris" is only n sliglit increase in the forward tilting they often show;
in fact, several eastern skulls differ more among each other than one of them
(No. fsH) does from longirostris. There is nothing peculiar in the dentition
of the latter.
A. breweri is stated to, be narrower behind the zygomatic arches, and to
have the interparietal acute instead of subtruncate. At a particular point
across the back of the skull, it measures 0.40 ; several other skulls measured
at the same point give dimensions equal to, greater than, and less than this.
No two specimens in the whole series of skulls are exactly alike as to the
lateral corner of the interparietal ; sometimes it is an edge instead of a corner,
sometimes obtuse, sometimes acute; and when thus attenuated, as it fre-
quently is, the sharp spur may be turned backward, forward, or neither way.
Our general description of the skull and dentition of riparius is made
elsewhere; here we will merely inquire whether or not any of the dental
peculiarities ascribed to the several nominal species will hold good.
A peculiarity of the last upper molar of A. californicus is stated to be a
short lobe that f he posterior crescent sends outward near its posterior portion ;
but we cannot agree with the author that this is a "character rarely observed
among Americiin Arvicolte". It is, in fact, not an unusual condition of the
several inextricably-graduated variations of this last upper molar; we have
seen it frequently, and, in one specimen we have just picked up (No. 5Ht), the
variation is carried to such extreme that the back part of what ought to have
been the convexity of the crescent is made concave. The "supplementary
internal lobe" of the same tooth of "occidentalis" is a very common feature
in eastern and other skulls. Not to prolong this inquiry further, we may state
that we have satisfied ourselves by personal examination that no one of the
supposed western species possesses any dental features not matched by
examples of eastern riparius.
We will next turn to the matter of color.
As already stated, there is no appreciable variation in color in the
nineteen Philadelphia skins, unless it is that some of them have the tail
a trifle more decidedly bicolor than others ; but in none is the definition
of the lighter and darker surfaces very distinct. They are gray-brown,
darker along the middle of tiie back, especially toward the tail. A bay tinge
or reddish-brown is scarcely appreciable ; so that, without being at all "black-
ish" in general hue, the shade is darker than that of rufescent specimens.
MDRID^— ABVICOLlNiB— ABVICOLA BIPABIUS.
181
The shade is slightly grizzled with dull yellowish-browu. Beneath, tlie plum-
beous hairs are all tipped with white, resulting in a hoary-ash, which is clearest
('whitest) on the breast and belly, darkest on the throat; there is no line of
demarkntion between upper and under jiarts. There is no cinnamon, tawny,
nor muddy tinge underneath; but a faint brownish wash, like an extreme
dilution of the color of the sides, is barely perceptible.
This typical coloration prevails a the majority of eastern specimens in
the present collection. Nearly all those from the Middle States, others fron^
Nova Scotia, Massachusetts, the Carolinas, Wisconsin, &c., are not appreciably
different. Other specimens show a departure from this standard in three
courses: toward "red", "black", and "gray". The extreme of the rufescent
variation is reached in No. i^PAr, type of "rufidorsum". In this, the color is
an intense tawny above, a little darker on the rump, paler on the sides, and
washing the under ports. The feet share the general tawny hue. This
extreme case is not nearly matched by anything else in the collection, and
raises a strong suspicion of an albinotic element. We know by the "albo-
rufescens" of Dr. Emmons that such a state does occur; although there is
really a gap in the eastern series between "ruiidorsum" and the rest, yet many
specimens grade nearly up to it. In the Massachusetts series, where some
(particularly winter and early spring skins) are quite as dark as any Philadel-
phia ones, others are very much brighter. No. tW», for example, is very
rufescent, from predominence of bay n the hairs. A I^abrador specimen
(tV»V) is rather brighter still ; No. iJH, 1 Jm Nichols, N. Y., and a Pennsyl-
vania skin, No. 4724, labeled "riparius" by LeConte, are quite as bright; so
are a few of the Illinois and Missouri ones, and one from Louisiana (i^^).
But the link between the extreme of nifidormm is afforded by No. 10083, the
type of "occidentalis", which might be described in identical terms; and,
although the tawny is not quite so vivid, it similarly tinges the feet.
The extreme of paleness or grayness is illustrated in what has been called
"breweri". In this, the upper parts are of a light dull grizzly-gray, with a
small proportion of yellowish-brown, and the under parts soiled white; the
hairs being only plumbeous at the extreme base, and consequently scarcely
shading the whitish. The cause and nature of this variation have been so
perfectly explained by Mr. Allen* that I shall quote his words: — "On Mus-
keget Island (a small, uninhabited, low sandy island between Nantucket and
* HamuaU of MuaiuuliaiiotU, in Boll. Mn*. Comp. Zool. No. 6, p. ^l.
if-
r\]
I ill
i,l
m
i 1 .
.1 ! . ; '
:[':•
^n
it
1 T:
H'
; ' ;i.
H'
182
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Martha's Vineyard) I recently fou.id the su-calleH A. breweri excessively
nbuiidant. Thitfis the unly locality from which this supposed species has
been reported. They are generally much paler in color than the riparius of
the interior, and though not differing from them appreciably in other respects,
they form an interesting insular nu;e.. From the peculiar character of the.
locality, the scattered beach grass growing upon it affording but slight pn»-
tection from the sunlight, the intensity of which is greatly heightened by the
almost bare, light-colored sands, the generally bleached appearance of the
Miiskeget Anncola might have been anticipated. Specimens occasionally
occur of nearly the ordinary color, or which are undistinguishable from the
lighter-colored specimens from the interior : but most of them seem to be
quite like the ones described by Professor Baird. The mice living in the exten-
sive sand dunes at Ipswich under circumstances similar to those of the Mus-
keget mice, often present the half white appearance of A. 'breweri'."
VVe were at first inclined to regard "breweri" as an isolated case of
riparius; but the facts of the Ipswich mice, as given by Mr. Allen, and some
intermediate specimens before us, show such a gradation that we cannot draw
any line. Thus, No. 4713 (unlabeled as to locality) is much grayer than aver-
age riparius, but not quite up to "breweri". It likewise resembles "brcweii"
in the texture of the pelage, the fur having the fame coarse, harsh, lustreless
character. Now, this style of fur is enumerated among the features of A.
"edax", and characterizes all the specimens from the southern and lower parts
of California, where the inf'requency of rain diminishes or altogether precludes
forest-growth, and places the animals under conditions similar to those of
Muskeget. An unregistered specimen* of LeConte's from the Eastern United
States, undistinguishable from No. 4713, is absolutely identical, in color and
texture of fur, with several Californian skins (as Nos. 3669, 2525, 2524) marked
"edax"; is not appreciably diiTerent from LeConte's type of "edax", nor from
Nebraska (as No. 43 1 8) and Utah (as No. 3350) specimens. The type of "cali-
fornicus" combines the loose, coarse pelage of "edox", with r rufescent hue
approaching "occidentalis". Specimens of supposed "montana" and the type
of "longirostris ' are precisely matched in the color and texture of the fur
with any of tl't rather grayer examples from the east. Of the two specimens
referred (one with a query) to "A. modesta", one, tlie type. No. iVrV, is much
'Tbi8 Hpeciuien \» litbeled, in the bandwritiD); of all of the lot received from imoi LeConle,
"tuuuUi Buoh., ripariiu DuK^y, noveioraccnnt Rioh., paluttnt Harlan".
MURID^— ARVICOLIN^— ARVICOLA RIPARIUS.
183
darker than the other, iVA; but either can be matched in color by both adult
and young examples from other localities.
The third line of variation, into unusual darkness, is fully illustrated in
the series. The darkest Atlantic example is a very large one from Beeslcy's
Point, N. J. The muzzle, feet, and tail are almost black, and the latter is
hardly appreciably paler underneath than on top, and has no line nf demarka-
tion whatever. The fur combines shortness, thickness, and great gloss with
a coarse, bristly texture; the longer glossy hairs being 'so numerous as to
recall the pelage of a muskrat. The other darkest specimens are the series
from West Northfield, III., and Racine, Wis., and that from Fort Crook, Cal.
In these, there is no, or no appreciable, rufescent shade, and the blackish-
brown is considerably grizzled with gray. The West Northfield and Fort
Crook examples are among the most closely matched of the whole series; abso-
lutely no difference is to be observed. They present the very long, dense,
and almost fluffy character of pelage upon wbfbh the variety "longipilis" was
founded. The fur of Arvicolas, however, varies in these points so much, with
age, health, season of the year, and climate, that "longipilis" cannot con-
stitute even a permanent variety. Only a part of the Illinois series exhibits
the feature, and it is represented solely by winter or early spring skins The
Fort Crook specimens, as just stated, are identical, and others on the Atlantic
side approach to or recede from the character in indefinite and endless
degree.
The coloration of the tail, whether bicolor or not, is often introduced
iuto specific diagnoses. In general, the tail above corresponds with the color
of the back, whatever that may be, and below with that of the belly ; and
usually there is an obvious dividing line between the two colors. This line
may be sharp, straight, and conspicuous, or completely wanting, when the
color above shades insensibly into that below ; and in either case the differ-
ence between the two colors may be conspicuous or barely or not perceptible.
In one specimen (No. 988, Racine, Wis.), the tail is of almost precisely the
same dark-brown tint above and below, but has a large pencil of snow-white
hairs at the tip. The condition of this pencil of hairs is extremely variable,
as shown in the table of measurements; it varies from almost nothing to
three or four lines in length.
Although it is hardly necessary to discuss any of the names that have
not been admitted since 1857, yet the Arvicola "nasuta" of Audnbon and
J ' ! !
184
MONOGRAPHS C ' NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
iW\
Bachmmi claims some attention on account of the very singular characters
upon which it rested. It is stated to be " larger than Arvicoin pennsylvanica :
tail shorter than the head ; legs small and slender ; nose sharper than in
Arvicolfle generally ; length 5? ; head H , dl H ; heel to point of nail J^". It
is based upon a specimen from Boston, Mass., and others are cited from New
York and Michigan. As will be seen from the foregoing tables, we have
several specimens ranging from five to nearly six inches — three from Massa-
chusetts, six from Pennsylvania, and five others, and their tails range from
1.50 to 1.80. But there is nothing like the shortness of the feet, us slated.
Tliis is certainly an error. Even the diminutive A. oregonus has the feet
considerably over half an inch ; and this length, for an animal nearly six
inches long, does nol, we are confident, obtain in this genus. There are other
indications of error in the account, and we are satisfied that no such char-
acter as unusual sliarpness of the nose occurs in any of the many specimens
we have exaniined, although several of them are labeled " nasutus ". The
authors evidently had before them some very large, overgrown specimen of
riparim, like those old individuals above enumerated from Williamsport, Pa.,
and committed some error, typographical or otherwise, in their measurements.
The Arvkola "oneida" of DeKay is certainly based upon a young
example of riparim. The only other animal it could possibly be is the A.
pinetorum; but the measurements given preclude this reference. Audubon
and Bachiiian refer "oneida" in one place (ii, 219) to pinetorum, and in
another (iii, 287) to their own fuloua or dekayi, wliich latter, however, is
Evotomys gapperi. The Arvkola rufeixens of DeKay is certainly npariug
also. Some of the expressions point toward Evotomys gapperi; but the
statement "upper molars with nine external angles" is only applicable to
the section of the genus to which riparius belongs, while the dimensions
given ("head and body 3 inches; tail 2") apply to no species of Arvkola
with which we are acquainted.
The two specimens above enumerated (557, 659) from Prairie Mer
Rouge, La., are the first ever quoted from the Gulf States, and are in fact
the only Gulf specimens we have ever seen except pinetorum, and one
example (No. tsW, Ca'casieu, La.) referred, with a shade of doubt, by
Professor Baird to Pcdomys austerus. They are both unusually rufescent,
and one of them has the minimum length of tail (1.10 inches) we have
'seen in adults of this section of the genus; the skulls, however, show them
S!
1
MDRID^— ARVICOLIN^— ARVICOLA TOWN8ENDI.
185
to be not Pedomyit, and tljcre is consequently little danger in referring them
to riparim. If this determinat'on be correct, the southward known range ot
the species is considerably extended.
In concluding this discussion of Arvkola riparim, we have a word of
personal explanation. We sincerely trust that the manner in which we have
conducted the investigation will be sufficient U> relievo us of any possible
charge of arbitrary or even injudicious rejection of many species that stood
upon high authority. We began the study with a mind as free from precon-
ceived ideas as possible; and, if we had any Mas of judgment, it was a pre-
judice in favor of the validity of the species that were recognized in 1857.
At one stage of our study, we had already been forced to give up the idea
that there were more than two species (riparius and townsendi) of this
section in the United States, but still believed in the possibility of defining
several geographical varieties that might be properly recognized by name.
Final examination, however, of the subject, with facilities, in the immense
and unparalleled amount of material, never before enjoyed by any naturalist,
has satisfied us that it is impossible to diagnosticate even permanent varie-
ties or geographical races. Even " breweri ", which seemed a clear case of
an insular variety, has proved to graduate into the average form ; and we do
not conceive that any good would result from retaining this, or any other of
the names that have been pro^xised, in the system. We have no alternative,
then, but to throw all the names together as indistinguishable synonyms of
riparius. In 1857, many names, all doubtless supposed, by their several .
proposers, to indicate valid species, were either formally or virtually sup-
pressed ; and a further reduction of eight is simply an advance, paii paatu,
with the increase of our knowledge on the subject. We trust that we have
proven the position we take, and that we have seen the last of nominal species
based upon the endless variations of Arvieola riparius.
ARVICOLA (MYONOMES; TOWNSENDI, Bachman.
TownMHd'i Meadow Moue.
Arvicota towiumdii, Bachman, Jonr. Acad. N»t. Soi. Pbila. viii, 1H39, 60; Townsend's Narr. 1839, 315.—
Waonbr, Wiaffmanii'i ArohW, 1843, (il), 53.— AuD. A Bach. Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 309, pi.
oxiiv, fig. 1.— Baird, M. N. a. 1837, 527 ^Nkwberry, P. R. B. Rep. vi, 1867, Zcol., 61.—
CooPRR A Sdcklbt, Nat. Hist. Wa«h. Terr. 1860, 139.
Arvieola (JfyoiKMHm) townwiKK, Coubs, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbiln. 1874, 190.
Diagnosis. — Arvieola staturd inter majores, longitudine trunci 6-6 /W/.,
capitis setquipoU., caudte 2^-poll., pedis \-polL, mantis fere ^-poU.; auriculis
■ i
Ml
m
'5
lif
U'
!i
■.ii>'
■i i
I
i.f
it ■i:':\
186
MONOGRAPHS OK NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
mngnis, paululum vellere cxstantibi n ; xuprd Julvo-badius, intimh nigra permix-
tus, infra c griseo-brunneo albescens.
IIahitat. — Oregon and Washington Territories (Columbitt River, July
21, 18iJ5, Toimsend; the type. Puget Sound and Shonlwnter Buy, Cooper
and Suckleij. Cascade Mountains, Newberry).
One of the larger meadow mice, 5 or 6 inches long, head 1^, tail 2},
hind foot 1, fore foot nearly j, ears nearly f high and as much or more wide,
l)rojecting a little from the fur; color above blended yellowish-brown and
black ; below whitish, shaded with grayish-brown.
Table HlMll.—ittannmaiU of etgklten tpeeiment of A. townhkxdi, Mh drg and aloohoHe.
1
Loulily.
Collector.
NoMto-
Tall to-
i
1
1
s
1
Remarka.
$
1
i
1
1
1
JJif. Rho>lw»t«r 1l» .
J.O. Cooper
S.M
S.00
9k 90
ILOO
&n
4.7S
493
&93
i.O
9.95
4.9S
ft 19
9.90
9.30
9.30
^s»
L70
1.75
a. 30
9.00
9.40
9.75
ft4S
9.45
it 90
9.90
9.08
9.10
tioo
9 43
9.93
9.80
aos
0.43
0.30
0.30
0.43
aso
0.44
a 49
0.50
0.99
0.44
0.48
1.03
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.19
0.88
a99
0.00
l.OO
0.»3
0.88
0.79
0.79
Dry.
...da
..da
da
MO
vm
...do
...do
...do
...do
S196
Pn|{et Sound
SInilUnf Fnoa ..
Slmialimno
Puget Sound
... do
...do
...do
...do
Columbia Rirer. . .
... do
O Sneklev
am
mm
90M
sow
5030
tans
9801
lOOIS
10016
10017
10018
1001*
10090
10031
11375
do
0.59
0.69
0.60
0.99
FrerJi.'
Dry.
Alcoholia
..da
..da
..da
...dat
Alcoholic lyouuf.
.. da
Alcoholia
..da
..da
..da
..da
..da
C.II.R.Kennerly
..do
...do
..do
....do
0.59
aso
o.xt
o.so
1.03
1.10
1.93
1.10
1.10
Ltt
1.30
l.M
i.«
1.99
...do
. do
...do
....do
....do
4.93
4.33
4.95
4.90
3.73
&73
9.93
t.10
9.90
a40
1.90
ftOO
1.75
9.90
9.93
9.33
3.00
9.10
9.90
9.00
0.80
0.89
0.73
0.80
0.74
0.78
1.00
...do
....do
...do
....do
....do
... do
...do
....do
... do
...du
CaacadeMonnUins
J. S. Newberry . .
Diy.
* MeunreDients onpie*! from Buoklry, op. eit, ; ■peclmen not Been.
t This speoimen (since skinned oat of alcohol) U About the loiigest-titiled American Artficola wc 6T«r ww and bu
given as some anxiety. It is small for toummndii, with feot at a minimum and Ucklo;; a peculiar rolmstnew Ihoae of fMm>
wndti fienernlly show ; the pat likewise Is remarkftbly small. But wo can make no other dlspoattloD of the speoimen.
NoTK.— As will be seen from the flf^ares. the Columbia Btver aeries, some of which, at least, appear ftill f(rowD, are
not lRrK<>r than ordinary nparuu, and it Is mainly on aoconnt of the icfeat oomparatlTc lenfftb of the tall that we awaign them
here. Tbey offer n gentle transition Into ordtoary ripariwi. No. I87S, as elsewhere noted, is still moro donbtfal ; it has the
tail as short as is asaal in Hpariut, but the feet beyond the |ti*«liftBffi of ordinary ripariuf— exactly the roTerae conditions of
the Columbia River series.
Description (of No. tA^). — In form, this animal does not differ from
other species of this section of the genus; nearly the usual relative propor-
tions *)f head, body, tail, and feet being exhibited. The tail, however, will
certainly average longer than in riparius; for in specimens no larger than the
latter, the tail averages at or beyond a maximum of riparius. This length
MUBID^— ARVlCOLINiE— ABVICOLA TOWN8BSD1.
187
.1 i ■ i
1 1
of tail is one of the strongest fentures of the 8up|)08ed species. The oars
nppenr to us rather larger every way in proportion. They are three-quarters of
an inch long and half an inch wide, and ohviously project a little (about 0.10)
beyond the fur. This rathejf exceeds anything we have seen in the largest-eared
"eda\'', and is positively beyond the limits of typical riparius, in which the
ear rarely if ever overtops the fur. The character of the soles is the same
as in riparius; there ore six tubercles. The soles are very sparsely hairy,
and this oidy about half-way to the base of the nearest toes, but are fringed
with hairs their whole length, as usual. The fore feet, measured from the back
of the palmar callosity,* are a little less than half as lung as the soles; from
the wrist, three-fifths of the hind foot. The relative lengths of tail and body
are as 1.00 : 0.45 ; that is, the tail is somewhat less than one-half the head
and body. Its hairiness is on an average. The head is a little over one-
fourth as long as tlie bead and body together, and a little less than one-third
the body alone. The whiskers are about as long as the head.
In color, there is little to distinguish it from an average riparius. The
upper parts, however, are somewhat paler or clearer, owing to greater pre-
dominance of the yellowish-brown over the black. In the lighter-colored
specimens of riparius, the shade is generally produced by a prevalence of
bay rather than of tiiis yellowish-brown of tmenxendii. The under parts are
clearer than is usual in riparius, and have a brownish wash from the sides, while
the middle line of the throat is nearly white; but these differences are barely
appreciable. In this, as in all the allied species, there is a curious seeming
difference in color, according to the position in which the specimen is viewed.
If held with the muzzle toward the eye of the observer, the general shade
is very dark, because the longer blackish hairs are chiefly seen ; if the skin
be turned the other way, so that these hairs are collectively foreshortened as
much as possible, the general effect is yellowish-brown. There are no
streaks or markings anywhere, except that sometimes the throat is quite
decidedly whitish ; in one specimen, in fact (No. 5026), there is a perfect
white streak along the throat; the whiskers are black and whitish ; the feet
brown. The tail is blackish-brown, and nearly unicolor; that is, the under
side is merely a little paler than the upper, and there is no dividing line.
The terminal pencil of hairs is, on the contrary, white, almost exactly as in
* Wt) take tbii lueMnnmeiit thns throoghuat this memoir. ThiB ezplaim an apparent diaorep-
ancy twtween mini'* and oor meaiaramMita of tlie fin* foot; he taking it ftom the witot-Joiot Hia
length of fore foot aTerages 0.61, exactly ai we should make ont in the same way.
w
i
m
F"'
m
■ A
'M
.1 I ' ,
Ifvi
si''
188
MONOGKAPIia OF NOKTIl AMKUICAN UODBNTIA.
No. 988 of ripn 'un, from linciiu!, Witt., above inontutned. The incisors urn
yellow, ns U8UIU ; the claw, browiiisli-whiie. • i:
There is not much (liflTcrciico in color in any of the specimens before
us. No. 3177, however, bus the under side of {\\c tnil decidedly whitish,
with n pretty distinct dividing line; No. 2396. apparently a very old one,
nn<l the largest Arvicola wo have seen from the United States, is noticeably
darker than the rest, and more grizzly; the under parts ore hoary-ash
iiislend of nshy-white.
Skull (No. Y#/). — There is nothing diagnostic in the skull of this
species, except its size, as coin|mred with that of riparius. It measures, in
length, 1.27, 0.71 in width of zygomata, 048 in height; the molar scries is
0.30 long; the upper incisors project 0.25, the under 0.45; the condyle of
lower jaw is over 0.90 from their tip. These dimensions, although not those
of the largest animal before us, exceed the maximum we have found tor
United States riparius. Another specimen, however, measures only 1.10 by
0.67, thus coming within the limits of riparius. We should judge, however,
that it would have grown something larger in time, since the evident sutures,
&c., are not those of an old animal.
The dentition conforms strictly to the riparius type. The back upper
molar shows the anterior spherical triangle and two exterior and one interior
closed triangles; the latter much larger than either of the others. The
posterior trefle or crescent differs appreciably on the right and left sides; but
for either may be described as a long crescent, having the regularity of its
convexity somewhat interrupted by bulging, simulating another external angle,
and bearina; rpon the back part of its concavity a long curved spur that
simulates a second little crescent lying on the belly of the first. The middle
upper molar has an anterior triangle a little obliquely placed, then an external
closed triangle, then an internal similar, and then a postero-external one.
The front upper molar is exactly like the middle one, with an additional
internal closed triangle. Thus there arc altogether ten external angles in
the series, counting the bulging upon the back of the crescent as one ; and
nine internal ones, ecu itiiig the spur on the belly of the crescent. Both
these counts exclude the back horn of the crescent, which is directly poste-
rior. No. \m only differs slightly in the details of the crescent, in lacking
the bulging upon its back. The back upper molar of another specimen is
exactly like many samples of riparius. There is nothing to detain us in the
under series. '
MUlllDiE— ABVIOOLIN/E-AKOTIC AUVICOL.E.
189
Wl»en we bp^iin to look up A. towmendi, wo anlici|mlc(l no (lifficulty in
mnkin^ it out 8|K>ci(ically iliNtinct from ordinary riparius; \nii even witii v<>ry
little nmterial to work up, wc nrc fairly drawn to the op|>oHite conclusion.
In fact, the only tnngihlc diiferencc we ran make out '\» that towntcndii ia
larger, witii a longer tail on an average; and even this is not constant, for
sevenil, out of our few specimens, exceed average rij)ariu,\ but little, or not
at all, and come well within the limits of riparius. Still these specimens
might have grown a little larger, and the average of the scries stand at the
extreme limit of ripariwt, while their tails and cars exceed this limit. Wo
therefore feel justified in retaining the name tmonsendi as expressive of a
geographical difTerentiation, occurring in a particular locality, to the apparent
exclusion of the usual United States exponent of the subgenus. It is not at
all a reliable species, and one of its strongest fcatures-^lcngth of tail —
reminds us forcibly of the case of Uesperomi/s "boylii" from the same local-
ities; while the Columbia River scries atTords direct passage into riparius.
We have taken some pains to inform ourselves respecting tlie variation
in size of the common large Euro|)ean species of the genus Arvicolti amphi-
bim, the well-known water-rat; and wc find that all the variability we claim
for rijiariui, and even for the Arctic forms of that species (as we shall pres-
ently see), sinks into insignificance beside the variations known to, and
admitted by, all the better-informed writers in the case of A. amphihius.
The propriety of sinking A. townaendii to u mere variety of riparius
will appear in still stronger light when we have dealt with Arctic animals of
this subgenus full seven inches long. We tiiko up this question next.
Discussion of the Arctic AsvicoLiE of the bipabius type.
The United States variations of A. riparius are disposed of easily in
com)>ari8on with the intricacies of the Arctic material, respecting which some
general observations will be offered.
Although we have handled a far larger number of these animals than
has ever before been examined by all other investigators put together, yet,
perhaps for the very reason that we have seen so many specimens, we are
still unprepared to make identifications without reserve. Nor can we deter-
mine with certainty all of Richardson's supposed species, afler careful study
of his accounts, as well ns of Audubon's and Bachman's supplementary
notices, and although we have been favored by Dr. Sclater with additional
f7 fl
' Hi
f
Jl-
p.
l
I
ii:
V 1 '■■
190
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
r 1 '
i
information respecting Riclinrdson's types, now in the British museum.
The ease appears to stand thus: —
Richardson says (F. B.-A. i. p. ) that " five species are common in the
Hudson's Bay rep;ions, exclusive of the lemmings". These, ticcording to his
views, are (1) " ri2)arius Ord''; (2) " xanthognathus heach"; (S) " pennsylva-
nicus Ord"; (4) " novcboracensis Raf."; and (5) " borealis Rich." Now tliere
is no reasonable doubt that all five of these "common" species are repre-
sented in our immense series ; but the difficulty is twofold. In the first
place, it is to the last degree improbable that there are five species at all.
Richardson's four lemmings have to be reduced to two, and tiiere is no ques-
tion that the grade of cliaracters he sometimes employed to distinguish supposed
species are utterly fiillacious. Next, whatever the true number may be, we
cannot make out, from Richardson's descriptions, which is which. This may
seem strange, sceii^g the apparent minute detail of Richardson's descriptions ;
but, when we con e to sift out his accounts, we find that three-fourths of all
he says is generic (even ordinal) in character, and consequently pointless.
Audubon's and Bachman's accounts are still more faulty in this respect;
these gentlemen knew nothing about the animals they described except what
they got from the Fauna Boreali-Americana. We will first expose the futility
of what seem to be two strong points in these authors' accounts : —
Respecting his "riparius Ord" (afterward " richardsonii A. & B.''),
Richardson says that the "incisors are twice the size of those of A. xanthog-
nuthus, although the latter is A\e larger animal of the two". And regarding
his " borealis ", Richardson says ; — " It is distinguished by the form of the
thuinb-nail" * * &c. Now, after examining hundreds of Arctic ^mco/a;,
we have seen nothing of the sort in the matter of the incisors or of the nail, and
must conclude that either we have not gut hold of Richardson's animals, or
else that there is some mistake about the alleged characters. The former
■snppo.sition is untenable, for we have plenty of skins that show exactly all
the other ascribed characters of " riparius " and "borealis''. We therefore
ignore these points altogether.
The ^^noveboracensis ? Raf." of Richardson (afterward drummondii A, &
B.) seems to be different from the rest, and perhaps does not belong to the
riparius section at all Professor Baird surmised that it might be aPedomifs,
and we once rather inclined to the same opinion. It is described as having
the "ears slightly overtopping the fur"; the "ventral aspect yellowieh-gray''
%
MUR1DJB—ARV1C0LIN.E— ARCTIC ARVICOL^.
191
("tinged with red" — A. & B.): "a slightly hairy scaly tail more than half the
length of the head . . . ItV (according to A. & B. only 1.00); "above dark
brown"; "head and body 4tt"i &c. Audubon's figure shows a bricky-red
animal all over, with an extraordinarily short tail. But the tints of his plates
are thoroughly unreliable, and measurements of the type sent us by Dr.
Sclaterare, — ^liead and body 5.50, tail 1.50; while the same gentleman speaks
of the color as "above, rather dark mouse-brown; beneath, much paler,
grayisk". Some of Richardson's expressions point to Evotomys rutitus, and,
indeed, it seems almost impossible that he should not have included this
abundant animal in checking off his five common species; but other cliarac-
ters assigned are totally incompatible. We should further remark that the
ascribed length of the hind foot, 0.55, is less than we ever found for any
species excepting the diminutive A. oregonus. We find it impossible to iden-
tify Richardson's "noveboracensiif Raf" vt
A. ^'pennsylvanicus Ord" 's another of Richardson's species; it has
usually been assigned to the ordinary penasylvanicus of the United States
(= riparius), and in all probability belongs there. He says it is " very
abundant from Canada to Great Bear Lake", in which region we are pre-
pared to show that the true riparius occurs ; most of the puzzling specimens we
shall presently treat of coming from extreme Arctic and Northwestern areas.
It is true that Richardson puts the total length ("3J inches") under average
riparius; but this seems to be an error, for Dr. Sclater's recent measurement
of them shows 4.70, while there is certainly an error (probahly typograph-
ical) in the ascribed length of head ("2iV,', for not even the biggest
xanthognaihus, 7 inches long, has such a head as this implies. On the whole,
tbare is little risk of error in assigning Richardson's " pennsyhanicus Ord"
as a complete synonym of true riparius. We will also bear in mind that
Richardson states positively it is what Sabine described in Fmnklin's Jour-
ney under the (erroneous) name of xanthognathus.
Of a sixth species, less fully noticed by Richardscn, from Bering's
Straits, under name of Arvicola ruhricatus, we know nothing. But we do
not believe that this (or any other ^mco/«) ever had the sides (or any other
part of the body) "scarlet", as alleged, or even "nearly scarlet'', as said by
Audubon and Bachman. We believe, however, that this animal will prove
to be an Evotomys, very near if not the *ime as Mus rutUus Pallas, with which
Richardson has not shown himself acquainted, though we cat nut imagine
how he overlooked it, as it appears he did.
i'
U'^.5
#'-ii
5 i::';
-I .
J I,
:l.!:i:
ili'
-!i
I'l^' ■■■'
lit •III
f:'.;i.
192
MONOGRAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
With what light we hiive upon the sulyect nt present, we make out the
following case of Richardson's species: — ... : .
1. A. "riparius Ord" apud Rich. {■=.richardsonii Aud. & Bach.) is a
transitional form hetween true ripar.us and xanthognalhus, as fully treated of
beyond, li has no j)eculiarities of Licisor dentition.
2. A. xanthognnthus Leach et Rich, is positively identified, as explained
beyond. •. • ' , v,., .,, .,
3. A. "])ennsylvanicus Ord" apud Rich, is a complete synonym of true
riparius.
4. A. " noveboracensis ? Raf.'' upud Rich. (=^drumtnondii Aud. & Bach.)
remains indeterminable. It may be a Pedomys.
5. A. borealis Rich, is a variety of riparius, as treated of beyond.
6. A. rubricatus Rich, is in all probability Mus rutilm Pall. {Evotomys
rutilun nobis).
We are now better prepared to interrogate the specimens before us
themselves, to which final appeal must of course be made. At the outset,
we lay down two propositions, to be proven in the sequel.
I. All the specimens before us belong to the riparius section of Arvicola
( = Myonomes).
II Any characters which may be taken to establish two or more species
are found to melt insensibly into those of typical riparius.
It is only at the close of an unusually protracted and laborious investi-
gation that we venture upon this last extreme statement. , We had through-
out been perfectly satisfied of the specific validity of xanthognathus and
borealis. Typical examples of each differ so much from ordinary United
States ripariu.* that we could not believe them to be the same, notwithstand-
ing all these mice had taught us of the limits of variability in this family.
We confidently labeled several hundred characteristic examples of xantho-
gnathus, and a large number of specimens of borealis we disposed of with
equal readinetis. There still remained, however, over a hundred skins, the
attempt to identify which upon the supposition of the specific validity of
xanthognnthus and borealis has involved us in utter confusion, from which
we see no hope of escape except through abandoning our former position.
It is, we sec now more than ever before, this having to tabulate and label
every individual specimen that tells the story and applies the crucial test.
It is in violation of our preconceived ideas to i)e obliged to identify such
MDlUD^—ARVlCOLlNuE— ARCTIC ARVICOLuE.
193
an animal as No. 4504 (beyond) with No. 9235 (beyond), and both of them
with riparius, as not specifically distinct ; yet we can find no other alternative,
since our series supplies every link in the chain. If we take dimensions, we
find every intermediate size, by tenths of an inch, from three to eight inches ;
it is the same with proportions of feet, tail, and ears, both relative and abso-
lute. Conditions of pelage are utterly confounding, even leaving season, if
not also latitude, out of consideration. Those characteristic examples of xan-
thognathus, in which the chestnut cheek is well marked, set aside, color gives
us nothing we can rely upon. If, therefore, there be more than one species
in the series, I must simply confess that I am not bright enough to discover
or define it.
In dealing with this lot of material, I shall, in the first place, eliminate
the specimens not appreciably different in any respect from ordinary United
States riparius. I will then separate those that have the chestnut cheek-patch
(an easy matter) and label them xantliognathus, without reference to their
being a variety only of riparius. I shall be able to label many of the rest
var. borealis, and to indicate a considerable number as more or less nearly
approaching either xanthognathus or borealis. But a large residuum (includ-
ing most of the alcoholics, respecting which nicety of determination is obvi-
ously im[K)S8ible) can be only marked as "riparius var. — ?".
The distribution of xanthognathus and borealis will be perceived from
the tables beyond. Southern and Central British American specimens, as a
rule, are more or less completely similar to ordinary riparius. The extreme
of borealis has only occurred, so far as we are aware, from the Arctic coast
and contiguous northwestern regions. Well-characterized xanthognathus
scatters over a larger area, but likewise focuses in the Northwest. It is a
further source of difficulty ond doubt that these extremes are not geographi-
cally marked ; on the contrary, they occur side by side, and are, therefore,
not explicable upon the rules of geographical variation that we have elsewhere
laid down and somewhat successfully applied. This may be held as strong
evidence that these forms are specifically distinct ; but we must beg any one
who may so believe to show us any reliable specific character.
The following table embraces a number of specimens more or less per-
fectly similar to ordinary riparius, not distinguishable in ony way from that
form, and not noticeably inclining to the characters of either var. borealis or
var. xanthognathus. What slight discrepancies there are in average dimen-
flions are noted at the conclusion of the table.
13 H
^H
;'■ 8
''HI
|i|
i
i|l
1
''1
liiiffi
"'•11,
;li:
L;l!
m^'i
194
MONOOltAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Taiii.i; XLVIII. — ileaaurementt of tirealg-iiine «>
diHtiiiyuighuL
vorlhcrM Akvicolx of the iui'arivs type, md not
that tpecia.
1
s
'A
i
9
d
V
9
9
9
9
9
Dato.
Locality.
Ckillector.
Nose to—
Tall to
^nd of—
•
i
1
Remark!,
I
1
1
i
1
%
1
i
'5
<A
1.13
.33
1.33
OiMII
4577
457.t
July -,1801
A|ir no. i(<eo
Slui'. :io, leoo
Apr. 30. 1«00
May 30, ieG»
Ma\ 30, IWO
May :iO. leco
Mny ;0, IPOO
Sfjit. O.ISM
St'pt. lli, IHIO
Srpt I,lf5!l
S.pl. 5, IC59
Si-pL 10, 1(«9
Sopt, 5, I85U
Fib. 15, lew
Oct 3, 1850
Juue 5, 1*00
Fort Simpson
do
do
do
do
do
.... do
B.R. ItoM
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
. do
9.45
9.50
9.59
1.05
1.05
0.95
i.i»
l.SC
i.ao
1.70
i35
1.45
i.o:
1.35
1.15
i).3io.ra
9.35 0.01
0.35 0.05
Dry.
Fref li, except feet
Fresll.
...do.
Suckling,
...do.
...do.
... do,
Tonng.
Dry,
Fresh, cxeept feel.
Fresh ; ear behiuil
0.48.
Fresh.
Fresh ; ear 0.40,
Fresh ; ear 0.48.
Fresh,
Dry,
Frcali, except feel,
...do.
Dry.
...do.
...do,
,. do.
..do,
..do.
.. da
.. do.
...do,
...do,
...do.
Fresh, except feet
Dry,
..do.
... do,
.. do.
do.
... do
. do
t7.VJ
.... do
. do
•ISI.'i
do
R. Kcnnloott . .
...do
...do
...do
.. do
... do
...do
.. do
l).55
l).SO
0.SO
0.50
0.45
0.30
0.59
0.35
1.0,-.
0.95
0.95
0.9
0.95
0.90
0.9S
I.OU
1.3
1.0
1.31
1.11
1.0(
1. 1:
1.35
1. IC
1.3:
1.35
1.50
1. 10
1.00
1.00
A CO
1.30
1.3U
I..10
I..10
1.33
I.f0
1.30
175
4.00
4.85
4.83
3.90
4.00
4.35
4.50
4.00
4.50
1.15
1.0
1.51
1..MI
1.51
1.55
1.01
1.61
1.41
l.X
i.s:
1.31
l.8(
I.Oti
1.1'
1.41'
1.10
1.8.
1.41
1.3
I.3.'
1.3.-
1.7,-
1.7.-.
1.70
1.70
1.7.-.
1.90
1.75
1 CO
1.33
1.50
1.50
1.30
I.IO
1.8
1.60
1.30
1.35
1.05
1.40
1.00
D..'I3
0.33
a 35
0.33
0.33
0.30
0.34
0.35
0.3C
0 31
0.34
0.31
0.33
O..TJ
0.31
0.30
0.38
0.33
0.34
0.36
0.31
0.3:
0.33
a 73
0.70
O.TJ
0.75
0.75
a 05
0,79
0.74
0 75
0.73
0.C9
0.70
U.T.I
0.6tl
1.07
Ol05
0.66
0.70
11.70
0.79
1)73
0.73
0.71
0.7S
0.70
0.711
4:ne
4371
4.r.a
4173
4574
VM
4069
4ri70
.... do
do
do
do
do
do
Fort Llard
do
WlDncthy River
R«l River Settlement
do
do
...do
...do
D. Gnnn
...do
.. do
3031
■Mt-a
M,tt
:iui9
4lli:l
4JI1()
3.«>
5-54
6-4(
I»43
.->745
574-
5720
57,15
5^50
5757
577?
.... do
Kelmii River
.... do
.. do
...do
...do
.. do
do
Selkirk Settlement...
do
...do
.. do
MoiiBe Factory
do
J.HoKenilr...
f). Dreiler
R. Konuicott...
J. Reld
do
Red River Settlement
do ..
do
Furl Reanlntlon
FoitRae
...do
J. .UeKentle. ..
LhClarke
do
. do
.do.
■
do
.. do
. do.
do
....do
...da
do
...do
. do.
do
.. do
. do.
do
... do
.. do.
It appears from the foregoing that the average of this series is nearly
at the minimum of United States ripuriuit, and that its maximum is at the
average of ordinary riparius. The average tail (1.32) is below the smallest
average of any of the United States series of riparius tabulated, while tiie
average foot (0.71) is about at the minimum of the latter; only three feet,
MUEID^—ARVlCOLINii!:— ARCTIC ARVICOL^.
195
indeed, of this series touch the average (0.79) of United States rijmriuii, the
rest being between 0.65 and 0.75 ; whereas the United States ripariuii' feet
apparently never fall below 0.70, and may range from 0.80 to 0.90.
The following is an enumeration (we did not think it necessary to tabu-
late) of the specimens in the present series that depart more or less noticeably
in some respects from ordinary ripnriun, yet do not show the peculiarities of
either borealis or xanthognathus strongly enough to enable us to label them
as belonging to either of those forms. We shall simply label them "riparius
var. — ?". In general, their absolute size is neither above nor below that of
riparim; few being so small as those we tabulate beyond under head of
borealis, and none being as large as the doubtful xanfhognathus beyond given.
They differ from ordinary riparim principally, as would be expected in these
boreal cases, in their smaller members and heavier pelage.
Nos. 6847, 6849, 6850, 6851, 6855, 6857, 6858, 6859, 6861, 6864, 6866,
6867, 6870, 6872, 6873, all collected by Mr. Kennicott on the Yukon, at the
mouth of Porcupine River. They run directly into the specimens from the
same locality, tabulated beyond as borealis.
Nos. 6832, 6881, 6882, 6876, 6889, 6887, 6884, 6885, 6886, 6883, 6888,
6880, taken by the same explorer in spring, two hundred miles southwest of
the last-named locality. Owing to the season, they average remarkably
dark-colored.
Nos. 9157, 9156, 9151, 9152, 915K, 9160, 9164, 9174, 9167, 9159, 9149,
9144, 9142. 9161, 9148, 9165, 9150, 9166, 8022, 8025, 8026, 8163, 8755.
Fort Anderson, north of Great Bear Lake; R. Mr larlane.
Nos. 6836, 6937, 6841, 5749, 9194, 684'->, o834, 6839, 9193, 9114, from
Anderson River ; R. McFarlane. Some of these, as 6841, run very close to
certain styles of xanthognathus.
Nos. 9109, 9122, 8820, 9213, 9205, 9126, 9101, 9187, 9127, 9123, 9206,
9130, 9217. This lot was received by Mr. McFarlane from the Esquimaux
of McKenzie's River, and is less homogeneous than either of the preceding.
Nos. 8037, 8027, 8041, 8031, 8045, 8032, 8040, 8050, 8029, 8052,
8038, 8049, 8043, 8054, 8042, 8045, 8044, 8030, 8046, 8039, 8034, 8036,
8035, 8028, 8053. From the Arctic coast, brought by Esquimaux to Mr.
McFarlane.
VV:
< 11;
i!'
I '
if
', !
196 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTU AMERICAN RODENTIA.
fARVICOLA RIPARIUS var. BOREALIS, Rich.
Little Northern Meadow House.
Anieola borealii, Richardson, Zool. Joiirn. 1828, r>17 ; Fu. Bor.-Ani. i, 1829, 127.— AcD. & Bach., Q. N. A-
iii, lH5:i, 134, pi. 129 (from RicbardBou).— Baihd, M. N. A. 1857, 549 (from the same).
" Bypudcnts borealis, Wagneh, Siippl. Schreber, iii, 1843, 593" (the same),
.lirrko/o (n';)rtiiu» var. f) !wrfa/i», C0UE8, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philu. 1874, 190.
Diagnosis. — J. ripario .timi/limux, t.(;d minor, artubus brevioribus, hirmti-
oribus, vel/ere lanuginosiore. • ■ ' ■". ' -• .» ■■\.-- :■>
Averaging a little smaller than true npnriu,s (three or four inches hing),
with smaller and hairier ears, tail, and feet.
Habitat. — NortHiwestern America. " ' ' ■ ' '■'
Table XLIX. — ileamremenU of lhirlg-o«e small Arnlic Arvicoije nf Iht RIPARIUS type, tupfoned to reprr-
teiit a variety boreai.is, Kich.
If, B. — They oouncct directly with spooimeus of the prcccdlDK enumeration.
;?.
Locality.
Collector.
Kouto—
Tail to end
of-
i
1
1
n
c
&
KeninrkB.
i
i
i
>
i
0181
•0139
8033
8047
9138
91204
9137
9140
6874
9107
0179
8165
933.T
(117-;
UIM
6865
0860
6868
6863
6863
6869
6854
O'Wa
68.VJ
6871
t6848
6879
6677
6B53
0854
8753
3.00
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.75
3.10
3.0O
MO
0.73
0.80
I.OO
1.50
1.00
1.05
1.30
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.33
0.33
0.60
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.71
0.74
0.71
0.73
0.73
0.68
0.71
0.73
0.71
0.70
0.70
0.71
0.70
0.75
0.73
0.75
0.70
0.78
0.79
0.70
0.37
Dry.
...do.
...do.
do
do
Arctic coast
do
do
...do
...do
...do
...do
0.43
0.93
1.05
0.33
...do.
...do.
do.
...do
1.00
0.70
O.M
1.30
1.00
1.15
do
do
do
do
0.34
0.34
...do.
..do.
do
do
K McFarlano
3.00
3.50
3.00
3.75
0.EO
0.90
0.90
1.00
0.90
1.05
1.15
1.15
i.ao
I. IS
0.30
0.33
0.34
0.33
do
do
do
...do
...do
...do
....do
0.30
0.33
0.33
.. do.
... do.
...do.
....do.
do
...do.
Yukon Kiver
R. Keonicott
....do
O.SO
0.85
1.08
3.00
0.80
1.10
O..TS
0.37
0.40
do.
...do.
Freih.
Dry.
Freab.
Dry.
... do.
do
do
do
...do
...do
0.60
1.05
1.99
4.40
1.50
1.93
do
do
...do
....do
1.18
4.30
3.50
3.50
3.80
3.75
4.33
4.05
3.83
3.75
1.40
l.!S8
0.33
do
....do
1.99
0.90
1.15
1.60
1.00
1.60
1.30
1.43
L95
1.33
0.43
0.33
do
do
do
do
200 mllM S.W. of Yukon
do
....do
....do
....do
J.Lockbardt
R. Kennicott
....do
....do
0.50
aso
a54
0.45
0.75
1.05
1.03
1.05
1.13
MS
1.05
0.33
Freah.
Dry.
Freab.
....do.
Young.
Dry.
0.30
0.31
0.75
0.08
0.««
0.33
0.40
0.33
do
. do .
3.40
3.50
0.75
0.68
do
1.10
1.30
* Tiikun tn winter, and Apparently ndult. Ita leugtb CADOot now be nscertAlned with accunwy ; but It is » tluy nuiiiinl,
ttppnroBtly falling tibort ot 3 iooben.
f Gontaiaed 7 fcBton. Tbts and the othen tneosnred tnth do nctnppear tobe Boniacta Inrgftrtban tberest osthe flgiiret
woald indicate.
\\\
MURIUM— ABVICOLIN^—ARVIOOLA XANTHOGNATHUS. 197
The figures of this series aro believed to be approximately correct,
though not quite accurate. They indicate an animal at or below the mini-
mum of ordinary ripariu-i, with members, especially the tail, below the
minimum; the feet, however, do not differ quite so much, being fully within
the minimum of riparius, and, in fact, averaging over the dimensions of the
average foot of the last table presented, and decidedly exceeding the dimen-
sions assigned by Audubon (0.63). As to the form of the thumb-nail, we
cannot make out anything at all peculiar. In furriness of pelage, some of
these specimens quite come up to the mark of horeatu as described. Thus,
No. 9235 has the fur on the back fully ten-twelfths of an inch long; and the
hair about the lips is so long as to droop over the whole length jf the upper
ncisors, completely hiding them. Then, again, the soles, however, are not
nearly so hairy as some other specimens wc have seen ; the soles of this same
9235 being completely nc .ed from the posterior tubercle. These longest-
haired specimens, it should be observed, are all in winter pelage ; spring and
summer examples have the fur scarcely, if at all, longer than ordinary Penn-
sylvania or Massachusetts skins.
Different as many of these little creatures look from typical riparius, or
from the big ones with which they are associated, it is impossible for us to
regard them as specifically distinct.
' 11
ARVICOLA (MYONOMES) XANTHOGNATHUS, Leach.
Cliestnnt-Clieeked Meadow Houbc.
Arvicola xaiii1u>gi>atha, Lsacr, Zool. MIscel. i, 1814, 60, pi. 36.— Richardson, F. B.-A. i, 1889, lSi2.— Add.
&. Bach. Q. N. A. iii, 1«)3, 67, pi. 125.-Baiiid, M. N. A. 1W>7, 5r.2.— Pali,, AlankB and its
BesourceB, 1870,577. (IPAelAero/ Sabine f Not of any author trealingof Vniltd Stales epeciet.)
Arvicola (Mgonomea) xanthognatkHt, Cmir.s, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874. 100.
DiAON. — Arvicola staturd inter maximos, buccis castaneis.
One of the largeat meadoic mice, with chestnut cheeks; 5 to S inches long;
tail I or 2 ; hind foot 0.85 to 1.05 ; ear J to ^.
Habitat. — North America, north of the United States.
Description (No. 4504, Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake). — This is
one of the largest American Arvicola we have ever handled; it measured 6 J
inches long when fresh, and the skin indicates a stout, bulky animal. The tail
is shorter in proportion than in average riparius ; it is said to have been 2.25
when fresh, but is now just about 2.00; its hairiness is of medium amount.
w
?J:
m
mm
Si J
; I'i'
liif
It
.1 '
i'ii
i .
I
■If'
i; si
li'i', '
198
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
The soles nre over an inch long, and thoroughly furry a? far as the posterior
tubercle; naked in the rest of their length. There are six conspicuous
tubercles, as usual in this section : a posterior one at base of hallux ; two
at base of outer toe ; one at base of second toe ; and one at bases of third
and fourth Iocs. The fore feet are comparatively small, being obviously less
than iiaif the hind (measured from the posterior tubercle). There are five
palmar tubercles: one representing the "ball" of the rudimentary thumb,
which bears a minute abortive nail; another just beside and external to the
first; one at the base of each lateral finger; and one at the bases of the two
central fingers. The relative proportions of all the ten digits is as usual in
this section. The ears are moderate for the size of the animal, measuring
a little over half an inch high and wide; they overtop the fur a little, are well
furred both sides, rounded in shape, and with a highly-developed antitragus
fully occluding the meatus. The fur, much as in other Arctic Arvicola, is
longer, tiiicker, and softer than that of United States species; and, although
tiie reverse of harsh, has very little lustre, apparently owing to the less
admixture of the long, glossy, bristle-like hairs that occur so abundantly in
southern samples, especially of maritime or very wet places. The longest
whiskers about equal the head; others are much shorter.
In color, this animal represents one of the few species, that may usually
be known at a glance, and the only one of ours that has bright tints in
sharply restricted areas. The cheeks are bright chestnut * in marked contrast
with surrounding shades. The extreme niuzale is blackish, and thence to
over the eyes a dusky shade prevails. In some specimens, there is a small
rusty or yellowish-brown orbital space, and there is generally a perceptible
shade of the same on the auricular region, though we have never appreciated
so much of this as Audubon's smaller figure shows. The upper parts are of
an intimate mixture or "grizzle" of yellowish-brown, gray, and black, some-
what darkest along the middle line of the back, and brightest on the haunches,
but not noticeably fiir from uniform all over. The resulting shade is generally
lighter or more yellowish-brownish-gray than in southern species, owing to
smaller proportion of long dark hairs. The tail is bicolor, but not very
sharply so — more so in some specimens than in others; the feet are fuscous.
*Tliu name "xautboKuatba", " yellow "-vbecketl, aud the de8ori|itlou8 of authors, as "yellow",
" orangti brown ", " fulvona", &o., do not correctly indicate the color aa it appears to oar eyee. We can
Hce uotbiuf! but a bright bay or chestnut, and the shade scarcely varies appreciably in any ot the speci-
mens ezamiued in which it is evident at all.
MUKID^— ARVICOLTNJE— AUVICOLA XANTDOONATHUa.
199
The under parts are uniformly strong Iioarj-nsli, owing to whitish tips of (lie
very deep plumbeous fur. The honriness varies much, sometimes being
scarcely evident, and at other times lieing soiled with a brownish or i-lay-
colored wash. The very edges of the lips are apt to be whitish; the
whiskers are whitish and dark; the incisors yellow, the upper gcneruliy
deepest-tinted, the under frequently nearly white.
We will finish consideration of color before taking up the matter of the
measurements. Our remarks are based upon an examination of several
hundred specimens.
The range of individual variation appears to us compnnitively slight.
This is probably due to the rather homogeneous character of the localities
whence our specimens came. Some are a little darker, or a little lighter,
browner, grayer, more grizzly, &c., than others. But we see nothing that
calls for special remark in this connection. One (No. o594) is un incomplete
albino, having a broad zone of pure white around the head and neck, thence
extending along the breast and belly, and flesh-colored ears.
Certain seasonal conditions of pelage are strongly marked. In the
spring, just after the animal has shed its old winter coat, it appears in a, fur
very noticeably shorter, finer, smoother, and glossier than it is at other
seasons; and the color is so different as to readily suggest specific distinction
to one ignorant of the facts in the case. At a little distance, the animal
looks almost black, so dark is the shade. The brown of the upper parts is
almost a blackish muhogany-color, with little or no admixture of fidvous,
tawny, or yellowish-brown, while the plumbeous b( low has corrcs|)oiiding
intensity and is hut slightly houry. The tail is nearly unicolor. As the season
advances, the depth of color insensibly lessens; the grayest and grizzli-
est animals are those that wear the ohlest pelage in the fall and winter.
But we do not notice, in these or other changes, any marked dilference in
the cheeks, the distinctive brand of the species usually remaining much
the same.
On the other hand, individual variations in size are as great as we have
succeeded in demonstrating for ripariua with our immense array of specimens
from all localities; and this is the more remarkable, seeing that xanthognatlius
is so restricted in its geographical distribution that climatologieal influences
are hardly brought to bear u^ton it. We invite particular attention to the
subjoined table that demonstrates the variability wc continually insist upon
!f|
■i
1
1
i
i. J
1
1 '•
!'
Ill Mr
Pi''
200
MONOORAPUS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
in this memoir. Some specimens are little more than half as long as oi/iers,
and certiiinly have less tliun half the bulk. Our figures for apparently
mature animals run from 4.50 to 8 inches for length of trunk. Now, to
keep largely within bounds, we will strike off i)nlf an inch each way, and
say a normal limit of variation it) between 5 and 7i inches: this 2J inches
is 50 per cent, of the minimum and 40 per cent, of the mean length of the
animal. This great discrepancy is the more instructive, because in the case
of xanthognathus there is no possible question of specific identity of the
largest and smalle.st specimens. In some other cases, where reputed nominal
species, based in part on dimensions, were at issue, we may possibly be
suspected of granting improbable and undue range of variation. But here
the matter is brought to a fi)cus: we show, in the specimens of unquestion-
ably a single species, as great variability in size as we have anywhere
attempted to prove.
And yet this difference is no greater than we believe is well known to
occur in other species of the genus, notably the Arvicola amphibius of
Europe. No one is surjjrised to kill two house-rats, one of which is twice
as big as the other. We hold that a corresponding variability is as normal
to some purely feral animals as to the semi-domesticated species just cited;
and we believe that it argues a ])rogressive increase in size, with age, over
the stature ordinarily reached at the period of puberty — that is to say, a
Mus or an Arvicola may be "adult" or "mature" in the sense that it has lost
the signs of youth, gained those of adult life, and become capable of repro-
duction, and yet, after this, may increase in length by one-third at least, and
double its bulk in the subsequent years of its life.
Recurring again to our measurements, we next observe that the tail of
this animal (taking it to the end of the vertebrae as a more consttmt and
reliable measurement than to the tip of the hairs) ranges from 0.75 to 2.25,
as the figures stand! and, making large allowance for erroneous elements, we
may safely say that the tail is "an inch or two" long, i. e., it varies 100 per
cent, of the minimum ! What could more forcibly illustrate the instability
that attends the dimensions of organs produced in any sense as matters of
vegetative repetition I The measurements of other parts need not detain us.
For several reasons, among them ease of correct measurement, the limits of
the figures for the feet and ears do not stand quite so far apart as those for
the body and tail do ; they coincide with the results of our measurements
MUKIDJS— ABVICOLlNiB— AllVlCOLA XANTnOONATHUS. 201
of other species. The soles run from 0.85 to 1.05 — say from 0.1: 0 to 1.00 —
as an ordinary range; and it should be observed that the smallest specimens,
as Nos. 4509, 4510, G558, &c., have feet quite up to average dimensions.
Our table is drawn up to show the different localities represented in our
immense scries of specimens; but otherwise the skins were picked out at
random from the box containing several huudred till we had tabulated enough
to answer our purpose.
Taiilk L.~Me<uiiremcnt» of tUty-Mnt tpedmnn of Aiivicoi.a xanihoonathus from Xorlh America north
of tkt VHiled Slatet.
1
i
$.
Locality.
Collcotor.
NoMto-
TaU to end
of—
1
1
1
1
n
k
Remarka
i
1
1
i
$
i
0306
■MU
aM<i
8336
ST-.T
5W8
0541
4304
4309
4303
7701
5733
3751
5738
5734
5740
.1748
3736
37,T»'
6843
7061
7084
7085
7188
7083
70C0
ms
8993
6077
MI4
....
Fori Good Hope
NelMD RlTor, Bud-
«oii'«Il»y Territory.
BieIiiUii<l,OrutSI>v»
Lake.
Oreat Slave Lake
Vort Churchill
Dnffalo BlTer, Oreat
Slave Lake.
. ... do
a 05
ago
0.99
0.90
1.00
ago
a 95
a 95
LOS
a 93
1.09
1.05
a»9
a87
a93
a 85
a 86
a 85
a 95
a 95
a 98
1.04
a99
a 97
a98
a99
a 93
aB4
a 00
am
ago
an
Aloobolio.
Dry.
...do.
D.OnDO
J.Reld
7.00
3.35
5.75
5.30
5.30
mo
523
0.30
6.00
5.73
6.30
1.60
1.90
1.9U
1.75
1.30
1.00
1.30
9.95
5.00
8.10
8.00
1.00
1.00
1.95
0.75
0.73
1.85
8.00
1.00
I.CO
1.61)
1.80
1.90
1.00
1.75
I.CO
1.75
1.80
1.00
i.ts
1.35
1.40
8.10
1.53
3.13
1.75
8.30
9:33
8.33
8.S5
1.10
1.90
1.45
0.10
1.00
1.30
9.40
8.10
1.85
1.80
9190
1.30
1.10
9.05
1.80
9: CO
8.03
1.80
0.40
a34
0.43
a40
0.49
o.m
0.43
0.40
0.49
a 44
N.Taylor
do.
W.Hactavlah..
B.K.IIOM
0.89
1.30
1.00
a 70
Alcoholic.
Dry.
....do.
....do
9
Fort Reaolntlon, Great
Slave Lake.
do
do
do
do
FortLlard
do
....do
....do
....do
...do
...do
W. L. HanllBly
.. do
0.75
0.70
0.75
0.70
1.40
1.33
1.30
1.33
1.50
1.4li
1.37
1.70
...do.
a 35
a 59
a 55
a 73
Freah.
...do.
...da
Alcoholic
Dry.
do.
do
....do
....do.
do
....do
....da
da
do
....do
do
....do
da
do
....do
....do
j.riott
8.10
6.50
173
5.73
7.00
5.30
5.30
6.00
5.73
5.30
500
S.0O
...do.
... da
do
Laplerre, Booky MooDt-
aliia
Fort MoPheraon
... do
a 51
a 60
a 60
.. da
...da
...da
...da
C. V. Gaiidet . . .
....do
.. .do
....do
....do
do
... .da
.... do
....do
....da
...
do
Novrkakat
...do
W.H.Dall
....da
....da
do
do
...do
....do.
...da
....da
do
....do
...da
do
....do
....da
-Hi
i
• BUn 8.00 1 much ativMicd.
B(
\\i I
^^
202
MoNoouArua of noutu American koukntia.
Taklk h.—UeanHreniciilt of tixlg-nine •jwcii»fn« <i/ Aliviuot.A xn^TlUMHAruva from Xorlk America norlk
aftht Vniltd d(a(w— Cuiitiuuud.
\\l
1
' ■ f
t,
j
\
\
i
i
1^ ■
1 !
)■' i ! ■ '
!h ■; ■
(■ , \
ii' -
\- '
1 [
I; v.,
ii ■
li!
1
mm
Mil
eoto
elm
sots
ton
min\
me»
mm 1
(014
eoii
am
HOf.
DIM
mu
mt
«1M
Gtll
6A70
1
l.iH:nllty.
1
Nowi to-
Tall to «nri
0*-
1
1
1
1
i
1
Colltolor.
ll
s
a
i
t
•- i
j
9.00
I.SO
1.35
1.49
1.30
i.ao
1.43
1.80
1.65
I.4II
1.40
1.90
8.110
1.95
1.70
9.00
9.15
1.00
1.83
1.80
1.80
1.45
1.60
9.19
9.15
•ilO
9.S5
1.30
1.90
1.75
1.60
1.B5
9.15
1.05
1. 4.-.
1.80
1 1.85
1.50
i 1.75
i
Romarki.
Nowrkakat
.10 1
Fort Anileraon j
do
... Ad '
W. II. Doll
9. 00 1- 7.^ i
a4o
0,49
0.43
a 37
Oi43
a 4:1
0.40
0.48
a 41
0.40
a4<
0.44
0.47
0.44
0.07
1.00
0.07
11.10
0,(9
ani
0,87
aiM
0.09
0,8«
0,98
a»5
0.09
ato
l.OO
0.06
0.07
0.93
O.I!6
0.04
0.88
aP5
0.06
a94
0.90
0.99
0.»4
0.06
aia
0.IW
0,97
0.06
1.00
0.03
0.9^
0.90
0.07
0.04
0.88
0.90
....
VtJ.
... da
...do,
.. do
1.30
1.05
1.90 I
I.IO
1.30
l.«5
1.30
1.40
I.SO
I.W
1.85
1.80
1.75
1.50
l.»0
1.80
1.00
I.SC
i.eo
l.iO
1.90
1.40
l.»0
I.OO
1.00
aoo
1.00
1.50
I.4U
1.35
1.70
1.00
1.00
1.19
1.50
1.60
1.30
1.40
11. UcFarloiio .
..do
.. do
5.79
5,00
&ao
5.00
4.79
"t
"»
Ao 1
.... do
. .. do
...do
.. do
...do
... do.
...da
...da
do
6.00
MO
4.0O
5.90
9.00
4.80
4.50
_^
7.50
7.)IS
UK
7.90
6.00
6.90
6.U
6.51
aoo
7.75
8.00
7.85
0.50
7.00
0.0O
0.00
rfo
aoo
7.)I5
0.S5
9. -.5
7. -.9
8.00
5.115
4.75
da
do
do
da
di> '. I
...do
0.90
I.IS
1.30
0.96
a9s
a9s
0.63
0.79
aoe
0.50
0.60
0.67
0.09
0.60
0.65
0.68
U.68
0 79
0.96
Akohollo.
ADderaon Uivcr J
LatllndeOI" iiurlh... j
Liard River i
do
do
..do
Dry. 1
...da 1
...do
R. Kcnnlcott. . .
...do
.. do
. do
a60
a6a
1.10
1. 10
I.S9
1.30
ri«h. 1
...da
AlcuboU*.
Dry.
... da
...do.
...da
. da
...da
..da
....da
...da
.. da
..da
...da
.. da
...da
....
TukonBWer
do
. do
do
do
do
do
....do
....do
...do
....do
aoo
6574
...
do
..do
07(13
6«I00
do
do
...do
do
1 0721
1 6047
du
do
....do
... do
\ 0U4
do
do
....do
' 0734
....do
1 0641
....
do
do
...do
...do
' 0088
0.97
0.01
0.68
0.70
..da
... da
....da
...da
da
|0t9l
0S49
0037
6788
0S7a
OUO
60119
07M
0573
6598
do
....do
...do
...do
do
do
do
do
do
....do
0.53
a65
0.6S
0.50
....da
...da
...da
...da
..da
..da
do
do
do
...do
...do
. do
do
. do
do
. do
NoTR.— Mr. Kennlcott'a upeclmeDs w«re partly takeo at Fort Yukon (luouth of Porcnplua BWer) and partly 800 milea
Duntliweat of thia lucalUy. Bcsldea those tabalated, wo bare euuulDvd uvtral hundrtd othera, all broaght from tho aanae
region by Mr. Kennlcoti.
Fortunately, the synonymy of this species is plain. It was first described
and not very well figured by Leach, as above; Dr. Richardson next noticed
it in a more satisfactory detail ; then Audubon and Bach man reproduced the
sense of Richardson's article ; and, lastly, Baird published it upon substantially
MUKIUiE-AKVIOOLlN^-ABVICOLA XANTOOONATUU8. 203
the Hanie ^roiiiiHo, tlinii^h he only admitted it among the hypothcticuil HpociL-s
of his gifiii work, lint there m no eviiUincu that the species has occurred in
tlic United States, and that it ever dues ho is highly improimhle ; and conse-
quently all the citations of "xanthognathus" from this c(tiintry — those of
Godman, Harlan, Say, DoKay, Linsley, and otliers -arc referable only to
riparim. We have not seen Sai)ine's article, where the name appears ; but
Richardson says (Hisitively that Sal)inc'8 "xanUiognatha" is not this animal at
all, but is what he (Riciiardson) calls "pennsi/lvtinica Or<l" (see under Arctic
riparius in this memoir). We arc equally in the darU respectiuj} t' •; "Cam-
pagnol aux joues fauvcs" of Desmarest, which Godman, for insttmce, refers
to his "xanthognatha" {zzriparius), but which Audubon and Uachman cite as
true xanthognathus. Audubon and Bachman have blundered in citing ^^xan-
th'ignathm Harlan and Godman"; but it seems to have been a mere slip of
tlie pen, for they expressly state on a subsequent page that Harlan's and
Guduiun's animal cannot be the true xantftognathas.
'i tt's Arvicola appears to inhabit most of British and Russian America.
Audubon and Bachman say they took it in Labrador; Leach got his from
HudsonV Bay ; and we have other rather easterly quotations at hand. But
the creature seems to be especially abundant and charocteristic northwest-
wardly, as in the region of the Mackenzie, Anderson, and Yukon Rivers.
Note. — We have a great many skulls of this animal before us, but it
seems not worth while to tabulate them, as they show nothing whatever dif-
ferent from those of riparius, excepting a somewhat larger size; all the pro-
portions are the same. Even the increase in size is only evident on striking
averages, since the smaller skulls reach well into the dimensions of the larger '
examples of riparius. The skulls run in total length, 1.15 to 1.30; in width
of zygomatic arches, up to about 0.75 ; in height, upward of 0.50 ; at the
interorbital constriction, 0.15 or 0.20: length of molar series, 0.25 or 0.30;
length of lower jaw from tip of incisor to back of condyle, nearly an inch ; to
tip of coronoid, about 0.75 ; the under incisors are 0.30 or 0.40 long from the
alveoli ; the upper have the ordinary relative size.
The dentition of this species is strictly that of the riparius group, and,
in fact, so far as' we can see, identical with that of A. riparius. There are
the usual variations in the tbrm of the back upper molar, which, however,
always shows its crescent and two external lateral triangles ; while the ti'ont
under molar has, as in riparitu, the maximum number of lateral triangles,
owing to the far advance of the median zigzag line of enamel.
w
n
it
rlit'
i; :
mi
In,
"ii.;
204 MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
fARVICOLA mCHARDSONI of And. & Baob. . . ,, . i ,
Large Northern Mendow Moase.
"Ankola riparius Oiid", npud KicnARDSON, Fn. Bor.-Am. 1889, i, 120. (Not of Ord.)
Anicota rkhardtoni, DeKay, N. Y. ZooI. i, 1842, 91.— AuD. & Bach., Q. N. A. 1853, iii, Iftl, pi. oxxxv, f. i
(bnsc'd on Riebnrdson'ti nnlnial).— Baikd, M. N. A. 1857, 551 (eatno as the foregoing).
Selecting a number of the very largest skins in the collection, we can
see that they noticeably surpass the average of United States riparius, and
stand at, if not beyond, the maximum of tlie latter. But this is true of only
a small proportion of our lot ; the others shade insensibly down to tlie aver-
age of riparius ; and all these largest ones are accompanied by others of much
less stature, taken living side by side, and (lertainly not specifically different.
The difference in the whole series, moreover, is not greater than we demon-
strate in the case of unquestionable A. xanthognathus.
All the remarks we have offered under head of A. xanthognathus have
been based upon unquestionable examples of that form. But, af^er elimin-
ating these, we find a considerable number of specimens that are precisely
like ordinary xanthognathus, yet have no trace of the chestnut ciieeks. They
are clearly not referable to ordinary riparius, and are equally far removed from
the small var. borealis.
We puzzled long over these before we were led, we believe correctly, to
refer them to xanthognathus. Among Mr. Kennicott's extraordinarily full
series of xanthognathus we found here and there a skin showing no chestnut
c.ce's, yet which lie had labeled with his autograph "xanthognathus". This
excited our suspicion ; for we had noted with pleasure that, of the many hun-
dred mice of all sorts contributed to the collection by this eminent naturalist,
not one had been labeled by him of which there was the sligiitest doubt, and
hi;! labeling has proved in every case correct. There is little if any doubt
that xantlwgnathus, under certain conditions, does not acquire the chestnut
cheeks — in short, that a certain proportion of s|)ecimens shade into riparius.
This goes far to show that the two forms are not specifically distinct. We
tabulate below these doubtful skins. It will be seen liy the measurements
that they represent an animal at and beyond the maximum of ordinary riparius
in size, with comparatively shorter members; and the skins show a certain
undefinable coloration and condition of pelage which assures us they belong
nearer xanthognathus than riparius ; but their positive determination is to us
at present impossible.
•'1 Afiii
3«!>^f-
■ttrt
MTIRID^— AUVICOLIN^— ARVICOLA XANTHOGNATHHSf 205
Tablk LI. — jVfco»iir«m«iita of iweiity-nine (and IM of many more) tpecimevi of large Arctic Arvicol^ of the
RIPAIIIOS ttpt, tuppoted to repreeenl xanthoonatiius without chettnut cheeks.
i
I rom tip of noae to—
Tall to end
of—
Length of—
i
s
Locality.
Collector.
3
"S
a
BomorkH.
i
k
i
1
iJ
n
1
1
1
m
8048
K.McFarkinc...
Dry.
8091
0000
do
do
.. do.
Fort Auderaon
....do
0.59
1.93
1.40
6.00
1.15
1.60
0.33
0 78
...do.
9173
91M
do
do
0.59
1.00
.1.30
1.00
1.30
0.35
0.71
0.43
Dry.
do
....do
9I9S
do
....do
1.93
6.00
1.10
1.45
0.34
0.70
0.40
...do.
9IS4
do
....do
1.13
3.00
1.30
1.65
0.35
0.70
0.39
...do.
9I1S
do
....do
0.00
1.30
1.65
0.34
0 70
....do.
DI08
do
....do
0.50
3.30
1.90
1.40
0.33
0.78
0.40
....do.
9144
do
....do
,'.0O
l.OO
1.93
0.35
0.76
0.34
....do.
0147
do
....do
5.73
1.00
1.93
....do.
0229
do
....do
5.30
1.90
1.43
0.34
0.7.1
0.44
....do.
6K)S
Andenon Biver ...
...do
&75
1.30
1.90
0.37
o.m
0.43
....do.
69W
do
...do
6637
9193
do
do
do
... do
6841
da
....do
5.01
1.00
1.90 la3l
0.74
0.49
Dry.
9903
do
....do
;
9990
do
...do
6878
900 mlln aontb weal
of Yukon Blvor.
B.Kcunlcotl....
5.50
1.95
1.50
0.33
0.73
0.47
Dry.
6996
do
....do
5.75
1.30
1.70
0 79
...do.
6359
6359
Yukon
do
....do
....do
....
5.73
1.30
1.55
0.70
....do.
...do.
7099
FortMoPheraon....
C.P.Gaudel...
....do.
7100
7101
7108
do
...,do
....do.
...do.
....do.
do
...do
9243
Kodiak, Alaaka ...
F. Blaohoff
....do.
6307
17799
110895
L.Clarke
D.Onen
...do
0.43
1.00
1.15
aeo
L90
1.75
0.40
0.80
0.45
6 yonng.
5 .vonog.
RedRirerSettlonient
....do
10896
....do
...do
0.50
1.10
1.93
4.50
1.70
9.00
0.30
0.73
10897
10806
....do
....do
....do
...do
17033
Selkirk Settlomont..
...do
3 yonng.
10809]
to I
...do
...do....'
4.10
1.30
1.80
0.80
10904
7638
....do
B. Kenn!cott. . .
109031
to
....do
...do
109161
7710
Wlnnnpeg RItw ...
...do
7190
7716
to
7733.
.. .do
....do
Jamea Bay, Hndaon'a
Bay.
C. Drexler
6304
BigIaUuid,a.S.L ..
J. Bed
0.44
1.00
1.14
3.00
1.35
1.30
0.38
0.74
0.48
10917
U>
10994
...do
....Cm
■'1 .
m'
iim-
206
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Tablk lA.—iIetuuremeHl» of tice«ty-niHi (.and list of man!) more) tpeeimeni of large Anlie Anvicoi^ of the
iiiiMiiil'8 liipc aupponed tu repn$e»t XANTHoaNATHl's wilhout chetlnHl cheeks— CoBtiuaei,
'JtVi
Ciiireot uumlier
Locollty.
Collector.
From tip of noae to—
Tail to end
of—
>ngtb of—
s
I
.a
if
«
n
1
1
1
1
1
t
t
1
i
j
1
1
n
Kemarka. |
7091 j
7091 j
7744
711831
to
7690 J
764)
7570
9904
109»7)
to,
I003aj
7743
10931
10933
109.13
10934
7703
8401
840)
S403
8104
840S
0910
9461
j 10035
1 10936
\ 10937
1 10938
10339
90O7
10910
10941
1094}
10943
10U44
10043
1004O
10047
10948
10949
10030
10991
10:>51
10951
10954
Fort RusoluUoD ...
clo . ...
R. Eonnlcott ..
do . .
....
unthog 1
Fort Simpson
ilo
...do
do ... .
....
...do
. ia
. do
0.47
0.99
1.08
4.00
1.49
1.70
0.40
a 79
aso
n.R.Rnu
....do
ForiChnrohlll
....do
....do
W.Maol«vl«h..
do
0.90
1.00
1. 83
4.40
1.40
1.70
0.30
a7«
Fort Anderson
....do
R. McFuUne...
....do
....do
...do
....
.... .
....
..
4.60
3.90
4. CO
i-'s
4. SO
4.30
4.90
4.00
3 73
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.49
l.«l
1.00
l.W
1.30
1.13
1.5.1
1.90
1.99
l.CO
1.90
1.80
1.90
1.39
1.4U
.7.
0.74
0.60
0.79
0.76
0.79
0.74
0.80
0.77
0.7«
....do
....do
...do
...do
....do
do
....do
.. do
... do
. do
....do
...do
St Michaora,R. A..
....do
....do
C.W. Baiter...
H. M. Banniater
W.H. Dall
.. do
....do
....do
do
...do
do
...do
do
Nulato, R A
. do .
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do
.. do .
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
. ..do
.. do
...do
...do
...do
..do ..
...do
...do
...do
.. do
....
...do
...do
...dr,
...do ....
.. ilo
. do ....
...do
.. do ..
10935
...do
...do ...
109.'i«
...do
.. do
10334
...do
..do
MURID^— AUV^rCOLIN^— CHILOTUS.
207
Subgenus CHILOTUS, Baird.
Jnieola ap., Auctorum.
= Ckilolui, Baikd, M. N. A. 1857, 516 (type, A. oregmii Baob.).— CotiES, Proo. Acnd. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1^74, 100.
Chars. — Very small. Pelage and proportions of parts as in Myonomes,
but the ears "small, orbicular, the marginal portion or helix incurved all
round, bounding a distinct fossa innominata; the upper and lower roots so
close together as to be confluent externally, and thus enclosing the meatus
entirely in the anterior rim, however low. Surfaces of the ear almost naked";
plantar tubercles only ft (I). Dentition combining the anterior lower molar
as in Myonomes, with the middle and back upper molars as in Pedomys or
Pitymys (other teeth as in Arvicola generally, and therefore not diagnostic).
Further details of this section are given under head of its type and only
known species.
ARVICOLA (CHILOTUS) OREGONUS, Bachman.
•regOH Meadow Monne.
Arvioola oregoiti, Bacrmax, Joarn. Acail. Nnt. Soi. Philn. viii, 1839, 60 ; Townaend's Narrative, 18.39, 315. —
Auo. &. Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 93i, pi. olsvii, f. 3.
Arrioola (Chihtut) ortgoni, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 537.
A/ricolit {CkiMiu) ongonM, CotiKH, Pioc. Aoa<l. Nat. Scl. Pbila. 1874, 190.
Diagnosis. — Arvicola minimus (3—3^-poil.), palmis dimztiium plnntarum
(^ : §); caudd capitc longiore {\\); nuriculis exiguis, occultis, subnudis, mar-
gine pUcata. Coloribus ferh ut in A. riparia.
Lfast Meadow Mouse, with the colors much as in A. riparius, the ears
small, hidden, nearly naked, with foldfd margin and the meatus rimmed about :
3— 3 J inches long, tail \\, or with the hairs IJ, thu4 longer than the h-ad, and
nearly twice as long as the soles, these twice as long as the pnlms.
(No, HjI) At first sight, this little animal looks like a half-grown
riparius; the next glance, liowever, shows that it is perfectly adult, and
further examination reveals the iieculiarities given in the foregoing diagnosis
and in t.lie notice of the subgenus. The fur has exactly the texture of that
of riparius, and the coloration is much the same as in typical examples of
the latter — a grizzle of yellowish-brown, rufous-gray, and black, darkest along
the middle line of the back; beneath dark plumbeous, strongly hoary: tail
indistinctly bicolor, to correspond. In fact, the external characters, both oi
color and proportions, are so much like those of rijHirius, with <tne exception,
I
w
ii
5
rill
■ I
j •
1 ,;
I'-'
^^ 1
i^K'*
i
BjH,
208
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH aThERIGAN RODBNTIA.
that they might be ^escribed in identical terms. The ears are the notable
feature; and they have been so carefully and minutely described by Baird,
froiu the same specimens now lying before us, that, as in case of our diagnosis
of Chilolus, we may best repeat his words: —
"The ears are low, orbicular, the membrane thickened, the margins or
conchal portions much inflected or incurved, like a half open apple-blossum,
the concha being inflected all around. The antitragus is well developed, but
rather low. The surfaces of the ear appear perfectly naked, with, however,
a ciliation of long hairs towards the roots of the eoncha, on the dorsal surface.
A close examination of the auricle in the dried specimen shows a few scat-
tered very short white hairs. The structure of the ear, though in many
respects similar to that of A. pinetorum, is yet essentially diflTerent. Thus
the upper and lower roots of the margin of the ear meet anteriorly so as to
form even a low rim to the meatus anteriorly completely enclosing the aper-
ture ; the edge of the conch is inflected ; the region inside the auricle, around
the meatus, naked, and the antitragus so much developed as to be capable of
completely closing the meatus. In A. pineforuin the roots of the upper and
lower margins of the ear are widely separated, by a space of a quarter of an
inch, the space between these roots and anterior to the meatus being perfectly
plane ; the edges of the concha or auricle not inflected at all ; the inner space
around the meatus partly haify ; the antitragus very slightly developed, not
valvular nor capable of closing the meatus at all."
The skull of this species (?M/) is rather broad for its length (0.92X0.51),
but has nothing diagnostic about it except the dentition, which curiously
unites that of Myonomes with that of Pedomys or Pityviys. Thus, the
middle line of enamel on the front lower molar extends so far forward as
to separate the anterior on angles each side, and cut these off from the dentine
island of tiie anterior trefoil, so that an additional closed triangle is produced
on each side. The middle upper molar develops no snag on its postero-
external triangle ; and the last upper molar has but one external angle and a
long narrow posterior Y.
A miserable s|)ecimen from Oregon (No. 3734, U. S. Expl. Exped.) is
labeled "oregona", but is not this species at all, being a Myonohies. The
measurements of the three specimens below given will show to some extent
the variations in size and shape. At present, the species is only reported from
the Pacific coast of the United States.
M U Rl D^— Alt VICOLIN^— PEDOM Y8.
209
Tadlk LII.— JtffiwureMoil* o/lhree tpecimeim o/Arvicola (Chilotus) oregonus.
B
'A
1
1
"Sg
1
Date.
Looality.
Collector.
Noaeto—
Toilto-
u
0.330.66
0.350.61
0.3o'o.56
A
0.28.
0.33
0.30
k
1
i
1
t
3.50
3.35
3.75
^ n
1.101.25
1. SO 1.35
1.00 1.15
vm
Via
I83:0
tmi
rf
Dry ..
Alo...
..do...
..ilo ..
Aug.— , I8S3
,1655
,1855
Sboalnater Bay
BMilacoom
J.G.Cooper
0. Backlev
0.43
ft 11,
1 rn
TonulesBay
E.Saiuuols....;
1
"I""
0.40A-)u'i-AA
Pntrikt RnnnH f
. .do . . .
! do
NoTR.— Noa. 8370-71, apparcDtly nf this apecicH, oro too youog fur positive IdeDtiflcation. The teeth are scarcely cut ;
but, so far as wo cmi Jutlge, the back upper molar tvlll have but one external closed triaogle, and a posterior Y-sbaped treflSe.
The meataa SMms to bo anrroandetl by a faint rim, bnt the tipper margin of the ear is not inflectetl, the concha being per-
fcctly flat.
Subgenus PEDOMYS, Baird.
Anleola sp., Adctorum.
= PnIoiiiyi, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 517 (type, ArvieoXa auttervf LeC.)-— Codes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1874, 190.
Chars. — Postero-superior molur with an anterior transverse loop, two
interior triangles, one exterior triangle, and a posterior U-, V-, or Y-shaped
loop (as in Pitymys and Chilotui). Medio-snperior molar with an anterior,
two exterior, and only one interior triangle (lacking tlie supplementary postero-
interior spur or triangle of Myoitomes). Antero-inferior molar with a posterior
transverse loop, two interior closed triangles, one exterior closed triangle,
another exterior and another interior open triangle, and an anterior irregular
trefoil. Other molars as in Arvicola at large. Ears concealed, without
inflected margin of conch or rim in front of meatus ; antitragus highly val-
vular, as usual. Tail in the type of the subgenus about equal to the head
(about one-third the head and body), in other species not more than one-
fourth tlie trunk, and thus as sliort as in Pitymys. Perfect plantar tubercles
only five. No special cranial characters, and external form as in Myonomes
(except shorv«^r tail), or much as in Arvicola at large. Pelage grizzly and
rather "austere"; the under parts usually with a i)eculiar muddy tinge.
Under head o^ Arvicola we have already diagnosticated this section, and
after the further remarks just made there is little to say. There are no tan-
gible cranial characters ; and, as lO the external characters, they are with diffi-
culty describable as any different from those of Myonomes ; but the tail is
shorter, and the animals appear to be even more squat and bunchy than M.
riparius. There are only five perfect plantar tubercles, though the rudiment
U M
i'
i
lil
1 I
I
m
210
iMONOGRAl'HS OF NOKTO AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
of a sixth is often seen. Tlie section may readily be difTerentiated from its
Nortli American congeners by exclusion, thus : — It lacks the peculiar crescent
of the last molar of Myonomes; it wants the peculiar auricular characters of
Chilotus; and it has not the enlarged fore claws and glossy pelage of Pityinys.
The section was based upon the Arvicola austerus of LeConte by Baird,
who added to it two other species, A. luiydeni and A. cinnamomeus, neither of
which, however, is distinct. Haydeni leads into a remarkable form from the
plains, very different, in its extreme development, from austerus, and still more
unlike any other North American species. The discussion of this form is
presented in a subsequent article. We insert here the measurements of our
skulls of Pedomys, and then proceed to consider P. austerus.
Tadlb LIII. — ileofuremnuta of nineteen akuUa o/' Pedomys austkrita.
1
Locality.
i
a
3
1
a
Width »t—
i
ll
a
1
■3
.3
a
From tip of un-
der InclHors to—
1
.a
1
.2
a
"0
ja
Propurtiooof leDgUl 1
to width.
1
1
s
i
1
s
0
i
1
r. »
Z £
y/
¥#!
RadDi>,Wi»
<lo
ilo
WijBt N'ortUflolil, III
1.00
1.01
i.o:
o.«
o.«
0.11
0.41
0.38
0.40
0.44
0.41
0.60
0.63
0.03
0.04
O.CI
0.60
0.03
0.64
0.57
0.54
0.17
0.10
0. 18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.23
0.34
0.2.->
0. 31
0.31
0.34
O.S.-)
0.3:1
0.30
0.20
IJ.3I
0. 1!)
IJ. 17
0.30
0.35
0.21
O.lk)
0,5S
0.07
0,03
0.03
0.03
0,68
0.04
0,75
0,75
0,33
0.81
0.73
0,78
0,81
0,M
0,78
0,80
0,77
0,87
0.84
0,80
0.83
0,89
0,80
0,29
0,24
0,97
0,24
0,31
0,95
0,23
0.31
0,33
0,33
0.33
0,38
0,36
0.31
0,33
0,33
0,30
0,35
100 : 00
100:60
100:58
100 :S»
100:57
ilii
do
do
do
do
do
1.03
1.09
1.03
0.0T
0.i)S'
do
do
0.58'
0,00
do
du
do
1.00
l.OS
0.40
0.61
O.IO
0.10
0. 21
0.95
0.91
0.18
0,73
0.80
0,70*
0,74
n,n
0.83
0,80
0.77
0.27
0,35
S.tlnt Loiitrt, Mo
CiIcAsleii, L»
Pembina, Dak
Fort I'ii'rro, Uak
1.03
1.03
1.14
0.40
0.44
0.40
0.4.)
0.00
O.Oj
0.18
0.18
0.17
0. 18
OS.)
0.31
0.35
0.35
0.18
0. m
0.20
0. m
0,03
0,63
O.O.'S
0 i!0
0.81
0,8:1
0,87
0.23
0.33
0.33
(1.26
0.33
0.30
0.39
0,34
1.00
o.ei
....
1 __ ._
100 : 58t
1
* l^l5!MKMl)-6e: Anlinnla not full jtrown ; niouturomenta ozolndeU f^m tfae AvornglriK-
t Type of einnamomtwi. ', Typo of tiaydeni.
ARVICOLA (PEDOJIYS) AUSTERUS, LeC.
Prairie Meadow Moose.
Arvicola autterue, LeContb, Proo. Acad. Nnt. 8ci. Phila. vl, 1853, 405 (Racine, Wis. ; type. No. 8849, Mns.
Smiths.).— AuD. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 289 (based on LeConte's description).— Kbnni-
corr, Agric. Hep. U. 8. Patent Office for 1856 (1857), 97, pi. xii, upper flg. (Illinoia).
i
MUUID^— AltVICOLIN^— ARVICOLA AUSTEllUS.
211
AnUiola (Pedomyt) aMlerim, Baiko, M. N. A. 1857, 539, pi. liv (teetli of spcciineii, No. J/,^, from I.nniBi-
ann, queried as au»tcru»), (WiticouBin, IlliooiB, Missouri, and Loiiisiaua).— Cot ES, Proc. Acad.
Nnt. Sci. Philtt. 1874, IKO.
Arvkola (Pedomyt) dnnamomea, Baiiid, op. cit. 541, pi. liv (teeth), (type, No. -Wf, Hus. Bniitba., Pembina,
Dak.).
ArvimU (Pedomyt) haydeni, Baikd, op. cit. 543 (type. No. VVWi ^I""- Smitbs., Fort Pierre, Dak.). ;-.
Diagnosis. — A. ripario subsimilis, veilere austeriore, forma robustiore,
Cauda breviore caput cequante aut paulo superante; griseo-murinm, sublus ex
albido plumbeuH, brunneo dilute lavatus. Long. tot. 4, cauda 1.25, pedis 0.70.
Habitat. — Western States and adjoining Territories, especially Illinois,
Missouri, and Michigan. Kansas. Louisiana.
Although this animal is subgenerically different from Myonomes riparius,
the superficial resemblance is so close that it is difficult to convey in words
an intelligible notion of the distinctions. In fact, it looks more like M. riparius
than like Pedomys var. curtatus, from whicli it is not specifically different.
The following description is based upon about twenty specimens, mostly
from Illinois.
The pelage, though not harsh, is rather coarse, thick, and short, and does
not lie smooth enough to possess much gloss ; a condition suggesting the apt
name "austeriis". The tail has an average hairiness, with a medium-sized
pencil at tip. The ears are about flush with the fur on an average, but in
scant-haired specimens may overtop a little. The soles are scant-hirsute for
their posterior tliird, and .')-tuberculate, one of the tubercles of Myonomes
being wanting. The usual relative proportions of fore and hind feet and of
all the fingers and toes obtain. In general form, the animal is stouter and
seemingly clumsier than riparius ; the tail is shorter, averaging little more
than the length of the head, but sometimes i iching about one-third the whole
length of trunk. The head loolcs broader than usual, with a very obtuse
muzzle and rather short and sparse whiskers.
The upper parts show an intimate "grizzle" of black, brown, yellowish-
brown, and grayish-brown, impossible to describe in a single word. This is
darkest along the middle line of the back, wiience it washes out lighter toward
the sides. Some specimens, as No. 2444, are almost pure black along the
dorsal area, and the other upper parts are correspondingly dark, showing
merely a grizzle with grayish-brown, without any reddish. Others, again, as
No. 2454, are as much lighter than the average, having no appreciably darker
dorsal area, and the whole upper parts and sides of a light muddy-brown
grizzled with brownish-gray.
»i|
f
IS
■ ,
212
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
These colors fade on the sides, without any tangible dividing line, into
tlie peculiar shade of the whole under parts. In an average case, the belly
shows a background of plumbeous, strongly washed over with a dirty cin-
namon, or muddy rust color. In the darkest-colored individuals, the under
parts are deep hoary-plumbeous, with the tips of most of the hairs barely
touched with muddy ; this peculiar shade, so different from the clear hoary-
plumbeous of ripariuii, &c., being a strong mark of the subgenus, and only
very exceptionally wanting. In the lightest-cftlored specimens, on the other
hand, the under parts are so strongly invaded with the muddy cinnamon that
the plumbeous bases of the hairs are scarcely visible, the dirt-color being
continuous, especially along the sides, and so bright as to approach a fawn-
color or tawny-brown.
The tail is almost always distinctly bicolor, and it shares the colors of
the upper and under parts of the body respectively.
The type of the species (No. 224f), Mus. Smiths.) is a rather unusually
dark specimen, especially underneath, being, as Professor Baird has remarked,
one of the few in which the cinnamon tips of the hairs are inappreciable.
Other specimens, however, received from Major LeConte as typical of his
species, have the muddy wash very distinct.
The Louisiana specimen eimmerated by Professor Baird (No tWt, Cal-
casieu Pass, G. WUrdemann) is typical austerus, and extends the known range
of this form. A Kansas example (No. 4218, Neosho Falls, B. F. Goss) is
likewise pure austerus. Another Kansas specimen (No. 3306, Doniphan
County, E. Palmer) leans rather over against var. curtatus in the shortness
of its tail, though it is typical austerus in other respects. A Platte River
specimen (No. 30'J4) is identical with the type of " haydeni ". The exact
state of the case regarding this last is given beyond ; here it only remains to
examine the other nominal species that has been referred to austerus.
The type and only known specimen of "cinnamomea" (No. ^^,
Pembina, Minn.) is, as Professor Baird says, exactly like austerus in external
ciiaracters The points of difference, if any, lie in the skull and teeth; and
we have the data to show that the slight differences observable in these
respects are quite within the limits of individual variation. On coming into
our iiard.s, the skull lacked zygomata; but the zygomatic width is stated by
Professor Baird to liave been 0.56, which, with a length of 1.12, gives a
proportion of just 100 : 50, which is a little greater length for breadth than
MUBID^— ARVICOLIN^— ARVICOLA AD8TERD8.
213
usual. The skull is perhaps " remurkable for its elongation " ; but it fulls
sliort of the specimen of hai/deni, wliich measures 1.14, ami only exceeds
average austerus by 0.06. The suppose*! difference in the lengths of the
nasals and the nasal branches of intermaxillary, owing to the shortness and
truncation of the former, is no distinction, as we find it precisely matched in
examples of unquestionable austerus (No. %V-; No. l^). The alleged
differences in dentition are simply a little less deep infolding of the enamel
loops on the back upper and front lower molars ; so tliat the lateral triangles
of the first-named tooth, instead of being closed up along the middle line of
the tooth, intercommunicate; and the same is the case with the anterior
exterior triangle of the last-named tooth. But this is merely a slight differ-
ence in degree, not of kind. Among our specimens are some as closely
approaching this pattern as others recede from it; and the differences in this
respect among unquestionable austerus are quite as great as between austerus
. \-
The following table gives the measurements of our series.
Tablk LIV.— ifauiimimf* offift^-lwo fjnciment 0/ Arvicola (Pedomys) austerus.
-Si
TT
a PM
±
Hi.
m-^^'
mn
214
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Table LIV.— lf«i»iireiiie»(» offifly-two i>;»'o<iwn< 0/ Arvicola (Pkdomys) AUSTEKtis— Contiiinetl.
l)Btf.
Spring, less
,...do
....do
....do
...do
...do
....do
....do
...do
...do
... do
....do
Locality.
WMt Northaeld, III.
do
do
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
.... do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
.do
.do
.do
.do
.;do
..do
.do.
me
2447
3448
8449
S490
34S3
94S3
94M
3453
S4S0
34S7
7MS
7649
9907
10094
10035
10036
10037
10039
icoao
10031
10O33
10030
10037
70341
'107641
to
10708J
10369
4715
13949
363
966
9897
9098
3999
3893
9888
9889
519
453
8839
4918
8518
8319
:391
5699
3094
3300 !....! I Doniphan CoODty, Kmu .
Average (noarly),.
do
do
Snatbi^nillUnots..
Apr. -, 1867
Sept, — , 1866
cT \ Sept— ,1866
cf ' July — , 1837
.do.
lUlnoia
Wieconaln
Baoine. WU
do
do
do
do
do
Saint Lonia, Mo..
do
do
do
Calcaaieu, La
Borlington, Kana . ..
Neoabo Falls, Kana .
do
do
Pembina, Dak
Fort Plrrra, Dak....
Platte River
CollMtor.
ItKennlcott..
...do
.. do
...do
..do
.. do
...do
..do
{a60
..do.
..do.
.do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
.do.
..do.
.do......
..do
do
do
..do
..do
..do .
. do.
. do.
. do.
J. LeConte —
..do
...do
P.RHoy
...do
...do
A, C. luirry . . .
...do
O. Engolmann.
...do
...do
..do
O. WUrdemanu
A. Crocker
B. F.Ooss
...do
...do ..
O. Cavlleer
F.V. Hayden ..
W.S.Wood...
B. Palmer
Nose to—
ThIIIo
0.45
9.30
0.5.1
\.ilf
0.49
0.48
0.4S
1.00
0.93
1.08
0.90
0.90
0.99
0. W
1.40
1.3'
I. SO
18
0. 43ia 95
0^43
Ol
0.43
0.4'
0.30
Maximum ■
Minimom..
0.01
0.90
0l83
O.'i
4.33
3 73
4.00
4.00
a
4.00
1.35
ago
4.95
4.33
4.00
3.50
4.00
390
190
4.10
4.30
1.80
4.00
4.00
10 a SO
1.15 HO
1.19
1.17
1.10
1.34
4.00
4.95
4.35
3. 75
4.00
175
3.30
a33
4.00
175
ISO
4. so
190
185
4.90
4.95
4.93
.900.37
. SOU 40
1. 30 0. 30
45 0 40
1. 55 0. 40
I. TO*. 38
I. .15 0.37
1. 60 I). 40
0.37
1.30 0.41
l.60|0.38 0.
0.
40
I. SO
r.0
1.60
0.40
0.4!
0.40
0.43
77
76
70
eo
80
78
1. 9S|0. 40|u. 18
80
I. 40{0. 4.''
1. .V lo. 3^
4.00
4.50
ISO
c a
19 Frcah.
14 Dry.
79| Freeh.
«0| Dry.
1. .13 0 36 0. 73
0 37 0. 76
0. 39 0. 75
4a|o.370.73
0.74
44 0.38
OS 0. 3:
0.70
0.7S
0.70
45 0. 41
25 0.33168
95 0.36 0.69
0.3)-
35 0.36
30 0.35
So{o.40 0.19
0.81
0.80
3310.38 0.73
55 0.40
40
0.43
0.35
0.73
0.73
0.74
0.73
.. do.
.. do.
.. do.
.. do.
.. do.
Freeh.
Dry.
. do.
Alcoholic.
Alc; young.
Alcoholic.
..do.
.. do.
.. do
..do.
.. do.
Alo.jyonnK.
...do.
5, supposed
jonng.
Alcoholic.
Drj.
..do.
. do.
.. do.
.. do.
Alcoholic.
...do.
..do.
.. do.
..do.
Alc.;yonng.
Dry.
.. do.
Dry.
...do.
...do.
.. do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
0.
0.81
0.68
* Nofl. 10764-66 not Identltted by teeth. I Type of autUrut. t T.vjie of ctnmiiitoiiiewt. 5 Type of haydeni.
m
MUltlD^— ARVICOLIN^— ABVICOLA CURTATUS.
215
ARVICOLA (PEDOMYS) AUSTKRUS CURTATUS, (Cope.)
Western Prairie Xonse.
Anicola ourlata, CopK, Proo. Acud. Nat. 8ci. Pbiln. Jbd. 1S68, 2 ("Pigeon Spriiigg", east of Owcd'h VuUoj,
Culifurniu), (typo examined).
Arrlcola pauperrima, Coop.f, Am. Nat. Deo. 1868, 535 (Orcat Plains oi" the Oolnmbia), (type examined).
Jnicola (I'edomyt) amierut vur. CHrlatu; CouES, Proo. Pliil. Acad. 1874, 100.
Chars. — Tail obviously shorter than head. Brownish-gray, beneath
much paler, sometimes nearly white. Size of austerus, or rather less. Four
inches or less; tail vertebree an inch or less; hind foot % of an inch or less.
Habitat. — United States, west of the Mississippi. California (Gabb,
the type; Feilner). Great Plains, Washington Territory (Cooper). Colorado,
Kansas, and Nel)ra8ka (Hayden, Goss), where mixed up with austerus.
In handling the present Smithsonian series to pick out our western
styles of A. riparius, we here and there happened upon a specimen looking
quite different from any of the many western strains of riparius, and these
we put aside together for final determination. They were smallish, with
extremely short tail, light gray above and correspondingly pale below, and,
tliough they differed inter jte to a puzzling degree, we could not believe them
rfeferable to any variety of riparius. None, unfortunately, were accompanied
by separately cleaned skulls ; but on wrenching open the mouths of the
specimens, as we were obliged to do in every instance, we found, to our
surprise, that they were all typical Pedomys in dentition, and so entirely
different from any breed of Arvicola riparius. The westernmost of them
were at the same time very different from the blackish muddy-bellied and
comparatively long-tailed Illinois austerus, yet Kansas specimens w\ere com-
pletely intermediate, through the paler style of austerus called haydeni by
baird. Up to this time we had not thought of Arvicola curtatus Cope. That
species being compared with "modesta" by its author, and not being indi-
cated as a Pedomys at all, we had concluded that it was probably another of
the everlasting kinds of riparius. Desiring, however, more positive evidence,
we wrote to Professor Cope requesting a view of his t; pe, whith was
promptly sent to us, when we were gratitied to perceive, as we did at a
glance, that our animal, to which, curiously q^ougii, we had applied in man-
uscript nearly the same name (" decurtatus '') was Cope's species.
Owing to bad taxidermy and neglect to poison the skin, the type of
curteUut was almost entirely destroyed. As it reached our hands, nothing
■|!J1
i
iiii
,ii''
V- :.
'I .■
H-
n
I
ii' ■'
if ■
1
j
mi
•1
' T^ ■ i
t
^^;
■ "i'''-' ; !
B|-i
■
.
w^' ■■
MKJ^is
k
1
(
.
' H&l ImB
■
'IHPri ^ ''V ^
ilflMjP •'
ffl||^': ■'':"' ■
1
Wi
flKI -.
Kl
B^^K'S ■ . u '
a
mmm ^
■ri
''is
216
MONOQIIAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
was leil of it but some coimninutud fragments of the tikull, some loose teeth,
bones of the font, and a few whiskers. Most fortunately, however, the back
upper molar was not lost, and this furnished perfect identification. Accord-
ing to Cope's measurements, his animal was smaller than any others we have
seen, iiut not much !<o ; nor is there, in other respects, any discrepancy
sufficient to cast suspicion on the identification we make.
No. 4172. — Very light gray, with a noticeable darker (brownish-black)
dorsal area, so much restricted as to appear alaiosl like a dorsal stripe.
Belo'.v, nearly white, but little soiled, and the pale plumbeous bases of the
hairs little apparent ; tail short, light brown above, white below ; feet above
nearly white. (Dimensions as below.)
No. 10268 (Great Plains, Washington Territory ; type of pauperrima
Cooper). — Identical with the last, but the dorsal darkness pretty uniformly
distributed. (Dimensions as below.) Tail very short.
No. 3056. — One of the palest Arvicolas we ever saw except ''breweri".
Above, uniform dull pale gray, with scarcely a brown shade and no blackish;
below, hoary white, almost as pure as in a Hesperomys on the ends of the
hairs, but these are so short (the animal was killed in August, probably a
young of the year) that their plumbeous bases give the predominant shade;
tail and feet hoary whitish; tail extremely short. (Dimensions as below.)
The pallor of this specimen is parallel with that of all the other Muridee of
the same region.
No. 324-1. — Upper parts an intimate grizzle of gray and brown in equal
parts, little if any blackish; below of ordinary riparius color; feet and tail
brown above; tail short, but its caliber as well as its length undue, because
a stout peg has been thrust into its skin after removal of the vertebrae.
Rather exceeding any of the foregoing in size (see below). Approximating
in color to the next, viz : —
No. 3055. — Rather larger than any of the foregoing, even allowing much
for the evident overstuffing; but tail short. In color, almost exactly like the
paler "-haydeni'' stripe of auslerus; the hoary groy of the belly quite muddy.
With only the type of curtatu* before us, together with the Californian,
Washington, and Utah speeime|is, we could not have hesitated in admitting
the species. But the precisely intermediate Kansas and Nebraska speci-
mens prove that a truer rendering of the facts in the case will be to hold
curtatus for a geographical differentiation of austcrus. It will be recollected
t
MUBIDjE— AKVICOLIN^— ARVIOOLA AU8TERDB.
217
that "austerus" is not, in nature, niiy more "lypicnl" than curtatm is; in
fact, that the (hirk, longer-tailed IllinoiH strain of Pedomys is as iniicli an
extreme as curtatus is. The naming of the animal is a mutter of jiidiciuus
taste. We prefer to relegate the initial step of the westward departure («". c,
"liaydeni") to amterus, and to designate only the extreme of differentiation
as var. curtatus. Those of opposite mind, who wish to designate every
geographical and climatic modification by a separate binomial, will be
obliged, in order to consistence, to do thus: restrict austerus to tiic dark
Illinois animal; restrict curtatus to the Calilbrnian, Washington, and Utah
animal; adopt haydeni tor some Nebraska skins; invent a new name for
others, as our pallid No. 3056 ; ond then leave obout 75 per cent, of Kansas
and Nebraska skins unnamed, or else invent a Jifth one for these. In this
enumeration we neglect " cinnamomeus'', as founded on a slight individual
peculiarity of the enamel folds, which no one — certainly not Professor Baird
— would wish to perpetuate by name, now that the real state of the case
appears.
Tablr LV.— X«ararraMiii« oftkMim tpteimeni ({/Fbdomys austkrcs curtatus.
1
B
'A
Locnllly.
Collector.
Noieto—
Tall to end
of—
i
1
i
n
1
nemarka.
^
1
a
0.
1
t
3.80
175
3.87
4.00
»(•)
4.00
3.3B
3.33
3. SO
4.00
3.33
.140
&90
>
1
iiHtn
loats
MM
3m
4938
'TM4
7130
lOOW
I0039
lOOM
10041
Owon Sprlnct, C*l . . . .
Fort Crook, Cal
OrMtPlalna. W.T....
Black B Ilia, Itek
Platte lUvor
W. M Oabb.
0.00
1.00
1.00
0.40
0.80
0 73
0.66
0.00
0.80
0.83
0.00
o-o
080
0 73
aoo
0.70
1.00
0 83
oeo
1.00
ooo
0 75
0.03
1.00
ooo
0 3J
034
0.33
0 3-.t
O30
0.34
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.07
0.63
0.63
0.M
0 75
0 65
0 65
0.60
O08
0 63
0 63
058
0 37
0 37
O40
Dryi/ldfCope.
Dry.
Freali(Cooper).
Dry.
do
J.Fellner
J.O.Cooper....
W. A. Hamniona
..do . ..
0.48
0.90
I.Nobr
F.V. Hayden ..
C. S. McCartby.
...do
C. Drailer
...do
■••"<•
...do
....do
0.4il
a38
0.40
0.4S
0 30
n.«
0.38
0.83
0.70
0.80
O90
0.8.1
0.74
0.84
1.10
1.08
1.10
1.13
l.OS
1.00
1.03
036
0 35
0.37
0.40
0 34
0.35
0.38
...do.
Aloohollo.
...do.
...do.
.. do.
do.
...do.
...do.
Canon Valley. Utali..
Fort Briilger, Utah ...
do
do
do
do
* stretched to nearly 6 ve Incbea i waa probably about four.
Among the alcoholics, we find several specimens of curtatus from Utah.
They are not in very good condition, showing little respecting the pelage
(though the colors appear very light, much as in the Fort Crook specimen),
but are unquestionably typical representatives of this extreme variety of aus-
terus, and enable us to supply some additional particulars, especially as regards
dental characters. They range from 3.25 to 4.00 inches in length ; the tail-
Sin.
218
MONOGRAPHS OF NOIITH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
vertebrae from } to * ; the liind feet, ^ to § ; the ears are small {i or less),
thin, and papery, and appear slightly hairy, but may have lost niucli of their
fur in the alcohol. The soles have liat five perfect tubercles, with a minute
or rudimentary sixth (me.
Several skulls (as Nos Hish W^) which we have extracted from
alcoholic specimens furnish occasion for no further comment than that they
are strictly of the Pcdomys type of dentition, and smaller than those of
ausferus, in correspondence with the inferior size of var. curtatus; No. 12169
measuring only 0.90 by 0.5(5, although it is perfectly adult.
Subgenus PITYMYS, McMurt.
Arvicola sp., AucTOnuM.
^Psammomjs, LeConte, 182!) (pinc(oi'iim), (not of Rueppi'll). , -
= Pi/j/mi/«, McMuiiTHiE, 1831 (some (j/pe).
= i'tiienijs, Lesson, 1842 (same (^yjc). -m
Chars. — Below medium size: body cylindrical and otherwise shrew-like
in closeness and glossiness of pelage ; tail very siiort — less than the head,
little more than the hind foot; ears small, mostly concealed, sparsely ])ilou8,
with flat edges, and border of meatus plane in front ; feet small, both five-
tuberculate; fore-claws not shorter than hind-claws; palms more than half as
long as soles; teats only four, inguinal: skull relatively broader tlu;n usual;
muzzle short, very blunt; nasal i)ranch of intermaxillary reaching beyond
ends of nasals ; distance from tips of lower incisors to apex of descending
process no greater than distance from same point to back of condyle ; first
under molar with only one external closed triangle and two internal ones ; no
spur on last triangle of second ujiper molar; back upper molar with only one
exterior triangle and a posterior trefoil.
This section, perhaps the most strongly marked among American
Arvicola, nevertheless agrees exactly with Pedomys in the dentition (the
three diagnostic teeth, viz., front under and middle and back upper, being
the same), and likewise shares with Pedomys the nunil)er and position of the
mamma) and plantar tubercles. In general cranial and external characters,
however, it is quite difierent; Pedomys being in these respects much like
Myonomes. From Chilotus, which has the same characters of the upper
molars, it differs in having a less number of lateral triangles on the front
under molar, and particulurly in the construction of Ihe car, as detailed else-
where; besides, in other exttirnal characters, Chilotus is more like Myonomes.
The great size of the fore feet and their claws, the small hind feet, and very
short tiiil are strong peculiarities.
MDKlDiE-AEVrCOLlN^— AUVICOLA PINBTOKUM
219
Back under molar with three spherical-triangular dentine islands in
single series reaching across the tooth. Middle under with posterior spher-
ical triangle; then interior closed triangle; then exterior closed triangle;
then two angles generally confluent, but sometimes separated by enamel
■wall into two (interior first, exterior afterward) lateral closed triangles.
Front lower with posterior spherical triangle; then interior closed triangle;
then exterior closed triangle; then another internal closed triangle; then
the two next lateral angles (one on each side) not separated and closed by
a median enamel zigzag, but their dentine areas confluent, and moreover
running into the dentine island of the anterior trefoil — this trefoil of
variable shape. Thus there are five internal and four external angles in
all (counting the lobes of the anterior trefoil). Front upper molar with an
anterior spherical triangle, two interior and two exterior lateral closed
triangles, the last exterior one being postero-lateral. Second uppei- molar the
same, but with one less interior triangle — an exterior one comes first, then
the interior one, then the postero-external one : the latter does not develop
the postero-internal snag usually seen in Myonomes. Back upper with an
anterior spherical triangle ; then another like it reaching quite across the tooth,
but with its posterior median angle long and acute, and running into the
concavity of the posterior U, V, or Y that finishes the tooth. However this
last may vary in details, it ne^er approaches the oblique crescent charac-
teristic of Myonomes.
We only know one North American species of this section ; a second,
however, occurs in Mexico.
ARVICOLA (PITYMYS) PINETORUM (LeConte).
Pino Mouse.
Anioola peitnt^haoica, Haiilan, Fu. Aiuer. 1835, 144 (id part; tb« description,* but not the synonym;.
Sot of auikon).
Pmmmomy$ pinelorum, LeCunte, Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. iii, ISf'j, •."'., pi. ii. (Name inept.)
PiUjmni pinetorum, McMdhtrir, Am. eil. Ciiv. R. A. i, 1H3I, 4:I4.
Pincmy plnelonim, Lesson, Nouv. Tab. K. A. 1842, li.
Arriivla pinetorum, A<I»>. & Bach., Q. N. A. ii, 1851, 216, pi. Ixxx (exol. eyn. "oun'o,. DiK.").— LkCoktk,
Proc. Acnd. Not. 8ci. rblln. Ti, 185;t, 409.
Arviaola (Pitymyt) pinelonm, Baikd, M. N. A. 1H57, 544.— Allen, Bnll. Mus. Conip. Zooi. ' No. 6 '^3*
(Mnssacbusetts ; rare ; " probably its uortbem limit").— Au.EN, op. cil., ii, No. 3, 184 (Flor-
idtt).- Coues, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 191.
Anicola toaloptoiia, Avt>. A. Bach., Jonrn. Acud. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1842, 899 (Long Island).— Waonbk,
WiegMann's Archiv, 1843, .M.— LeConte, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8oi. Phila. vl, 1853, 409.
Anicola aptlla, LeContk, i'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fbila. vi, 1853, 405 (Pennsylvania).— AUD. & Bach., Q. N.
A. iii, 1854, 289. (Same as L«Cont«'H.)
■"Alwvo a brownish fuwn; beneath grayish-white; * * length 4 Inobia; tail 1 of an inok ;
* * the teats of the female are situated very near the organs uf generation ; she curries her youug
batweeo the bind legs."— Haulan, (. o.
' ?
^:
r
I'll
.;
M'fl
iff
1
m
■ i. ! '.1- . ■
1 iilii'
m.
220
MONOGRAPHS OF NOUTH AilEBICAN RODENTIA.
Diagnosis. — Arvicola staturd inter minimos, {long, trunci 3-i-poll.), formd
quasi-talpoidea sed rodro obtuso, caudd brevissima (subpollkari), auriculis parvis
rotundatis planis subpilosis vellere occuhis, pedibim exiguis, b-tubftculatis, mani-
bus latis dimidium pedum excedentibus, unguibus majusculis; vellere curto, denso,
sericco, supra castaneo aut brunneo, sublux canescetUe-plumbeo.
Little Meadow Mouse, looking something like a mole, with close silky
fur brown above and hoary gray below; tail shorter than the head; small
hind feet, with only five tubercles; comparatively large fore feet, more
than half as long as the hinder, and with longer claws; and small, flat, round,
scant-haired ears concealed in the fur.
Habitat. — United States, chiefly east of the Mississippi, and rather
southerly ; north to Massachusetts and Missouri. Kansas {Goss). Fort
Cobb (Palmer). Oregon {U. S. Expl. Exped., Peale).
Some of the expressions in the foregoing diagnosis rather belong to the
subgenus Pitymijs than to this particular species. The dentition will be
found fully elucidated under head of Pitymys; here we will continue our
account of P. pinetorum with a notice of the skull, append a table of meas-
urements, and then recur to external features. Nos. ^rr, 9 , and Wi , i , both
from Tarborough, N. C, are more selected for description as being the most
perfect, but the other twelve specimens arc likewise taken into account.
Skull. — It gives an impression of being broader and more massive than
that of riparius; and figures do bear out the suggestion, although in truth
the difference in v 'dth or height, as compared with length, is slight; the
length relative to the width is as 92 : 57, or as 1.00 : 0.G2, on an average,
whereas the same proportion in riparius is 1.00 : 0.59 only. The absolute size
of the skull is as much less as was to have been expected from the animal's
smaller stature, and the di""erence appears to be positively distinctive; for we
have never seen an (adult) skull o^ riparius that fell below one inch, and never
one of pinetorum (hat touched this figure. Still we suspect that some Mas-
sacliusetts skulls, for example, might reach it. Our specimens range from
0.90 to 0.97 in length, and the zygomatic width is just about I us much.
Tiie average width of pinetorum is just at par with the minimum width of
riparius. There is a noticeable difference in the interorbital width, however;
the constriction here being no greater absolutely than that oi. riparius, and
consequently i)eing relatively less. The ante-zygomatic or rostral part of the
skull is perhaps broader for its length, as well as absolutely shorter. In the
MURIDiE— AEVICOLIN^— ABVICOLA PINETOBUM.
221
under jaw there is a very nice characteristic of pinetorum as compared with
any other species we have examined. Owing to the shortness and upward
bend of the descending process, or else to some difference in the curve of the
whole jaw, the distance from the tips of the incisors to the tip of this process
is no greater than the distance from the same point to the back of the con-
dyle ; whereas, in the other species, the former measurement is appreciably
longer than the latter. The upper molar series measures from } to i of an
inch in length ; the under a trifle more, usually. The upper incisors project
i of an inch, or a little less, from the alveoli ; the under ones from \ to -h.
The coronoid process is very slender, falcate, and acute ; it rises fairly above
the level of the top of the condyle; its apex is generally just about Jan inch
from the tips of the incisors, and when the jaw is in situ is just visible over
the upper edge of the zygoma. The greatest depth of the whole skull (closed
jaw included) is opposite the anterior part of the orbits, and amounts to
nearly J of an inch. The interparietal is (usually) subtruncate laterally; the
bony palate has precisely the formation of Arvkola proper ; the nasal brunch
of the intermaxillary extends a little beyond the end of the nasals, as in
Pedomys; and we notice nothing peculiar in the individual cranial bones or
their sutures or foramina. "'
Table LVL— 3fta«HrCT^«i(» of fourteen tk»Ut of AiiyicoLA (Pitymys) pinetorum.
No.
J8SS
mi
un
Wf
suit
illtiS
mi
Locality.
Ohio
PenuHjlvntiin
Bludensliurg, Md . . .
Clarke Conuty, Va.
......do
do
Tarl>oroti|i!i,N.C...
do
KnleiBh, N. C
Society Hill, 8. C...
Georgia
do
do
do
0.'J7
0.92
0.93
0.95
Width at—
0.36
0.40
0.38
0.30
0.90
0.91
0.90
0.90
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.37
0.34
0.30
N
0.50
0.62
0.58
0.55
0.5H
0.60
0.6:1
.3
o
0.18
0.19
0.17
0.18
0. Id
o.oe
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.18
0. 53 0. 17
0.20
0.25
O.Dfi
0.r,4
0.19
0.17
0.23
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.23
0.25
0.25
0.23
0. 22
0.23
o.
0.16
0.19
0.20
O.IH
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.17
0.15
0.17
0.12
0.17
0.18
Jaw:— tip of iuci-
sors to —
0.50
0.58
0 47
0.51
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.50
0.52
0.50
0.51
0.5:1
0.60
0.60 I
0.76 ,
0.75
0.65 '
0.67 i
0.70
0.72
0.72
0.65 j
0.70
0.B6 ■
0.63
0.65 .
0.65
0.60
0.74
0.75
0.65
0.67
0.70
0.72
0.72
0.65
0.70
0.66
0.0:1
0.65
0.05
0.20
0.24
0.2c
0.22
0.23
0.25
0.25
0.38
0.24
0.25
0.27
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.25
0.27
0.28
0.25
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.;)0
0.26
0.28
0 25
0.30
0.27
0.29
I
ill
Il^
r
;l
' '■■
•H t
;U:
^if!
r:! •■
i l^f Jl
222
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
The subjoined tal)le illustrates Hilly the size and proportions, and the
variation in these respects, of this species. It seldom reaches and very
rarely if ever exceeds 4.00 in length of trunk; adults do not apparently fall
below y.OO; the great majority range between 3.25 and 3.75, settling at
barely over .'3.50 on an average. The law of increase of size with increase
of latitude is well illustrated, specimens from New England and the Middle
States ranging over those from the South Atlantic and Gulf States; the
latter perhaps never quite reach 4.00. The short tail, a striking feature,
is not so long as the head ; its vertebrsE run but little over the length of the
hind i'ct't, usually, and sometimes are not appreciably longer. The pencil of
hairs is about 0.10-0.15 in length; the general liairiness is mediocre. The
fore feet are larger comparatively than in any species of other sections of
the genus, being broader than the hinder ones, and decidedly more than half
as long. Part of this is due to the length of the fore claws, which appre-
ciably exceeds that of the hinder and confers a noticeably " fossorial " char-
acter. The palm runs from 0.30 to 0.40 in length, resting at an average of
just about three-eighths of an inch. The palms show five callosities ; the
thumb and its nail is possibly a little larger than ordinary. The hind feet are
rather small, ranging from 0.57 to 0.70, and striking just five-eighths of an
inch average. Tiie soles are rather scant-haired, and only so to the posterior
tubercle ; there are only^ve plantar callosities : a posterior internal one, one
at base of first, second, and fifth toes respectively, and one at base of third
and fourth toes together. It appears from measurements not herewith pre-
sented that the ear is only a fourth of an inch (l).20-0.30) high ; it is fairly
hidden in the fur, is orbicular, and in greatest part flat; the edge is scarcely
or not inflected, and the anterior and posterior heels of the rim do not meet
in front of the meatus, where, consequently, the surface is plane (not ridged as
in 'JhUotm, which compare). The anlitragus stands out as an evident flange
with a slightly convex free edge ; but it is not so large and valvular as in
more aquatic species, nor does it seem capable of closiu ^ the meatus. There
is a great dift'erence in the hairiness of the auricle, perhaps dependent on
individual variability, but quite as likely owing to seasonal or other conditions
that equally affect the general pelage. In some specimens, the flat part of
the conch is nearly as naked interiorly as in Chilotun; in others, the same
part is well haired ; the scoo])ed-out portion is always nuked, and the back
of the ear always noticeably pilous. The whiskers are shorter than usual,
1^
MUBID^— AEVICOLIN^— AKVICOLA BIPAKIUS.
223
llic longest hardly equaling the head; the obtuse muzzle is entirely furry,
except the small emarginate papilla on which the nares open.
The fur of this species is remarkable for its shortness, closeness, and
lustre, approaching that of the mole, and in fact betraying the species at first
glance. The coloration, too, is singularly uniform ; not, indeed, in its shade,
but in the evenness with which the shade, whatever this may be, is distrib-
uted over all the upper parts, without the slightest variegation. The dense
texture and even coloration of the pelage are both due to the same thing :
to lack of the longer bristly hairs that in nearly all other species are distrib-
uted through the fur of the upper parts.
The precise shade of the upper parts is subject to variation parallel with
and as great as that we have demonstrated for A. riparim. A part is due
probably to individual and seasonal variability, but more is owing, we believe,
to climatic influences, since diflTerent localities seem productive of local races
that appear tolerably constant In what may be called the typical coloration,
prevailing in the Southern Atlantic States, the animal is of a rich glossy
chestnut or light bay, which shades into slightly more yellowish-brown on
the sides before this glides into the color of the under parts. The latter is a
deep pluml)eous, strongly silvered over with hoary ash. Some Pennsylvania
skins are identical with this ; others (among them No. 4714, type of "apella")
, are much darker, and more truly a dull brown than a bay. The same is the
case with some typical " scalopsoides " from southern New England, and
generally mountainous as well as northerly specimens are apt to be the
darkest. The fine large Illinois series, gathered by the lamented Kennicott,
are among tiie darkest of the whole lot; some of them, in fact, betraying
little of the characteristic chestnut. This is the chief basis of the suggested
name "kennirottii" in Baird, op. cit. 5il. One curious specimen. No. 2876,
from South Carolina, also mentioned by Baird, /. c, is dark-rufous along the
back, with the sides rich fulvous or orange, appearing in marked contrast, as
two lateral longitudinal stripes. No. 978, from Ohio, a very young animal,
shows something of the same peculiarity, which we have also seen in occa-
sional samples of other species, as in No. 2056 of riparius, from Halifax, N.
S., and No. 4172, from Fort Crook, Cal. Very young animals normally differ
from the adults in being plain mouse-gray, with hardly a trace of bay (No.
744, for example).
The western specimens we tabulate are interesting as greatly extending
'I; <
im w
224
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
the know.i range of the species, which has not hitherto been reported west
of the Mississippi, if we except one or two Missouri specimens, as No. 3130.
From Mr. Goss' collection, we judge that the animal is not rare in Kansas.
Two of his specimens are the largest we ever saw, exceeding four inches;
but they seem to be somewhat overstuffed, as other skins of Mr. Goss' cer-
tainly are.* As evidence of the distensibility of the fresh skin of this and
other Arvicolce, we may instance No. 8139, from Kansas, whose length we do
not include in the table, since it surpasses five inches as prepared, though,
apparently, the animal was under four. Both Mr. Goss' large skins are
females ; males of his from the same locality are, if anything, a little below
the average size. Dr. Palmer's Fort Cobb examples, not noticeable in any
other respect, carry the known range of the species still farther westward ;
while, finally. No. 3732, from Oregon, takes it (o the Pacific. This one,
secured by the United States Exploring Expedition, probably by Mr. T. R.
Peale, has been long in the collection, but seems to have been overlooked,
owing to the circumstance that it stands labeled by a curious blunder
"Arvicola occidentalis", to which it bears a slight resemblance in color alone.
Table LVII.— JfoHMrcmenM of sisty-righl tpecimmt 0/ Akvicola (Pitymys) piketordm.
^
M
Mature of
spwimen.
Date.
Locality.
Collocter.
1
r
■3
II
1^
0.38
0.40
0.38
0.3«
0.36
0.35
0.38
0.35
0.38
0.38
0.40
0.40
0.36
0.40
0.38
U.30
0.36
1
Ramarka.
10363
S836
vmt
7787
7788
47U
7588
10S8S
3330
3.VtS
SM7
iIS48
!U4J
S9I9
i:>e3
mi
d
Dry
Alcoholic -
Apr. 10,
Soathcm Statea. . .
3.90
3.00
100
3.75
0.69
0.82
0.75
0.71
0.C3
0.65
063
0,63
a64
0.6a
0.73
0.64
0.58
0.60
0.69
0.03
0.09
0.60
0 68
0.60
0.58
0.60
0.69
Meii8nr«d dry.
Mcaaured in alcohol
Typo of " aoalopaol.
doa'LeC.
Typ«"ap«I!o" LeC.
Ueaanred in alcohoL
Meoannid dry.
do.
Meaaared in alcohol.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Meaaared dry.
Meuorsd In alcohol.
Meaaared dry.
do.
do.
Sac Harbor, L. I . .
Long Island T . ..
SnffolkCo.,K.T..
...do
E. N. Byram . .
J. LeConte ...
RA-Morrit ..
...do
...do
...do
<f
d
d
1
...do
Alcoholio
Dry
..do
AloohoUo .
...do
...do
...do
...do
Dry
AloohoUo .
Dry
.. do
...do
PoDDsy Wania
Alleghany Co., Fa.
Philadelphia, Pa..
...do
Carlisle, Pa
....do
....do
....do
Bladeoabnrg,Md..
....do
Waahington, D. C
Clarke Coanty,Va.
...do
J. LeConto....
RL. Wallace.
J.Erider
4.00
3.80
3.1IO
0.6a
O.ft'i
0.75
0.80
0.78
0.70
0.18
0.75
0.60
0.78
0.65
0.70
0.70
0.70
Nov. — , 1860
U. MUler.Jr ..
...do
....do . ..
3.38
aas
aso
3.53
3.10
3.80
aeo
aco
Apr. :s, 18M
...do
B.O,Lowndea.
....do
1
C. B. R. Ken.
uerly.
...do
Mar. — , 18M
Mar. — , 1835
Mar. — , 185j
...do
...do
aso
* His Neosho Falls Besperomys, Orgzotngt, Onychpmyi, and others, aru all luger, a* prepared, than
usDol, though the parts that do uot change iu drying are of ordinary dimensions.
MUEIDJS— ARVICOLIN^— AUVICOLA PINETOEDM.
225
Tadlr LVII. — Jf«i»i»reme)i(« of tUty-eight apecimena of Arvicola (Pii ymys) pinktoiium— Coutinucd.
8843
8843
8844
7431
7438
7613
9998
9953
9934
99i5
9996
9997
9958
ugs»
4999
9961
■m,
iw
1364
1369
i:i66
9837
8841
iSfi
m
848
849
7619
999
978
743
744
894
9834
8839
W40
8990
8991
7644
9960
8879
8878
8880
488S
lose*
3130
«896
81138
SSk't
NatDTO of
ppeoimen.
AloohoUo
..do
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
.. do
...do
...do
..".do
...do
...do
Dry
...do
Alcoholic .
...do
Dry
...do
...do
..do
...do ,
Alcobolio
...do ,
Dry
.. do
..do
..do
Alcoholic
Dry
...do ,
..do
...do
Alcoholic
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
Dry
...do
...do
Aloohollc
Dry
...do
Alcoholic
Dry
..do
...do
..do
Date.
BprliiK, 1899
...do
Uu.— ,1899
l(*y 9,1899
Apr. 18, 1899
Jane IS,
,1869
Utt. — , 1866
Mu. — , 1860
Ju. —,1866
Locality.
Clarke County ,Ta
...do
..do
...do
...do
Clover Green, V»
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Tarboroogh, N. C
...do
OrcenFlsinB,KC.
....do .•
Italelgh,K.C...
Society Bill, HU
Sontb Carolina t
...do
....do
Colambas, Oa. . .
....do
Georgia
....do
P.M. B., La
...do
...do
Waahlngton, HUa
Ohio ,
W. Northfleld, ni
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Anna, HI
...do
BrookTllle,Ind...
Kew Madrid, Uo..
Independence, Mo.
Saint Louie, Mo...
Burlington, Knns .
Neoaho Fall*, Kant
...do
...do
Collector.
O.B.&KeBn<rly
....do
..do
...do
...do
A.W.Mo««ey.
...do
...do
....do
...do
....do
...do
...do
...do
J. L. Bridger .
...do
O. F. Murae . . .
...do
M. A. Cnrtla..
...do
W. Cooper ....
...do
...do
W. Oeaner ...
....do
J.J. Audubon.
....do
J. Falrie
....do
....do ,
a L.C. Wailea.
B. Kennicott. .
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do
....do
...do
....do
...do
....do
....do
....do
...do
K Haymond .
R. Kennicott..
J. G. Cooper. .
G. Engelmann.
A. Crocker.
KF.Goaa..
...do
...do
Il
3.00
4.00
3.75
3.90
3.80
.179
3.60
3.00
4.00
3.00
3.25
179
3.40
3.00
140
3.00
3.75
3.90
3. no
180
175
189
189
175
179
140
190
189
100
175
185
190
175
4.00
4.83
4.89
160
0.64
0.70
0.74
0.65
0.70
O.GO
0.75
0.00
0.69
0.65
0.70
0.90
0.68
0.60
0.80
0.90
0.60
ae9
0.60
0.79
0.80
0.7S
0 70
0.70
o.eo
0.69
0.75
0.60
0.60
0.C9
0.79
a 70
0.79
a60
0.80
aso
0.90
0.79
a 79
aeo
0l8S
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.33
0.35
0.30
0.36
0.35
0.35
U.38
0.36
0.33
O.lt
0.33
0.33
0.35
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.35
0.38
a38
0.39
0.63
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.60
0.63
0.50
O.03
0.65
0.63
0.69
0.68
0.60
0.60
0.60
O.61I
0.69
0.60
0.60
6.65
0.63
0.63
0.70
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.60
0.61
a70
0.69
0.06
0.60
a 61
0.68
0.97
0.70
a68
ao9
0.68
0.63
0.68
Remarks.
Heotfored In oloohol.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
.....do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Measured drj'.
do.
Meaeured in alcohol
do.
do.
do.
Measured dry.
do.
Measured In alcohol.
do.
Measured dry.
do.
do.
do.
Measured in alcohol.
Measured dry.
Young.
Mother of 744.
NeatUngof743.
Young.
Measured dry.
do.
do.
Measured in alcohol.
Measured dry.
do.
Measured In alcoboL
Measured dry.
do.
do.
do.
15 M
226
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Tablb liVll.—ifeamremeitla of tixly-eight apedment 0/ AnvicoLA (Pitymvs) pinetorum — Coutinned.
iJ I
i *
1
i
Nature of
ppecimon.
Doto.
Locality.
Collootor.
■s
•s
II
r
a
2
1
Bemarka.
8533
!tt!SO
9279
3733
7568
9903
...do
...do
...do
...do
Jan. -,1868
Mar. H
Apr. 88,
Neoaho Falls, Eana
Fort Cobb
....do
B.F.O<iM....
E. Palmer
....do
3.35
3. so
3.30
3.00
3.35
3.35
0.00
0.00
0.58
0.09
0.05
0.C6
aoo
0.65
0.03
Meaaoied dry.
da
do.
do.
Measured Id aloohol.
do.
t7.8.Xxpl.Exp
Cnkuovu
...do
Alooholio .
...do
0.65
0.70
....do
Avuraaa
3.60
0.70
0.36
0.03
ARVICOLA (PITYMYS) QUASIATER, Coues.
..^rt'ioola (Pt(i/in^<) pinetorum var. guatiafer, C0UE8, Ptoc. Aond. Nnt. 8ci. Pliiln. Ii374, 191,
Chars. — Arvicola imaginem A. pinetorum reddens, vellere curto, denxo,
sericeo, e fusco nigricante, auriculis modicis, sparse pilosis, rotundatis, vellere
longiusculis, antitrago exiguo; manu dimidium pedis, caudd brevissimd vix
pedibus longiore. Long, trunci 4.33, caudce 0.70, manus 0.33, pedis 0.66.
Habitat. — Mexico. Xalapa {De Oca). Tuxparigo {Sumichrast).
In general form and appearance, this animal somewhat recalls A. pineto-
rum, particularly the larger darker styles of the latter, formerly called
"scalopsoides", and we judge that it will he found to fall under Pitymys, from
the circumstance of its sharing many peculiarities of external form ; but this
we cannot affirm without an examination of the skull and teeth, which we are
unable to make without an unjustifiable mutilation of the two beautifully pre-
pared skins before us. But although it is thus, by its mole-like aspect, allied
to pinetorum, it is not sufficiently similar to that species to be confounded
with it ; and it does not bear the slightest resemblance to any other North
American species we know of At first glance, the animal looks quite black ;
but on closer view this color is seen to be lightened by an auburn shade,
owing to a uniform and intimate mixture of dusky-chestnut hairs with the
black ones. There are no markings anywhere; the general color changes
insensibly on the sides into blackish-ash on the under parts, lightly silvered
over with hoary. The tail is like the back above, and indistinctly paler under-
neath. The fur is very short, fine, and close, and of so rich a silky lustre
that, in some lights, it gives an appreciable purplish coppery iridescence.
The body is very stout and compact, and all the members are small. The
tail is much shorter than the head, and baiely longer than the hind foot. The
MURID^— ABVICOLINiE— ABVICOLA QTJA8IATER.
227
soles are very sparsely hairy — a central line of nakedness, at least, extending
almost to the heel. The plantar callosities are not perfectly plain in the dried
skin, but there appear to be only five : one on the inner side of the foot, mid-
way between the heel and tip of the inner toe; one at the base of this toe;
one at the base of the second toe; one at the bases of the third and fourth
toes; and one at the base of the outer toe; none of them are prominent.
The hairs on the dorsum of the feet are scanty, the longest barely reaching
the tips of the nails. The fore feet, measured from the extreme palmar
tubercle, are just half as long as the hinder and rather broader ; the nails
seem a trifle longer, and certainly are no shorter than those of the hind.
The rudimentary thumb and its obtuse abortive nail are as usual in the genus.
The ears are large for this section of the genus, and obviously overtop the
fur a little ; they are rounded ; in the dried state, the anterior margin of the
conch is reflected, but this may be an accident of preparation ; the rest of
the auricle is flat ; the antitragus is but slightly developed, being little more
than a stiff ridge, incapable of closing the meatus. The flat part of the
conch is pretty closely furred both inside and out — the hairs being short and
pilous, rising but little beyond the margin of the ear. The tail is very slen-
der as well as short, moderately hairy, and with a slight terminal pencil.
The following measurements are believed to be a very close approxima-
tion to the truth, owing to the skillful preparation of the specimens by their
distinguished collectors: —
Dimension.
Nose to eye
Nose to ear
Noae torootof tail
Tail to end of vertebne .. .
Tail to end of haiis
Height of ear in front
Het|{bt of ear behind
Length of palm
Length of sole
Length of for on the back .
No. a<>34.
No. 7096.
0.55
0.45
1.10
1.00
4.33
4.45
0.70
0.70
0.80
0.80
0.45
0.45
0.30
0.80
0.33
0.33
0.66
0.65
0.33
0.33
The type-specimen. No. 3624 (Mus. Smiths.), was taken at Xalapa, Mex-
ico, by M. R M. De Oca. No. 7006, taken at Tuxpango, Mexico, by Prof. F.
Sumichrast, does not differ in any appreciable degree. These are the only
Mexican ArvicoUe we have seen.
228
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Genus SYNAPTOMYS, Baird.
j ! ii;
■./^.'J
i^i ;.
\ hi;
\>'
I'
M\v
Sj/naplomya, Daikd, M. N. A. 1857, 558 (xub Atyode), aud p. xliv.— Coueh, Troc. Acoil. Nat. Sci. Philn.
1874, 192.
Diagnosis. — Root of inferior incisor ending abruptly opposite last lower
molar. Faces of superior incisors longitudinally grooved near outer edges.
Construction of molars and general cranial characters as in Myodpo; palate
ending as in typical Arvicola. External characters as in Arvicola; ears equal-
ing or overtopping the fur; tail equal t^ or longer than hind foot. Pelage
very soft and full. . ;• . . ..
The preceding paragraph gives the essential characters of the most
remarkable genus of the subfamily^-one singularly combining the peculiari-
ties of two other widely separated Arvicoline genera. It may be defined in
a word as the skull and teeth of Myodes in the body of Arvicola, with tiie
additional sui generis feature of grooved upper incisors.
This genus was happily characterized in 1857 by Professor Baird,
but upon such imperfect and unsatisfactory material* that he did not for-
mally introduce either the genus or the species in the body of his work,
though he gives Synaptomys as a subgenus of Myodes and catalogues 8.
cooperi in his introductory list (p. xliv). Doubtless in consequence of these
circumstances attending its first publication, the remarkable form, although
defined, as far as the materials went, with precision, has scarcely been recog-
nized by other naturalists. We are able to confirm the validity of the genus
and add all the details hitherto deficient.
Since 1860, the skin of some small Arvicola collected in August, in
SUaget Valley, by Dr. C B. R. Kennerly, has Iain unnoticed in the Museum of
the Smithsonian on account of its inaccessible condition, having been skinned
through a small abdominal aperture, the skin left turned wrong side out and
stretched on a hooped twig, Indian-fashion ; nothing thus appeared from the
outside, even the tail and hind feet being tucked in out of sight. A crushed
skull, uncleaned, fortunately hung by the lips. In this condition, the speci-
men was entered in the Smithsonian archives, some twelve years since, as
"Arvicola oregona", a presumptive identification having been ventured upon
the strength of the locality and apparent small size of the object. Duiing
* ^0' mi' Mu8. Smiths., merely » rnt-eaten bunch of fnr, lockin); head, tail, and three of the
feet, but <vitli one cf the fore feet attached, and accompanied by a defective alcuU ; and No, 1368, a skin
with the feet and tail, but wanting head and ukull. Locality unkuowii, but gapposed to bo one of the
Northern United States. Received from Hr. William Cooper.
■ afe
MURlDiE— ARVICOLIN^j— SYNii VTOMYS.
229
the present investigntioii, while we were engaged upon Chilotus, and some-
what short of material, we turned to Ihis j)resumed Arvkola oregonun, moist-
ened the skin, and carefully reversed it, when we tound it was not Chilotm
at all, hut apparently an undescribed species of Evotomys. On cleaning
the skull, of which we succeeded in securing, among other '"••agments, the
lower jaw entire, the palate with the molars intact, half of one zygomatic
arch in situ, and the rostral portion with the incisors, we saw, to our sur-
prise, that the cranial and dental characters were not in the least like those
of Evotomys, but neorly identical with those of Myodes. It then only required
a reference to Baird's work for the recognition of Synaptomyx. Shortly after
this discovery, a series of seven perfectly prepared skins was sent us from
Neosho Falls, Kans., accompanied by several nicely cleaned skulls. We are,
therefore, able to define the form to our entire satisfaction. There is no genus
of American Murida more strongly marked than the present, as the following
detailed descriptions will show.
The most conspicuous and diagnostic, if not really the most important,
character is the sulcation of the upper incisors. This is a unique feature
among American Arvicolinee, if not in the subfamily ; and, in the American
representatives of the whole family Murida, only recurs in Ochctodon of
North, and Reithrodon of South, America. The groove runs near tlie outer
edge of the face of the tooth (in Ochetodon and Reithrodon it is median).
The incisors are short, broad for their length, and much curved ; the general
face is rabbeted down externally, so that when viewed in lateral profile the
portions on either side of the groove appear parallel and one in front of the
other. The incisors approach a character more fully developed in Myodes, of
being essentially enamel tubes not completely filled up with dentine, thus
calling to mind the condition of an unfinished quill-pen after the first oblique
slice has been shaven off, and before the nib is finished. Their tips, instead
of being straight and transverse, are generally nicked at the end of the groove.
The inferior incisors are equally remarkable, not only in their own char-
acters, but in the resulting modification of the under jaw. Exactly as in
Myodex, their roots stop abruptly just in front, and a little to the inner side,
of the root of the last lower molar. In all the other fjenera of ArmcolintB
we have examined, except Myodes and Cunicuius, tht rjot of the under incisor
runs past (outside) the root of the last imder molar, and up the ramus of the
jaw behind, to a varying distance toward the condyle itself. This passage of
m
.Mil.
CI .
"' •
230
MONOGHAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
the incisor-root up the ramus results in, and is hetrayed by, ii prominent super-
ficial ridge or thickening that runs from the inside of the back of the condylar
ramus downward, forward, and a little inward, to connect with the posterior
extremity of the alveolar ridge. In Myodes, Cuniculus, and Sj/naptomys, this
ridge is wanting; the whole condylar ramus being thin and Hat, its inner face
nearly plane, and separated from the posterior end of the alveolus by a strong
sulcus. Moreover, the passage of the incisor-root so closely along the under
border of the body of the jaw confers upon the latter u massivencss not seen
in other genera. The protruding ends of the incisors offer nothing peculiar.
There is not much else to note in the lower jaw. The apex of the coro-
noiil reaches nearly or quite to the level of the condyle, as in Arvicola gener-
ally. The descending hamular process, as in Myodes, is large, strong, curves
strongly outward, and has a much inflected lower border, so that its inferior
aspect is a flat surface instead of a border; and the notch between it and the
back of the condylar ramus is wide and deep. The muscular impressions
upon the side of the jaw are deep and strong, bounded by prominent sharp
ridges.
As is well known, the molar teeth of Myodes (as restricted to exclude
Cuniculus) are both individually and collectively distinguishable on sight from
those of other Arvicolince; for, although constructed essentially uiwn the same
plan of aggregated rootless prisms, their details are quite different. In ordinary
Arvicolina, the molars as a series are sharply serrate, both internally and exter-
nally, by reason of the acute salient and reentrant angles they present from first
to last, both above and below. Now in Myodes, of the upper molars the outer
salicncies are similarly sharp, but the outer reentrances are so deep that they
reach almost across the teeth to the inner side; while the inner saliencies are
so obtuse and the inner reentrances so shallow taat the inner border of the
scries as a whole is crenate instead of serrate ; and in Myodes, again, of the
under molars, the inner saliencies are sharp and the inner reentrances deep,
while the outer saliencies are so obtuse and the outer reentrances so shallow
that the outer border of the series as a whole is crenate instead of serrate.
Thus, in Myodes, one border of both upper and under molar series is crenate,
the other serrate, the crenation being external in tlie under molars, and
internal in the upper molars. Now this molar pattern is repeated in Synap-
tomys with such fidelity that we can indicate no difference of generic import;
and thus the great difference between the molars of Synaptomys, and of
Arvicola with its subdivisions, as well as of Evolomys, becomes evident.
MUBID^— ARVICOLlNiE— 8YNAPTOMYS.
231
III 8ynaptomys,\\\c front upper molar is composed of five prisms, niul its
crown of ns ninny closed dentine islands surrounded by enuniel walls: — an
anterior loop across the tootli, then a small internal triangle close to the first,
then n larger external triangle widely separated from the first by a reentrance
reaching the inner side, then a small internal triangle close to the last, then
a postcro-external loop, the latter separated from the last by a very deep
reentrance similar to the other reentrance. The middle upper molar has four
dentine islands: — a;, anterior loop reaching across the tooth, then a large
external triangle that also extends across the tooth, then a small strictly
internal triangle, and then a directly posterior loop. The last upper molar
has likewise four dentine islands, nil of which are rather transverse loops
than triangles, and really reach from side to side of the tooth; the first of
them is separated from the next, and this second from the third, by n deep
external reentrance, while the fourth is separated from the third by a similar
internal reentrance. All this of the upper molars is exactly as in Mijodes.
The front under molar, like the front upper one, has five dentine islands: —
an anterior loop sompwhat ♦lefoil-shape or triangular reaching across the
tooth, then a large internal lateral triangle, theri a very small external lateral
trianglo, then a large triangle reaching nearly across the tooth, and finally
a posterior loop reaching quite across. But the external lateral is so minute
and inconsiderable, and the two internal saliencies between the anterior
and posterior ends of the tooth make such large triangles, that the tooth
might be thus described: an irregular anterior trefoil, a regular posterior
crescent, with two large triangles between, one or lioth of which may bear
a small spur, isolated or not, upon its exterior angle. The middle under
molar has four triangles, of which the first one and last two are large and go
quite across the tooth; the other one is a minute external appendage to the
first one, hardly distinguishable. In this tooth only is there a slight difference
from Myodes, which has an additional triangle anteriorly, making five in all.
The back lower molar is almost exactly like the middle one, having the same
four triangles ; it is merely a little smaller, but the minute external triangle
may not be obvious, leaving apparently three. Both the middle and lower
one may be described as being in general shape like the letter M, with the
two legs and middle saliency of the M internal and acute, and the two horns
of the M obtuse and external.
The molar series, as wholes, are of about ordinary length, measuring
0.26 to 0.30 in length; their length, relative to the skull, is as 0.28 to 1.12, or.
Ha
ii
im
I:
fi
1
lil"
m
232
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
25 to 100 — one-fourth. Tlie series of opposite sides are strongly convergent
anteriorly, so that they would about meet if produced little beyond the incisors.
This is nearly as in Myodes, where, however, the convergence is rather greater.
Singularly enough, the formation of the palate behind does not agree with either
Myodes or Evotomys, but is nearly as in Arvicola proper — amphibius or ripa-
rius, for instance. The post-palatal n^tch is a deep emargination on the
median line posteriorly carried to o|)posite the space between the last and
penultimate molars, and on either side of this emargination lies a conspicu-
ous dcej) ovate fos^a; there is the same step down to the level of the margins
of these fbssoe tliat is seen in Arvicola proper, but the fossae are larger and
deeper. (In Myodes, these fossae really do occur, and of great size ; but
they are so mucii hidden, by being tucked under the apparent termination
of the palate, that the palate seems to have essentially the same construction
as in Evototnys; i. e., to end as a broad shelf, nearly transverse.)
In general configuration, the skull is near that of Myodes, The zygo-
matic widtii equals or just exceeds lialf the total length. The interorbital
constriction is very great, the skull being here narrower or at most no broader
than tlie rostral part. The cranium protrudes far into the orbital cavities,
with a prominent angular outline. The incisive foramina are short and nar-
row, opening considerably behind the incisors, and closing again as much in
front of the molars. The nasal bones and nasal branches of the premaxilla-
rics are of about equal length, neither reaching the interorbital constriction.
Tlio zygomatic arches are vvidespread, and have the peculiar perpendicular
expansion of the jugal bone and of the malar spur of the maxillary, form-
ing quite a broad oblique plate, as in Myodes. The difference is very notice-
able on comparison with the much slenderer and more terete zygomata of
other ArvkoUna. The anteorbital foramina open entirely underneath the
anterior roois of the zygoma, so that the latter scarcely show from above tlie
slight nick usually evident in other genera; the foramina themselves havo
the ordinary pyriform shape.
The rostral part of llie skull is remarkably short, thick, and blunt. Its
length, from anterior root of zygomata to tip of nasal bones, scarcely exceeds
its width, and is less than its depth. The nasal bones are short, broad, and
obtuse, ending beliind a perpendicular line let fall against tiie faces of the
incisors. Tiie sphenoidal ate are l)road and short, flaring away from tiie
rather small and short pterygoids. Tiie basioccipital and basispiienoid are
narrow, so that the tynqmnic bulla;, which arc large, lie with sligiit mutual
i Wi
MUUID^— AUVICOLIN/K— SYNAl'TOMYS.
233
ol)liquity. The foramen mngnum is subcircular, with somcwlmt of an emiir-
gination superiorly; the paroccipitals are elongated jjroccsses. In general
shape, the skull may be called, in comparison with other skulls (except of
Mijodes), short, shallow, broad, with flattened coronal and convex frontal pro-
file. (In ordinary Arvicola, the parietal region is highest, thence sloping
gradually to the muzzle.)
Tadlk LVIII. — Meaturcmenta of five skulls of Svhaitomys coopkiii.
Dimension.
Total length (occipital protuberenco to end of nosalii) ..
Greatest zygoniiitio width
Least width (at interorbital constriction)
Width of rostrnin
Intertnastoid width
Interparoccipital width
Height of skull (opposite and including last molar)
Length of upper molar series
Length of extra-alveolar portion of upper incisors
Length of rostrum
From tip of under incisors to apex of coronoid
From tip of under incisors to back of condyle
From tip of under incisors to end of descending process.
Length of under molar series ,
Extra-alveolar portion of under incisors
0.14
0.36
0.26
0.17
0.87
0.70
0.7C
0.85
0.28
S '5'
*2.
0.27
0.75
0.76
0.23
0.22
f- as
to *
f5M
to -J.
if
1.14
0.72
0.15
0.85
0.58
0.37
0.45
0.30
0.84
0.85
0.08
0.79
0.81
0.28
0.85
1.07
0.G8
0.13
0.80
0.55
o.:i7
0.44
0.88
0.80
0.88
0.60
0.77
0.81
0.28
0.87
c a
1.04
0.04
0.18
0.17
0.53
0.37
0.40
0.85
0.80
0.87
0.57
0.70
0.78
0.85
0.85
As has been intimated, Synaptomys is the skull and teeth of Mi/odes in
the skin of an Arvicola, the resemblance to the latter in external features
being strikingly complete, while the differences from Myodes are equally
obvious. While the ears of Myodex are minute, never reaching the level of
the general fur, in Synaptomys tlie ears (now for the first time seen) are
rather lunger than they will average throughout Arvicola, in fact almost
ceualing those of Evotomyn. In the Kansas skitis, they come to the surface
ot the fur, though these animals arc in heavy pelage; and, in the Oregon skin,
a summer animal in poor pelage, they distinctly overtop the fur. They have
nearly the same shape as in Evototnys; the anterior and posterior roots of
the auricle come close together in front, but do not form a little rim as
described under Chilottis; they are scant pilous behind, but rather more iiairy
internally on the flat portion, though the inner inflated portion is nearly naked.
The antitragus has only very moderate development. The fore feet show
uouo of the fossorial nature of those of Myodes or Ci/miculus ; the claws do
234
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
li
1*
not noticeably if at all exceed those of the hind feet, and are of ordinary
arvicoline shape. The fingers have the usual relative lengths;* thumb
rudimentary, with abortive, fl.it, appressed nail ; third digit longest, fourth
scarcely shorter, second shorter, fifth much the shortest. The fore feet are
between S and i as long as the hinder, as usual; on top, furred moderately,
the longer terminal hairs reaching the ends of the claws but not concealing
them; under the fingers, naked and annulate; on the palm, naked, with the
following tuberculation: besides the pollical node, there is a tubercle just
antero-extcrnal of this, another at base of the fifth and second toes respect-
ively, and another at conjoined bases of third and fourth toes — five in all, count-
ing the pollical protuberance. The hind feet, likewise, show nothing notice-
ably different from Arvkola or Evotomys; speaking in generol terms, the
relative size is Ihe same, and so are the proportionate lengths of the digits.
The feet are hairy on top to the claws (the longest terminal hairs just
reaching the ends of the claws), and the soles are moderately furry on the
posterior third (as far as the back tubercle); perhaps a trifle pilose for ordi-
nary Arvicola, but showing nothing of the dense furriness, like a rabbit's, of
Myodea or Cuniculus. There are six plantar tubercles, as usual in ArvicolituB,
thus disposed : — one posterior, of moderate size, conical, not lengthened,
situate about half-way between heel and bases of middle iocs; a smaller one
close l)y, but a little further forward and more external; then one at btise of
inner toe — these three completing a triangle; one at base of second toe; one
at base of fifth toe ; one between bases of third and fourth toes. The toes,
as usual, are strongly annulate beneatli, with terminal smooth pad. The tail has
nearly the usual length, calibre, and hairiness of Arvicola, showing no approach
to the brevity and rabbit-like furring of Myodes or Cuniculus. Its length varies
in our specimens. In Baird's type, No. 1368, the only tail seen till now, this
member is noticeably longer than the hind foot, and distinctly bicolor ; in our
Oregon animal, No. 3798, it barely exceeds the hind foot, and is indistinctly
bicolor ; in the Kansas skins, it averages no longer than the hind foot, and is
almost unicolor.
In color, both as to its pattern and its shade, and in gen^^.a! superficial
appearance, tliere is little to distinguish tills animal from Arvicola riparius,
for instance. Aside from the Oregon animal, which is in poor if not sickly
condition, and token in August, the pelage is beautifully fine, soft, and full,
* Tbo right furo foot of No, 8G08 hIiowb a ciirious nbiiorinnlity ; the third digit being orrostod in
dovvlopniout, HO that it in no longer than the Ufth. The loft fore foot is normal.
MUEID^— ARVICOLIN^— 8YNAPTOMY8 COOPERI.
235
and very long. The whiskers are numerous, of moderate length, exceedingly
fine, almost invisible without a good light. The fur on the back is half or
three-quarters of an inch long ; that of the tail and all the feet is very fii.e
and rather scant, so that in alcoholic specimens these members show quite
light-colored. The tail has a very scanty terminal pencil; the muffle is
entirely hairy, except the little nasal pads, and extremely obtuse; the head
short, thick; the eyes are very minute, situate about half-way from nose to
ear; the whole form is stout and compact.
In the mouth of this animal may be observed, in addition to the tufts
of hair that turn inward and nearly meet behind the upper incisors, a tufl
growing inside the edge of the lip, and another hairy patch extending back-
ward from the angle of the mouth. ■ .W! . M> ^ ,> : •• y .. ■
This is undoubtedly one of the most perfect connecting links yet discov-
ered between different genera of ArvicolintB, if not of the whole family MurkUe.
'Vhe habitat, too, of this false lemming is highly interesting, being quit« out
of the range of Myodes. Baird's types came from some unknown place,
believed however to be somewhere in the United States, and now the animal
turns up from Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Kansas, Oregon, and Alaska.
The Kansas locality, Neosho Fails, where Mr. Goss has collected with such
valuable results, seems peculiar in its fauna. There occur such southern
types as Oryzomys, Siginodon, and Oc/ielodon, in connection with the pecul-
iar Onychomys and with the Synaptomys — which latter ought, according to
its zoological characters, to be a highly boreal animal.
SYNAPTOMYS COOPERI, Baird.
Myodet (Synaplomyt) cooperi, Baird, Cat. in M. N. A. 1857, p. xliv.
£yii<ip(omy> cooperi, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 558, iii text (Uoited States t).—CouE8, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philtt. 1874, 194.
Anioola {Synaplomyt) gotrii, Baird, MSS. (on labels of the Kansas specimens, in antiolpatiou of their
proving different from the oriftinal cooperi).
Diagnosis. — S. facie ArvicoltB riparii, ted caudd breviore, ar tubus exili-
oribus, rostro obtusiore, vellere ampliore; murino-brunneus, plus mitusve griseus,
aubtus ex albido griseo-plumbeus. Long. tot. 4, cauda subpoll., pedis ^, auri-
cula ^.
Habitat. — Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Oregon, and Alaska.
Our notice of the genus has proved so fully illustrative of its single
species that there is little to add. The original specimens of cooperi, as far
■ » ■
a\
23G
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
as the fragments show, arc a little lighter brown than most of Mr. Goss'
late v/inter and early spring skins, especially No. 1368, which has also the
tail more distinctly bicolor than it is in these. But some of the Kansas ones
are identical in color with the types ; and they vary as much among them-
selves in color as some of tiieni do from Nos. 1367-8. The tails of all, except
No. 1368, are not evidently bicolor. The under parts are hoary-ash, usually
soiled, especially across the abdomen, with pale muddy-brown, somewhat as
in ji. austcrus, but not approaching the cinnamon shade that the latter fre-
quently exhibits. The tail and feet in dried skins are dark fuscous ; in alco-
holic species light brown, with a flesh-colored shade. The incisors are yellow,
as usual ; the claws brownisii-white. Besides the copious long fine pelage
of this animal, there seems to be something peculiar in the tenderness of the
skin itself; the feet are detached almost at a touch, so that the labels cannot
be secured in the ordinary way. The following table shows to some extent
the range of variation in size: —
Table LIX. — ileamremeritt of eighteen specment of Synaptomys coorKiii.
'^-
^ .
' ■ . \ -d -,
vw
1381
1308
3708
8404
8S0;<
8509
8310
8.'! II
8313
esi3
8314
6JI5
8316
Bsn
sg63i
1037.1
7044
10937
Aug. 0, 1830
Wintcr,'0,'>-fi
Mnr. -, 1806
Fob. — , 1866
Mar. — , 1866
Feb. — , 1806
''eb. -,1866
Jar. — , 1806
Spring, 1866
....ilo
....do
....do
Fob. — , ISO-
Locality.
Collector.
Tall to
end of—
Unknown (U. S, »)
...do
Skagit Valley.Oreg
NeoHlio Falls, Kans
.. do
...ilo
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do..
...do
...do
....do
Brookvillo, Ind . .
Bonton Co., Minn
S^Mitherii Illinoia.
Nnlato, Alaska ..
W. Cooper
...do
C.B.K.Kennerl)'
B.F.G08S
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
It Uayniond . . . .
O. E. GarrlsoD . .
It^Kennioott...
W. n. D»ll
0.50 0.00
1.10
0.(
0.;
0.53
0.53
0.50
0.3c
0.53
0.50
0.47
O.f
0.46
0.44
0.40
n.4i
1.07
0.95
1.05
0.08
1.00
0.08
1.00
o.go
0.85
0.90
0.00
0.00
0.89
19C
3.60
l.!!.'>4. U
1.30:1.75
. 037
J. 80:0.000.33
0. 75 0. eJo. 34
0. 600. 70 0. 36
0 750.9011.40
4.3C
4. U
3.75
3.60
l.3.'>4.00
1.30 3.75
1.10 3.30
3.90
3.35
1.10 3.30
I. lo'3. 50
1.0i)150
0.80
0.80
0.85
0.85
0.83
a t
0.68
0.700.43
a 67 0. 33
0.78 0.40
1.000.4X0.760.30
0. 95 a 38 0. 78 0. 33
1.0o'a40 0.77lo.33
1.000.410.750.34
1.00 0.39 0.76 0 36
0.65,0.800.450 73,0.38
Jo. 7r'o
0.fi4 0.7l'^0.46 0.760.40
0. 50 0.8.-1 0.40 0.6910 39
0.310.60 0.18 0 67 0.33
0. 58'o. 800. 4o'o 70 0. 37
0.0o'o.7.-.'o.33'o.69 0.43
O.M'o.70p.33|0 70:0.39
0.7511.000.40 0.78 0.40
I
Remarks.
Typo of eooperi,
..do.
Moasand dry.
...do.
...do.*
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
— da
Meaaiired aloohollo
....do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
do.
do
* But the loDgtli olhead and iMMly and of tail areas taken in thollesliby Mr. Ooss for \os. 8308-13, Ho seems to hare
taken tbe tall-meaf)nrcment further up tbo ooooygoal Torteiirto than is Rencraliy done, no that the tails as fit^'on eqnal that
of No. I;«i8. wliereaA they are certainly shorter. Our luOAsuremenls of the dried tail, did we make any, woulil nin fully 0.10,
if not 0 30, ioHN than Mr. Go:*8' ll((nres. Onr measurements of tho alcoholic speclmeus are the most reliable of the series.
Nub. 8516, 8517, are not full grown.
t In No. 990.'l, apparently a nurnihg female, we find two pairs of pectoral mammn) and one pair of inguinal mamm»,
vitltoot being nblo to make out any interventug ventr.il ones. It la probable, however, that tbo species posoosses a Tontral
pair, making oi|;ht teats in all.
MURID^— AUVICOLIN^— MYODES.
237
" '.^ ^ ' . Genus MYODES, Pallas.
Mui Bp., L1NNJEU8, and other earlient writers.
Jrvicola sp., of different writers.
<C.BspudcBU$, ILLIOER, 1811, in part ; inclndes Mat lemmiu, ampHblut, Sec. : i>c'. of late writers.
<^/^mntua, Linck (^0 Baird), in part; includes tlio Amcol(B.
<_Gtorychui, Kichardson, F. B.-A. i, 1829; and AuD. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1B54, in port; inclndes Cunlcu-
lu»; not of IlliKer, which beloDf;s to an entirely dilfereut family.
< J/^ode*, Pallas, Zuog. R.-A. i, 1831, 172, in part ; includes Arvicola, and thns about eqnal to his "M»ra
cunUsalarii" oi VnS.
=:Af^a<i<-»,CuUK8,Proc. Acad. Nat-. 8ci. Phila. 1874, 194. , . .:. -.
Cranial chars. — Skull massive, low, broad {zygomatic midth vpward of
two-thirds the length) ; cranial portion encroaching upon the orbital cavities
with a strong salience ; rostral portion obtuse, broad, short (about one-fourth
the entire length), not narrower than the interorbital constriction ; nasals and
intermaxillaries subequal in length, falling short of the orbits ; anteorbital
foramen small, nearly underneath (he anterior root of the zygoma; malar
branch of maxillary, and jugal itself, expanded into a broad lamina; buUaj
ossese moderate, their inner borders approximated and nearly parallel through
narrowness of basioccipital ; incisive foramina short and narrow, not reaching
to opposite anterior molars ; palate ending behind as an emarginated shelf
(with or without a median azygos projection) opposite the interspace between
the penultimate and last molars, and tiie space between these teeth of opposite
sides thus broadly open, but the lateral fossae that occur in most Arvkolinte
still evident, though pushed forward under the edge of the palatal shelf; ptery-
goid processes widely divergent and very low ; under edge of lower jaw very
broad from passage along it of root of incisor ; ramus of lower jaw thin and
plane, from lack of incisor-root extending up it; descending process strong,
flattened underneath, and much twisted ; apex of coronoid as bigh as condyle.
Dental chars. — Molar series long (more than one-fourth the length of
the skull), strongly convergent anteriorly, and the individual teeth large.
Molars strictly of the prismatic type characterizing Arvicolina, but in the
details of their crowns different from those of any genus except Synaptomys,
with which they correspond almost precisely ; first upper and under molars
longest, the others successively diminishing a little in length, but all of nearly
the same width throughout, though the under molar may narrow a little from
before backward ; of the upper scries, the external reentrances very deep,
reaching almost across the teeth, the external saliencies very acute; of the
under series, the internal reentrances very deep, reaching almost across the
n
'm
)
m
11
It ;■ I
238
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
teeth, the internal snliencies very acute ; of the upper series, the internal sali-
encies obtuse and the internal reentrances shallow ; of the lower series, the
external saliencies obtuse and the external reentrances shallow ; first upper
molar of 5 triangles, 1 anterior, 2 interno-lateral, and 2 externo-Iateral, these
alternating, the first lateral one being internal ; middle upper molar of 4 tri-
angles, the first 2 transverse, 3d interno-lateral, 4th externo-Iateral; back
upper molar of 4 triangles, or rather crescents, all transverse ; front lower
molar with 5 triangles; an anterior irregular trefoil, a lateral posterior loop,
1 external and 2 internal lateral triangles ; middle lower molar like front lower
molar, but an interno-anterior triangle replacing the trefoil ; back lower molar
with 4 triangles, the 2 posterior entirely transverse and approximated at their
outer ends, the other 2 lateral, alternating, the 1st being antero-intemal.
(Thus, the front molars, both upper and lower, are 5-prismatic, with as many
inclosed dentine islands on their crowns; the back molars, both upper and
lower, are 4-prismatic, with as many inclosed dentine islands on their crowns ;
the middle upper like both back ones, 4-prismatic ; the middle lower, like
both front ones, S-prismatic ; and this A-prismatic middle lower molar is the
only diagnostic one as compared with Synaptomys, in which the same tooth
has only four prisms.) Upper incisors ungrooved, but much beveled off later-
ally, and appearing like tubes of enamel through deficiency of dentine behind,
where they begin to come to an edge; about as wide as deep, and much
curved. Under incisors remarkable in that their roots do not reach beside
and behind the last molar up the condylar ramus, but stop abruptly in front
of the last molar.
External chars. — Size of the larger Arvicola; form very stout and
compact; colors usually variegated and often changing with season, as in
many other Arctic mammals ; pelage very long and thick, cold-proof; snout
blunt, hairy except the nasal papillne ; external ears, though well formed,
small, at most never coming to the surface of the fur; fore feet large, with
the claws about equaling the hinder without the claws; thumb obsolete,
with a large ligulate claw ; all the other claws very long and fossorial, exceed-
ing the hinder, but lacking the peculiar development seen in Cuniculus; 3d
claw longest, 4tii but little shorter, tip of 2d reaching base of 3d, 4th much
shorter; palms sometimes naked, sometimes furry to the claws; when naked,
thin, tuberculatc. Hind feet short, only exceeding the fore by the length of
their claws ; . 'laws moderate ; 3 middle toes longest and ai)out equaling
I
MURID^— ARVICOLlNiE— MYODES.
239
each other, the 1st much sliorter, the 5tli shorter still ; soles usually densely
furry to the claws, but sometimes showing the under surface of the toes ; *
plantar tubercles naked. Tail very short, its vertel)rae shorter or not longer
than the sole, leporine, stout, densely hairy throughout, with a copious ter-
minal pencil, often longer than the vertebrae.
The foregoing diagnosis, so drawn as to exclude Cuniculvs, is based upon
Mus lemtnus of Linnaeus, and indicates a perfectly natural generic group of
,ArvicolineB. From Arvicola, in any of its subgeneric phases, Myodes is prom-
inently distinguished by external form as well as by cranial and dental char-
acters. The general clumsy shape, very convex-obtuse head, short rabbit-like
tail, short ears, small furry feet, elongated fossorial claws, and moUipilose
pelage, are associated, in the skull, with breadth and massiveness, laminar
expansion of the zygomata, and a peculiar shape of the palate ; and, in the
teeth, with stoppage of the root of the under incisor opposite the last
molar, a quill-like beveling of the upper incisors, and a particular pattern of
the molar crowns. All the points of external form that mark off Myodes from
Arvicola likewise separate it from Synaptomys ; these two agreeing almost
precisely in cranial and dental characters. The plane, instead of grooved,
upper incisors are distinctive of Myodes, and so is, to less degree, a slight
difference in the middle lower molar (vide descriptions). With Myodes,
Cuniculus is generally associated generically ; but we wish to particularly
signalize -the fact that they are perfectly distinct genera. Although both of
them are "lemmings", so called; and although they do agree in general
external tournure, yet they present differences fully on a par with those made
the basis of generic distinctions in other cases. How great these differences
are may be inferred, by one not acquainted with the animals, from the fact that
Lilljeborg, who adopts only four genera for the whole subfamily, keeps the
two apart, his genera being Fiber, Arvicola, Cuniculus, and Myodes. The
comparative diagnoses are fully given farther on ; here we will only add, that
in Myodes the external ears, though small, are perfect, while Cuniculus has
no external ears ; that in Myodes, though the fore claws are lengthened and
"fossorial", they never show the extraordinary development seen in Cuniculus;
that the rudimentary pollex of Myodes bears a large ligulate nail, only faintly
indicated in Cuniculus by an abortive thumb and claw ; and, finally, that with
most cranial characters in common, the pattern of the molars is very different
in the two genera. Unlike Myodes, Cuni 'us turns white in winter.
'■'II
1
i
' •
240
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
I , . .
■■•; <l
Like that of other genera known in early zoological times, the synonymy
of Myodes is involved. First ranged under Mm, then sharing the term
Arvicoln with the rest of its subfamily, it has also had three names more par-
ticularly applied to itself — Hi/pudaux (llliger, 1811); Myodes (Pallas, 1831);
and Lemmus (Linck, 18 — ). Hypudceus, as originally framed, included Mus
temmuD, nmphibius, and arvalis, and, according to >nie authorities, ought to
be restricted to the first species mentioned imtis); but, according to
others, it is applicable to either one of the three species llliger put in it. But
it has of late been so carefully cliaracterized by Kcyserling and Blasius, in its
application to Mus rulilus, &c., that if it is to be retained at all (wliich we do
not think should be done), doubtless it is best assigned to rutilus. The
choice, then, narrows to Myodes and Letnmus; we have not the authorities
at hand to decide the case, but the balance of opinion is in favor of Myodes.
Both these genera, as originally based, had a much wider application than is
now admitted. In strict technical interpretation, both Myodes and Lemmus
are synonyms of Arvicola Lacdp^de, 1803. Georychus Rich. Aud. is, of
course, out of the question ; lUiger's Georychus having been based upon an
animal of an entirely different family.
Recent investigations, particularly the admirable memoir of MiddendorfT,
have resulted in reducing the number of nominal species oi Myodes (as above
restricted) to three — M. lemmus, M. obensis, and M. schisticolor. There is no
question of the i<lentity of "helvolus" and "trimucronatus" of Richardson,
Audubon, and Bachman ; and nothing appears opposing MiddendoriPs view
that the North American animal (including, besides the two supposed species
just named, M. albigularis of Wagner) is the same as M. obensis of the Old
World. Rather, the question is whether a still further reduction will not be
required. It would need but a little change in coloration to transform oiensis
into lemmus itself; while, regarding schisti-color, it is a suspicious circum-
stance that here we have a nearly gray or slaty lemming, just as, in the ca.se
of Cuniculus torquatus, we have a gray one in what is called C. lagurus.
The inference in this case is self-suggestive. But this is a question we do
not propose to enter upon here; our business being simply the determination
of the North American species.
i 1;
MUBIDiE— ARVICOLIN.E— MY0DE8 OBBN8I8.
241
MYODES OBENSIS, Brants.
Mgodet obentit, Branth, Muizon, 1637, 55.— Kkybkiimno niul Blasius, Witb. Europ. vi, 1840, pp. vii and
32. — MiDDKNDORFF, Slliiriaclie Heme, ii, pt. iii, 1H5:>, U9, pi. ii, f. 7, 8, 0, and pla. viii, ix, x, f,
2.— Baihd, M. N. a. 1857, 55U.— CoUES, Proo. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila. 1874, 195.
Jnicola (OmryokiM) heholiit, RicnAiiiMON, F. B.-A. i, le-iS, 128.
OcoryoAiM heleolut, AuD. &, Bach. Q. N. A. iii, \Ka, 84, pi. cxx, f. I.
iljioda ketvoliu, Dall, Alaska and its Renourous, 187U, 577,
Articola (Oeorgchui) liimuoronalui, Richardson, App. Parry's Sd Voy. 1825, 309; F. B.'A. i, 1829, 130.
Otorgehui tHmuoronaU$, \vd. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 8C, pi. cxx, f. 2, 3.
Ufodet ItimucroHatu, Daix, Alaska and iU Resources, 1870, 577.
jifyode* alfto^HMH*, Waoner, Suppl. Sohraber, iii, 1843, 602. . " '
DiAONOiiis. — M. auriculatus, poUice ungue di'prcsso obtuso Itgulato instructor
unguibus digitorum manus 3"'-4" elongalix xed simjiltcis, j>edibus modtc'c hir-
sutis, vertebris caudte pedibus breviuribus; notao concolore,Jlavo-ferrugineo in
capite obscuriore, gaslrao dilutiore, pedibus fusck. AT. lemtno staturd formdque
par; long. tot. 4-6 poll.,, capitis li-1 J, manus cum un^ue longissimo |-i, pedis
i-i, caudtB nudee i-i, caudtB comatte |~s.
Had. — America Septentrionalis regionibus ocddentali-borealibus. Asia.
Form strictly that of the Norway lemming; ears with a perfectly-devel-
oped conch, though small (about \ high on the back, \ from the notch in
front) and buried in the fur; fore feet hairy on top, the longest hairs reach-
ing the ends of the claws, never much when any longer; palms mostly nuked,
nearly as in ordinary Arvicola, and tuberculnte; pollex obsolete, but in its
place a very large appressed strap-shaped claw, with obtuse or truncate end,
sometimes showing two or three minute points ("Irimucronatus"); all the
other claws simple (never showing the peculiar quasi-duplication of those of
Cuniculus torquatus), arched, acute, longer than in Arvicola, never so decidedly
fossorial as in Cuniculus; third finger longest, fourth nearly as long, second
reaching to base of third claw, fiflh much shorter still; hands, including claws,
only about f the feet; feet above, like the hands, hairy to the ends of the
claws, or the longest hairs slightly surpassing the claws; soles incompletely
furry, the bases of the toes naked; second, third, and fourth toes subequal
and longest; fifth about reaching base of fourth; second shorter still. Tail-
vertebra) shorter than foot, with the hairs equal to or rather longer than foot;
copiously comous, the terminal pencil frequently longer than the vertebral
portion. Pelage long, fine, sofl, and mollipilose, the longer hairs quite lus-
trous; whiskers about equaling the head, very delicate, not numerous; muffle
completely hairy except the nasal papillae.
Entire upper parts uniform rich ruddy rust color, sometimes more
10 H
Ii
iii
I.
m
I ;■
242
MONOGRAPUS OP NOIITQ AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
decidedly rusly-clicstiiut, sometimes more rusty-orange or tawny; on tlie
lieaddarkcr, tending to an intimate mixture of blackish and yellowisli-brown;
under parts a paler but still strong orange rust color or tawny, brightest across
tiic belly, more dilute and wliity-brown on the chin, throat, and pubes; color
of the back lightening insensibly into that of the belly; no stripes, spots, or
areas of different colors anywhere; no evident mixture even of single black
hairs anywhere; the coloration everywhere only on the ends of the hairs, the
basal portions being uniformly dark plumbeous. Feet always fuscous-brown;
tail dusky above, obscurely whitish below; incisors whitish or very pale yel-
lowish, never deep yellow or red ; whiskers both light and dark.
Our numerous specimens, though taken at various seasons, are remark-
ably uniform in color; the variation is less than we should have anticipated.
We observe no sign of the species becoming white in winter, or of its
changing pelage in any way with age, sex, or season. All the ditlerences
we note are in intensity of the coloration. In the most richly-colored skins,
the back is an intense orange-chestnut, the belly a bright rusty-orange;
in the palest, the upper parts are about of this latter color, the under of a
lighter fidvous. There is no variegation or particoloration anywhere about
the animal, but toward and on the head the bright color subsides into a grizzle
of dusky and yellowish-brown. The uniformly fuscous feet with short hairs
are a strong character, compared with the hoary-white feet of Cuniculm
torquatus, where the longest hairs sometimes reach half an inch beyond
the claws.
The American animal, as represented in our scries, differs notably in
color from two Siberian skins, the only ones we have before us. In these,
the under parts are nearly white (soiled ochrey-white) below, instead of
intense tawny; while the upper parts are far from uniform orange-rusty, in
having a decided black median lengthwise stripe from the forehead over the
crown and nape, while here and there on the back and rump quite black
areas appear. The feet are broader, heavier, and more densely furry, nearly
white. If these differences be constant, we may readily recognize the
American animal as at least a variety, to be called Myodes helvolus. But
with only two specimens before us that may not represent average Siberian
skins, and certainly cannot show the variations there occurring, we are far
from desiring to contest von Middendorff's mature decision.
The following table gives the measurements of our fine suite of skins,
MUBlDiE— ARV1C0LIN;E— CUNI0DLD8.
243
the first and only American specimens handled in this country since the time
of Richardson.
Tadlb LX.— Jf«Miireiii«it» of thirlji-tao tpeciment (dry, except 8398-9) of Myodes odensip.
vm
146S
sea
SM4
71M
8093
aM9
esm
(WW
tB3i
8078
80T9
8080
8081
8088
8083
8084
8iei
oiea
83M
eo7f
80T7
(MS
am
eKn
6931
6938
6933
6934
D*««.
JnneU,ie«
Janell,186i
Jane H, 1863
Jnn* 14, 18M
Jan« 14, 186]
,1868
,1868
June 24,
Got —,1863
Jane 10, 1868
Jane 10, 1868
Hay — , 1868
Spring, 1861
June—, 1861
Juno — , 1861
Hay — , 1861
Juno — ,1861
May—,
Jaoe — ,
April-,
Locality.
Boat Siberia
Talmyrland, Siberia .
Frobliher'aStralta...
do
Feel'aBlnr
Aratio Coait
Andereon Blver
....".do
do
, do
Fort Anderson
do
, do
, do
do
do
do
do
do
.do.
do
Tttkou Biver* .
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Collector.
From tip of noae
to-
Tall to
end of—
Hut. Btr>te>sburR
MuMnm Bremen
C.F.Hall
....do
C. P.Gandet ....
RMcFarlane...
....do
....do
....do ,
....do
....do
....do
..do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do
J. Lockhardt..
...do
...do
R.KennlooU..
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do ,
...do
0.
0.90
0.60
0.S0
0.68
4.
4.
4.
1.304.
4.
1.133
1.994.
S.
.85 9.
&
0.00
90
75
W
90
70
75
SO
85
89
95 0. 40{0. 80
00
90
0.70
0.80
0.35{0.60{').33|o.e5
0.
60
00
60
00
79
00
SO
SO
79 0.
0. 49 0. 80
0.
0.49
0.80
I). 70
0.6OO.
0.79 0.
0.
0.79
0.90
a.eo
0.80
0.70
0.80
390.800.490188
0.85 0.400.75
7.
5.
6.50
1. 35 9. 00 0. 35{0. 60|0. 39;o. 70
5.750.
1.40 6.000,45{0.89|0.
0 79
0.70
0.
0. 40'0. 73
..0.79
36{0. 67
39:0. 60
0.4o'o.70
0.
0.
0.
0. 43'0. 78
0.400.74
400 78
35'o.6e
48'o. 78
'I
44 0. 80
,..0.79
43 a 68
Bemarki.
Stretched.
Yoang.
Tounir.
Yonn^.
Ale. I ear 0.33.
, do.
Stretched.
Stretched.
Much stretched.
Stretched.
Stretched.
...do.
...do.
Tonngt frcsb.
I). I.
%k
*At mouth of Porcupine Biver,
Genus CUNICULUS, Wagler.
Mtu Bp., AucT. antiq.
Jnicola sp., Jfyodo «p., Ltmmui gp,, AucT. reoentior.
Georychut, partim, Richardson; Aud. &. Bach, nee Iu.10.
Ciifiiciiliw, Waouer (" Syst 1830 "), loU, 1833, 1380. (T;pe, C. y romteiuiiciM = C. torTNatM.)— Liujkboro,
Syat Ofvera. Gosg. Diigg^., Glires, 1H66, 33 (<aiii« (j!pe).— Codes, Proo. Acad. Nab 80I. Fliila.
1874, 195.
Mitottermtu, Hensel, Zeita. DeaUoh. Cool. Ges. vii, 1855, 493 («am« type).
Chars. — Skull lower, broader, more massive than in Arvicola, rather less
80 than in Myodes (zygomatic width not I the length), but in general char-
( :•
• I
244
MONOORAPlia OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
ncters closely canforming to the last tmincil. Palatal shelf os in Mymles;
zygomata much less laminar than in Myodfs (nearly as in the larger ^n'Jfo/<p).
Nasals ond nasal branch of premaxillarios suJM'quttl; botii very siiort, ending
opposite anterior root of zyg(Hiiata. Orbits less encroached upon by the
cranial dome than in Myodcs, but having a prominent pointed process
for muscular attachments. Superior incisors as in Mijodvn; and likewise as
in that genus, roots of under inciaors stopping opposite back under molars.
Jilolar series long and strongly convergent anteriorly, as in Mi/odes, but the
j)attern of the crowns entirely different and strongly arvicoline, as follows: —
Front upper molar of seven (five in Myodes) prisms: an anterior transverse
spherical triangle, three internal lateral triangles, two external lateral trian-
gles, and a (small, supplementary) postero-external loop. Middle upper molar
of six prisms (four in Myodes): an anterior transverse loop, two external
lateral triangles, tA^o interior lateral triangles, and a (small, supplementary)
jiostero-external loop. Back upper molar of six prisms : an anterior trans-
verse loop, two external and two internal lateral triangles, and a ])osterior
trefoil, or V or U. Front under molar of nine prisms (five in Myodes): an
anterior trefoil, three external lateral triangles, four internal closed triongles,
nnd a posterior transverse loop. Middle and back under molar each of five
(or five and a half) prisms : an antero-external triangle (with a more or less
evident anterior lobe abutting against the back loop of the antecedent tooth),
two internal lateral triangles, one external lateral triangle, and a posterior
transverse loop. All the lateral triangles of all the teeth alternating. External
form stoutest and most compact in the sultfamily; limbs the shortest; no
external ears; muffle com|)letely hairy exce|)t Mie very papilltc; pelage den.se
and woolly; feet short, stout, both fore and hind completely furry both above
and below, the longer hairs reaching usually far beyond the ends of the claws ;
poUex obsolete, with abortive nail ; third and fourth digits much longer than
second and fifth, their claws periodically hypertrophied and quasi-duplicated
by an enormous growth of corneous substance on their under surface ; hind
claws ordinary ; tail to end of vertebrse shorter than the hind foot, but copi-
ously comous, the termiiuil pencil usually longer than the vertebral moiety.
Coloration subject to periodical changes : dark and variegated in summer,
snow-white in winter.
As will be seen by tiie above, the cranial characters and those of the
incisive dentition are very nearly the same as in Myodes, but that the pattera
!'iB
';'■., f
MUR1D2E— AUVICOLINiK-CUNlCULUS.
245
of the molars is totally differpnt. In this Inttor rosppct, Cuniculus stnnds finite
nione, for it differs as much from Aivicola as from Myodcs. Tlicre is little
occasion to enlarge npon the molar characters above given, but some further
general remarks may not he out of place. In Cuniculus, the lateral saiiencics
are ail sharp, the lateral triangles being long and narrow, and the median
zigzag line of enamel runs nearly along the middle line; this is nearly as in
ordinary Arvicola; while in Myodes one or the other (the external in the under
jaw, the internal in the npper) of the series of saliencies are obtuse, and the
median zigzag, besides being unusually tortuous, runs nearer one side of the
molar series than the other. An increase of the number of triangles of all the
teeth occurs. Thus, in American Arvicola the front lower molar has at most
three internal and two or three external lateral triangle.*, and Myodes hns but
two internal and one external; here in Cuniculus there are four internal and
three external, making, with the anterior trefoil and posterior loop, altogether
six internal saliencies and five external ones. The back upper molar of
Cuniculus is nothing at all like Myodes; in the latter, we have four loo])s, all
transverse, one after the other, while in Cuniculus there is an anterior loop
and a posterior trefoil (as in Pedomys, Pitymys, &c.), separated by two external
and two internal lateral triangles, alternating with each other. The anterior
upper molar, the most constant tooth throughout Aruicola, and even in
Myodes scarcely differing from Arvicola, here is unique in possession of
seven prisms; the two additional ones to the five of Arvicola and Myodes being
another internal lateral one, and after this a small supplementary postero-
external loop. Similarly, the middle upper molar adds to the four or four and
a half of Arvicola and Myodes an extra internal lateral one and a small sup-
plementary external loop. Of the front upper molar of Cuniculus, the first
lateral triangle is an interior one; of the second upper molar, the first latend
triangle is an exterior one. The middle and back under molars of Cuniculus
are correspondingly more complicated, having five or five and a half prisms,
the lateral of which alternate with each other; of the front under molar, the
first lateral triangle is an interior one; the back lower molar is a little nar-
rower than the antecedent one. In the upper molar series, altogether, there
are twelve external salient points and eleven internal salient points; in the
under-molar series, altogether, there are twelve internal salient points and
eleven external salient points. But however minute we may thus make our
account of the dentition of Cuniculus as differentiated from that of either
ii,
l^i;
246
MONOOltAPUS OF NOllTU AMEUIOAN KODENTIA.
ihii
Mijoilen, or Arvkola ab large, it will be better understood by simply laying the
diHereut skulls side by si<le, and looking at the teeth with a pocket-lens.
Externally, although Cunkulus shares the "lemming" ihape of Mi/odes,
it is instantly diatinguisiiod by the absence of external ears, the shortness
and dense furring of the feet, the obsolete pollex with rudimentary nail, and
the prodigious length of the two middle fore claws, whose size is often more
lliun doubled by the singular growth already mentioned. As to the absence
of cars, there is indeed a rim or border around the opening, but it cannot be
called an auricle.
We have in America but one species of Cunkulus as far as is known;
it is identical with that of Northern Asia. Of the relationships of the sup-
posed second species, C. lagurus, we can say notiiing, having seen no speci-
mens; but, as alrc.idy intimated, we believe its validity to be open to question.
CUNICULUS TORQUATUS, (Pall.) Coues.
2fH« htidaonitu, Pallas, N. 8p. Qua<1. Glirinni, 1778, 308, pL xxvi, flgs. A, B, C. (qnotes FonsTED, Pbil. TraOB.
Ixii, 1772, 379).— Gmklin, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, i:i7.
Ltmmm Jtudaonius, Sabink, Siippl. Tiirry, App. 1824, 185.— Sabine, Frankliu's Jonrn. App. 1825, 661.—
IIaklan, Fii. Ainer. 1825, 546.
Anioola hiidsonia, Uiciiaiidson, App. Parry's 2d Voy. 308.
Arrivota (Geori/chue) hudiionius, Uichahdso.n, F. I!.-A. i, 1829, 132.
MyodtD hudaoniiui, Waoseh, Siippl. Schreber, iii, 1843, (i04. — Miuuk.ndorfp, Bull. Acad. Imp. 8t.-P<Ster. iii,
xix. — Wiegraauu'a Arcbiv, 1845, Bd. ii, 34. — Dali., Alaska and its Resources, 1870, 577.
Georychm hudsoniue, AUD. & Bach., Q. N. A. 1853, iii, 81, pi. cxix.
CuiiiciiIiM kudnoniuii, Col'es, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 196.
ilug lorqutttm, PALLA8, N. 8p. Quad. Glirlum, 1778, 77 and 206, pi. xi, B.— Gm., Syst. Nat.'i, 1788, 136.
Myodea torqiiatua, Kkyseuli.no & Blasius, WirbeltU. Kurop. 1840, pp. vii and 32. — Middenuokfp, Slbir.
Reisc, ii, pt. ii, 1853, 87, pi. iv-vii and x. — Baud, M. N. A. 1857, 558.— Blackh. & Alston.,
P. Z. 8. 1874, 469.
AI isothcrmiit torqiiatiis, Henskl, Zeits Deutsch. Gool. Gee. vii, 1855, 492, pi. xxv, figs. 12, 13.
Miia te;ci"8i«| Pallas, N. 8p. Quad. Gliriuni, 1778, 195.
Mu» grcenlandictts, Traill, Scoresby's Greenland, 1823, 416. — Richardson, App. Parry's 2d Voy. 304.
Anipola (Gvorychiig) grxntandiciis, Ricmaudson, F. B.-A. i, 1829, 134.
Georychiis grccnIniuUciii, Al'D. & Bach., Q. N. A. 1854, iii, 315.
Cuniciiliia grocnlundkua, Waglkh, Isie, 1832, 1220.
Myodes granlavilicim, Wagner, Suppl. Sclirober, iii, 1843, 606.— Gray, P. Z, 8. xvi, 1848, 43, and Koe'a
Narrative, ISiiO.— Dall, Alaska and its Resources, 1870, 577.
Lcmmua iingiilatuii, Baer, Bacr and llulmorsen, Beitriijrc, iv, 1841, 283.
Hudson's Ral iiud Ilarc-lailed Ral, Pennant, Arct. Zool. i, 178'', i32, 133; Quad, il, 201.
Ilarc-tailed Moiue, IIearnk, Journ. 387.
Hudson's Hay Lemming, Ai:cT.
n'apiakoosecsKk ("White Eoar-Mouso"), Croo Indians.- lunoffiii/ ("White Moose"), CUippowayans. —
AKingnack (" Vhite Mouse"), Kiofuiniaux. (Label of No. 7755.)
DiAGNf^sis — C. exaurku'atus, jwuke ohsoleto, unguibus digitorum manus
3"'-4" maximis, bi/nucroi.ath, quasi-dupUcatis ; 2'edibus fii/siitissimis; caudi
peSihus birviore; vcslitu eeativali supra castaneo nigra et grisco ant luleo vark-
MUllID^— AKVICOLlNiE— CUNICULU8 TOUQUATUS.
247
ga/tts, plei unique slrigd nigrd npinali, et inlerdum torque nuchuli pallida; subtus
ex albido ferrugineus; hyemali ex toto niveiis. Long. tot. 4-() po/l^atpitia \\,
caudte nuda J, caudee comatcB 1, manus cum ungue longissimo ^, unguis longis-
siini hyemalis i^, pedis §.
Had. — Arctic America, Greenland, and corresponding latitudes in the
Old World.
With the form, &c., typical of the genus as above fully described.
Summer. — Taking an average specimen, the upper parts present an inti-
mate dapple of chestnut or rusty-red, black, gray, and luteous, producing a
variegation known as "watered". On the fore back and shoulders, the rufous
color prevails ; on the lower back, rump, and haunches, the black and gray
grizzle predominates. In general, there is a pretty distinct black line along
the middle of the back from the muzzle to the tail; i)ut this, though usually
recognizable even when not sharp, is often dissipated in the general variega-
tion of the upper parts. Very often, there is a recognizable grayish-white or
luteous-white collar across the nape, rendered a little more evident by being
bordered both before and behind by rufous more intense than elsewhere. But
this collar is frequently obscure or altogether indistinguishable. When thus
not recognizable, an incomplete rufous band is still frequently present, arising
from the imperfect confluence across the occiput of two rufous spots that
mark the suuation of the ears. Underneath, the ground-color is grayish-plum-
beous, as usual ; next to this comes a grayish-white, and over this is washed
a strong shade of rusty or rufous. The chin and throat are the grayest or
palest ; next usually comes the lower belly, where the rusty wash is uniformly
laid on ; then tiie breast and epigastrium are more heavily rusty or rufous.
The feet and tail appear to be uniformly white or wiiitish at all seasons.
Even in summer, all the feet are always densely clothed, the entire palms and
soles being furry like a rabbit's, and on top the long hairs reaching beyond
(sometimes half an inch beyond) the ends of the claws.
Independently of the regular seasonal changfs, the particular hue of the
upper parts varies in a way that defies descri{*tion. Taking, however, two
extremes, of rich dark coloring and pale blen<led shades, we find that in the
former case the upper parts are dappled with uniform deep mahogany color
and glossy black, these then speckled all over with nearly pure white, the
spinal f,tripe intense black; and the under ])arts are correspondingly sharp. In
the other extreme, there is no such sliurp hue, the animal above being a nearly
■r
■ li
fc
Y'K
248
MONOGRAPIiS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
ilW
ii
uniform ".izzle of gray, black, and luteous or fulvous, and below muddy-gray,
rustier on the breast. It may be, indeed, tiiat tliese differences are somewhat
regular and seasonal, as well as the change to white ; but as few of our speci-
mens are marked for season, we cannot make this out. As, however, several
of our richest-colored skins arc spring and early summer ones, we judge that,
with the disappearance in spring of the white winter-coat, the brightest,
sharpest pelage is put on, the vividness of the rufous or mahogany attaining
a maximum in the breeding- season, or rather a little at\erward, in midsummer;
and that subsequently tlie hues grow cooler and more intimately mixed, until
at length in the fall the whitening becomes manifest.
Winter. — In perfect dress, the animal is pure white all over. In the fall,
the whitening seems to begin underneath and on the sides, to progress then
over the lower back; the heavy color of the upper back and breast being the
last to yield. Several specimens are white, with a narrow dorsrl rea of color,
that spreads forward over the upper back and shoulder, and underneath still
tinges the breast; others are curiously white, with lateral rufous stripes that
nearly meet on the rump and then curve round the sides to the chest; others
are pure white, except a sharp spinal stripe of grayish-black ; some are white,
uniformly tinged willi pale rufous all )ver. But it would be idle to attempt
an enumeration of all the intermediate stages ; although, in the midst of appa-
rently interminable changes, doubtless rules of very general applicability may
be deduced from observation of a few hundred specimens accurately marked
for season.
The two middle fore claws attain their maximum of development in
winter. In spring and early summer, these claws do not appear very differ-
ent from those of Myodes, though averaging larger, more bulbous at base
underneath, with the terminal portion slenderer, straighter, and sharper. This
bulbous portion underneath grows out simultaneously with increase in length
and amount of curvature of tlie main portion of the claw, until it equals or
even exceeds the length of the latter, and is quite as stout, or even stouter,
being somewhat broad and pad-like. At this period, it runs the whole length
of the claw, from which it is separated by a groove along the sides, and by a
notch at the end, botii of. varying depth. The claw then looks nearly like
two claws, one underneath the other. The pad would then seem to gradually
sc'^r its connection with the main claw by progressive increase of the con-
striction marked by tlie lateral groo\u and terminal notch, as well as by loos-
Mi
MURIDiE— ARVICOLIN^-CUNICULDS TORQUATUS.
249
ening from the base, when it nppcars like an excrescnnco; it is finally lost.
Thus the process a|)pcars to be a periodical one, like tlie shcflding of the
horns of runiina'.its, and not continually progressive with age; and would
seem to be connected with the particularly fossorial habits of the quasi-hiber-
nating animal that digs galleries under ground in which to reside during the
cold season, as compared with its freer and more active mode of life in
summer. At ihe period of the maximum development of the claws, these
equal or sur|)ass half an inch in length, and yet the hairs upon the dorsum
of the fore feet reach to or even beyond their tips. At the same season, the
hairs upon the hind feet form a fringe drooping far beyond the ends of the
claws, and the terminal pencil of hairs on the tail is almost invariably longer
than the vertebral portion. The winter-coat is much longer and thicker than
that of summer; the il'flerence is well shown in those intermediate speci-
mens that are white and woolly, yet with definite stripes of shorter, thinner,
colored hairs.
Audubon's plate of the summer pelage is highly erroneous, representing
a uniformly rusty-red animal instead of a dappled and otherwise variegated
one. The coloration as given is, in fact, exactly as in Myodes helvolus (of)ensix).
whereas the two are distinguishable on sight by color alone. His figure of
the winter pelage is very good, representing, however, an animal not perfectly
white.
There is no question of the identity of the American and Asiatic animal.
In an abstract of the present memoir, already published in the Proceed-
ings of the Philadelphia Academy, we cited Forster as authority for the name
Mus hudsonius, quoting at second hand, the volume of the Philosophical
Transactions not being conveniently accessible at the time. On turning to
the page indicated, we find that Forstjr gives no such name; he merely
describes a mutilated specimen from Churchill River, of "a small animal
called a Field Mouse " Pallas is the author of the name Mus hudsonius, at
date 1778; but it is "antedated" by the same author's Mvs torquatus,
described on preceding pages of the same work. The species will conse-
quently stand as Cuniculus torquatus. Mus lenensis Pallas is the same animal,
of same date. Grasnlandicus and ungulatus are later names of nominal
species.
The following table of measurements of our excellent scries shows the
size and, to a con8ideral)le extent, the variations of the species, but does not
I
! M
i-^
5-'>
250
MONOGltAPUS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA.
appear to call for coininciit, as the diflcrences arc parallel with those demon-
stnileil for several species in other parts of this memoir.
Taiii.k L\l.—3fe<uuremenla of »ixly-righl (and Hut of other) ipecimait of CUNICULUS torquatus.
4jri4
IHC'i
•IJOJ
inri
4J03
7753
77.-iO
!0:i9
8;ioo
I£I6I
KIN
8363
8304
8380
8!MJ
040:1
0431
8704
8033
8092
mm
0331
0331
1193)
8086
8087
808.i
80.^0
80.1(1
tOa
112J1
iia.'j
7110
7117
8131
Locality.
Novi^ii SnmUa .
Arctic Aiuorica
noiHHlalo, Labrador. .
l'\irt(;li>ir.:linl,U.U .
do
do
*>
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Nuhto, Alaska
WiKillyaatux, Alaska
Fori Yukon
Arctic America
Vukoii, moulli of Por-
ctipino River.
do
do
IbOck.v MouDtains, near
Poiil's Klvcr.
MonntainH 300 miles
ab3ve Yukon.
do
Mmitli of Maokenzie'H
Kivor.
do
Arctic Coast
do
do
do
di>
do
rtoi.
do!
Apdursou .Ulvcr.
do
Tlatroii Grotmils.
do
CoUoctor,
Museum 8t. Foters-
liurg.t
Alfrml Newton t...
Vf. Mactavisli
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
W. H.Dall
...do
W. W.Klrkby
...do
J. Slbblston
J. Lookbnrt —
...do
.. do
...do.;
It. Konnioott...
...do ,
...do
R. McFarlane..
...do
...do
...do ,
...do
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do .
...do .
...do.
...do.
0.00
0.50
O.SO
0.55
0.05
0.00
0.50
0.02
0..'i8
0.58
0.57
0.00
I. SO
9.00
00
1.25
1.10
1.08
1.05
1.05
0.90
1.03
1.10
0.53
0.5:
.■>, 00 0. 35
4. 7,-] 0.35
1. 40 0. 30
4.230.45
4. 50,0. 40
.3.8.V0.30
1. 730. 45
Tail to
end of—
0.50
0.41'
.•1.85:0.40
4. 10 0. M
1.00 0.40
1.00 0.30
1. 75 a 23
1. 50 0. 40
'\0O0.40
4.00
3.25
J. 00
00 0.30
50O50
73!o.33
7.-,;o.,
35 0. 40
23 a 30
730. 40
73
.5r0.40
500. 4:1
75 .
330. 2r
Cll n. 40
0.63
0.73
95 O SO
00 0. SO
65 0.4'
00 0. 71
9010. 4:
7o|o. 65
00 0. 63
0. 0:1
0.03
0. OS
OOi
0.6,:
0.40
0.50
0.50
0.00
00
0.91;
0.70
0.00
1.6:
j.eo
0.7;
.00
0.60
1.00
Btioiarks,
Summer ; dry.
0.80
3.08
0.«e
0.07
0.65
0.75
0.7J
0.80
0.73
0.811
0.7S
0.78
0.77
3.73
u.se
n.oj
0.63
so 0. 62
52 0. rui
4.' 0. CO
rc 0. 70
0.68
1.68
0.75
0 58
0.68
0.65
do.
Orayish.wblto.
un) wbitu ; cluw 0. 15.
Summor,
do.
.*.tcobolie ; summer.
Ale. ; Fob. 3. 1859 1 nearly wblte.
Alcobollc ; July, 18.30.
Alcoholic ; winter ; wbito.
do.
do.
do.
Alcobollc ; winter 1 ; nearly white,
Alcobolio ; winter I ; partly wblto.
AlcolioUo ; summer.
.Summer.
Summer ; still wbitish.
Wbit«, with gray stripes.
White,
Summor; perfect pelage,
June I still rusty-white.
June; yonn]{,
July ; young.
September; a littlo whitened.
October; pare white.
1; whitening.
Almost pure white.
Summer ; normal pelage.
T ; much whitened.
Summer ; normal polago.
Winter ; nearly whlto.
Chnn;;lng pelage.
Normal summer. pelage.
Winter; perfectly whlto.
Will.; exactly like Audubon's pi.
Winter ; nearly pure white.
Wiutor ; perfectly snow-wbito.
(f ; Juno 30 ; perfect pelage.
9 : Juno 26 ; perfect pelage.
* From wrist to end of longest claw.
t Uccclved I'rom ; No. 4.384, cillpctud by If. 71. M. S. Enlorprlso.
I LockbHrt says : " tJlu>ek'i»oucheM tilled with biwIs."
i Found in the nest of an ^rcAiliulw (Ifri'arlansJ,
MUBID^— ABVICOLIN^— CUNICULUS TOUQUATUS.
251
Table LXI.— 3ff<Mureiiieii(< 0/ lixly-elgkt {and litl of other) ipfcimetit of CuNicuLfs tohquatiis— Cont'd.
8157*
8159'
09^5
GSSO
0957
(1959
G960
BIM
8004
8097
8761
8155
8098
eiot
8104
8103
8109
8100
9153
9176
9«SI6
99!>7 I
omo
0331
993-]
9333
9934
1030 i
Locality.
Barron Qrounds.
do
do
AndorMD River..
do
do
do
do
do
do
Fort Andemon..
do
, do
...do.
...do .
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do .
...do.
...do.
....do.
....do.
...do .
...do.
...do.
...do.
....do.
....do .
....do.
...do.
Collector.
R. McFarlsne.
...do
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
....do.
...do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
...do.
..do.
.)>-..
....do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
....do.
....do
....do.
0.50 1.05 1.95 4.35
4.
4.50
5.00
5.00
4 75
.195
35
Kuae to—
0.65
0.
4.25
4.00
5.00
:).50
60 1.
a35
40
0.35
0.x
0.40
Tall to
'0(1 of—
1.35
0.30
7.
900.40
00 0.30
95
75
50
75% 4
0.C9
0.64
0.C9
0.05
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
"■
. 95 0.
.000.
X60
0.68
0.
0.08
0.75
0.
0 05
55 0.70
94A.63
53 0. 60
59 0.60
58 0.68
... 0.55
... 0.57
0.48
850.65|o.6J
65 ..
350.350.
aoo.99|o.
90 0. 30 0. 8a;a so
00 a 46 I.
I.35{1.S5'6.
409.
I.30 9L
... t
00.... .
50|a351,
950.401.
ool ...I.
a.meo
...0.65
000.58
100.58
'1
O.SJ
0.63
0.65
0.7;
0.66
0.6S
0.70
cf ; .Juno 9fi ; perfect pelage.
9 ; Judo SO ; perfect pebge,
9 ; June 36 ; lM>rfect pelage,
ruro white, with dark spiiml itrlpo.
CbfiUKinx pelago,
do.
do.
do.
July 4 [ perfect pelade.
Julie ; perfect pelage.
Eutlrely white,
do.
May 99 ; Bummer pelage nearly
perfected.
Summer ; perfect pelage.
June 6 ; perfect pelage.
1i nearly perfect pelage.
do.
do.
Summer; perfect pelage.
do.
June 7 { vary rich colors.
Tonng.
do.
Young.
Winter ; perfectly white.
Summer pelage.
do.
Summer pelage ; greatly atrctch'd,
Summer pelage ; much atrotchod.
Summer pelage.
do.
Winter) almost white.
^ I
• Contained 5 cmliryos (VeFar.'aiw).
Genus FIBER, Cuvief.
0.f,;„
< Cflsfor, Linn., Syat. Nat. 1, 1706, 78. _ .y ,
< ifM«, Om,, 8yst. Nat. Ij 1788, 125. •,;■*' "J .v.' " ••> -
X Ifyooiutor, Kerr, " L. S. N. 1792 (type Mfopotamw ooyput)." . , ;
= Fiber, Cuv., "Lofons, i, 1800 (typo Ctulor tibethiciu)."
< Lmmu; FiscilKli, 8yn. 1829, 289. ' " ' ' t
= Ondatra, " LacAi'Sde."— Less., Man. 1827, 286 (type Cattor nbethiciu).
Chars. — Largest of the family. Fortr arvicoliae, but tail nearly as long
as body without head, compressed, nearly naked, reticulate. Hind feet set
obliquely; soles naked, q'lP'M-tubercuk-e ; toes incompletely webbed. Fore
arm bristle-fringed. Muhlc hairy, except the nasal pads. Ears small, with
•rrafe ..»
T
/
252
M0N001{AI'liS OF NOUTII AMERICAN KODENTIA.
SfW:;:;-
proininnnt aiij^ular iintitrngus. Whiskers sliort. Pelnge laniiginous, beset with
mimeroiis long, glossy hairs. Mainiiiit' six. Highly developed jierina'al glands.
13pntition strictly arvicoiiiie in every respect ;* skull thoroughly arvicoline;
hut sijuuiiiosuls greatly expanded, with corresponding reduction of parietals
and interparietal; interorbital constriction of frontal at a maximum; anterior
border of outer wall of anteorbital foramen wholly underneath the rm)t of
the zygoma. An angular ])roces8 of squamosal overhanging orbit behind;
zygomatic spur of squamosal touching zygomatic process of maxillary; jugal
a mere splint applied internally.
Fiber is a true arvicoline, showing every essential character of the sub-
family as distinguished from Marina, and presenting no features of more than
generic grade. Its cranial and dental characteristics depart but little, and
only in superficial respects of mere contour; while its more considerable
external modifications relate entirely to the highly aquatic habits of the
animal. In the upper jaw, the lirst molar has an anterior triangle, two
interior and two exterior triangles, alternating, the first interior following the
anterior one. The second molar has an anterior, an interior, and two exterior
triangles, alternating, the first exterior following the anterior one. The back
molar has an anterior, then an exterior, then an interior triangle, finishing
with a simple posterior jj-, V-i or Y'shaped treffle. In the lower jaw, the
first molar, which is wider than, and nearly as long as, the other two together,
consists of an anterior treffle, three exterior and four interior triangles, and a
posterior loop across the tooth ; but the anterior pair of these lateral triangles
do not always close up, so that they frequently resemble mere lobes of the
anterior treffle, leaving but two exterior and three interior perfectly closed
triangles. The middle molar consists of two exterior and two interior alter-
nating closed triangles and a posterior transverse loop. The back molar
repeats the middle one, but is still smaller, and the first (antero-exterior)
triangle may be a mere spur, or obsolete. The upper incisors describe an
almost perfect semicircle in the jaw; their face is plnue, very oblique; they
are deeply beveled behind by attrition with the under incisors; these
traverse the lower jaw to the root of the condylar process. The jaw is
massive ; the coronoid is on a level with, or overlaps, the condyle ; the
descending process is hamular, as usual, and much twisted.
* Aiulubon (i. 107) iioticps some siiigulur orront antbors bavo couiinitt^il in deBcribiug tbe duntltiou ;
Illigcr, GriQltb, VViegmuuu, unil Kuthu aiwiguiug tbo uiulura
4.j
4-4"
'
MURID^— AKVICOLlNiK— FIBEU.
253
The stout zygomata do not dip down nearly to Uic palatal plane; the
maxillary plate su])porting thcin in front is large; beliiiul, they curve up to
the squamosals with moderate angularity. The areli is expanded in the
middle, much as in the Lemmings and the stouter Arvicolas, chiefly by the
laminar character of the jugal at this point; but the jugal is a mere splint,
not forming by itself any part of the continuity of the arch, for the squamosal
and maxillary spurs are absolutely in contact. This is a strong point of Fiber,
for in other Arvicolines these s|)urs, however closely approximated, do not
suturally unite. The parietals and interparietal are at a muiimum size, coin-
cident with the encroachment of the highly developed squamosals; behind,
the squamosal vacuities are large ; in front, this bone protrudes as an angular
process into the orbital space, but this is merely an exaggeration of the
smaller protuberance of other ArvicolincB. The constriction of the frontal in
the interorbital region is at a maximum, the skull being here obviously nar-
rower than the rostrum. The nasals and internmxillaries are of about equal
lengths; neither extend beyond the anterior root of the zygoma. In the
adult, the occipital bone shows no trace of its elements ; the paroccipital
processes are lengthened spurs ; the upper border of the bone forms, with
the continuous squamosal border, a strong sinuate crest, separating the
parietal from the occipital plane. The foramen magnum is usually eraarginate
superiorly. The auditory bullse are not peculiar. The palate ends behind
opposite the middle of the last molar as a doubly emarginate shelf, showing
a median azygos protuberance with a fossa on either side ; it shows likewise
other lateral fossse or canals along its surface. The incisive foramina are
relatively short and constricted ; they rarely, if ever, reach to opposite the
molars behind, nor more than two-thirds the distance thence to the incisors
in front. The rostrum is tumid and obtuse, the nazals fulling fiir short of a
perpendicular tangent to the incisors. In all this, it will be observed. Fiber
shows slight specialization of ordinary arvicoline characters.
Externally, however, the modifications are stronger, in face of special
habitus. The under fur is even more woolly than in the Lemmings, and the
pelage is further conspicuous for the many stiff and glistening hairs with
which it is beset ; besides these, the antibrachium has a peculiar fringe of still
stifTer bristles. The sides of the hands and feet are likewise fringed with
hairs, but the soles and palms are perfectly naked ; above, these members are
closely pilous with very short adpressed hairs. The palms have five tuber-
if
Ill
I
254
MONOGRAPHS OF NOUTH AMERICAN UODENTIA.
; I
iiii
iiiii
rlcs, ns usual; tlio solos, on tlio contrary, only four — onn long, lengthened,
postero-intcrnai, and three others at tlic bases of the Ist, 2d, and 4th-5th
toes. The skin of tlie soles is not granular nor obviously reticulate, though
it is crossed with lines in tlic dried state. The Ist toe is but little shorter
than the 5th, tlic claw of which falls short of that of the 4th ; this last is
rather the longest, the 3d and 2d decreasing a little. The rudimentary thumb
bears a claw ; the other fore digits are subequal in length, and all long. As
in many other aquatic mammals, the whole foot is set obliquely on the leg, go
that its edge and not its surface may be opposed to the water in the forward
movement of the member, and vice versd. The modification of tlie tail into
tiie 8oml)lance and for the purpose of a rudder is the most remarkable fea-
ture of the animal. This member is strongly flattened sideways in nearly all
its extent, permitting readiest lateral flexion and but little up-and-down move-
ment. The vertical width of the tail is increased by a fringe of stiffish hairs
above and below ; on the sides, the skin is almost naked, and cut into number-
less scales, showing a disposition to form the rings so conspicuous in Mus ;
but their annular allignment is not perfect, the general arrangement being
nearer a quincunx. The ear does not show such development of the anti-
tragus, or other mechanism for excluding water, as might have been antici-
pated ; but it is so small, so furry, and so deeply buried in the general pelage,
that no additional contrivance is required. The eye is very small ; the muffle,
completely furry except on the small nasal pads, is very obtuse, with thick
fleshy lips, not clefl at the median septum ; there are fleshy enlargements and
hairy patches within, serving to diminish the oral aperture. The whiskers
are short, sparse, and stiff; there are other bristles over the eyes and under
the chin.
FIBER ZIBETHICUS, (L.) Cuv.
Huskrat.
Castor ziheihicu), Linn., Sygt. Nat. '., 17G6, 79, no. 3 (qnoteo Brisson, Kalm, and Sarrazin). — Erxl,, Syst.
Bug. Anim. i, 1777, 444, no. il.—hoDD., Elencli. Anim. i, 1784, 1(56.
Mm zibethioua, Sciiukb., Siiug. iv, " 1792", 038, pi. 176.— Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 125, no. 2 (qnotes Sohro-
bor).— Shaw, Gen. Zool. ii, 1801, 44, pi. 129 (lower figure).
MyocaHlor iibethiais, "Kbrr'8 LiunfBUs, 1792".
Ltmmui libethicus, "Fb. Cuv., Diet. 13c. Nat. vi, 310, fig. — ".— Fiscn., Synop. 1829, 289, no. 1.
fiber tibelhicm, Cuv., R. A. i, 1817, 192.— Desm., Mamm. ii, 1822, 279; Encyc. M6th. pi. 67, f. 6; Nonv.
Diet, xxiii, 506.— Sad., Frankl. Jonrn. 659.— Hahlan, Fn. Anier. 1825, 132.— Griffith, Auini.
Kingfl. V, 1827, 208.-GODMAN, Am. Nat. Hist, ii, 2d ed. 1831, 58.— Rich., F. B. A. i, 1829, 115
(describes black, white, and pied varieties).— DeKay, N. Y. ZooI. i, 1842, 75, pi. 20, f. K, pi.
32, f. 3 (skull).— SciiiNZ, 8yn. ii, 1845, 257.— AuD. & Bach., Q. N. A. i, 1849, 108, pi. 13.—
Kknnicott, Agric. Rep. U. 8. Potent Office for 1856, 18C>7, 105, pi. 14.-Baird, M. N. A. 1857,
561.-BuLaER, P. Z. 8. 1865, 682 (bobits).- Coueb, Proo. Acad. Nut. 8oi. Phila. 1874, 190.—
CovKB & Yarrow, Zool. Expl. W. lOOtb Merid. 1870, — ; and of authors generally.
II
MUUIDiE— BIIJLIOOUAIMIICAL APPENDIX.
255
Onilalra eibelhtcut, Lesh., Mnn. IKW, 1W«, no. 703.— Watehii., Chorlc»w. Miig. iii, 1830, 504.
Ondatra americana, "TlKUKM., Zik)1. i, 4ril".
t MhfT Moyoofentit, LoiiD, P. Z. 8. 18(Kt, 00.
ifiu«ucHir, "Bmith'h VirKiiiiu, Wia, 'J7".
Jdukral, Lawson, Cor. 17i;i, 120.— HnicK., N. Car. 1737, ISO.— Bili.inqr, Canad. Nat. and Oeol. il, IRW,
106 (Imbitx).— Loiii), ibid, iii, I8(i8, 45(ljabita).— Fisii, Aiii«r. Nut.T, 1871, 314 (partial alliiiio).
Bat mutqui, Saiiiiazin, MtStn. de I'Acad. 1725, 33:), pi. 11, f. 1, 2.— Ciiaulkv., Nuiiv. Fr. iii, 1744, 107.—
Saoard-Thkoo., Canad. 771.
Itat maiqui du Canada, liliiss., R^gne Anini. 1700, 136, no. 4.
Ondatra, Buff., Hist. Nat. x, 1, pi. 1.— "Alkss., Quad, iii, pi. 114, f, 1. "— Dmmouuns, "Diet. Class.
iii, 100".
iluik Bearer, Foiibt., Pliilos. Trans. Ixii, 1772, 375.— Penn., Sjn. Quad. 1771, 250, uo. 101 ; Hist. Quod.
1781, no. 252; Arct. Zool. i, 1784, lOG, no. 41.
Zibetliratze, " MOi.l., Nature, i, 1773, Xa ". '
itiuqiuuk, IlEAliNE, Journ. 370.— Uulokr, P. Z. S. 18C5, 052 (liobits).
IIauitat. — North America.
' - Having already given, under head of the genus, a sufficient description
of the only recognized species, we do not consider it necessary to enter into
further detail respecting so well-known an animal, concerning which we have
no new information to offer.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX.
[Note.— Besides the nnnierons general treatises already cited as bearing in dne part npon North
American Murida, the following special works and popere relating to the Murida at large nioy b« note<I.
The American literature of the subject is believed to hove been very fully indexed ; otherwise, the list
is supposed to be far fVom complete. Many of the foreign titles are borrowed from Carus onC Cngelraaun,
and those which have not been verifled by actual reference may not prove to be literally correct.]
IffSO. . WunderzeitUDg von Mitusen so in Norwegcn aus der Luft gefalleu
Bind. Anno 1670. Ulssen. 1680. 4to.
16S3. — Worm, O. Historia animalis [Myodes] quod in Norvagia e uubibns decidit.
HafnioB. 1663. 4to. pp. 66, pll.
1694. — Bartholinus, T. Maris Noragici, Lemmendes [Myodes leinmus] anatome.
< HiBtor. Anatom. Cent. 2, 1654, pp. 300-303.
1003. — Leeuwenhoeck, A. On the testicles of a Bat, and the animalcules therein
contained ; [etc.]. < Pbilos. Trans, xvii. 1603, no. 100, pp. 603, 604.
1003. — Waller, R. Some observations on the dissection of a Bat < Philos. Trans.
'^■' xvii. 1703, no. 106, pp. 504-506.
1000. — Wegner, G. Tractatus de Battis, damnoso truculentoque inter mures
populo, quo Neostadium Ebersvaldense . . . liberatum est. Gcdaui. 1600. 4to.
pp. 111.
1000.— Rycaut, P. A relation of the small creatures called Sable-Mice [Myodcs]
which have lately come in Troops iuto Lapland, about Thorne, and other Places
at^jacent to the monntains, iu Innumerable Multitudes. < Philos. Trans, xxi.
1690, no. 251, pp. 110-112. ^
i
Ui'i
i|i!i ^
250
MONOUHAPU8 OF NOUTIl AMERICAN HODENTIA.
1714.— Sarrasin, — OhMTViition siir le Rnt d'Aindriqiip. <TIiHt. & M6ni. Acnd.
Kc. I 'hi is, 1714, pp. L'fl, 27.
1 710. — Linnsus, C. Annierkiiiig ilber die Thioro [Myodes] von denen in Norwegon
gcMiigt wird, dnsH Hio auH den Wolkun konimen. < Abhnndl. d. Hcbwed. Akad.
ii. 171(t, i)p. 7r>-S2, niit Abbild.
I7'13.— [D6derlein, J. A.] Clitornocbus, curioBes Gespriich vou Miiusen, dereu iio-
tiliiiubuI)e8cbaffenbciteii,uuter8cbiedeueOattungen,mnncberleiEigcn8cbaften,
[etc.] Schwalbnch uud Leipzig. 8vo. 1743. pp. 138.
1749.— Httgstrbm, P. Aunierkung tiber die Tbiere [Myodes], die in Norwegen
HUM den Wolken komnien solleii. < Abbaudl. Scbwed. Akad. si. 1740, pp. 10-:j7.
1761. — Bergius, B. Bcscbreibuugeiuerweiatteu Maus. <Abbundl.iJub wed. Akad.
xxiii. 1701, pp. 317-322.
1770.— Jaehrig, — . Sur lea liats d'ean [Arvicola auipbibiusj. <Acta Acad.
Petrop. 1779, pp. 00, 07.
1781. — Pallas, P. S. Uober die am Wolgaatrome bcinerkteu Wanderangen der
groBsen Wasseriniiase (Mus [Arvicola] amphibius). < Neue Nord. Beit. i. 1781,
pp. 335-338.
1788. — StrSin, H. Om Lemenden (Mus [Myodes] norvegicus). < Nye Saminlg.
Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. ii. 1788, pp. 300-374.
1 793. — Cotugni, G. Ueber die ElektricitUt der Haasmans. < Licbt.- Voigt's Mag.
Bd. viii. St. iii. 1793, pp. 121, 122.
1799. — Ljungh, S. I. Mus [Arvicola] ampbibius deser. < Nova Acta Soc. Upsal.
V. 1790, pp. 5-10.
1 800. — Friske, O. Account of tbe resuscitation of a Mouse found in a torpid slate,
enclosed in a fossil substance. < Mem. Amer. Acad. ii. pt. ii. 1800, pp. 124, 125.
180«I. — Mewes, — . Einige Bemerkungen Uber die Oekouomie der Feldmause.
< Wiedemann's Arcb. f. Zool. und Zoot. Bd. iv. St. 2, 1805, pp. 172-174.
1800. — Wiedemann, C. R. W. Anatomiscbe Bescbreibnng der Haru- und Ge-
scblechtswerkzeuge der mannlicben Batte. < Arcb. Zool. u. Zoot. v. 1806,
pp. 1-12.
1814. — Leach, W. E. [On Arvicola xanthoguatba.] < Zool. Miscell. (Loud.) i.
1814, p. CO.
1817. — Rafinesque, C. S. Description of seven new genera of North American
quadrupeds [Myuomes, etc.]. Amer. Moutbly Jonrn. ii. 1817, pp. 44-46.
1818. — Rafinesque, C. S. Further discoveries in Natural History, made during a
journey through tbe Western States [Musculus leucopus, M. nigricans, spp.
nn.]. < Amer. Monthly Mag. iii. 1818, pp. 445, 446.
1 830. — Hartmann, G. L. Beitrage zur Naturgescbicbte der in der Scbweiz einheim.
iscben Miiusearten. < Meisuer Naturw. Anzeig. d. AUg. Scbweiz. Ges. iii.
Jabrg. 1820, pp. 37-39.
183S.— Quix, C. Naturbescbreibung der Feldmtiuse und des Hamsters, uebst Mit-
teln zu ilirer Vertilgung. 8vo. Aachen. 1822.
1833.— Nicati, C. Commentatio de Muredomestico, sylvaticoetnrvali. 8vo. 1822.
MUIUIhi:— BlIlLKKiUArillCAL Al'IMCNDIX.
2r)7
1 1433.— Traill, T. S. [On Miih (i, e. Mjodcs) grociilniKlicim (sp. ii.), in Zool. App.
(p. 417) SforfHb.v'« Juurn. Vtiy. to tbe N'orthiTn Whale rislii'ij.] 1 vol. Hvo,
EdinbnrKli. WS.i.
1 89S, — Say, T., iinil Ord, G. A now gcnnti [Neotonin] of Miininiiiliiv prnpoNcd, inid
a UoHuription of tliu species |N. tlorldanii] upon wliich it is I'oiinded. <; <I(iui'ii.
Acad. Nat. »ci. riiiln. iv. 1825, pp. 315-34'J, pll. 21, 'S2, figs. 1-4— Zool. .loniii.
ii. 181!0, |)p. 293-21)0.
1899. — Ord, G. An account of a new species of the genua Arvicola [A. ripariuHj.
< Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila. iv. 182ri, pp. 'M'l, 300.
l89tS. — Say, T., and Ord, G. Description of [Signiodon hispidusj a new species
of Miiiumalin, whereon n genuF, is proposed to be founded. < Journ. Acnd.
Nat. Sci. rhila. iv. 1825, pp. 352-355, pi. 22, figs. 5, 0.— Zool. Journ. ii. 1820,
pp. 200-299.
1N9S. — Douglas, S. An Account of the unexampled devastations committed by
Field-Mice in the Forest of Deun in Oloucestershiro, and in the New Forest
in Hampshire, dnriug the years 1813 and 1814. < Zoological Journal, i. 1825,
pp. 43.3-444.
1 830. — Harlan, R. Description of a new species of North American quadruped
I Arvicola ferruglneus]. < Amer. Journ. Sci. x. 1820, p. 285.— Ann. of Philos.
u. B. xii. 1826, 238.
■ 837. — Say, T., and Ord, G. Neue Siiugethiersippe [Neotoma, Sigmodon]. < Isis,
XX. 1827, pp. 1035-1030. (From Journ. Phila. Acad.)
1837. — Brants, A. Ilet Geslacht der Muizen [Muridoi] door Linnicus opgcsteld,
volgeus de tegenwoordige Toestaud der Wetenschap in Faniilien, Geslacbteii
en Soorten verdeeld . . . Mot eene Plaut. Berlyn. Oedrukt ter Akademischo
Bookdrukkery. 1827. 8vo. pp. xii, 190, 2 1., 1 pi.
1838. — Gloger, C. W. L. Aphorismen iiber die in Deutschlaud, besonders in
Schlesien einheimiscfaeu kleinen Arteu der Gattung Mus. < Isis, 1828, pp.
899-912.
1 838. — Gloger, C. W. L. Ueber den Nestbau der Zwerg-Maus, Mus miuutus, Pall.
[u. 8. w.]. Bonn. 1828. 4to. (Aus dem Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. xiv. 1.)
1830. — Le Conte, J. Description of a new species [Psammomys (nee KUpp) pine-
torum] of the order liodentia. < Ann. Lye. Nat. llist. N. Y. ii. 1829, pp. 132,
133, pi. 2.
1 833.— Bennett, E. T. [Mas longicaudatus, n. sp.] < Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. ii.
1832, p. 2. (Isis, 1835, p. 365.)
1 833.— Bennett, E. T. [On two new species of Mus,] < Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. n.
1832, pp. 121, 122.
1833. — Macgillivray, W. Description of a species of Arvicola [A. ater] common
in Aberdeenshire. < Mem. Wern. Soc. vi. 1832, pp. 424-429,
1833. — Harlan, R. Description of a new species of quadruped of the genua
Arvicola [A. nuttallij. < Monthly Amer. Journ. Oeol. & Nat. Sci. Pbila. i.
1832, p. 440.
17 u
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
11.25
■ 50 ""^
12.5
1^ Uii |2.2
u IkI
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»K)NO«lJAlMIS OF XOKTII AMIiUICAN ItODKNTtA.
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1 833.— Gcoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 6. Ati.ilysod'un iii6moiro: DocouvcrteUo kIimi(1»'8
monotretniqiii'H clio/. to Itat dVuii [Arvioolit ninpbibius], etc. < LMimtitut, i.
IS.!, J, 111). \, jtp. L'8, 2!).
IS30.— Selys-Longchamps, E. de. Essai inoiiogrii|iliiqno siir U>8 Cniii|>ngiiol8
dcs tMivirons de L:es« [etc.]. gr. 8\o. Liego. isao. (L'lnstitut, Iv. p. 382.)
1 830.— Waterton, C. Nutes on the liLstury niid habits of the lirowii or Gn-y Itat
(Miis dccuiiisiiiUH). <; Lomloii'rt Mug. ix. IS-'JO, pp. 1-C.
1837'.~Harlan, R. Doscriptioii of n new species of qiiudnipcd of tlio order
]{odentiii, iiihnbitiiig Iho United StateH [Miis pnUi^tri^t]. < Am. Jouru. Qui.
x.\i. 1837, pp. 385, ,180.
1 >»37.— Waterhouse, G. R. [(Jhiiracters of the genus and two s|>ceic8 of lieithro-
don.] < I'roc. Zool. Soc. Ldnd, v. 18.37, p. L'9.
1 837.— Waterhouse, G. R. [Characters of new siwcies of the genus Mus.] < Proo.
Zool. Soc. Lond. v. 18;J7, pp. 15-21, 27-29, 70, 77, 101, 1()5.
1 838.— Waterhouse, G, R. ClasMillciition du groupe Mus. < L'lnstitat, vi. 1838,
no. 243, p. 27U.
1830. . Benierkungcn ilber Mus rattus. < Froriep's N. Nat. xi. no. 212,
183!>, pp. 337-341.
1 830.— Waterhouse, G. R. Jliiuse aus Siidanierikii. < Isis, 1830, . i.. 140-142.
1830. — Selys-Longchamps, E. de. Cimipagnuls inedits [Arvicola*. spp. nu.].
< IN'vue Zoologl(|ue, 183!), pp. 8, 9.
1830.— Selys-Longchamps, E. de. I^ludes do Microinaninialogie. Kevuu dvs
Miistiraignes, des liats et des Onni|)agtiols, [etc.]. gr. 8vo. I'uris. 1839.
1 830.— Rctzius, A. ()m Slagens byggniid hos de i Svcrige lorekoniniaude Artor
nf Sliigtet Leinnins Nilsson [ — llypuda-us, IlligerJ. < Kongl. Svensk. Vet.
Akad. Hand!. 1830, pp. 120-138. (Miiller's Arch. 1841, pp. 403-420 (ilbers.
von F, C. (Jreplin).— Coinptes lieudus Ac. Sc. Paris, xiii, 1841, pp. 980-988.—
Isis, 1842, p. 340.)
1810.- Martins, C. Stir les migrations et les moeurs des lA>mmus norvogicus
Hny. < Soc. Philom. Extr. Proems Verb. 1840, pp. 80-82. (L'Institut, viii.
1840, no. ;JiO, p. 272.— Kev. Zool. 1840, pp. 193-200.— Fror. N. Kat. xviii. no.
390, 1841, pp. 240-248.)
1 8'10.— Waterhouse, G. R. Diagnosen der neuen Miiuse, welcho anf Darwin's
Itcise enfdeckt wurdeu. < Arch. f. Nattiig. vi. Jahrg. Dd. i. 1840, pt. 174-180,
281-284.
1 8 10.— Martins, C. Observation sur les migrations et les moeurs des I.iemniiug.<«.
< Uevuc Zoi)logi(]ue, 1840.
1810. — Sundevall, C. J. Tvenno lor Sverige nya Gnagarcnrter saint Fandbyggna-
den hos Arvicohi och Myodes. < Kongl. Sveusk. Vet. Akad. Uaudl. 1810,
pp. l.'i-30, pi. (Isis, 184.'), pp. 108-115.)
1811.- Pictet, F. J. Description d'unc nouvclle espece do Itat [Miis Icucogaster]
tronvce aux environs de ticueve. < Mem. de la Soc. do Phys. t-t d'lJist. Nat.
ix. 1811, pp. 151-100, pi.
X
MUltlDiE— BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AI'I'ENDLX.
2;VJ
18<ll. — RetziuB, A. Siir la structure do l'o8tomac do troisospecrsdu Rat. <Coiii|i-
tc8 RoiidiiH Ao. 8c. I'ariH, xiii. 1841, pp. 080-088.
1841. — Selys-Longchamps, E. de. Note sur le Mna [i. e. Arviculu] ngroHtis L.
<Bull. Acad. Biux. 184J, pp. 234-237.
1841. — Selys-Longchcmps, E. de. Nuto mir les CampagnolN (Arvicola) de la
Suisse. < Verb. 8vbweiz. Naturf. Gosvll., 20 Versaoiinl., ZUricb, 1841, pp.
180-101.
1841. — Selys-Longchamps, E. de. Surica Cauipnguols [Arvicula;]. <LMi)(ititut,
ix. 1841, p. 4U4.
1 849.— Tobias, R. Din ZwergmauH [Kfus mlnutiiN]. < lm», 1842, pp. 337-330.
1843. — Martins, C. [Arvicola nivalis, sp. ii.J <Ciuipte8 Reiidus Ac. 8c. Paris,
XV. 1842, pp. 805, 800.
1843. — Lilljsborg, N. IIcskririilDg af tveniie for Skandiiiaviciis Fauna tiya
Diiggdjur [Myodcs scbisticolor, u. sp., ocb 8ori'x pigiiiueus]. < Kongl. Vet.
Aknd. llandlgr. 1843, pp. 0o-74, pi. — .
1 843. — Martins, C. Note sur I'ArvicoIu nivalis, nouvelle cspece do Campngnul
babitaiit la region des neigea 6tvriielk-a dans les Allies de Suisse. < Ann.
Sc. Nat. 2e ecr. Zool. xix. 1843, pp. 87-100. (L'Institut, xi. 1843, no. 400, p.
244.)
1843. — Pecchioli, V. Bcobacbtungen ilbcr verscbiedene Feldaisiuso [Arvicuhu]
in der Gegend von Pisa. < Isis, 1843, i)p. 008-073.
1844. — Sundevall, C. J. Mas minutus, ny liir Nordens Fauna. <0fver8. Kongl.
Vet. Akad. Forb. 1844, p. 25.
1844. — Sundevall, C. J. Oiu Myodes scbisticolor. < (ii'vcrs. K. Vet. Akud. Foili.
1844, p. 101 ; 184.1, p. 188.
1844. — Lilljeborg, N. Svenska Arter af Myotlea [JI. scbisticolor] ocb Sorex.
< Ofvers. K. Vet. Akud. Fiirb. 1844, p. 33. (Isis, 1840, jip. 0^0-001.)
1844. — Nilsson, S. Qui S!iigtet Leniuius Gcoflr. < Ofvers. Kong. Svensk. Akad.
Fmli. 184Jj pp. 34, 35, 82.
I81*S.— Hodgson, B. H. On tbc Rats, Mice, and Sbrewa of Ibo central region of
Nepal. < Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist. sv. 1845, pp. 206-270.
1849. — Keyserling, A., and Blasius, J. H. Itesclireibung einer neue Feldinaus
(Arvicola ratticeprj. < M6m. Acad. St. Pi^tersb. iv. 1845, pp. 310-334. (Bull.
8u. Acad. 8t. P^tersb. ix. pp. 33-34.— Nuov. Ann. delle Sc. Nat. vii. pp. 202,
203.)
1847.~Martins, C. Deuxieiue note sur le Canipnguol des neigea (Arvicola
nivalis). . < Ann. 8c. Nat. 3e. b6t. Zool. viii. 1847, pp. 103-203.
1847.— Selys-Longchamps, E. de. Distribution g^ograpbiquo des Campagnola
[Arvicola;] en Europe. < Revue Zoologique, 1847, pp. 305-312.
1 847.— Townsend, J. K. [Exbibition of a "Singir - Mouse".] < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Pbila. iii. 1847, p. 202.
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MONOdlJArilS OF SOHTU AMinUCAN KODENTIA.
I ^47.— Abbott, S. L. |()ii a " Singing Moiiro".] < Proc. Dost. Soc. Nut. IliHt. ii.
1847, i>|). Ml, L'(!'-'.
1 847.— Ray. J. Note sur I'Arvicola cuniciilnrius IJny. < Kcviio Zoologiqiie, 1847,
))|). ;ii;(-.tir..
1848.— Gambel, W. DoBcription of two new Calirorniii qnndrniicds [Mus ctili-
fornicus]. < Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. iv. 1848, pp. 77-8»'q.
1848.— Gould, A. A. [On a Singing Mou8P.] < I'loc. Lust. Hue. Nat. Hist. iii.
184S, p. 4.
1848.— Gray, J. E. OliFcrvutionH on M.vodes liud8onic>ns, and otiipr Bpi'cies of (ho
giMiUH MyudcH. < rroc. 7.i.u\. Soc. Lend. xvi. 1848, pp. 4.'t, 44.
1849.— Struve, — von. UtliT weisso MiiiiEe. Frorii'p's Nat. 3fe lU'ihe, ix. 1849,
pp. l<.»y-l!)7.
1 840.— Erslev, E. Oni nnglo Attrr af nnrdl»kc Muns. < Ftirli. Skand. Natiir-
forsk. V. Mode, (lt-47) 1849, pp. 944, 94r..
18{I1.— Belke, G. Notice Mir Tapparition en Podolie d'une mnltitiido do Cam-
pagnoJH et quelqncs rcmaiqnes siir l'identi(6 du I'Arvicola arvalis et dii A. sub-
terranens Sclys. < Unll. Sop. Imp. Natnr. Mosc. xxiv. 1851, pp. 549-5.j7.
I8S3.— Malm, A. W. Ziir Naturgpficbidite dps Lemmings (Myodes lemiuus).
< Fror. Tugsber. no. 479 (Zool. Bd. '2), 1852, pp. U8G-288.
1 8jS9. — Gerbe, Z. [Aivieola Icucurns, A. selysii, spp. un.] < Comptes Kendns
Ac. 8c. Paris, xxxiv. 1852, pp. 09, 092.
1853. — Blasius, J. H. Iteitiiigc ziir Kenntniss der Gattuug Arvicola [u. s. w.J.
< Hull Akad. Miinehpn, 1853, pp. 257-259. , -
18S3. — Le Conte, J. Description of three new species of American Arvicola*, with
remarks on some otiier North American Itodents. < Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci.
Phila. vi. 185,5, pp. 404-41.5.
1833. — Woodhouse, S. W. Description of a new species of Monse of the genns
lIcHperomys, Waterhouse fU. texauaj. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi.
185;i, p. 242.
1 8«S4.— Blasius, J. H. Iteitiiige zur Kenntniss der Gattang Arvicola nnd der
deutscben Fledermiiiise. < Lotos, Jahrg. iv. 1854, pp. 83-87, 98-100.
18tl4.— Burtneister, H. Uelier ^iidnmerikauische Murinen. < Abhand. Nat.
Gesellsch. Halle, ii. (Silz. Ber.) 1854, pp. 3-9.
1 8«J4. — Gerbe, Z. Desci iption d'une nonvelle espdcc dn genre Arvicola [A. ibericaj.
< llvv. et iMiig. de Zool. 2e fi'r. vi. 1854, pp. 008-013, pi. — ,
18ff4.— Gerbe, Z. Observations pour sprvir t\ I'bistoire do I'Arvicola incertus de
BpIjs. < liev. pt Mag. de Zool. 2e ser. vi. 1854, pp. 359-372, 695-008, pll.
1 8ffS. — Dehne, A. Mns miiSf'ulns L., die Uausniaus und ihro Varietaien. < Allg.
dents, ntrb. Zi-it. n. F. Bd. i. 1855, p. 174.
1 8tS«I.— Dehne, A. Mus sylvaticus L., die Waldmaus uud ihre Vurietiiten.
< Allg. deuts. ntrh. Zeit. n. F. i. 1855, p. 181.
MURID/E-BIDLIOOKArniCAL APPENDIX.
2G1
tSSS. — Dehne, A. Mus deniimaniiR Pull., dio Wnixlerratto uiid ibro Vnrictiilcn.
< AUg. doiits. iitrli. Zcit. ii. F. lid. i. ISTm, pp. HJ9-174.
I StlS.— Hensel, P. [Uubur Mittollu'riuiia, ii. g., ii. h. w.j < Zoitnclir. Doutacb. (ieol.
Oi'sell. vii. IrtSS, pp. 458-.srq.
I§«KI. — Dawson, J. H. Ou tbo Mpecics of Merioncs and Arvicolos found in Nova
Hcotiu. < Cdnud. Journ. iii. 1803, p. ;t88. (Hup. Urit. Aiwoc. 1805, pt. 2, p. IIU. —
New Pliil. Journ. KJinburgb, iii. 1800, pp. 1-4.)
I tiSiS, — Le Conte, J. Detioription of two new fi()euios of UeRperoinys [Q. cognutuH,
II. gracilis]. < P^^oc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. vii. 1803, p. 441.'.
1 8S0. — Krauss, F. Die Dnufiratte in Stuttgart. < Wilrtembcrg utrw. Jabrcsb.
Jubrg. xii. 1800, pp. 117, 118.
18A0.— Gaskoin, J. S. [On Mus musculna var. nudoplicatus.] < Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. sxiv. 1800, pp. 38-40.
1 8<I0.— Crisp, E. [Ou a hairless Mus musculus.J < Proc. Zool Soc. liond. 1800, p. 100.
1890. — Dehne, A. Arvicola neglectus, Tboinps. < Allg, duutscbe naturb. Zeit.-
n. F. ii. 1800, pp. 222, 223.
I SS7. — Lister, J. On tbe flow of tbe lacteal fluid in tbo mcncntcry of tbe Mouse.
< Ib>p. Brit. Assoc. 1807, p. 114.
1857. — Gould, J. On four new siiecies of Mus [etc.] from Australia. < Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond. XXV. 1807, pp. 241-243. (Ann. & Mag. Nut. Hist. 3d ser. i. 1808, pp.
220-232.)
I8«I7.— Anon. [Billings, E.] Tbe Muskrat (Fiber zibetbicns). <Canad. Nat. &
Ueol. ii. 1807, pp. 100-111.
1857.— Kennicott, R. [Ou Muridte of Illinois.) <Proc. Uost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vi.
1837, p. 183.
1 897. — Pucheran, J. Sur la forme et la disposition des ongles dans qnelqnes espbcea
de la famille des Muridi^s. < Soc. Pbilom. Extr. Proems Verb. 1807, pp. 20-30.
(L'Inatitut, xxr. 1807, uo. 1200, pp. 77-70.)
1 857.— Bishop, H. W. [Ou a pair of albino Rats.] < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vi.
1807, p. 301.
1857. — WoUey, J. Bemaerkuinger om forskjellige Arter af Sliigten Lemmus L.,
etc. < Fiirb. Skand. Naturforsk. vii. Mode. (1800), 1807, pp. 210-224.
i858. — Philippi, R. A. nnd Landbeck, L. Bescbreibung ciuiger neueu cbile-
niscben Miiuse. < Arcb. f. Nsitnrg. xxiv. 1808, Bd. i. pp. 77-8i.
1803. — Lord, J. K. Notes on two now species of mammals [Fiber osoyoosensis,
Lugomys minimus]. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1803, pp. 00-08.
1804.— Troschel, F. H. [Uober Murido;.] <Verb. nat. hist. Prenss. Bheinl. a.
Wcstpb. xxi. 1804, HI.
1804.— Swinhoe, R. On a new Rat [Mus coningn] from Formosa. <Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond. 1804, pp. 180-187.
1804. — Heuglin, T. H. [Mus zebra, sp. u., from Central Africa.] < Nova Acta
Acad. Carol.Leop. Nut. Cur. xxiii. 1804, p. 10.
Jii
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m
m
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! I
I '
2(52
MOKOGIlArnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
1804. — Malmgren, A. [rx>mninf<riifocniiu8, L. iiorwcgicu8,iii rinmurk.] < Orvors.
Sveimk. Vet. Acud. Forli. 18M, p. 145.
1 HfKK.— Blyth, E. On Iiulinu liuts and Mice. <Juuiii. A8. Soo. Deng. 1805, pp.
iU'2-VM.
180«1.— Gunn, T. E. [On Mu8 <1fcainnnu8, with liypertropli}- of tlie skin.] < Zool-
ogist, 1805, p. 9045. {Cf. Ibid. p. 9708.)
1 80<S.— Bocage, J.V.Barboza du. Notieinacercados Arvicolasdcrortntral. 4to.
18&5. pp. 1 1. (C/. ZiHil. Ui'c. ii. pp. 5 and 41.)
1 80t1.— Bulger, G. E. Note on the hnliits of the Mucqnneh [Fil)er Eibetbicun] of
North America. < Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1805, |>. 082.
180<S. — De L'Isle, A. Do IVxi.stence d'uno race negre chez hi It»t- ou do l'idonlit<^
f)|)eciflqi)e du Mtis rattuH et du Mu8 nlesnndrinus. <; Ann. Ijc. Nnt. iv. 1805,
pp. 173-'.'2'i. (Cf. Zoul. Itec. ii. pp. 30-41.)
1 806. — Guyon, — . Sur le Lt^niming (Lernmns uorwegicns). < Compt. Rend. 18C0,
Sept. 7. Rev. & Mag. Zool. ISGO, pp. 425-132.
1800. — Peters, W. Note on a collection of Mice, made by Capt A. C Ueavan at
Maubhouui in 1805. <Proc. ZwI. Soc. 18C<I, pp. 558,5,59.
1 807.— Fatio, V. Ll'h Canipagnols du Iiii88iu du L^man. Vale et Geneve. 1807.
8vo. pp. 70, pll. col'd 0. (Cf. Zool. Rcc. iv. i»p. 29, .30.)
1807. — Gray, J. E. Notes on the variegated or yellow-tailed Rat8 of Australasia
[Mns (GymnoiuyH, g. n.) cclebensis, M. xunthuia, Acuntbomys lencopus, Echio-
thrix (g. n.) leucura, spp. nn.]. < Proc. Zool. Soc. 1807, pp. 697-000.
1 807. — Peters, W. [Uroniys niacropus, g. sp. n.] < Monatub. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1807, p. 313, pi.
1 807.— Jeitteles, — . [Ueber Mu8 rattus, u. 8. w.] < Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
1807, pp. 24-35.
1 807. — Troschel, F. H. [Ueber Mu8 rattns und alexuudrinas.] < Arcb. f. Naturg.
1800, Bd. ii. p. 170.
1 807.— Martens, — von. [Ueber Mus rattus nud akxandriuus.J < Zool. Gart. 1807,
pp. 178-184. 210-221.
1 867.--Krefrt, G. Notes on the MnnimulH and Birds of Cupe York, with descriptions
of two new Rodents of the genus Unpulotis [II. caudiiuaculatu, II. personataj.
<Proc. Zool. Soc. 1807, i>p. 310-319, woodcc.
1807. — Beger, H. Zur vergleichenden Anatomic der Wasserratte nnd Feldmans,
Arvicola nniphibius uud arvalis. < Zeilscbr. ges. Ntrwiss. xxx. 1807, pp.
145-184.
1 808.— Murie, J. [Mus rattus var. (an up. n. T) from Sydney or Hongkong.] <Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1808, pp. 157, 1,58.
1 868.— Peters, W. [Chiropodomys penicillatus, g. sp. n] <Monat8b. Akad. Wise.
1808, p. 448.
1 808.— Milne-Edwards, A. [Sipbnens related to Arvicola, not to Spahix.] <('omi)t
Reud. Ixvili. 1808, p. 438. (Ann. Mag. N. H. iii. 1809, 157.)
:.<»«i
MURIDiE— BinLIOORAPICAL AI'PKNDIX.
2G3
1808.— Brown, R. [MyotloH grixtilandicus (Traill) = M. liiulsoiiiiis (ForHt.)]
<Proc. Zool. Soc. 18(J8, p. 349.
1808. — Steenstrup, — . [OiiMuHisluudiuus.] <Vi(l.MotIilel. utrh. Foreu i KJiibcnb.
for 1807, 1808, p. 51.
18fl8>— Lord, J. K. Tbu Muskrats as builders and niiiii'ra. <Cuiiad. Nat. & Geol.
u. o. iii. 1808, jip. 45-50. (From the " Intellectual Observer.";
1800. — Caton, J. D. Tbo White-rooted or Deer Mouse [Ilesperomjs leucopasj.
< Anier. Nat. iii. 1809, pp. 119-121.
1 809.— Edwards, W. H. A Singing Mouse. < Anier. Nat. iii. 1809, pp. 651, 653.
1 800.— Fischer, J. von. [On breeding of gray aud white Mice.] < Zool. Onrt.
1809, p. 341.
1 800. — Fatio, V. [Mus poschiavinus sp. n. T] <Faune Suisse, p. 'M)T, pi. 7.
1800.— Cope, E. D. [Arvicola ciirtata sp. u.J < I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. IMiila.
1809, p. 2.
1 870.— Catalogue of the Mammals of China (south of tbo river Tungtsze) and of
the island of Formosa [Iii spp. of Mus; M. canna, M. losea, M. uiugpoensis,
8i)p. nn.]. < Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, pp. 015-053.
1 870. — Peters, W. [Neson.ys (g. n. allied to Desperoroys) rufus sp. n.] < SitKgsb.
Oes. nat. Fr. Berlin, 1870, p. 54.
1871.— Esmark, — . [Mus rattas iu Norway.] <Forb. Sclsk. Christian. 1871,
p. 480.
1871.— Kolazy, — . [On the habits, tameuess, and proliflcness of albino Mus rat-
tus.] < Verb. Zool.-Bot. Oesell. Wien, 1871, pp. 731- 734.
1871.— Milne-Edwards, A. [Melanism in Mus decumanus.J <Ann. So. Nat. sr.
1871, art. 7.
1871.— Mi!ne-Edwards, A. [Various new spp. Muridm.] <Recherch. Maramif.
passim.
1871. — BuUer, W. [Mus uovai-zclaudio! sp. n.] < Trans. New Zeal. Inst. iii. pp.
1-4, pi. i.
1871.— Zelebor, — . [Mus palmarum sp. n.] < Novara, Stiugelb. p. 20, pi. 3.
1 871. — Landois, — . [Cebcr Mus miuutus, Arvicola umphibius and A. glareolus.]
< Zool. Oart. 1871, pp. 102-104, fig.
1871.— Fish, W.C. White Spotted Muskrat [Fiber zil)etbicns]. <Anier.Natv.
1871, p. 314.
1871. — Lockwood, S. A singing Hesperomys [leucopus]. <Amor. Nat. v. 1871,
pp. 701-770.
1871.— Hiskey, W. O. Singing Mice. < Amer. Nat. v. 1871, pp. 171, 172.
187-? — SchObl, J. Das aussere Ohr der Miiuse als wichtigos Tastorgan.
< Aroh. Mikr. Anat. vii. pp. 260-208, Taf. 21-24. (See Quart. Journ. Micros.,
aud "Sensitive Surface in Moose's Em'" (editorial), Amer. Nat. v. 1871, p. 723.*
■['4
204
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
;U!::!
i: ,. ■
Ml-
1879.— Lockwood, S. ^lusical Mice. < Populnr Science Moutlil^', i. 1872, pp.
32.J-;{L'7.
I H79.— Coues, E. l^lore nlioiit Singing Mice. < Amor. Nut. vi. 1872, pp. S09, 310.
1873. — Lincecum, G. Tiie Urcgurluus Rut of TesiaH [Signiotlou beilandierij.
< Ainer. Nut. vi. 1872, pp. 487-489.
1873. — Lincecum, G. Tcxiw Field Mouse [Ocbetodon «p. t], <Aiiier. Nat. vl,
1872, pp. 772, 773.
1 S79.— Fischer, F. von. [Calculation of pomible progeny of one pair ofRats in 10
yeaM=48,319,C98,843,030,344,720individual8.) <Zool. Cart. 1872, pp. 125,126.
1873. — Milne-Edwards, A. [.Mua flavipectuft, M. griMeipectus, M. ouangtliouiu.',
M. coiifucianuH, M. chevricri, M. pygmu'ua, Arvicola inelanngaMtcr, 8pp. iiu.]
<Reclierclie8 Mainiuif. pasHiin. (Nuuv. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull. p. 93.)
1 873. — Philippi, R. A. [Mus brevicaudatu8,0.t}'niycteru8 uiger, spp. uu.] <Zeit8uli
ges. Ntrw. vi. 1872, pp. 445,440.
1873. — Leidy, J. [On a fungus parasite of Miis niu^eulus.] Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1872, p. 20.
1 873. — Hensel, P. [Ileapcromys ratticepa, IT. dorsalis, II. subte rranens, Phyllomys
dasythrix, spp. nn.J < Abhandl. Akad. Deri. 1872, pp. 30, 42, 44, and 49.
1873. — Forsyth-Major, C. J. [Arvicola gulielmi Sunlord =Myodes torquatus.]
< Atti Soc. Ital. XV. 1872, pp. 111-129.
1873. — Gray, J. E. [Ncouiya panamensis, Ileliomys jeudei, Uromys arvensis, spp.
nn.J <Ann. Mag. N. II. 4 ser. xii. pp. 417, 418.
1 873.— Leche, W, [Ou the spcciflo validity aud babits of Myodes schisticolor.j
<Zool. Gart. 1873, pp. C4-00.
1 873.— Gerbe, ,Z. [On the babits of Arvicola lebraul.] < Rev. Zool. 1873, pp.
llC-121.
1 87<1. — Lincecum, G. Tbc Wood Rat [Neotoma floridaua]. < "American Sports-
man" of January 24, 1874,
1874.— Chase, A. W. On the habits of the California Wood-rat [Neotoma sp.].
< Am. Jouru. Sci. vii. 1874, pp. 73, 74.
1 874. . A curious fact in Natural History [respecting Myodes]. < "Amer-
ican Sportsman" of Jan. 17, 1874. (From "Temple Bar.")
1874. — Anon. On the Lemming [MyoilesfJ. < "American Sportsman" of Oct.
17, 1874.
1 874.— Blackmore, H. P., and Alston, E. R, On Fossil Arvicoln. < Proc Zool.
Soc. Lond. 1874, i)p. 400-471, flgg. 3.
1874.— Coues, E. The Pine Mouhc, Arvicoln pinetorum. < "American Sports-
man " of May 9, 1874, with a flg.
1 874. — Coues, E. Synopsis of the Muridn; of North America. < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, pp. 17.?-196.
[ Note.— An nlmtract of the present Honogi.-aph. Beiuueil, with additions, ander titio of
"U.S. Nortbern Boundary Comuiiiwion. [.... ] Natural History. Mo. I. On tbo Mnridoe
[etc.]." Hvo. pump. pp. S«. FUiladelpbla. Itj74.]
1876.— Coues, E. Musical Mice. <"The, Museian and Artist" i. 1870, no. 3.
'^
U. B. GEOLOGICAL 8URVKY OF THE TERHIT0B1E8. MURIDiE, PLATE I.
m
I
rics. 1-4. '^tenlainii llsrMMut (MM), rigm. t-», H. vrrsklDMi (19114).
^
.-■!■ im
Hi-'-
I!
U. 8. OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.
•MURIP*. PLATE II.
'iil
m
^4
m
m
risa. •-til, MeMMMt elanvB (43a!ti. »'!«. It, n, miHttotcr (IMt*).
'Jl
I;
I?;
3i' .
m:
U. 8. OEOLOOICAL SI'BVEY OF THE TFRRITORIEH.
Mt'RID^, PLATE in.
riaa. in-ai, Btmptmmju .
riM*. !M40, H. BilclilnMi
ricB. M-ar. U. mtm^m -
leacapn* (tM4). FIss. iM-SS. H. naasyiilaM (47MI. .
inUaWS). rin. «•-•». H. micklcMMUlalKM^
rqpk sit-«i, etmmbtb ■•w<r< (tun.
ifi-i
¥1:8
t.U
m|f^lmmm^nmmm^ m
ri"
i:ili<
m&
^
"■
wmmi
y '
tl. 8 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP THE TERRITORIES.
MURIDJE. PLATE IV.
48.
43, 44.
45.
40.
47, 48.
..^^,
4U
SO.
51, 52.
03.
M.
sf), no
6T.
riB>. 4a-48. Arvlroln ripnrlaii (1B49|. eign. 46-4». A. '•j"'''"; (•J2«l' „„,,=,
riSa. 50-38. A. loi>ui(eiHri (BSIIil). Ktg». 04-97, A. snnlhOKDiilliiiii II3II8).
p' •n'wmn'Nsiimi'iiwmir'^nmif^T^'r^^'^
A
r
MW
■■!ik
H
-i't ' '
'M
RipiiinpiPiqiinipiiiiipiliB
mmummm
V. 8. GKOLOOICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.
MlJRIDyE, PLATE V.
Vlga. SS-ltl, Arvleola aniitcraB (1869). FIcs. aa-SS, A. nasleras («4N).
ViK*. a»-«0, A. cnrtalna (IsllMt). Vlt». 70-73, A. ptaetorum (tItSO).
Flea. 7«-77, •jTBBittooijrB cmtiMrl (WIS).
I M mmmtmimmmmmmtK^mmimimimmim
iili
"
,J
!»)«
MONOGllAPHS
or
NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
No. II-LEPORIDil.
By J. A.. ^LLEN".
866
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
r»
Pag*.
Family LEPORID^ 2(i5
GkNKRAI. CON81DKRATI0NS 967
OROoiurniCAi. variation S68
Individual VARIATION 273
OKOORArillCAL DISTRIBUTION 274
DiBMooRAPiiiCAL r£sum£ 277
ClUnACTRVIISTICS OK THE FAMILY 881
Genua Lipm 282
Leput limidiu • 288
campettrit 297
amtrioanuti 304
americtttiuf 304
riri/iiiiaNii* 307
wmhingtoni 309
bairdi 310
ighallCHi 327
lyhaticiu 328
nuilalli 330
arhonee 332
auduboni 333
trowbridgei 344
graymni * 347
bra»Uie>ui» 348
bramlientu 348
gabbi 349
callotli 350
caUotit 351
iexianua 351
californicut 357
paluttrit 3fl0
aquaticut 364
cunicutua 367
Species wrongly attridutkd to America '. 369
Note ON THE NAMES "Rabbit" ani Hark" 309
Epidemics amono North American Hares 371
Extinct species 373
Gcnns Palaolagu* 373
I'alaolaguH haydeni 373
agapetillttt 375
lurgidua 375
triplex 375
Genns Panolax 370
J'aiolax tanclceftdei 376
Genas Praotherium 3r0
Praotherium palaiinum 377
260
It'j i
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
Cahbriooe, Mass., April S, J 876.
Sib: I transmit herewith fitr publication my report on the North Amer-
ican Leporida. As but two species of this family occur south of the United
States that are not also found north of the United States and Mexican boundary,
these have also been included, thereby rendering the present memoir a mono-
graph of the Leporida of the New World.
The material on which this reiM)rt is based is primarily that of the
National Museum, to which, through the kindness of the officers of the Smith-
sonian Institution, I have had the fullest access. This has been supplemented
by that of the other principal collections of this country, by far the most
important of which is that of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge, Mass., of which also I have been permitted the freest use.
It gives me pleasure to mention in this connection that a large part of
the material from the Trans-Mississippian portions of the United States has
been gathered either personally by yourself or under your immediate direction
and auspices.
I am, sir, very respectfully, yours,
J. A. ALLEN.
Dr F. V. Hayden,
United States Geologist, etc., etc., Washing/on, D. C.
'm>hiM.
p
r
i 1
h • I
.! •
Family LEPORIDJE.
T
The present revision of the American LqmulcB is based upon the
material contained in the National Museum at Washington, supplemented by
that of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. Tlie speci-
mens in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
and in the Museum of t!ie Boston Society of Natural History have also
been examined. The author has thus had access not only to the types of
the species described by Prof. S. F. Baird, in his great work on the Mam-
mals of North America, published in 1857, but also to nearly all the material
used by him in his excellent elaboration of this family in the above-named
work, together with the vast amount of material that has since accumulated
at tlie Smithsonian Institution! This includes not only the collections made
by tlie different Government expeditions since 1857, but also the large col-
lections made since tiiat date, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, in Alaska, the British Possessions, Mexico, and Central America. By
far the larger portion of the specimens examined from localities within the
United States received from any one source have been the collections made
either by Dr. F. V. Hayden personally or under his immediate direction, and
especially during the prosecution of the geographical and geological survey
of tlie Territories, now in progress, under the auspices of the Department of
the Interior. Large collections liave also been received from the other
Government surveys of the Territories made under the direction of the
Topographical Bureau. The most important collections from the region north
of the United States were made by the late Mr. Robert Kennicott and by
Mr. William H. Dall, though very large additions have been received from
2fi7
-7 ^
268
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODE.NTIA.
iiiiii ' I
?.
Mr. B. R. Ross, Mr. R. McFnrlane, niid otlicr officers of tlie Hudson's Buy
Company. The most important collections from localities south of the United
States arc those made hy Prof. F. Sumichrast in Soulheastcrn Mexico, by
Mr. C. A. Scliott in Yucatan, and by Prof W. M. Gabb in Costa Rica.
As an indication of tiic amount of material that lias been usetl in the
preparation of the present memoir, it may be stated that of Lepus americnnun
(including its several varieties), the series of skulls alone numbers about one
hundred and fifteen, which is supplemented by about the same number of
skins ; of Lepus sylcaticus and its varieties, the skulls number seventy, and
the skins about one hundred and fitly, representing in each case, of course,
a wide range of localities.
Among the results reached by the elaboration of this large amount of
material is a better understanding of the character and amount of the varia-
tion dependent upon locality. These results, together with the data on
which they are based, are presented with considerable detail in the following
pages.
I. — OEOOBAPBICAL VARIATION.
Since most of the American Lcporidte arc not only mainly nocturnal in
their habits — living concealed in shaded places, as under fallen trees, thick
bushes, or even in burrows during the day — but also live mostly in swamps,
thickets, or forests, they are in a measure shielded, it would seem, from tiie
climatic influences that produce so marked an effect upon anitnals having
different habits and affecting more exposed situations. Whether or not these
conditions have a tendency to reduce the variation with locality due to climatic
conditions to a minimum, or whether the species of this group are constitu-
tionally less susceptible to climatic influences, we certainly find a less degree
of geographical variation among the species of the Leporidce than among
many other families of mammals. A considerable amount of variation,
resulting from conditions of environment, how ever, exists among them, and
conforms to the general laws of geographical variation previously announced
as obtaining among both the mammals and birds of this continent.
Among the Leporida, cases of melanism are of rare occurrence, less than
half a dozen instances being as yet known to me among our native species.
Albinism, in its true sense, seems almost equally rare, since the regular assump-
tion of a white winter pelage by the northern species can hardly be regarded
as true albinism. Generally speaking, too, the variation in intensity of color
LEl'OHlD.E-GEOailAPllICAL VARIATION.
2G9
with localil}' is often less strongly marked than in mnny other groups, even
nniung tlic Rodents. I'aUing as an illustration of this point one of our
widest-ranging species, the little Wood-IIarc {Lfpus sijlmtkm and its several
varieties), we find tliat specimens from the Carolinns, Georgia, and Florida
are, in the average, not much darker than those from Southern New England,
the difference being generally too small to give in itself a positive clue to
♦he locality, as is so generally tiic case in birds, and often in other groups of
mammals. Indeed, specimens from the ]\Iexican provinces of Vera Cruz and
Yucatan are in no way positively distinguishable from those obtained about
Washington or in Slassachusetts.
On comparing, however, specimens from the Atlantic coast with others
from the arid interior of the continent, we find the differences in color
resulting from the different climatic conditions of the two regions are strongly
marked, through the greater pallor of those inhabiting the dry plains and
semi-desert portions of the Great Central Plateau. The bleaching effect of
an arid climate is quite marked in specimens living as far east as Eastern
Nebraska, while the greatest degree of pallor is seen in those inhabiting tho
Great Colorado Desert. Again, specimens from that portion of the Pacific
elope north of California — a region of heavy rain-fiiU and dense forests —
present as dark or even a darker phase of coloration than those from the
Atlantic States, just as proves to be the case in the wide-ranging species of
the Sciurida and MuridcB.
The same regional phases of color-variation are also illustrated by the
Northern Hare {Lepus americanus ax\A 'vs varietien), which ranges in a similar
way across the whole breadth of the continent. The increase in intensity
of color from the north southward is rather moro decidedly marked than in
L. xj/lvaficus, in both its summer and winter cond.Vions of pelage. Summer
specimens from New England and the Middle States are of a much stronger
ferruginous tint than those obtained during the same season from the arctic
regions. Winter specimens differ in the more nortiiern having the white
color of the surface so deeply invading the pelage as to wholly conceftl the
brown under-fur, while in those from the extreme southern limit of its range
the white is a mere slight superficial wash, by which the brown under-fur —
of a stronger tint also than in the northern specimens — is only partly con-
cealed, the white winter livery being often but imperfectly acquired at
southern localities where it is always assumed for a much shorter period.
270
MONOGllAl'IlS OF NOItTH AMKUICAN RODENTIA.
■I. I
I m
'h'
.1 *
The sninc tiling is also well seen in the Arctic Ilnrc {Lepus (i?iii({u.<i),\n com-
paring Newroundliind specimens with those from the arctic coast, or those
of Ireland and the mountains of Central Europe with those of Scandinavia.
Tiio Northern Ilare also presents a somewhat parallel variation to that seen
in L. si//c<ificus in passing from the Atlantic coast to the llocky Mountain
region. In even arctic specimens, there is always, in the winter pelage, a
pale rufous zone underlying the white color of the surface, which in turn
has still a plumbeous zone beneath it. In winter specimens from the Rocky
Mountains, the white of the surface often extends to the very base of tho
fur, tiie rufous and plumbeou.s zones being both undeveloped. Passing still
farllier westward, we meet, in the Columbia River region, a phase in which
the summer pelage is even more rufous than in specimens from the Atlantic
coast under the same parallels. The dilference between northern and southern
specimens in summer livery consists not so much in the absolutely darker
color of the southern examples as in the greater intensity of the rufous,
while the form living in the middle elevated region of the continent dilfers
from those of both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts in the almost entire sup-
pression of the rufous tint that forms the prevailing hue in the others.
The only other species of this llimily having a very extended habitat
arc the Lcpus nquaticug, which ranges from the Gulf States to Yucalan and
Central America, and the Lepus callot is, found throughout the dry interior
from Southern Wyoming and Nevada far down upon the Mexican plateau.
In the former, the variations in color between specimens from the most
extreme points of its range are almost inapjireciabie ; while, in the latter,
there is a considerable increase of rufous to the southward.
In respect to general size, the variation with locality is not more marked
than is that of color; specimens from northern localities being generally not
much larger than those from southern localities. I know, in fact, of no
species of American mammals which so nearly form an exception to the
almost universal law of a decrease in size with the decrease of the latitude
under which they live as do some of the species of the LeporidtB. Yet, in
the majority of instances, the law is here also borne out. Taking the skull
as the most convenient element on which to base a comparison, it is found
(see Table I) that a series of sjiecimens of Lfpus americanus from New
York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts averages larger even than anothci
series from Norway, Me.; while the latter averages larger than another series
LBPOUIDili-GEOOUArUICAL VAUlATKiN.
271
from AliiMka nnd tlio noithwestorn portions of Uritisli Aincricn. 'I'liis
iiistuncc, liowovcr, forms tlic only nctuiil oxccplion to the general law of
decrease in size southward. In nil the other species, those from the more
sontiiern localities are the smaller. Thus, Georgia specimens of Lrpus
sylouticus are appreciuhly smaller than th().><c from about Wa.shiiigton ; sjM'ci-
mcns of variety NuttalU from West(!rn Texas arc smaller than those of the
same variety from I)e(M' Creek, Nehraska ; sjiecimens of L. culifornkus from
Capo Saint Lucas are also considerably smaller than tiiost; from about San
Francisco; nnd the same is true of specimens of L. Trotibridgri from these
two localities.
a
Tadi.ie l.—iletx»artmmli of tkulh of Amtrkan tpeeUt and lai iciln of Lepi'S, fAoi ing variation in titt, wH\
localily.
■
ji
tt
a
1
1.TO
1
I
9
I.W
1
s
1
1.30
t
t
.a
3
H
1
1
'A
0.63
M
1
1
3
1
1
1
Si
u
1
t
JH
i
0.34
i
n
e
i t
f
0.33
II
0.09
i
•3
737
i
1
i
^To
J
1.47
Locillitf.
ATerage lite of 5 itprclmenii
0.7t
1.90
1.35
VluliillyofSMiiKraii
of Lppuacaliritralona.
cIko, C»I.
Avi-rattOHlwuf 10 i>pet-ini«Di
I.MI.!*
0.75
I.4.'
0.70
0.0^
l.OS
1.39
0.40
0.34
0.59
0.47
9.90
1.43
Ciipo Saint Liioaf,
uf Lepu« califurnicna.
Lower Callfurula.
Arrniice ftise u( 14 ipcclroeua
I.011.5."i
C.KI
i.au
o.s:.
a.u
0.00
1.93
0.34
0.97
0.38
0.47
9.14
1.43
Oifora Count)',
of Lepiis ftmerlcMiiis.
Uaing.
Averaee •lie of 0 npcclmcDB
183
I.W
0.«I)
1.31
O.IIC
0.0:1
0.90
1.30
0.35
aso
0.03
a 40
il.9«
1.33
Now York and ronii-
of I^puR ameiicjuiiia.
•.vlvana.
Areragp «Ue of M npeclmena
ao(
1.52
O.ffI
1.91
O-BC
0.M
0.03
1.94
0.3:1
0.90
ase
0.43
11
1.58
Alaaka and Brlllrili
of LepQ.1 amerloamis.
rouuaioiia.
L«pus syWatlous var. syl-
'X8I
1..4J
0.7<
1.91
0.01
0.50
0.00
1.93
0.3,
0.95
0.S4
0.44
1.0:
1.31
WaaliliigioD, D.C.
vatlctii.
Do
iei
I.3-;
n.u
I.W
0.57
0.40
0.01
•l.M
0.34
0.S6
0.59
0.43
1.0.
1.3«
Salot.1lnion'aIaIiui(l,
Oiorsla.
Arerngealaeof 4 apMimena
%v>
i.<()
l).(»
).lr
0.5i
0.50
0.00
1.10
0.34
O.SJ
0.30
0.37
1.8
1.35
Deer Creek, Ntbr.
of Lfpna aylTationa var.
NutuUl.
1
ATorage a'xo of 7 api^clmona
iM
1.9
9.K
1.01
0.99
0.45
0.81
1.10
0.9f
0.99
>. 1 0.30
1.7
1.94
Vicinity of Browni ■
of Lepna aylvatiooa rar.
vimTex.
Nnttalll.
Average aiie of 4 apeolmeDa
150
l.»
\57
1.11
0.47 a 49
0.70
1.04 'o.9r
0.91
0.47
.33
1.71
1.19
Vlolultj'ofS»nrran.
of Lepoa Trowbridgei.
1
olaoo, Cal.
Do
490
i.n
l).5!)0.M
0 43 0.3«
0.70
0.89 0.24
0.18
0.4i
0.3A
1.4)
1.04
Cape Saint Lucaf,
Lowei Gitllfoinin.
While in the Lepus sijlvaticus group, variety xylmlicus shades imper-
ceptibly into variety Nuttalli in passing from the wooded region westward
to the treeless plains, nnd while Iowa specimens of sylvalicus arc the largest
1.- -i
Pllf
272
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
iH
received from any locality, we find that variety Nuttalll finally not only difl'ers
markedly in its paler color from variety sylcatkus, but also differs in being
smaller; just as, in most cases among the mammals, the pallid forms of the
arid plains and deserts prove to be also depauperate varieties of their
brighter-colored and more favored cr better-fed conspecific allies.
Geographical variations in the relative size of the feet and ears as com-
pared with the general size is not so easily determined from skins as is the
difference in general size based on the size of the skull ; and the only point
in this connection that will be specially noticed is the lengthening of the
ears to the southward, manifested by nearly all the species, the ears, in many
cases, actually increasing in length while the general size diminishes. There
is also a marked tendency to an enlargement of the ears in proportion to
the aridity of the habitat. Thus, in the L. sylvalicus group, variety NuttalU
has the ear generally quite appreciably larger than in variety sylvalicus, the
maximum size of the ear being reached in the Great Colorado Desert in
variety arizonte, which is chiefly distinguishable from its nearest allies, varie-
ties NultaUi and Auduboni, by the enlargement -f this member. L. callotis,
L. californicus, and L. Trowbridgei also show a very perceptible increase in
the size and length of the ear to the southward. In this connection, also,
attention may be called to the fact that all of the long-cared species of
American Hares are found exclusively over the most arid portions of the
continent; just as, in the Old World, all of the longest-eared species are
found in the arid portions of Asia and Africa.
The subject of geographical variation in size being quite fully discussed
in connection with the detailed descriptions of the species and varieties given
beyond, it is not necessary to devote further space to the subject here.
II. — INDIVIDUAL VARIATION.
The difference in size between specimens of the same age and sex from
the same localities is often quite marked. The amount of this difference is
sufficiently indicated by the subjoined measurements of skulls given in
Table II. Care has been taken to select only fully adult specimens, and ia
the table only the maximum and minimum measurements are given.
LErOKIDiE— INDIVIDUAL VAUIATION.
273
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274
MONOGRAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Under the head of each species will be found detailed measurements
r," many specimens collected at identical localities, which further siiow tlie
extent and character of the purely individual variations presented by the
different species. These tables show that the variation is not confined to
size, i)ut affects the relative size of the different parts of the body and skull.
Individual variation in the relative size of the ear, the feet, etc., to the general
size is also, in many cases, quite noteworthy, as will be fully noticed in con-
nection with the description of the species and varieties. The variation,
both in general size and the relative size of different parts, generally ranges
from 20 to upward of 30 per cent, of the average size, the difference between
the extremes being generally somewhat in proportion to the extent of the
series of examples compared.
■«i!i
III. OEOGEArillCAL DISTRIBUTION.
The family Leporidte has representatives tliroughout the two American
continents, but is by far the most numerously represented in the temperate
parts of North America. A single species only {Lepus timidus) ranges to
the arctic coast, and is also circumpolar in its distribution, being found also
in the boreal parts of Asia and Europe. The American representatives of
tiiis species (forming variety arcticus) differ but slightly from their Old
World conspecific allies. In America, this species ranges over Greenland,
the Barren Grounds, Labrador, and portions of Newfoundland, to the south-
ward its habitat meeting, or slightly overlapping, that of L. a?nericaniis.
L. americanus extends from the Barren Grounds southward to about tlic
isotherm 52° Fahrenheit. Tliroughout most of this vast region, it forms
the sole representative of the family. To the southward, its iiabitat overlaps
the ranges of L, campestris and L. sijlvaticus. Toward the southern border
of its habitat, it runs into three recognizable varieties, differing, in their
extreme piiases of development, mainly in slight but pretty constant differ-
ences of color, yet they pass into each other by almost imperceptible grada-
tions. These varieties are turginianus, Bairdii, and Washingtoni. Variety
virginianus ranges over Southern New England and the more elevated parts
of the Middle States, souliiward to Virginia, and westward to Minnesota ;
variety Bairdii occupies the dry interior region of the northern portion of
the Rocky Mountain plateau ; while variety Washingtoni occura throughout
LEPORID^— GEOGEArniCAL DISTIUDUTION.
275
the (lamp, heavily-wooded region of British Columbia and Washington and
Oregon Territories.
In the interior, we meet next with Lepns campestris, which ranges over
the treeless region from the Saskatchewan Plains southward to about the
If.titude of Middle Kansas, or mainly between the isotherms of 36° and 5G°.
Each of the three above-named species becomes more or less white in
winter, and they arc the only species which thus change. The whiteness of the
winter pelage extends to the very base of the fur in the more northern spe-
cies, but generally affects only the more superficial portions in the others,
the whiteness decreasing to the southward in the representatives of the
L. americanus group (excepting var. Bairdii), till in the extreme southern
portions of the habitat of this species the change occurs merely at the surface.
In L. campestris, the change is still less complete, decreasing similarly in
extent southward, till in the extreme southern portion of its range the change
fails to be universal, and rarely extends throughout the pelage, being confin(!il
mainly to a limited portion of the dorsal aspect.
The habitat of Lepus sylvatkus (including its several varieties) extends
from Southern New England on the Atlantic coast southward to Yucatan,
its representatives nowhere presenting marked seasonal changes of color.
Throughout this vast extent of latitude, it also preserves a remarkable con-
stancy of characters. From the Atlantic coast westward (south of the
isotherm of 45°) to the eastern edge of the Great Plains, it is represented
solely by variety syloaticus. Here it passes by imperceptil)le stages into
variety Nuttalli (= artemisia auct.), which ranges thence westward nearly
or quite to the Pacific coast north of the State of California. To the south-
ward of this boundary, it is replaced, on the Pacific slope, by its nearly
related variety Auduboni, and over the Great Colorado Desert becomes
modified into another closely-allied form, to which we have given the -
yar. arizonee. Variety iV«//fl//t ranges southward from the isotherm o
to the plains of Western Texas and New Mexico, and even as far south ..o
the arid Mexican plateau. Variety arizonce seems confined to the limited
region of the almost rainless deserts of Arizona and Southern California, or
the so-called Sonomn district. Variety Auduboni occupies the Pacific slope
from the northern boundary of California southward to Cape Saint Lucas,
and in the interior seems to gradually pass into var. arizorxe.
The Sierra Nevada Mountains seem also to form a l)arricr to t!ic east-
If
!;■ I
'!:''l!i|.
MONOGRAPnS OF NOllTD AMEKICAN RODENTIA.
ward extension of two other well-marked species, namely, L. californicus
and L. Trou-bridgei, whose ranges are almost identical with tliat of L.
sijlvatkus var. Auduboni.
In the interior we meet with stilj another species {L. callotis), whose
range extends from about the latitude of Southern Wyoming southward
over the arid interior far into the Republic of Mexico. In the United
States, this species also finds the Sierra Nevada Mountains a barrier to its
westward extension, they bounding its habitat in that direction. The south-
ern representatives of this species also constitute a seemingly well-marked
variety (texianus), diifering mainly in possessing a stronger suffusion of
rufous.
In the southeastern portions of the United States, we ineet with two
specics,which are confined almost exclusively to the swampy lowlands. These
are the L. jyalustris, which ranges throughout the swampy districts of the
South Atlantic and Gulf coast to Yucatan, and the L. aquaticus, which has
not as yet been reported as occurring to the eastward of Alabama, but which
extends westward and southward throughout the wet lowlands of the Gulf
coast to Yucatan and other parts of Southern Mexico. These species also
extend northward over the lowlands of the Lower Mississippi, having been
found as far north as Southern Ohio.
The Tres Marias Islands afford still another species (Z. Graysoni sp.
nov.) — possibly an insular form — whose nearest affincs arc the members of
the L. sylvaticus section of the genus, though in some respects it is allied
also to the Swamp-hares.
Lepus hrasiliemis is the sole representative of the Leponda thus far
recognized as occurring in any part of South America, its range extending
from Patagonia northward to the Central American States. It seems, how-
ever, to be nowhere abundant.
The temperate portions of the North American continent, or the United
States, thus form the region where the family reaches its maximum develop-
ment. All the species but three (one of which, Lepus Graysoni, is prob-
ably an insular form) are found within the territory of the United States, as are
also, with a single exception, all of their varieties. The other two species arc
Lepus (ircticus and Lepus brasiliensis — the one an arctic form, the other trop-
ical, while the variety is the subarctic race of L. americanus. One species
only (Zi. sylvaticus) is found over a large portion of the area east of the Mis-
1
LBPOUIDJi— BlllLlOGIlAPniCAL liESUMfi.
277
sissippi. Two {L. sylvaticus and L. amerkanus) occur in Southern New-
England, over large portions of the Middle States, and over the northern jwr-
tion of the tier of States adjoining the Great Lakes and the contiguous por-
tions of Canada. Two {L. sylvaticus and L. 2>alus(iis) are found in the lower
portions of the South Atlantic States, and three (L. sylvaticus, L. palustris,
and L. aquaticus) over most of the lowlands of the Gulf States.
The great interior arid plateau is the most prolific in species, four being
here found. Three of these {L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli,L.ca??ipeslris,and L.cal-
lolis) range over most of the region between the eastern edge of the Great Plains
and the Pacific slope, and the fourth {L. americanus var. Bairdii) is met with
throughout the wooded portions of the Rocky Mountains, southward, at least,
to New Mexico. Three species {L. sylvaticus var. Auduboni, L. californicus,
and L. Trowbridgei) are also found on the Pacific slope from Southern Ore-
gon to the southern point of Lower California. Two species (Z.. callotis var.
texianus and L. sylvaticus var. Nuttalli) range over the dry interior of Mexico,
and three species (X. sylvaticus var. sylvaticus, L. palustris, and L. aquaticus)
are found in Eastern and Southeastern Mexico. These species also probably
extend to the northern portions of the Central American States, where they
reach the habitat of L. brasiliensis, which becomes the sole representative
of the family thence southward.
IV. — Bini.IOORAPIIICAL KfiSUJlfe.
The mr.e important notices of the American Lej)orida are thosc-enu-
mcrated l^elow. The synonymy of the species and varieties will be found
more fully discussed later.
1966.— Linnaeus, Syst Nat., 19th ed., i, pp. 77, 78. Tiro species are given, Ltpv* l(m<d«> snd L bratili-
etirit, tbe latter only as American.
1TT9>— Barring^on, Phil. Trans., Ixii, 11. "Hudson's Bay Quadruped ", ^^ £. americontH var. ammoaavt.
■ TT9>— Forater, Phil. Trans., Ixii, 376. American Hare, = £, ani<n'oatiaa var. ameriooKM, with vngne
allusions to L. tyltalicHt,
1777.— Enleben, Syst. Keg. Anim., 325, 330. I. Hmidui and L. ammcanui. The latter is based on
Kdlm's Hoaae (Ruise Kurd, Am., iii, 349), Barringtou's "Uudsou' Bay Quadruped" (Phil.
Trans., Ixii, 11), and Forster's "American Hare " (Phil. Trans., Ixii, 376), and hence entirely on
unquestiouable refereucea to tbe X. americatnit of recent authors, or tbe Northern Varyiug
Hare.
1778.— Pallas, Nov. sp. Glires, 30. Two strictly American species,- £g>u« kudtonius (=£. amerioaMM)
and L. lapeli ( = bnuiUenrit) ; also t, txtriabUit, = L. timidiu.
1780.- Fabricius, Faun. Oroonl,, p. 26. Lepat timidiu, = L. timidtu var. artliau.
1781 and 1784.— Pennant, Hist. Quad., no.243,and Arct.Zool.,i,05. American Hare = JE^. amerioaaM,
with vague allusions to L. tylvatictit. (These editions I have not seen.)
178'!.— SchUpf, Dor Naturfurschcr, 2U. Stuck, Hallo, 1764. Der notd-amerlkanisclie Haase. An cz-
•olleut deaoription of L. tylniMow. (See Baird, Uam. N. Auer., pp. 500, COO.)
278
SIONOGKAPIIS OF NORTH AMERICAN R01>ENTIA.
', pni
4
178§.— GmcIin,8y»t.Nivt., IfiO-lM. L. yariabiliii,:^ L. fmidut ; £.Rmeric(inus, = £. a/ncHcanus.Teforrtng
partlj- nlso to /,. Hijlrnlinin; L. brasilienHla.
I'J'Oa.— Schrebei, .SaiiKi't., ii, H81-'J02. Lepim miiui, = L. lylvallcua pins L.ammcanuii; L. variabiUa,=
L. limiihia; L. variubiliii,^= L. timidut; L. iapeti,=:L. bratilieniih,
1T99.— Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2<1 e<l., 108-111. "Varying Horo", = I,. timidiis; "American Harc", = J!;.
(i»iOTt(inii(i jilns L. Ki/lvttlicu). (The earlier editiuns I Lave not seen.)
1801.— Shaw, Gen. Zoiil., ii, 202. L. americanua, =: L. americanuf, primarily, bat vaRuoly inclades L.
sulralicii) and other spccicB ; L. brasiUenaia.
1S06.— Lewis, Barton's Med. and Phys. Jonrn., ii, 159. L. variabilia, = L. eampestru.
I81».— Leach, Kobn'o l»t Voyage, 8vo od., ii, app., 151, 170. L. arctioua and Z. rjlacialia,— l. fimidiu
var. aicticua. (Thia edition I liavo been nuablo to conBult.)
1819.— Sabine (E.), Ross's Ist Voyage, app., zliv. Lepua 1, = L.timidua \ai. arctioua.
I8!itt.— Desmarest, Main., ii, 354. L. americanua, = L. aylruticita.
1883.— Sabine (J.), Franklin's .lourn. to Polar Sea, C(i4. L. glaciaUa, — L. timidua var. flrc<icii«; L.
americanua, = L. americanua var. americanua.
1834.— Sabine (E.), Parry's Ist Vny., app., clxxxvii. I. glacialla, = L. timidua var. aroticua.
189S.— Richardson, Parry's 2d Voy., 321. L. glaciaUa,= L. timidua vor. arctioua.
1833.— Harlan, Fann. Amor., 1U3-198. Z. americanua, = L. aghaticua; L. glac\alia,=.L. timidua yai,
arclicua ; Z. virginianua, = L, americanua var. virginianua.
1836.— Qodman, Am. Nat. Hist., ii, 157-165. Z. americanua, = L. aglraticua; L. g>aeiaUa,=L. timidua var.
arclicua ; Varying llaru F composed apparently of Z. americanua and Z. campeatria.
1839.- Fischer, Syu. Mam., '373. L.gtacialia, = L. IJmidiovar. arclicua ; L. americanus,=^ L. ayhaticua;
L. virginianua, = Z. americanua var. virginianua.
1839.- Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Ani., 217-226. Z. americanua; L. glacialia, = L. (imtd«« vor. arclicua i
L. virginianua, = Z. campestria.
1830.— Doughty, Cab. Nat. Hist., i, 217, pi. xix, Z. americanua.
1830.— Wagler, Nat. Syst. Aniphib., 25. Z. caltotia is here first described. Ibid., Isis, 1831, 511.
1831.— Wagler, Isis, 1831, 511. Z. callotia.
1833.— Bennett, Proc. Zoi'H. Soc. Lond., 1833, 41. Z. nigriaiudalua, =z L, callotia.
1833.— Ross (J. C), Ross's 3d Voy., app.,xv. Z. glacialia, = L. timidua var. aroticua.
1836.— Richardson, Uack's Arctic Laud Exped., 496-407. Z. americanua and Z. glavialia, the latter =i
L. limidua var. arclieua.
1836a— Richardson, Sixth Rep. British Assoc., 150. "L. mexioanua, Liobt." (a MS. name) adopted for
Z. callotia.
1 836.— Gray, London's Mag. Nat. Hist., 1836, 586. A Lfpua longicaudatua is based on a specimen supposed
to Lave come from tbo Straits of Magellan, but which proved to be referable to Z. aaxatilia,
an African species, the locality being erroneous.
1839.— Gray, Cliarlcswortb's Mag. Nat. Hist., i, 586. Z. Douglaaai var, 1, = Z. aguaticua; L. Douglaaai
var. 2, = Z. palualria ; Z. cali/orniai, = Z. cali/ornioua, which is hero first described.
183Y.— Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., vii, 104, pis. xv, xvi. Liima palualria, desoilbed bore
for the first time.
1837.- Bachman, Ibid , pp. 282-301, and pis. xxi-xsii. Z. glacialia, = L. timidua vor. arclicua; L. vir-
ginianua, = Z. anuricanua, primarily, but the syoouymy includes references to Z. oampeatria;
. L.aqualicwi, here first described; Z. amtrieanua, = L. aglvaticut; Z. palualria; L. Nuttalli,=
,.. • , , . Z.8j«(t'a(iai8var.iVu(((iI/i,— based on au immature specimen of what has been currently known
' ' • as Z. artemisia ; Z. oampeatria, here first distinctively named, and recognized as tbo Z. I'ir-
ginianua of Richardson.
■ 83T.— Bachman, Ibid., p. 403. His Z. vArginianua obangod to Z. americanua, and the name Z. aylraHcHt
bestowed npou the 6. amerioaniM of his former paiier. Here the Z. •jitratiou* receives ita
I first distinctive name, it having previously borne the name Z. amtricoHiu (the oamo given It
by Desmarest), whenever distinguished from the true L. americanua, with which it was for
u loug time cuufouuded.
1838.- Waterbouse, Proc. Zuul. Soc. Loud., vi, 103. I. UachmoHi, — L, agkaticuu var. Nullnlli,
I
LBPOltlD^E— imiLIOGRAPillCAL KfiSUMfi.
279
1839.— Bachman, Joiirii. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fliila., viii, 75-101. L. glacialif, — L. timiim ym.aniicui; L.
amtricanug; L.njhaliciit; L.nqualUiii; L.palutlrii; L.Nutlalli, = L.ii!ilraliou\aT.yultalti;
L. n\gric3udalu», = h. vallotia; L. californicm ; L. Ilichard»oni, = L. californicuii, ami iifterwanl
HO rocitgnizcil by Bitcbinan ; L. Toirtiiendi, = L. lampniris, and later bo recognized by llaoliiiiaii ;
X. arteiniaia, ■=: L. sijltativHi var. Xultalli ; — thirteen iioniinal species, tlireo of wliicb ( fj. Aicfi-
aidmni, L. TotoHtendi, aud L. arlemina) are hero first described.
Baoliinan's altove-noticed papers arc classic, and mark au important era of progress in
the history of the American Leporidce. In these papers, L. paluttrit, L. aqyaticuf, L. ".Vii((a//i",
and L. " arleminia " are for the first time described ; L, campetlria and L. eylvaticiu receive tboir
first distinctive Dnnios; and the confusion previously existiug between these species and
L. americaniu is flrst cleared up. Two uomiual species (L. Tuicniendi and L. Sichardiioni) arc
added, but are afterward rescinded.
1840< — Emmons, Rep. Quad. Mass., 56-59. L. amerioanu», = L. sylmliciu; L. rirginiaHus, ::= L. ameri-
oanHt,
IS'lSi— DeKay, N. York Fnnna, Mam., 93-97. L. nanu», ^ L. nyhaticiit ; L, americaniu. Also, as oxtrn-
limital species, L. (/Fa«iuFi<, = X. timidiit var. arclicu» ; L. aqualicus; L. i>alu»iri»; L. cam-
palris; L. longicaudatui,=: L. aaxaliUs, not American ; X. nii/ricaudatus, = X. callolis; X. cafi-
fornicm; X. Richardto«{,=i L. caU/ornicus; X. Totnaendi, = L. campegtrit ; L. artemisia m\d
X. Hachmani, = X, «ylmltcua var. NuUalli. Fourteen nominal species, which iucludo seven
valid species and one or two valid varieties.
Thompson, Hist, of Vermont, 42-48. X. vlrgiHlanut,=zL. americaniu ; X. americanua, = L. tyl-
vaticut.
— Gray, Zoul. Voy. Sulphur, 33, pi. xiv. X. Bennetli, = X. califonicut.
— Warner, Sohrelier'B Siiugot., suppl., iv, 101-117. X. glacialit, = X. timidiii var. arc«CB»; X. cam-
patrit ; L. amerioaniu ; X. calloti», with vars. ni^rrt'oaiidaftM aud ftavigularia, the latter here first
descrilied ; X. longioaudatut, = X. laxalilii (not American, tbongh at this time so supposed) ; L.
califomieiu; X. Hichardtoni, =: X. californicui ; X. JotpnwRdi, = X. campettrii ; L. paliutri» ; X.
o^ixXica*; X. .ATattoKi, ^^X. aylFaliciM var. NuUalli; L, bratUieiuit ; L,natiiii,=:L.fglvalicua;
X. ariemi»iaoui, = L, tylvalicut var. yutlalli. Fourteen nominal species and two varieties.
Schintz, Syn. Ham., ii, 285-294. X. i^Iarialia, = X. limidut var. arcticui ; X. £acAffl<iRi, = X.
a^fralicua var. yMttatli; L, ftormlia, = X. americanvi var. ftrf^inianto ; X. aqualicut; X. ayl-
valicui ; L.paluttri*; L.nigricaudatu«,'=L.oallotif; L.NiittaUi,=^L.tylvaticu8\M.Nullalli;
X. oampealru ;' X. longicaudatui, bab. " Texas ", = X. iaxatilit, and not American; X. rali-
fomianMi, = L. califumiciit ; X. /{etitielli, = X. caHfomicui ; X. ificAordaoni, = X. oa{i/ormcu« ;
X. Toumtmdi, = X. eampatrit ; X. arlemMo', =: X. lylraticut var. NuitaHi ; X. magellanicui
(Isl. Malouin)= X. CHnieuhu, feral ; X. braailtenata. An indiscriminato compilation of seven-
teen nominal speuies.
■ 846-18S4.— Audubon and Bachman, Quad. Nirtb Amer., i, 25, 93,173,242,287; ii, 95, 272, 300 ;
iii, 35, 53, 156, with figures, X. Joumaendi, = X. campeafrta ; X. americanux ; X. ayleaficM ; X.
glaciaiiB = X. (imidua var. arcUciu ; X. ai;ua/ic«a ; X. arfetntaia, = X. aylrad'cua var. NuttalH ;
X. oalfofia; X. NutlalH and X. ZtocAfflaNi, = X. aylraltcua var. XuttaUi; L. oal\fornicu» ; X.
texianus = L. callotit var. (exianua. Twelve nominal species, representing eight valid species
and two varieties.
1848.— Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 101-145. L. glacialit =: L. liMidsa var. arofioiia; X. ameri-
caniu; L. aqualiciu ; L. lylvaticiu ; L.paluttrii; L.A'ttltalH, L.l!achiiiani,etnil,.arlemiitii —
X. BylvaUciit var. NuUalli; X. camjM'afria (to which X. Toumaetidi is proiierly referred); X.
oali/oraiciia (to which X. liicluirdMHi and X. Bcnnetli are properly referred) ; "X. cuniciUaritu
liicht.", — L. aquatiom; X. texiantu, .= X. callolit var. terianua; X. callofia (to which X. ntj^-
eoudafaa, X. ^vi^utaria, and X. nwxioitiaa are properly referred) ; X, iraatfieiwta. X. lotigi-
caudatut is for the first time formally eliminated as an American siiocies. Total, thirteen
nominal species, based on nine valid ones and two or throe valid varieties.
1888. — Woodhouse, Sllgrraves's Expedition down the Znlli and Colorado Rivers, 54, 55, Notes on
X. lyltalicut, L. " artemitia ", and X. callotit.
1899.— Oiebel, 8iingut., 449 and 450. X. amcricanua, X. campetlrit, X. callotit, and X. ftraai/ienaia
deaoribod.
ISAA.— Baird, Pru«. Aoad. Nat 8oi. Pblla., 1865, 333. X. IVaahingtoni (= X. amrrioaaua var, Ifatkiiig-
toni) and X. Tivwbridgei, both huro duKsribed for the first time.
1849.-'
1844,
1844.
1849.-
li>
MV '-i
4
• ' I
280 MONOORAniS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA,
1897>— Eai^'d, Mnni. N. Amcr., 572-C17. I, glacialit, = L. (Imidua vnr. arcllcm ; L. amnicanut ; L.
IVaHhinftloiii, -^ L. amrricnnus var. tVaahingtoni ; t. vamjHHtris ; L, taJtotis ,' L. valifomicm ;
t. Hi/lvalwiia, i-^ L. ni/lraticui var. tylralioui ; L. arleniria and L. ISaihrnatil, =^ L. sylcalicut vnr.
liuUaUi; L. Judubooi (here flrst deBcribod), = L, fylealicHa var. Jiidntoni; L, Trowhridgei ;
L, aqualicttt; L, imlutlria. Tbirtcon opecies nre bore recognized, which in this mnnogrnph
are regarded as representing eight valid species and four valid varieties, one name only
(£. Jlachmani) being here reduced to n synonym. L. ftaviguturii Wnguor and L. texianm
WaterliouBO are doubtfully referred to L. callolii ; L. teiianiu Audubon und Baobmau is
regarded as a species probably distinct from the L. texinnm Waterbouso, but is mentioned
as a species which his materials did not allow him " to discuss or describe ". L. NHtlalU is
diiubtfuUy referred to L. artnuiiia. He states that he strongly suspects the siieoimen on
which L. SMalli was based to bo an immature example of L. artemhla, and points out thn
fact that, in case it proves to be so, the name Xutlalli must take precedence over nrlemMa.
The L. cunIcn/oii'ms of Lichtenstein (Waterhoaso), based on Mexican specimens, he properly
suggests way prove to be L, aquatlout, as is undoubtedly the cose. No mention is made of
the L. longicaiidat¥ii of former anthers, which Watcrbonse bad previously shown was African,
and not referable to any American species. The synonymy of the suliject is Judiciously and
exhaustively treated, and in no case do any of the collocations seem to require changing.
Kurtbermore,. in this monographic essay, the species are for the first time subgenerically
divided ; no names are, huwover, afllxed to his very natural subdivisions, which are very prop-
erly treated as merely sections rather than as groups of a technically subgenerio value, Baird'a
tn-atmcnt of the subject forms as great an advance over onr previous knowledge of the
group as did Itachuian's articles twenty years before, and murks a second grand e|H>ch in the
literature of the North American Lrporidce. Finally, Gaird's work thus far greatly surpasses
in accuracy and thoronghness any treatment of the Leporidw of any part of the world.
1837.— Newberry and Baird, Zool. of Lieut. Williamson's Rep. upon Expl. for a U. E. Route from the
SnoranioMto Valley to the Columbia River (Paoilio K. R. Expl. ond Surveys, etc., vi, pt. iv,
no. 'i, pp. ()3-(J6). Field-notes by Dr. Newberry ; identifications by Professor liaird ;
synonymy and diagnoses from Daird's Oen. Rep. Mam. N. Amer. The species mentioned aru
L. campetlrit, L. cali/onicus, L, "artemiria", L. "Anduboni", and L. Troicbridgei.
18S9.— Baird, Zoiil. U. S. and Mex. Hound. Survey, 45-48. L. eatlolii (described in detail), and L.
californiciit, L. njhaiicut, L. artemiiia, and L. liachmani (the two latter ^=: L, lylcaticua var.
yiittalli) mentioned by nnmo merely, with field-notes by the collectors.
1 830.— Kennerly, Zoiil. of Lieut. Whipi)le's Route, near the 3r>th Parallel (Pacific E. R. Expl. and
Surveys, etc., x, pt. vi, no. 2, 16, 17). Field-notes by Dr. Kennerly, with diagnoses extracted
from Professor Uaird's Oen. Rep. Mam. N. Anier. The following species are meutiouud : —
L, callolit, L. "artemisia", L. " Atiduboni", and L, Trowbridgfi,
1860.— Cooper, Zoiil. of Gov. Stevens's Route near the 47tb and 4'Jlb Parallels (Pacific R. R. Ro|)8.
xii, pt. iii, no. 2, 87). Field-notes and measurements by Dr. Cooper, with diagnoses of the
B|)ecics from Baird's Oen. Rep. Mam. N. Amer. The species mentioned nre L. " n'oahingtoni ",
and L. Troicbridgei.
I860.— Suckley, Ibid., pp. I0;i-105. Fieldnotes by Dr. Suckley and diagnoses from Baird's Gen. Rep.
Mam. N. Amer. The species enumerated are L, " IfMhingloni", L. campetlri», L. Qalifnrniem,
"t L. callolii" (= L. callolii), and //. "artemitia".
I860.— Suckley and Oibbs, Ibid., pp. 130-133. Chiefly Hold-notes on L. " Waihinglmi", L. campcttrii,
"t L. callolit " (= L. calloiit), L. californicui, and L. artemisia.
1861.— Maximilian, Wiegni. Arch., IBUl, i, 143-145. Habits and distribution of L. ttmericaniu, L. ij/l-
raliciit, and //. eampettriii.
1861.— Ross, Cauad. Nat. and Oeul., vi, 436. Notice of L. americanvt.
1869.— Hayden, Tranit. Amer. Fbilos. 8oc. Pbila., xii,14d. Notes ou £. campatrw, X. tylvaticm, and
L. " arlemiiia ".
186T.— Coues, Am<;r. Nat., i, 531-535; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 36. Habits and distribution of L.
callolie and L. "arleminia" in Arizona.
186T.— Oray, Ann. aud Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 331-285. Divides the genns Leptiit into seven so-
called genera, raising several of Uaird's sections (sec Mam. N. Amer., &74, 575) to generin
rank. His seven genera nre (1) Ilgdrolagiis (= Uaird's section F), (2) SylvilagHf (= Baird's
section D), (3) Eulagot, (4) Lepun {— Baird's sections A and E), (5) Tapeli, (6) t'unioulKS
> (= Uaird's section C), ond(7) CajjroIoi/iM. The American species recognized arc as follows : —
(1) Uydrulagnt a^ualiem (= L. aiiuiUioun), to wbicb he properly refers his L. Duuglaui vur. I ;
LEPOBID^-BIBLIOGItAPniCAL KfiSUME.
281
(2) Ilyirolagm palustrit (= T,. pal>uM»), to which he proporly refers hix L. Douglaul vnr. 2 J
(^\) Sjihilagut nanu» (=L. tyhaticut); (4) SyMlagut Artemisia ami (fl) Syleilaijiit nachmanni
[»te] (4 and 5= /,. iglvalicvt vnr. Nultalti) ; (6) iepiM Brc«c«« (= £. timidua var. orcdcin) ; (7)
r^put americanui; (8) Z«pii» frtuAingitoiii (=i. amcHoanua var. n'oc/ifniyfoiiO ; (9) Lepwt cam-
palrii; (10) Upu> calMii [»ic!], includiDj; the synoDyms nsnnlly rerorre<l to L. caltotit; (II)
l.epua caV/ornicui (properly inolmliiig his own L. Bennelti with its other synonyms) ; (12) tL.
longioaudalut, " Magellan's Straits", altbongh he provionaly refers " L. Imgicaudatm Gray " to
L. tazatil\t(\); (13) Tapeti branUieiitit. Under Cuniculiu fodiera {=Ltpu» cunicu/m Linn.),
he proporly places the " L. mageUaniaui Less.", based on feral specimens of this s{>ocies from
the Falkland Islands.
1 808.— Abbott, Cook's Geol. of New Jersey, 759. L. lylvaticui in New Jersey. '
1868.— Cooper, Amor. Nat., ii, Kje. Notes on the hahiU and distribution of L. Towniendi (=£. cam-
petlrit) and L. •• arlemitia".
I868.-Brown, Proo. Zool. 8oo. Lond., 1868, 351. Notes on L. amtricanut.
1869.— Allen, Proo. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, 194. L. tylvaticm in Iowa.
1869.— Allen, Ball. Mas. Comp Zool,, i, 839. Sylmlagiu nanut (=i. tglvaticiu) in Massochnsetts.
1869.— Cooper, Amer. Nat., iii, 470. Distribution of L. callotit and L. calt/vrnicua in the Colorado
Valley.
1869.— Coues, Proc. Boat. Soo. Nat. Hist., xiii, 86. Biographical account of £. j)aIua(H«.
1869.— Frantzius, Wiegm. Arch., 1869, i, 236. L. hroMilieniiit in Costa Rica.
1869.— Hayden, Amer. Nat., iii, 115. Lepuii Bairdii (=L. amtricanut var. Bairdii) described.
1869.— Welch, Proc. Zuol. Soo. Lond., 1869, 228. Seasonal changes of color in L. americanut.
1871.— Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 184. L. fyltaticiu and L. palutlrit in Florida.
18T3.— Oilpin, Proc. and Trans. Nov. Sco. Inst. Nat. 8ci., iii, 46, Notice of L, amerivanua.
18Til.— Kensel, Abbandl. d. phys. Klasse d. kouigl. Akad. d. Wissensoh. zu Berlin, 1872, 62. L. bra-
ai/ienaia in Southern Brazil.
18T3.— Lincecum, Amer. Nat., 771. Distribution and habits of L. aquatio*$.
18*8.— Merriam, Hayden's U. 8. Geol. Survey, 6th Ann. Rop., 666-668. "L. callutiit" (=£. campetlria),
collected at Ogden, Utah, and a biographical notice of L. " Bairdii ".
1874.— Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 52, 58, 61, 66. Notes on the distribution of L. callotit, L. campeilrit,
L. tylvatioui var. "artemtaia", and L. americaniti var. fiairdii.
187S.— Allen, Proc. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist., xvii, 430-436. A general synopsis of the American Lrporida,
with an analysis of the species and varieties, based on tho collections of the Smithsonian
Institution and the Museum of Comparative Zuology, Three primary divisions of the genus
Lepiu are recognized, with two subordinate divisions under each. The speoiflo and sub-
specifio characters are briefly indicated, together with the principal synonyms and the geo-
graphical distribution of each variety, Tho species and varieties recognized are as follows : —
(1) L. timidut var. arclicHa; (2) L. campetlris; (3) L. americanut, with varieties (a) amerjoanua,
(b) v<r<;<ii<<iiiHa, (c) n'oaAisjtoiii, (d) Bairdii ; (4) Lepui tyhaticut, with varieties (a) tyhalicui,
(b) NuttalU, (c) ^udu6osi; (5) L. TrowMdgei ; (6) L. bratilientit ; (7) L. oallolit ; (8) £. oati-
fomicut ; (9) L. palutlrit. No really new form is here added, and only one of those given by
Baird in 1857 {L. Backmani) is canceled. The two additions made to those given by Bainl
are thu L, Bairdii described by Dr. Hayden in 18fi9, and a variety through the division of
the //. americaiiHt of Baird's work into two varieties. Tho chief differenco between tho
results here reached and those given by Baird consists in the reduction of several of tho
formerly so-called species to subspecies, in consequence of the increased amount of material
at command having shown them to be iutorgroding forms.
v.- -CHAEACTEKI8TIC8 OF THE FAMILY AND SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES AND
VARIETIES.
Excluding the genus Lagomys, formerly associated with the Hares, but
of late very properly regarded as the type of a distinct family, the Leporidee
constitute one of the most natural and best-defined groups among mammals.
The Lagomyula are decidedly their nearest allies, but differ in important
m
\ I
'^^;
I
I'm i'
i 1
282
MONOORAPUS OF NOUTH AMEIUCAN KODBNTIA.
external and osteological cliaracters, tliougli presenting many features of
general resemblance. No subdivisions of tlie family can apparently be made
having a liigher than generic value, the species being, in fact, apparently all
strictly coiigeneric.
The most obvious external distinguishing characters of the Hares are
their lengthened hind limbs, their large, sometimes very large, ears, and
short, sometimes rudimentary, bushy, erect tail ; most of the species have a
thick coat of very sod loose fur. Tlie skull presents also distinguishing
features, namely, the large, deep, flattened rami of the lower jaw ; the per-
tbratcd or reticulated condition of the facial surface of tlie maxilla; the large
size of the orbits, in which the foramina are confluent ; the large size of the
anterior palatine foramina, and the reduction of the palate to a mere bridge
between the premolars ; the large size, in short, of all the openings of the
skull ; the possession of more than the usual number of teeth, including both
molars and incisors. The dental formula is as follows : —
T 2-2 p, 0-0
^•&^^S=1^=2«-
Tlie molars are rootless. Lagomys shares witli Lcpus the possession
of several of these cranial characters, but they are much less developed.
In respect to the general skeleton, besides the elongated hind legs and
feet, the Hares have the acromion-process of the scapula provided with a
spine (metacromion) directed posteriorly at right angles to the axis of the
scapula. The vertebral processes are generally long and slender, the thoracic
vertebrae being provided with " remarkably long, single, compressed, median
liypajiophyscs", not usually present in the other Itodentia.
Genus LEPUS Liun.
Lepm LiSN., 8}Ht. Nat.
llijirolaijuH UiUY, Ann. &■ Mug. Nat. lIiBt., 3(1 Bcr., xx, SSI, 1807.
Hi/lcilagus Guay, ibid,, 'iil.
fMagoH GiiAY, ibid., 222.
Lfput Gray, iIiid.,2SS.
Taped Gbay, ibid., 824.
C'unic'iiiua Gray {nee Wagler), ibid., 225.
Onjotoiagna Lilueooiio, Fnnua Bfvcr Sveriges och NorgcB, 417, 1873. Typo L. cuMcuUt Linn.; hcnoe
= Cunioithii Grny.
The characters of the genus have been sufficiently indicated in the
preceding description of the family.
; I
LEPOUIU-di— ANALYSES OP SPECIES AND FAMILIES. 283
Analtjsis of tlie species and varieties.
I. Skull much arched abuve ; breutl'h one half tlic length ; ponlorbitnl pro-
cesses distinct, not soldered with tlie skull ; nusalw of medium
length, their length equal to about four-fifths of tiie widtii of tiie
skull.
A. Ilind feet longer than iho head. Size large. Pustorbital processes
divergent, not in contact with the skull posteriorly. Pelage
white in winter.
a. Size large. Nasals about as wide in front as behind.
1. Ears rather shorter than the head. Pelage dusky yellowish-gray
in summer, pure white to the roots in winter. Tail short, black
above in summer. Size very large timidus var. articus.
2. Ears much longer than the head. Pelage pale yellowish-gray in
summer; in winter, white at the surface and base and reddish
in the middle. Tail long, white on both surfaces. Size
smaller camjwstris.
b. Size medium. Nasals considerably narrower in front than behind.
3. Ears about equal to the length of the head americanus.
3a. Pelage in summer pale cinnamon-brown ; in winter, white at
the surface and plumbeous at base, with a narrmo middle band
of reddish-brown var. americanus.
5b. Pelage in summer cinnamon-brown ; in winter, white at the
surface and plumbeous at base, with a broad middle band of
reddish-brown, which shows through the white of the surface,
the white being often a mere surface-wasli. Fully as large, or
rather larger, than var. americanus. . '. var. virginianus.
3c. Pelage redder in summer and whiter in winter than in the last,
and size smaller var. Washingtoni.
3d. Size of the last, with the pelage more dusky and with generally
little or no rufous in summer, and in winter nearly or wholly
pure white to the base, the middle reddish band being com-
monly almost obsolete . . « v . y -vwu* i.;» ... i var. Bairdii.
284 MONOOUAPnS of KOUTU AMEUICAN llODENTIA.
li. niiul feet not longer tlinn tlie liend. Size small. Poslorbitul proceHPes
convergent, frequently (in old opeeiniens) in contact with the
sUiill postc •iorly, but only rnrely nnchylosed with it. I'clngo
never wliitc.
4. Gray above, varied with black, and more or less tinged with liglit
yellowish-brown ; under parts white sylvaticun.
4a. Above yellowish-brown, with a tinge of reddish, var. sylvaticus.
Ah. Paler, rather smaller, with slightly larger ears, and rather stouter
lower jaw , var. Nuttalli.
Ac. Color nearly as in vor. sylvaticus; ears rather longer and more
distinctly black-tipped var. Auduboni,
Ad. Like var. Nuttalli, but paler, and with considerably longer
cars var. arizonie.
5. Smaller than sylvaticus, with the postorbital process scarcely touching
the skull jwatcriorly. Colors generally more finely blended, and
darker. Tail very short, almost rudimentary Trowbridgei.
G. Above gray, varied with black and pale yellow. Size of Trow-
bridgei, with Ihe colors and sparsely-clolhed feet ui palustris.
Tail very short, yellowish-brown below brasiliensis.
7. Size of sylcaticus, with the coloration much as in brasiliensis. Tail
white below. Feet sparsely haired, as in L. palustris. . Graysoni.
II. Skull less convex above ; breadth considerably less than half the length ;
lengtli of nasals more than four-fifths the width of the skull.
Ears and hind feet longer than the head. Postorbital processes
convergent, touching the cranium behind. Pelage never white.
Tail long, black above, this color extending forward on the
rump.
A. Lower jaw large, massive.
8. Above pale yellowish-gray, varied with black ; below white, more
or less tinged with fulvous callotli.
' ' 8o. Pale yellowish-gray above, varied with black; below white,
I ' tinged with fulvous var. callotis.
' ' '■ ■ 86. More suffused with pale rufous throughout, with rather longer
ears var. texensis.
B. Lower jaw disproportionably small, relatively smaller Ihan that of any
other Anierican species of Lepus.
9. Somewhat smaller ihawcalbtis, and more rufous above. .cal{/brnicus.
LEPORIDiE— CRANIAL CUARACTEU9.
285
III. Postorbital process ancbylosed with the skull. Hind foot short. Pchigc
never white.
A. Width of the skull half of the length.
10. Size medium. Tail long paluslm.
B. Width of the skull considerably lees than half the length.
11. Size large. T-U short aquaticus.
Tadlb lll.—SKowing tkt ratio of the width and other meaiurem(nlto/ the ikuU to the length.
1
1
Spcolo.
*
1
\
i
\
1
5
1
i!
u
■9 n
1
!
i
i
.J
i
Looallt}.
1
o
I
I
!
1^
sa
u
5^
I
Lxpnatlmldui vir.aroticua
0.M
a 43
o.aa
a9s
0.33
0.44
0.19
0.10
0.73
0,90
Varluus localitica.
Lepiu amerlcanut var.
tmoricMnua.
0.90
a 41
a SI
a IS
0.30
0.40
0.10
0.19
a 71
0.47
New York and Penn-
Bylranla.
14
do
0.10
0 41
0.91
018
0.31
0.41
0.19
0.19
070
a 47
Oxford Count;. Mains.
911
do
0.9O
0.40
0.99
018
0.33
0.41
0.19
019
0.70
a 47
BrlUab roaaaaalona.
Lapaa amarloanua var.
0.90
0.3B
0.91
0.18
a30
0.40
0.19
0.14
0.68
a 47
Waahlngton Territory.
WaablDctooL
1
Lapua UniidQa
a49
0.49
0.84
0 94
0.39
a 49
0.18
0.14
067
0.46
Bavaria.
Lopna Tariabtlta
0.91
0.38
0.99
0.91
a39
0.44
a IS
o.t«
a79
0 98
Sweden.
0.40
0.47
0. 18
0.17
0 31
0.44
0. 17
0. 14
0 00
0 47
Upton, Oirord Connly,
Maine (domcatic).
Lapua cAllotIa
0.49
0.49
a 91
a90
0.39
0 49
0.17
0.14
0 711
a 47
Varlona localltlea.
n
Lcpaa oaliroroioua
0.4T
0.41
U.S1
0.18
0.39
0.41
0.17
0.14
0.08
0.38
California and I,ower
Caltfornla.
do
0.40
0.41
0.99
0.90
0.38
0.41
0.10
0.14
0.08
0.39
Vicinity of San Fran-
cisco, CaL
10
do
0.49
0.41
0.90
0. in
0.31
0.39
a 10
0.14
0.60
0.39
Cape San Lnoaa, Lower
Califunita.
19
Lapoa caiupcatrla
aso
a 48
a 84
0.93
0.33
0.49
a 10
0.19
0 68
0.49
Varioua lootllUes.
as
Lepoa aylTatlooa var. ayl-
vatloua.
A90
0.43
0.81
0.17
a38
0.43
0.10
0.19
aeo
a 46
....do.
do
0.90
0.43
0.99
a 18
0.39
0.43
0. IS
0.10
O.CB
0.46
Waahington, D. 0.
do
0.49
a 43
0.91
017
0.39
0.43
0.18
0.19
0.69
0.46
Ueorgia.
IS
Lopna ayWatlona rar. arte-
mlaia.
O.SO
0.43
0.90
a 18
0.33
0.43
0.1S
0.14
0 79
0.49
Varioua localitica.
do
ago
0.4a
0.90
0.18
0.39
0.43
0.18
0.14
0 70
0.40
Tcxaa.
do
0.91
0.43
0.90
0.18
0.33
0 49
0.18
0.14
0.70
0.4S
Deer Creek, Nebraaka.
10
Lepna Trowbridgai
a90
0.43
0.10
0.16
0.31
0.40
0.18
P. 14
0.6S
0.49
Varlona localitica.
do
U.91
0.44
0.10
0.17
0.39
0.49
O.IS
a 14
0.69
0.49
Vicinity of Son Fran-
oiaco, Cal,
do
0.91
U.41
U.li)
0.17
0.31
0.39
0.18
a 16
a69
0.49
Capo Sau Lucaa, Lower
California.
11
0 91
0.40
0 18
C 90
0 31
0 49
0.90
ft. 19
0 74
0. 90
Gourf^lA.
Lupua aquaticoa
0.4A
0.43
0.1"
I. 18
0.39
0 44
0 IS
0 13
0.73
0 48
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iffi
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286
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
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LEPUS TIMIDUS Linn.
Polar Hare.
Vsr. TIMIDUS. ' ■
lepus limiiaa Linn,, Syst. Nat., lOtli ed., i, 1758, 57; 12th ed., 176C, — ; Faun. 8ueo.,iW ed., 1761, 9 'Keo
L. (imtJus Omkun, Syat. Nat., 1788, i, 160, and moat subseqaent authors, which U L.
eunpmta Pallas, Nov. Sp. Olires, 1778, 30.)— Erxleben, Syat. Keg. Anim., 1777, 389.— TiiCN-
BERG, Beakr. p& Svenake Djr., 1798, 38.— Retzius, Faun. Sueo., i, 1800, 31.— L' lljeboro,
Kongl. Vetenak. Akad. i Stookh. Hand!., 1850 [1851], 26 ; Fauna ofver Sveriges och Norges
Ryggrads^ur, 1873, 418.—" Holhorbn, Skandin. Diigg., 1865, -.WO."
Lefua timidua var. p. Jenyns, Brit. Vert. An., 1835, 35.
Lepud rariabilii Pallas, Nov. Sp. Glirea, 1778, 1, 30; Zoog. Koaso-Aaiat., i, 1811, 145.— Zimmkrhann,
Geog. Oeaoh., ii, 1780, 235.— Omelin, Syat. Nat., i, 1788, 161.— Schreber, Stiuget., iv, 1792,
8a5, pi. coxxxv, A, B.— SHAW, Gen. Zool., ii, 1801, SOI.— Desuarest, Mammal., 1820, 349.—
Flemhino, Bri^. An., 1828, 22.- Fischer, Syn. Ham., 1829, 372.— Nilsson, Skand. Fann.,
1832, 22.- Keysbrlino & Blasius, Wirbelth. Europa'e, 1840, 31.— Waonbr, Schreber'a
SUugot., auppl., iv, 1844, 79.— Bell, Brit. Qnad., 1847, 343.— Wateriiouse, Nat. Hiat. Mam.,
ii, 1848, 51.— HiDDENDORF, Bull. Acad. Pfitersb., iz, 1851, 226.— Oikdel, Saoget., 1856, 446.—
ScilRENCK, Reiaen in Amnrland, 1858.
Lepiia albua Brisson, Reg. An., 1756, 139.— Jenyns, Brit. Vert Anim,, 1835, 35.
L<pun borealia Nilsson, Vet. Akad. 6fvora., 1847, 133; Skand. Faun., 1847, 440.
Lepiia canencem Nilsson, Vet. Akad. dfvora., 1847, 133 ; Skand. F^kan., 1847, 429.
Lepiu hibernicm Bell, Brit. Quad,, 1837, 341.— Thompson, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., zviii, ill, 1838, — .
Var. ARCTICC8.
Lepiia timidua Fadricius, Faun, Groenl,, 25, 1780.
Lqim arcticua Leach, Roaa'a Voyage, 8vo. ed. ii, 1819, app., 151. — Gray, Ann. and Hag. Nat. Hist., 3d sor.,
XX, 1867, 224.
Lepua glacialia Leacii, Rosa's Voyage, 8vo. ed. ii, 1819, app., iv, 170.— Sabine, Narr. Franklin's Jonmey, 1823,
app,, 664 ; Parry'a First Voy:»ge, auppl,, 1824, 187.— Richardson, Parry'a Second Voyage,
1825, app,, 337; Faun. Bor,-Am., i, 1829, 221; Back's Arct, Land Exped., 1836, app., 497.—
Harlan, Faun. Am., 1825, 194.— Godman, Am. Nat. Hiat., ii, 1826, 162.— H. SMrrii, Griffith's
Cuvicr'a An. King., v, 1827, 265.— Fischer, Synop. Mam., 1829, 373.— J. C. Ross, Rosa's
Second Voyage, 1825, app., xv; Ross'a Third Voyage, 1826, app., 93. — Uachman, Jonrn.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 285, pi. xxi ; viii, 1839, 76.— Wagner, Schreber'a Siinget., iv,
pi. ccxxxv, D ; Snppl. Schreber'a SUugot., iv, 1844, 101.— Watehuouse, Nat. Hist. Ham., ii,
1848, 102.— AuD. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., i, 1849, 242, pi. xxxii.— Baird, Mam. N. Am.,
1857, 577, pi, Ivi, flg, 1 (aknll).— Hurbay, Geog, Diatr.Mam., 1666, 253.— Bbown, Proo. ZoCI.
Soc. Lond., 1868, 351.
Winter pelage pure white, except the tips of the ears, which are black.
The whiteness extends to the base of the fur. Summer pelage above light
yellow-brownish gray, varied with black; below white, washed with plum-
beous, daikest on the breast. Ears black, varied with yellowish-gray at the
base, and bordered posteriorly with white. Rump and upper surface of the
tail sooty-plutnbeous. Under fur whitish at base, succeeded by a faint tinge
of fulvous. Hairs black, with a subterminal broad bar of yellowish-gray,
and tipped with black. Ears rather shorter tlian the head ; hind feet much
longer than the head. Length, 22 to 2G inches; hind foot, 6 inches; ear,
4 inches ; weight, 7 to 1 1 pounds.
i i:
LEPORID.33— LEPUS TIMIDU8.
289
I am unable to find any characters, either in the skulls or skins, by
which L. " glacialis " auct. can be distinguished from the L. " variabilis "
auct. (= L. timidus Linn., 1766), and I find that a similar difficulty has been
encountered by other authors. Brown says, " It is difficult (indeed almost
impossible) to give characters whereby this species can be separated from
the Lepus variabilis of Europe when the former is in its summer dress ; and
the skull presents equal difficulties. I have, however, preferred io look upon
it as nominally distinct, though I really believe that it is only a climatic
variety of L. variabilis, Pallas." * Lilljeborg also quotes Blasius as finding no
difference of importance between L '^glacialis" and L. variabilii, either in
skins or skulls-f
The earlier writers considered them identical, and in their accounts of
L. varicl'lis usually spoke of it as inhabiting Greenland and the arctic por-
tions of America as well as the northern parts of Europe and Asia.
The American animal wds first regarded as specifically distinct from tlie
European by Dr. Leach, in 1819, when he distinguisiied the Amnricin form
first as L. arcticus, and later in the same work as L. glacialis. His specimens
were from the shores of Baffin's Bay In 1824, Captain Sabine (Appendix to
Captain Parry's First Voyage) gave a detailed enumeration of its supposed
distinctive characters, he believing the American tbrm to be the larger, with
proportionally longer ears, and the incisors more curved than in the European.
These alleged differences, however, are such as disappear in the comparison
of large series oF each, being either simply individual peculiarities or differ-
ences due to the latitude of the lociility. In accordance wiv. 1i;c well estab-
lished law of variation in size <vith local Ity (viz., decrease in size with
decrease of latitude), specimens from the far north are couftiderably larger
than those from more southern localities fience American specimens from
the arctic regions are much larger than specimens from the Scottish High-
lands or from Southern Scandinavia, as well as much larger than Newfound-
land specimens. On the other hand, specimens from Lapland are as large as
those from Greenland and the arctic shores of America, while the Scottish
and Scandinavian specimens scarcely differ in size from those from New-
foundland and the shores of the Great Slave Lake.
The actual differences between the European and American forms,
judging from tlie limited material before me, seem, as already stated, to be
■ Brown (R.), Proo. Zo«l. Goc. Luud., 1S68, 3D1.
19 M
tFauD. Sver. oob Norgea, i, 438.
'H:'i;
•
;: 11
■ I
• (
m
ji:
iiii
^ ilil
1 1
b'i ;
290
MOKOGRAPHS OF KORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA.
by no means very tangible, consisting mainly in slight differences in the color
of the summer pelage, the American form being rather darker and less
fulvous. The ears also appear to be rather longer. The specimens before
me arc too few to render it safe to predicate that these differences are con-
stant and distinctive ; but as they accord with the general law of the darker
tints of the closely-allied American representatives of European forms, the
L. " g/acialis" of authors may be provisionally regarded as a varietal form of
L. timidus*
As is the case in tiie Ermines and other animals that assume a white
livery in winter, the change is more complete in the extreme northern repre-
sentatives of the species than in the extreme southern ones. In Newfound-
land, Ireland.t the Scottish Highlands, and in Southern Scandinavia, the
change is often incomplete. Although authors almost universally describe
the winter pelage as white to the base, it is well known that the Lepus /liber-
nicuH Bell was based on specimens from Ireland that remained brown in
winter, and Nilsson's variety canescem (L. variabilis var. canescens Nilss.) of
Sweden was based merely on southern specimens, in which the change to
white in winter is only partial. In the Scottish and Scandinavian specimens
before me, I observe the following stages of gradation in respect to the
winter pelage. In only one or two is the whiteness of the under fur of that
snowy purity seen in the specimens from Greenland, Labrador, and
Arctic America, there being in nearly all a faint shade of brown. In some,
it is so pale as to be scarcely appreciable ; in others, quite strong. In the
latter, a few black hairs are intermixed in the dorsal surface, which in some
cases form quite a strongly-marked grayish area on the middle of the back.
The specimens alluded to above vary as follows : —
No. 1737 (Coll. M. C. Z.), Sweden. — Pelage pure white to its base;
front of ears pale grayish-brown.
No. 1776 (M. C. Z.), Sweden. — White, with a slight mixture of long
black hairs on the back, and a faint brownish tinge below the surface; front
of ears reddish-brown.
No. 1777 (M. C. Z), Sweden. — A few black hairs in tiie dorsal surface,
most numerous on the middle of the back, where they form a large grayish
* A8 shown by tUu above-cited synouyinB, the name timidut of LiuuoiUB has priority over variaWii
of Piillas.
t " The Irish Hare only occasionally becomes white in winter".— (Watkhhouse, Nat. Hist. Ham.,
ii.64.)
LEPOllIDJB— LEPUS TIMIDUS.
291
area. Fur below the surface faintly shaded with brown ; ears pale brown
in front, washed with whitish.
No. 409 (Coll. S. I.), Sweden (Helsingland), January 29, 1847, 9 (name
on label " Lepus variabilis Pall., var. borealia Nilss."). — White, with a few
black hairs intormixed, and a faint shade of brown below the surface.
No. 772 (S. I.), north of Scotland, January, 1855. — Middle portion of
the under-fur slightly tinged with yellowish-brown. Anterior surface of ears
yellowish gray-brown.
No. ?77 (8. I.), north of Scotland, January, 1S55. — Middle portion of
fur of upper parts strongly tinged with yellowish-brown. Many black hairs
in the dorsal surface, giving a rather strong dusky-grayish tint to the whole
dorsal area, including the top of the head. Anterior face of ears black,
washed with yellowish-brown. Many reddish-brown and dusky hairs on the
feet, especially on the fore feet.
No. 411 (S. I.), Sweden, March, 1846, ad. i (name on label " Lejjus
variabilis Pall, var. canescens Nilss."). — General color of the upper surface
reddish-gray ; under fur plumbeous at base, then pale yellowish-brown.
Hairs white, many of them black-tipped.
In Nos. 1587 and 6181 (S. I.), winter specimens from Newfoundland,
1030 (S. I.), from Greenland, and 6»61 and G962 (S. I.), from Fort Rae,
north shore of Great Slave Lake, the fur is pure white to the base. The
black spot at the tip of the ear varies greatly in extent in different speci-
mens, in some being reduced almost to obsolescence.
While at southern localities the winter pelage is more or less mixed
with brown, on the other hand the animal frequently remains permanently
white at extreme northern localities, as in Greenland (Fabricius) and Siberia
(Gmelin). Sabine states, " In some of the full-grown specimens killed
[on Melville Island] in the height of summer, the hair of the back and sides
was of a grayish-brown towards the points, but the mass of the fur still
remained white."* A specimen before me (No. 3284, Coll. S. I.), from
Arekamchichi Island, Bering's Straits, presents exactly this appearance,
although evidently an adult summer specimen.
In young specimens, apparently but a few weeks old, the under fur is
plumbeous at base, then pale grayish-fulvons. The hairs are subterminally
tinged with whitish and narrowly tipped with black. A specimeii from
•Parry's [First] VoyuKe, Buppl., 137.
I i
tf
;>':s
If,
292
MONOGKAPUS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
Arctic America (No. 4583, S. I.) is intermediate in color between two others
(Nos. 1779, M. C. Z., and 410, S. I.), from Sweden, except that in the
former tlie feet are white, and in the latter of the same color as the body.
The subjoined tables of measurements, taken partly from specimens and
partly compiled from authors, indicate a considerable range of both individual
and geographical variation. The three skulls of L. timidus are from the
extreme southern limit of the habitat of the species in Europe (excepting
the mountains of Central Europe), and correspond both in size and projwr-
tions with the skull of L. arcticus from Newfoundland, the southern limit of
the habitat of the latter. The Fort Anderson specimen is also but slightly
larger than the one from Newfoundland. On the other hand, the Greenland,
Melville Island, and Plover Bay specimens are very much larger, while
the Yukon River specimens are intermediate, as are the geographical
positions of the localities, tiic whole together forming an intergrading series.
Between the largest (from Melville Island), with a length of 4.30 and a
width of 2.08, and the smallest (from Newfoundland and Fort Rae), with
a length of 3.55 and a width of 1.75, the difference is very considerable,
and, without the intermediate specimens, might be regarded as indicating
specific distinction.
The table of measurements of the animal are not wholly satisfactory,
probably having all been made from skins; but doubtless furnish trustworthy
data for the comparison of the two forms, the character of the material being
the same for each. The variation in size in var. timidus ranges from 17 to
25.50 inches for the length of the body, and in var. arcticus from 22 to 26
inches. The single Lapland specimen of var. timidus corresponds very nearly
in size with the Greenland, Baffin's Bay, Labrador, and Bering's Straits
specimens of var. arcticus, while the Swedish and Scottish specimens are very
near the size of the Newfoundland specimens. The ear appears to average
rather larger in the var. arcticus series, but in no other respect are there any
essential differences in proportions.
The L timidus var. arcticus differs but little in its general proportions
from L. americanus, but it is at once readily distinguishable by its much
larger size. It also differs in the color of its winter pelage, that of L. ame-
ricanus being plumbeous at liasc, then yellowish-brown, with only the surface
white, while in glacialis tlie pelage is white to the base. It further differs
from L. americanus in the proportions of the skull and in the form of the
LBPORID^— LEPUS TIMIDUS.
293
nasal bones, which are about as wide anteriorly as posteriorly, while in L.
americanus they are considerably narrowed anteriorly. Wliile it is about the
size of L. cmnpestrus, it is distinguished from that species by its much shorter
ears and tail and shorter limbs, its very different color in summer, and in
the much greater whiteness of its winter coat, the winter pelage of L. cam-
pestris being brown beneath the surface, with usually a broad grayish-brown
area on the middle of the back. From all the other American species it is
'too distinct to require comparison with them.
Geogbaphical distribution. — The L. timidus (var. timidus) presents
the rather unusual phenomenon among mammals of being found at isolated
localities distant from its main range, in accordance with the law of the occur-
rence of arctic species in alpine regions far to the southward of the soutliern
limit of the habitat of the same species in the lowlands ; a law, however,
ofVen illustrated in the distribution of plants, birds, and insects. The var.
timidus hence occurs in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland, extending as
far south as Cumberland ; in the Swiss, Bavarian, and Tyrolese Alps ; and in
the Pyrenean and Caucasian Mountains ; in the lower lands in Sweden and
Norway; throughout Middle and Northern European Russia, Siberia, and
thence northward to the shores of the Arctic Sea. The var. arcticus occurs
as far southward as Newfoundland, where it reaches its southern limit of dis-
tribution on the Atlantic coast It is found in Labrador, and occurs in the
interior as far south as Fort Churchill on the western shore of Hudson's Bay,
the northern shore of Great Slave Lake, and the Upper Yukon Valley, and
inhabi s the Barren Grounds northward to the Arctic coast. Although
supposed by Dr. Bach man to occur in Nova Scotia and Northern Maine, I
can find no evidence that such is the case. Its absence from Nova Scotia,
on the contrary, is well authenticated. It hence meets, and to some extent
overlaps, the habitat of L. americanus. According to Dr. Richardson and
other northern explorers, it does not frequent the thick woods, but is often
seen near the thin clumps of spruce-fir that border the Barren Grounds, the
L. americanus being, on the contrary, a woodland species.
4
^1
294
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
Table VI.— J/ea»urCTBeii(» of skuUa of Lepus timidus rar. timidus.
' I ■ !■
ill
I I -^
')■ ''i
' i* ;■ '»'.'
r't
w
1
1
s
a
1
i|
1
i
^1
.a
M
o
:::::
Lockliv.
1
1
s
1
t
s
1
•a
1.35
1.33
1.3'i
■3
3
i
i
1
0.71
0.73
0.73
1 iS
li
1.13
1.06
1.10
1 =
If
il
O. J!
1
1
a
Is
|1
1
It
b
1
1
fit
,3
■ft
I
i
Bemarka.
LoDdoD market
...do
Sveden
rf
3.M
3.43
3.43
1.80
1.15
0.«3
0.<3
0.«7
.. do.
1.90
0.41
0.33
0.57
3: .10
1.80
Table VU.—Meaturementa of tkullt of Lepus timiduh car. arcticus.
Jiii!
a
i
i
i
■s
■^
£
•2
2
a
1^
.J
i
a
li
1
t
i
i
ft
7
LoMlity.
1
1
i
1
1
8
,1
}
1
*
i
1
1
3 i
il
1
II
1
a ^
1
1
■s
i
Reinarki.
H
a
0
tn
!5
>^
u
p
p
p
«=
p
7130
3.06
1.03
L87
3:08
105
Le3
1.48
1.33
L66
L63
L67
1.36
1.75
1.68
0.90
0.86
0.79
0.04
O.S'
LOO
1.37
1.37
1.13
1.43
L35
1.79
1.71
L4e
1.78
i.es
0.75
0.73
a 67
0.75
0.60
:i n 1. 71
3 03 1.80
3.601.70
3.31 L83
3 93 3L13
From Wati>rboDBe.
...do.
...do.
...do,
do
do
MclTlUe IsUi.'l
3.87
3.33
4.30
4.30
0.55
0.83
Plover B«y, Norlheaat-
em Siberia.
7S18
Nulalo, Tukon Biver. . . .
4.05
100
1.70
0.86
0.80
1.33
i.eo
0.58
0.35
0.73
0.63
A 95
3.00
8643
gi30
4.00
185
3.03
3.00
L57
0.83
0.88
1.35
L84
i.et
1.60
3.83305
do
0.4«
0.33
0.75
0.03
6123
do
3.90
....
... I0.73
1.36
1.67
0.3O
0.35
O.TJ
0.60
7303
FortRae
3.85
L83
....0.75
L60 0.eO
0.80
1.30
L67
0.50
0.33
0.70
0.63
O.Oi'
6315
Fort Ande'^rn
1.60
L75
0.84
LI8
L55
0.47
a37
0.70
a33
3.6(^
LOS
8!in
3.55
L80
....
1. 43'o. DO
0..
LIS
L40
0.45
0.35
a7a
0.57
i SOL 70
1
1
LEPORID.a!— LEPU8 TIMIDU8.
295
Table WllL—Utamrtmrntt of Lepuh timidus var. timidus.
4oe
1131
in«
im
409
410
Locality.
LapUnd..
Inland...
Bootlaid .
....do....
... do....
....do.,..
...do
...do....,
Sweden ..
...do....
....do. (I).
...do. (t).
... do....
...do....,
... do....
...do....
From tip of noae to—
a. 03
9.10
0.83
a. 00
mo
2.03
a. 13
S.8S
lis
3.IN
4.80
4.00
4.11
4.33
4.0O
4.10
4.00
4. CO
4.93
9&S0
83.00
93.30
91.13
9a 00
98.00
19.00
11.00
31.00
81.30
90 00
9a 00
94.00
l&OO
83.00
30.00
Tail to end
of-
aoo
9.00
1.13
1.15
i.eo
4.93
LOO
4.33
3.30
3.30
3.80
4. SO
aso
3.30
aso
aso
a 13
LeUKth of—
aoo
3l73
a 15
lis
aoo
aoo
aoo
3.13
8.13
:<.io
8.60
n
aoo
6.00
6.33
a33
aoo
3.83
5.50
3.50
6.30
aso
a63
560
aoo
3.60
&40
as5
m
a 40
aao
3.50
aso
a 61
4.00
a4o
a 40
4.83
4.50
aso
a IS
4.00
aso
4.00
4.10
Remarka.
From Waterhoaae.
do.
do.
do.
do.
From Rlcbardaou.
From .Waterbonae.
!■. " TarUbiUa Tar. boivalla."
L. "variabllia var. eaneaoeoa.*
Table lX,—Mt<u»rement> qf Lepus timidus var. arcticus.
^■m
1
Locality.
From tip of noM to—
Tall to end
of-
LeoKtb of—
1 ;i
Remarka.
s
1
1
g
k
1
1
1
Hind hot.
Haigbt of <
1030
3984
3.30
......
aoo
35.00
3a 00
3a 00
3a 00
aaoo
saoo
99.50
8a ?3
94.33
39.50
MOO
9a 00
8a oo
3a 00
9.00
3.30
3.15
&60 a63
ai3 4.93
ass 4.93
aso 413
aoo 4.33
aoo 4.00
aso !4.so
al3 4.95
S.50 4.30
MS 4.00
&00 4.00
aoo 4.15
a40 aos
aso :4.90
1
FromBatrd.
From Wateibonae.
From And. and Bach.
From Watwhonaa.
do.
do.
From Watetbonae.
From Boird.
do.
Ankamjhlohi laljuid, Be-
rtog'aStrtlta.
I^brador
k.40
4.30
4.50
135
4.11
aso
4. so
1.80
MS
3.00
a6o
aso
aoo
3.50
aso
4.00
a35
a 13
aoo
3.80
3.15
9.90
do
do
Bmt I^ke. British Americft
«g<i
«069
Ftort Buk. QKftt SIato Lake
do .
4.50
1.50
1.15
aso
aoo
4.00
3181
333
Ugt
N« vfoundluid
4.08
4.50
do
3.50
3.30
do .
do
aoo
1.00
4.00
a 10
MONOGBAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Taolk X:—LI»t of tpeoimem of LK?ua tiuidus tar. TiMiDi'a.
•1737
•1776
•1777
•ir(9
408
409
410
411
771
778
1048
Locality.
Earope (Swodenf)
Sweden
...do
... do.(/)
... do
...do.
...do.
....do
Scottish Higbluda
...do
SwedeD
WbKii
collected.
June 1,1840
Jul. 99,1817
Summer. ...
Har. -, 1848
Jan. — , less
Jan. — , 18SS
From whom received.
L. Agauls
William Scblmper....
do
do
Kongl. STenaka Akad..
do.
.do.
.do .
SirWIIIUni Jardlns.
do
Skin..
Skin .
Skin.
Skin .
Skin.
Skin.
Skin.
Skin .
Skin.
Skin .
Skull
Remarka.
L. " variabilia Fall. var. bora-
alia Nila."
do.
L. ' ' Tariabllls Pall. Tar. eanaa'
cens Nllar'
do.
* Fnim tbo Uuienm of Conparatlre Zoology, Cambridge, Hati.
Tadlk X\.—Litt of fpeciment of I.EPUS timidl'8 tar, ahcticuh.
1
i
s
<S8
. Locality.
When collected.
From whom re.
ceived.
Collected by.
■s
e
1
6120
6123
7218
864S
7203
0S19
7130
2277
1030
0961
6962
SI8I
3S3
1587
13S«
Yukon
SknIL
SknII.
SknlL
SkoIL
SknII.
BkulL
SknlL
Skull.
Skin.
Skin.
Skin.
Skin.
Skin.
Rkin.
8kia
.do
....
ILKeonicoM
W.H.Dan
B. B.Koaa
RKennieott
W.B. DaU
Fort Rae
...do
W.H.Dall
J. it. Sknea
W.H.Dall
Winter
Darren Grounds north of Fort Bao, Ore at
Slave Lake,
do
Wlnter,18S»
... do
B.B.Eosa
....io
L. Clarke
do
Winter, len
J.E.Wlllla
J. O. Ben.
do
Winter
....do
J.G.BoU
do
J. U. Sknea
J. Oowne*
o
do
Brit'
ffl'kS! I;
LEPORID^— LBPD8 CAMPBSTRia.
297
LEPUS CAMPESTRIS Bachman.
Prairie Hare.
Lepiu vartabilli Lkwis, Burton's Hed. and Pbys. Jonrn., ii, 1800, 159.— Godman, Am. Nat. Hist., il, 1836, 169.
£<piia t'ir;iiii<iNua vsr.f HAnLAN, Faoo. Aiuer., ltS5, 310.
Zqiiu virginianti$ RiciiAni>BON, Faun. Bor.-Am., I, 1H29, 2!24.— PniNCK Maximilian, Reifw in doa innere
Nord-Amer., i, 1H39, 508.
Z^pM campmtrit Baciiman, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., vli, 1837, 349 ; viii, 1R39, 80.— WATKRnousE, Nat.
Hist. Mani., ii, 1848, 137.— Oiedkl, SUnRet., 1865, 449.— Baird, Mam. N. Am., 1867, 585, pi.
Ivi, fig. 2 (sknll).— Nbwberry, Paoifio H. R. Ex. and Sarv., vi, iv, 1867, 63.- Coofkr, Pucifio
R. R. Ex. and 8urr., xii, iii, 1800, 104.— Sucki.ey, Puciflo R. R. Ex. and Rnrv., xii, iii, 1800,
131.— Maximiuan, Wiegm. Arch., 1861, Bd. i, 145.— Hayden, Trans. Am. Pbil. Hoc. Pbila., xii,
1802, 148.— Oray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hiat., 3d series, xx, 1867, 284.— Allen, Bull. Essex Insti-
tute, vi, 1874, 52, 58, 61, 66.
Leptu TbWHtendi Baobman, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sol. Pbila., viii, 1839, 90, pi. ii ; Towoaond's Narrative,
1839, 335.— AUD. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., i, 1849, 25, pi. iii.-CooPER, Am. Nat., ii, 1668,516.
In winter, white, more or less tinged with yellowish-brown on the middle
of the back ; top of the head and anterior surface of the ears pale yellowish-
brown, varying to whitish; ears tipped with black. Under fur white at the
base, passing through pale yellowish-brown to deep reddish-brown. The
hairs of the back white at the tip, with a subterminal band of brown, varying
in different specimens from yellowish-brown to dark reddish-fuscous.
In summer, entire upper parts, breast, anterior surface of the ears, and
the legs pale yellowish-gray, this color gradually passing into white on the
sides. Fur of the under parts, excepting the breast, pure white to the roots.
Nape and lower two-thirds of the ears white ; upper third of the ears brown-
ish-black. Fringes of the ears creamy-brown, bordered with white. Sides
and ends of the muzzle yellowish-brown. Tail white on both surfaces, with
occasionally a faint, median, ashy line above. Occasionally, a small oval spot
of white on the middle of the forehead. The under fur of the upper surface
in summer varies in different specimens from whitish-gray to grayish-plumbe-
ous at base, then pale fulvous, passing into black. The hairs are generally
black at the extreme tip, with a broad subterminal bar of pale yellowish-gray ;
below, the black bar passes gradually into whitish at the base. A few hairs
entirely black are generally intermixed. The tail is very long, equaling the
length of the head. Ears very long, about one-fourth longer than the head.
Hind feet rather longer than the ears. Length of the body, 19 tu 23 inches ;
of the tarsus, 5.50 to 6 inches; of the ear, 4.'75 to nearly 6 inches.
Of some fifteen specimens before me in winter pelage, not more than one
in five has the whole dorsal surface pure white. The reddish-brown subter-
minal zone shows through the white tips of the hairs more or less in nearly all
!t)
f .
ni
298
MONOGRAPHS OP NOUTII AMEUIUAN RODEDTIA.
tlic spccimciiH, wliile tlicro is generully a vvell-mnrked brownish nren on tlic mid-
dle of tlin Imcit, wiiicli varies in tint from pale yellowish-brown to dark reddish-
brown and even reddish-fuscous. Generally, the upper surface of the head and
the anterior surface of the ears are but little lighter-colored than in summer;
but tiicrc is in some a broad band running from the base of the ears to the
nose, on each side of the head, more or less nearly pure white, and occasion-
ally the whole upper surface of the head is yellowish-white. From the dates
on the labels, this species appears to assume its winter dress in November,
as I have observed it to do in Southwestern Wyoming; but in Northwestern
Kansas I found that a considerable proportion of the individuals observed
retained nearly their summer colors in midwinter; they then have a much
fuller, softer coat than in summer, and the general color of the upper surface,
the sides of the body, and the limbs is much more strongly suffused with
fulvous than in summer specimens. 'J'he under fur is also very thick and
silky, and pure white, instead of being more or less plumbeous, as in summer.
In the specimens from more northern localities, every degree of whiteness is
presented, from those that arc scarcely lighter than in summer to those which
have a uniforndy nearly pure white surlace.
In summer, tiic color of the dorsal surface varies considerably in respect
to the intensity of the yellowish suffusion ; in some, it is so faint as to be
scarcely appreciable, while in others it presents a pale golden hue. In several
specimens from Ogden, Utah, and in one from Fort Crook, California, this
suffusion partakes of a faint reddish tint, and there is a more decided grayish
line on the upper surface of the tail than in those from the plains east of the
Rocky Mountains.
Several very young specimens from the valley of the Yellowstone do not
differ essentially in color from the adult.
This species was first described by Lewis and Clarke, in 1814, in the
history of their expedition across the continent (vol. ii, p. 178), but they
omitted to give it a distinctive name. Harlan, in 1825, copied their descrip-
tion, indicating the species, however, merely as " Lepus virginianus, van?";
thus partially confounding it with his Lepus virginianus (=: L. americanus
auct), or the White Hare of the Eastern States. Dr. Richardson, while
recognizing it as distinct from the L. americanus, identified it with Harlan's
Lepus virginianus, he not only redescribing it from a "mutilated winter skin",
but also quoting Lewis and Clarke's description. In 1837, Dr. Bachman
LBPORIDiE— LEPU8 CAMPESTRI8.
299
gave it the name of Lfpm rampestm, quoting the descriptions both of Ri(;ii-
nnUon and Lewis luid Clarke, after having previously partially confounded
it with Harlan's L. virginianus. Two years later, Dr. Baehman redeserihod
it under the name of Lepus Townsendi, from a specimen brought by Townscnd
fnmi the Walla-Walla, one of the sources of the Columbia River, supposing
it to be a species that never became white. Later, however (in Audubon
and Bachman's Quadrupeds t»f North America, vol. i, p. 30), he doubted its
distinctness from the L. catnpestris, having subseque-itly been assured tliat it
did assume a white dress in winter. Professor Baird, in 1857, with speci-
mens tiefore him from the vicinity of Fort Union, in both states of pelage,
whence some of Audubon and Bachman's specimens were obtained, unhesi-
tatingly regarded L. Townsendi as a synonym of L. campesirus. From the
labels on the specimens in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution, how-
ever, he seems to have later changed his opinion, retaining the name of L.
Totensendi for the long-legged, long-eared Prairie Hare of Richardson, and
restricting the name campcstrli to the representatives of L. americanus
received from the fur countries, as will be further noticed under the head of
that species. Professor Baird now, however, agrees with the writer that this
later identification of L. campestris is erroneous.
The history of L. cumpestris was more or less confounded by Harlan
with that of L. americanus, and later l)y Baehman, who first described it
under the name of L. virginianus, while God man confounded both this
species and the L. americanus with the L. "variabilis" of the Old World.
To Dr. Richardson belongs the credit of first recognizing the subject of the
present article as a species distinct from L. americanus, and to which later
Baehman gave the name of L. campestris.
Lepus campestris is at once distinguishable from the other species of
varying Hares by the great length of its ears and tail, and by the latter being
always white on both surfaces. It is of about the size of L. timidus, and
is hence much larger than L. americanus, and rarely assumes so white a tint
in winter as these two more northern species. From the other American
long-tailed, long-eared, and long-limbed Hares {L, callotis and L. califomicus),
it differs in general color, in the white upper surface of the tail, and in
changing to white in winter. It also differs notably in the proportions of the
skull, as already noticed.
Geoorapiiical distribution. — The most eastern locality whence this
uf.i
I
'it II
■A
H
300
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
species has been received is J'oit Riley, Kansas. Further north, it extends
eastward to the Missouri River and westward nearly to the Pacific coast.
Lewis and Clarke observed it on the plains of the Columbia, where, according
to Nuttall (as quoted by Bachman), it is abundant. Tovvnsend obtained
specimens on the Walla-Walla, and Dr. George Suckley on the eastern slope
of the Blue Mountains of Oregon* and on the plains of the Columbia east
of the Cascades. Dr. Suckley also speaks of it as occurring on the sage-
plains north of Fort Boist'.f Dr. J. G. Cooper speaks of it as 'common south
of the Columbia and Snake Rivers, but rare of late years to tije northward
of these rivers % A single specimen in the collection of thj !:■ .nithsonian
Institution, from Fort Crook, California, indicates its occurrence i;* Northern
California. 1 found it abundant in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, and throughout
Southern Wyoming and Northern Kansas eastward to within two hundred
miles of the Missouri River. To the northward, it extends to tht plains of
the Saskatchewan, where, according to Richardson, it is abundant. Dr. Coues
brought in specimens collected along the forty-ninth parallel, where he found it
common.§ Its limit to the southward is not so well known, but no specimens
have been received from south of Middle Kansas and the .Great Salt Lake
Basin ; south of these points, it is wholly replaced by the L. callolis var.
iexianus, whose range somewhat overlaps that of L. campestris. It is emi-
nently a species of the great sage-plains, and its main range seems to be
from Middle Kansas northward to the plains of the Saskatchewan, and from
the eastern edge of the great plains westward to the Sierra Nevada Mount-
ains.
* PftOiflo H. R. Rep. & Kxpl., xii, pt. ii, p. IA\.
t Faciflo R. R. Rep. &. Expl., xii, pt. ii, pp. 104, 131.
t Am. Nat., ii, 036.
$ Dr. Cones has published a mooograpbio sketch of tliirt speciep. ioadvertently overlooked in pro-
pariDg the bibliographical r^umd of the subject which has been gi /en on a preceding page. See Boll.
Essex Inst., vii, 1875, p. 73 tt itq.
LEPOBID.T!— LEPUS 0AMPESTRI8.
301
Tadlk XII.
—Ueasuremenlt
of skulh of Lei'US campestkis.
i
1
t
•a
3
II
"a
i|s
a
u
■^
ll
II
t
4i
B
a
3
11
Locollty.
i
t
1
1
1
*
1
II
•
i
h
'A
If
.28
0.71
i
i
971
68
Fort UnloD
1.83
0.90
1.00
0.87
0.94
1.18
1.69
0.45
0.30
0.55
9.60
1.89
vn
. ..do
I.BO
0.75
1.55
0.75
0.84
1.90
1.50
0 46
0.36
0.63
0.55
9.50
1.65
IMS
Fort Kearney
3.05
1.76
0.80
1.58
0.89
1.18
\,M
0.4R
0.35
0 68
0.S4
1995
SS98
933
1900
Fort Pierre, Nebr
Fort Riley, Kaoa
3 37
395
1.79
1.65
0.75
0.80
1.37
1.30
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.06
1.18
1.00
1.38
1.39
0.45
0.40
0.33
0.36
0.63
0.66
0.48
0.55
9.95
1.60
aso8
Upper ML'ioarl...
3.05
1. 60
0.75
0.77
1.14
l.M
0.40
0.35
0.67
0.50
9.49
1.60
3349
3938
Fort Lttrnmie
3 73
1.85
0.77
I.CO
0.87
0.00
1.95
1.57
0.47
0.40
0.68
0.57
3.59
1.06
4130
3133
Pl»tte Klver
3I>0
I.S4
0.75
1.65
0.85
0.89
1.93
1.50
0.45
0.37
0.70
0.00
4944
Deer Creek, Nobr.
3 47
1.79
:68
1.33
a 70
0. 80 1. 10
1.45
0.45
0.33
0.00
0.56
3.40
l.S«
4345
4935
....do
335
1.75
0. 6
1.37
0.76
0.70
1.05
1.49
0.43
0.34
0.63
0.03
9.«
I.CO
4947
...do
91 5S
1.76
0 83
1.50
aeo
0.84
1.15
1.50
0.43
0.37
0.65
0.53
3.40
1. 00
4948
4944
...do
3 40
1.70
0.65
1.45
a 70
a 78
1.19
1.45
0.45
a33
0.58
0..15
3.95
1.58
4949
4946
...do
338
1.75
0.75
1.33
0.75
0.74
1.05
1.39
0.44
0.35
0.67
0.55
9.30
1.00
4951
4950
...do
3 43
1,73
0.63
1.46
a 67
1.10
1.45
0.47
0..14
0.65
0.50
9.40
1.60
4959
•-<•'•
365
1.78
0.63
1.69
0.80
0.88
1.18
1.53
0.45
0.49
0.70
0.50
137
1.75
Table XIII
. — iIfc<i«iireMeii(<
of LxrUH CAMPESTIII8
1
B
0
%
1
a
t
Locality.
i
From tip of noee to—
Tail to end
of-
Length of—
i
"S
1
n
Remarks.
^
1
d
t
>
1
1
•0
.9
n
85
3850
98r>6
9855.
9853
9854
9858
9857
9763
8765
9764
1798
1799
1730
1748
1681
1680
1683
1079
1585
1415
1385
Calombla River, Oregon
Territory.
Poroy, Ciirbon Connty,
Wyoming Territory.
do
aoo
350
3 40
395
399
3.60
330
350
340
4.30
380
4.00
385
380
355
390
3 80
4.03
3 75
3 90
91.00
99.00
99.50
91.00
90.93
10.75
90.00
10.75
90.00
10.90
91.00
30.00
91.00
33.95
«3 00
93.00
90.30
11.00
91.90
91.00
39.50
89.50
31.50
31.90
89.00
laoo
395
5.50
100
880
860
885
880
890
100
880
867
3.35
110
850
100
3.43
aoo
5.50
5.60
5.75
5.00
5.65
5.70
5.65
.1.00
5.35
6.00
5.75
6.0O
5.35
3.55
5.55
5.50
5.45
3.00
5.50
365
3.93
4.80
5.00
5.00
5.40
5.93
5.93
From Baird.
Meuureil freeli.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
d
d
9
d
9.95
3.35
9.35
9.70
9.35
9. SO
9.50
9.50
9.10
393
9.50
310
8.V)
800
8 75
830
395
300
300
8.V)
395
830
175
3 00
195
119
100
ISO
130
4.00
100
173
3.00
0.0C
3. 00
3.50
4.73
4.50
5.00
4.93
4.90
100
4.30
4.96
4.30
4.93
5.50
5.30
5.30
4.75
4.30
do
ilo
do
do
do
do
Fort Fred Steele, Wyom.
lug Territory.
do
5.85
.\95
5.0O
4.00
4.33
do.
From Dalrd.
do.
Skiu.
do.
do.
9.00
9L9S
.
9.00
4.17
4.50
158
5.00
4.50
4.ii«
4.49
1794
69
1899
456
do
Fort Union, Uppef Mlawmri
CRche l> Pondre Creek .. .
Brtdger'aPnu
WalU-Wnllu
9
d
4.75
330
3.93
From Bacbman.
From And. and
Bach.
do.
Ueaaured fmb,
do.
d
9
9
d
'•9
do
4939
4940
4949
494S
M98
19016
64
Tlecr Creek, Nebrukn
do
9:50
9.75
9LS0
9. .10
3.00
^9S
4.50
4.M
^oo
4.50
883
100
57
50
91
4369
do
.do
do.
do.
3.75
7.00
875
9.75
100
do.
do.
Three Buttee
9
1.93
4.00
302
MONOGRArHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODEDTIA.
■s
i
I
P
S _ _
3 "5 "S
a s a a
I n
I
"3
J
h3
•Mt paB xag
'joqoina IV^|8^o
■a
1
eoeoooQol
"§ "O "O 3 •« 3
•^1
o o o o a
■t) "O "O "CI "C
00 t)5 <S 00 00 CS 00
S :^ 2 2 s s" Si"
s M s a 'J -g
lllll
h ct4 gn h n
^ d ^ fe
6 a
«
" a
IS
a '^
II |||i|||ig§|is
a' a'
&S z s
V -' er «r
8uipao<ii9jjo3 :^<*s9iiH«9 :9 :w :«
§ iliiil liiii
fH
If f
,. l.-)l
LBPORlDiE— LEPUS CAMPESTRIS.
303
Ai
;,
-,
-!^^H
1
fflH
!
'mi''
B
i
304 MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AafERICAN RODENTIA.
LEPUS AMERICANUS.,
Var. AMERICANUS.
Norttaern Varying Bare.
Lejms americanus Erxleuen, Syst. Refr. Auini., 1777, 330 (bused wholly on references to the Hudson's Bay
specimous).— Gmglin, Syst. Nat., i, 1786, 162.— Shaw, Gen. Zoul. Ham., ii, 1801, 202.— DESilAK-
K8T, Mamnialogie, 182-<!, 351 (in part only).— Babinb (J.), Franklin's First Jonrn., 1824, upp.,
664.— RiciiAitDSO.v, App. Parry's Second Voyage, 1825, 324 ; Fann. Bor.-Am., i, 1829, 217 (syn.
in part only) ; Back's Arct. Land Exped., 1836, app., 496.— Fischer, Syn. Mam., 1829, 376
(mixed \?itb L, «y{iia(iti(«).— Bacuman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., vii, 1837, 403; viii,
1839, 76 (iu part only).- DeKay, New York Zool., i, 1842, 9r> (in part only).— Waonkh, Suppl.
Scbrcber's Siingot., iv, 1844, 104 (in part only). — Wateuiiouse, Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 1848, 108
(iu part only).— AUD. & Bach., Qnad. N. Am., i, 1849, 93 (in part only).— Oiebel, Situget.,
1855, 449.— Baikd, Mam. N. Am., 1857, 579 (in part only).— Orav, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Uist.,
3d series, xx, 1867, 224 (in part).— Maximiuan, Wiegm. Arch., 1861, i, 142.— Russ, Can. Nat.
and Geo!., vi, 1807, 436.— Welch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 288 (seasonal changee of
color).- OiLPi.v, Proc. and Trans. Nov. 8co. lust. Nat. Sci., iii, 1878, 40.
Leput hudBonim Pallas, Nov. Sp. Glires, 1778, 30,— Bodd.£KT, Flench. Anim., i, 1784, 99. — Zihmermanm,
Pennant's Arktiscbe Zool., i, 1787, 96.
Lrpiis iiaiiuii Schkf.dki), Siiuget., ii, 1792, 881, pi. ccxxxiv, B (mixed with L. eyhaticus),
Lepun campeslris Baiiid, MSS. in part (labels and record-books. Smiths. Inst.).— Uayden, Am. Nat., ill,
1860, 115.— Dall, Alaska and its Resources, 577.
LepuB tariabitia var. Godman, Am. Nat. Hist., ii, 1826, 169 (in part only).
Lepua borealU Sciiintz, Synop., ii, 1845, 886.
American Hare, Foustkh, Pbil. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 376.— Pennant, Hist. Quad., 1781, no. S4;5 ; Arct. Zool.,
i, 1784, 95.
Var. viROiNiANUs.
Southern Varying Hare.
lepuB americaniia Baciiman, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., vii, 1837,403; viii, 1839, 76 (iu part only).—
■ , DeKay, New York Zool., i, 1842, 95, pi. xxvi, fig. 8 (in part only).— Waoneu, Suppl. Scbrc-
ber's Siiuget., 1844, iv, 104 (in part only).— AuD. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., i, 1849, 73, i>l. xi,
xii (in part only).— Baird, Mam. N. Am., 1857, 579 (iu part only).— Gray, Ann. and Mag.
Nut. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 1867, 284 (in part only).— Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoul., i, 1869,
837.— Hall, Con. Nnt. and Gcol., vi, 1861, 300.
Leput virginianuB Harlan, Faun. Am., \»2!i, 196.— Fischer, Synapsis, 370, 1829.- Douoiity, Doughty's
Cab. Nat. Hist., i, 1830, 217, pi. xix.— Baciiman, Journ. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 301
(mainly ; somewhat mixed with L, campeBlriB). — Emmons, Quad. Mass., 1840, 58.— Trompson,
Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1842, 48.
* Var. WA8HIK0T0NI.
Weitem Varying Hare,
Lqfut vsathinfitoni Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., vii, 1655, 333, pi. xv (animal); Mara. N. Am., 1857,
583.— Cooper, Pucifio R. R. Ex. and Sarv., xii, iii, 1860,87.— Suckley, Pacilio R. R. Ex. and
Surv., xii, iii, 1860, 103.— Suckley & Gibds, PaciBc R. R. Ex. and Snrv., xii, iii, 1860, 130.—
Gray, Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 1867, 284.
Leput americaKut var. uHtthitigtoni Au.en, Proc. Bust. Soc. Nat, Hist., xvii, 1875, 434.
, Var. bairdi.
Rooky Mountain Varying Hare,
Leput bairii Hayoen, Amer, Nat., iii, 1869, 115.— Merriam, U. S. Geol. Snrv., Sixth Ann. Rep,, 1873, 667.
Leput americanut var. (airdi Aixen, Bull. Essex. Inst,, vi, 1874, 61, 66; Proc, Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii,
1875, 434.
Var. AMERICANUS.
Northern Varying Hare.
In winter, white, except the extreme tips of the ears, which are nar-
rowly bordered with black. Under-fur plumbeous at base, passing into rather
LEPORIDiE— LEPUS AMERICANUS.
305
strong brownish-red iipically. Hairs white for about liie terminal third, then
brownisli-red, with the basal third i)lunibeous. In specimens from rather
southern localities, the brown ollen shows through the white outer surface,
particularly on the sides of the body.
In summer, above and outer surface of the limbs pale yellowish-brown,
varied with black, resulting in a general tint of dark utnber-brown. Tail
sooty above, grayish-white below. Lower surface of the body, from the
breast posteriorly, white; breast, and neck in front, yellowish-brown ; chin
and throat white. Anterior surface of ears yellowish-brown, mixed with
black ; apical fourth of the anterior border black ; posterior border white or
yellowish-white. Under-fur of the dorsal region plumbeous for the basal
half, shading gradually into pale yellowish-brown. Hairs generally broadly
tipped with l)lack, the black tip succeeded by a broad l)ar of pale brown ;
below this to the roots black, shading more or less into plumbeous.
Length of body, 15 to 20 inches; length of ear about 3 inches; of
tarsus about 6.25. Ear about three-fourths the length uf the head; head
about four-fifths the length of the tarsus. Average weight about 5J pounds.
In winter specimens, the whiteness of tfie surface invades the pelage
much more deeply than in var. virginianus, wholly concealing the subjacent
brownish zone, the ears and the upper surface of the head being also pure
white. The pelage is also much thicker and longer, and the ears are far more
heavily clothed. The brown zone of the under-fur varies in different speci-
mens from light fulvous-brown to deep reddish-brown.
Summer specimens vary chiefly in respect to the intensity of the yellow-
ish-brown tint intermi.xed witii the black, which ranges from yellowish-gray to
pale rufous. The relative length of the black tips to the hairs of the dorsal
surface also varies the general tint, which is often of a very dark umber-
brown, quite different from the bright-cinnamon tint of summer specimens
of var. virginianus.
Among the specimens of var. americanus is a single example of melanism,
a mutilated skin (No. 6268) labeled as follows: "Lepus americanus, Rainy
Lake, H. B. T." It is apparently a winter skin, the pelage being very long
and full. The color is dull plumbeous-black throughout, there being a slight
grayish cast to the surface of the pelage, particularly on the head, breast, and
back. Although instances of melanism appear to be comparatively frequent
in Lepus europeeus, they are very rare among the American Lejwridee.
20 M
\m
w
306
MOXOGRAPUS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
The general mcasuretneiits of the different varieties of Lepus americanus
have been necessarily taken almost wholly from skins, and in part by differ-
ent observers. They are hence less satisfactory than they would have beeo
could they have been made from fresh specimens and by a single person.*
They arc in the main, however, borne out by the measurements of the skulls.
The material, bein^ similar in all cases, affords doubtless a tolerably fair
means of determining the individual range of variation and the amount of
variation with locality. Contrary to what usually happens, there is in this
species apparently no increase in size to the northward, some of the largest
specimens being from New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts, and
belong to var. vtrginianus. The specimens from Maine (see measurements
of the skulls) scarcely differ from those from the Fur Countries, and the speci-
mens from the Wind River Mountains (var. bairdi) fully equal those from
the most northern points.
In Table XV, the specimens are chiefly from very northern localities,
and all in winter jjelage. The average length of the body is IG inches, vary-
ing from 15.25 to 17.10; length of hind foot 5.10, varying from 4.70 to 5.25;
length of ear 2.70, varying froln 2.25 to d.OO. Hence the average length of
the body is about an inch and a quarter less than in the Massacimsetts series
(bce below), while the difference in the hind foot and ear is less than one
and a half tenths of an inch. The difference in length Is more apparent than
real, as the skins from Arctic America had never been filled, and are hence
more contracted by drying than the others. The trifling difference in the
size of other parts corresponds very nearly with that indicated by the
skulls. According to Dr. Gilpin, Nova Scotia specimens range in length from
17.00 to 20.70 inches, and a specimen from the Fur Countries, of which Dr.
Eichardson gives measurements, had a length of 19.00 inches.
In Table XVI are given measurements of twenty-six skulls, mainly from
the Mackenzie River district. Of these, the average length is 3.04 inches,
the extremes being 2.30 and 2.87 ; the average breadth is 1.52 inches, the
extremes being 1.G7 and 1.45. The difference between the average of tliis
series and that of another series of fourteen specimens from Oxford County,
* lu aU tbu oriKiuul uieaHurementii given in thin paper, the dimeDsioui) uro tbo diataoces in a
straigbt line between tbc exireialties of tbo parts nieaHured, and are bence less tban if measured over
tbe convexities of tbe xarfoce, a» ia often done. Tbe belgbt of tbe ear is taken b; measuring from tbe
inner boae of tbe ear to the tip, instead of either from tbe anterior or poiterior base, and is benco ratber
less than it would be by eitber of tbe otiiei methods.
I
LEPOBID^— LEPU8 AMERICANUS VAB. VIRGINIANUS.
307
Maine, belonging to var. virginianus (see Tabic XIX), is practically nothing,
being less than five one-liundredths of an inch !
A more detailed comparison ot var. nmericanus with var. virginianus, and
also with vars. Imirdi and washing/oni, will be given later, with also gen-
eral remarks on the synonymy of the several forms. . «
Var. VIRGINIANUS.
Southern Varying Hare
Similar in size and proportions to var. americanus. Winter pelage with
the white color of the surface extending less deeply, and the ears, head, and
feet more or less varied with brown. In summer, more rufous, the color
being rich reddish-brown or cinnamon-brown, instead of dark umber or
sepia-brown. Winter pelage worn for a shorter time, and the seasonal change
of color less complete.
Winter specimens vary greatly in respect to the depth of the whiteness
of the upper surface. Some are pure white throughout, except the black
edging of the tips of the ears, the whiteness extending so deeply as to wholly
conceal the subjacent zone of brown. In others, the brown is visible through
the surface, or is exposed by the slightest disarrangement of the pelage, and
the ears remain more or less brownish, sometimes having but little more
white than in summer. The upper surface of the head and the feet are also
often reddish-brown. Occasionally, midwinter specimens are sometimes met
with in which the colors of the summer pelage still predominate throughout.
The assumption of the white pelage is not only less complete in var. virgini-
anus than in var. americanus, but, as previously stated, the change begins
later, and the winter livery is retained for a much shorter time. In Massa-
chusetts, New York, and Northern Pennsylvania, the change rarely begins
before the middle or last of November, and, occupying several weeks, is i.ot
completed till after the middle of December. In Nova Scotia, according to
Dr. Gilpin,* specimens in the earliest stages of change are generally not met
with before the end of November ; while, in New Brunswick, according to
Dr. Welch,t the first stages of the change may be detected early in October,
and by the first week of December the ciuingc is there fully completed. In
the northern districts of the Fur Countries, according to Dr. Richardson,J the
white winter pelage is assumed in October. At the southward, the winter
* Proo. aud Trans. Nova Sootia Inst. Nat. Sol., vol. iii, i, p. 63.
t Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Lond., 1859.
t Faun. Bor.-Am., i, SIS. p. 2S8.
( ,
( i
1 i.
i
i '-
'
pi
Il,''
-,i.
Ht.'ii 1 i'
[: i!
308
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
dress is worn for only about four months, the vernal change beginning in
March ; in the middle districts, about five months, and in the higher latitudes
about six, wiiere the winter dress, according to Dr. Richardson, is worn till
the end of April.
Summer specimens of var. virginianiis from Massachusetts, New York,
and Pennsylvania vary considerably in color through the varying intensity
of the brown tints of the upper surface and tiie relative length of the l)lack
tips of the hairs. In some, the black tips are short and inconspicuous; in
others, so long as to strongly vary the general color with black. The brown
varies from pale yelloWisli-brown to dark reddish-brown, the brown tint of
the under fur also similarly varying in intensity. The base of th-. under-fur
varies from grayish to dark plumbeous.
The exact ranges of varieties americanus and virginianus cannot now be
well determined, and, as in the case of other intergruding geographical forms,
can probably never be absolutely defined. According to Dr. Gilpin, tlie
Nova Scotia type seems clearly referable to the northern form (var. ameri-
canus). He describes the dorsal surface as being "sepia-brown, with a yellow
wash", and observes that they present none of the bright reddish or cinna-
mon-brown mentioned by Professor Baird as characterizing more southern
specimens. Dr. Gilpin's description hence corresponds very nearly with
specimens from the Red River district, and from Fort Kae, Great Slave Lake,
and hence with Dr. Richardson's description.
In Table XVII, the first fourteen specimens, all from Massachusetts
(Coll. M. C. Z.), and all in winter pelage, vary in length of Tandy from 14 to
20 inches; in length of hind foot, frr)m 4.65 to 5.50: in lengtii of ear, from
2.40 to 3.60: tlie average being, length, 17.37; bind foot, 5.24; ear, 2.83.
Fifteen other specimens (Coll. S. I.),* seven of which are also from Massa-
chusetts, and the others from New York and Pennsylvania, range in length
from 16 to 21 inches; hind foot, 4.57 to 5.68 ; ear, 3.00 to 3.60: averaging,
length, 18.82; hind foot, 5.24; ear, 3.32. In length, the latter series exceeds
the former by about one and a half inches, while the hind feet are equal ;
the difference in the length of the ear is nearly half an inch, one-half of
which, at least, is due to the different way in which the measurements of the
ear in the two series were taken, as shown by a rcmeasurement of some
of the specimens of tlie latter series.
In Table XVIII are presented the measurements of twenty-three
* Mpmuirements copied from Ilnird'N Mninni. N. Am.
LEPORIDJi;— LEPU8 AMEKICANU8 VAR. WASHINGTON!.
301)
skulls, from numerous localities. Fourteen are from Oxford County, Maine,
and average 3.07 in length (the extremes 3.30 and 2.80) and 1.55 in breadth
(extremes 1.62 and 1.40). Six other specimens, from difleront localities in
Massachusetts, New York, and Pcnn.sylvania, are the largest of tiie series,
but they are all very old skulls, and are doubtless larger than the average for
the localities which they represent, being collected by different individuals,
and more likely than otherwise were saved from being regarded as "extra
fine" specimens. They average 3.23 inches in length (extremes 3.35 and
3.10), and 1.60 in breadth (extremes 1.62 and 1.52).
As previously remarked under the head of var. amer'icanus, there is
practically no difference in size or proportions between tlie series of skulls
from Maine and the fur countries.
Var. WASHINGTONI.
Western Varying Hare.
Rather smaller than var. virginianuti (of which it is the exact western
geographical representative), with the summer pelage of a somewhat stronger
reddish tint; probably white in winter, except in the very mild region al)out
Puget's Sound, where they have been observed to retain their summer pelage
the whole year.*
The differ ices between this form and var. mrginianus are by no means
well marked. i color, the tints of the summer pelage are perhaj)s rather
stronger in the western form; but even the original specimens described by
Professor Baird can be matched by specimens from Massachusetts. Both
the skins and the skulls indicate a slightly smaller size for var. washingtoni;
but unfortunately one only of the skulls is full grown (this is the largest of
the series), the sutures of the others being still open, and their general
appearance is that of specimens but a few months old. The range of var.
washingtoni to the northward and eastward is by no means well known;
neither are its relations with L. bairdi Hayden. A series of specimens, in
winter pelage, collected by Dr. Kennerly (Nos. 5881-6, Coll. S. I.) during
the Northwestern Boun<lary Survey, are remarkable for their whiteness, the
basal plumbeous zone being lighter-colored and much reduced in extent, as
compared with var. americanus ; the subterminal fulvous-brown zone is of
a more or less pale delicate salmon color, in some specimens nearly or quite
obsolete, leaving the whole pelage of a snowy whiteness to the base, as in L.
timidus var. ardicus. The beautiful snowy whiteness of these specimens is in
* See Snckley, Fnviflc R. R. Rep., xii, iii, 130.
ii
T
310
MONOGKAl'IlS OF NOUTH AMERICAN KODENTIA.
•li^'"''?
vIe
11
marked contrast with the mixed white and brown winter pelageof spf cimcns
from tiie Eastern States: and even the specimens from the highest i thern
localities, though pure whife at the surface, are fulvous and then plumbeous
beneath. These specimens agree, however, in this character with winter
specimens from Fort Bridger Fort Benton, and the Bitter Root Valley,
which, from the locality, I have referred to var. hairdi, and are in no way
distinguishable from them. I have also included specimens from "Koko-
youkuk, R. Am.'', in changing pelage, in this series, which they seem to
approach quite strongly.
The skins of var. washingtoni vary in length of body from 15.25 to
18.50 inches, eight specimens giving an average of 16.63, or about one inch less
than the average of var. virginianus, and half an inch more than specimens
from the northern districts of the fur countries, or var. americanus. The ear
fully equals, and the hind foot scarcely falls short, of the length of the same
parts in var. virginianus from Massachusetts. The single fully adult skull
fully equals the average of eastern examples. The measurements given in
Table XIX are taken wholly from the skins, many of which are unfilled and
evidently much shrunken. The measurements of the skulls (Table XX), as
before stated, are mainly from more or less immature specimens. The pro-
portions are not essentially different from those of eastern specimens of cor-
responding age, and the ears and tarsi are fully equal to these parts in var.
virginianus, instead of being shorter, as has been supposed.
' ' Var. BAiRDi.
Rocky Mountain Varying Hare.
Size and proportions same as those of the other varieties of americanus.
Winter pelage sometimes wholly snowy-white to the base, as in the Arctic
Hare; generally with the outer white zone extending much deeper than in
any other form of americanus, with the middle zone much paler, varying from
a faint shade of fulvous to a delicate salmon tint, and the basal plumbeous
zone greatly reduced in extent, and lighter-colored. In summer, above pale
grayish-brown and black, the black being often the prevailing tint; under-fur
whitish, sometimes almost pure white, with the middle brown zone of tiie
other forms obsolete; under parts (excepting the pectoral region) and the feet
pure white; general color of the ears black, washed more or less with whit-
ish, and with a very broad conspicuous white border.
In different specimens, the color of the dorsal aspect in summer varies
LErORIDiE— LEPUS AMERICANUS VAK. BAIUDI.
311
from pnlc yellovvish-grny to yellowish-brown, varied wifii l)!ack. The imirs
hnv<; a very long black tip, with u narrow subteriniiial bar of yellowish-
brown, of varying intensity; thence to the base black. The effect of tiie
long black tips is to give a i 'uch greater prevalence of black over the other
tints than is seen in the other forms of a}iiericanu.i, imparting a general sooty
tint to the whole upper surface. In gome specimens, tiie black is (piite the
prevailing tint, especially over the rump, which region, in some specimens,
is wholly black, varied with white by the white under fur showing through
the surface color. The feet are wholly wiiite, and there are generally a
few white hairs on the back — traces, doubtless, of the winter pelage. Tiie
anterior part of the body above and tiie head are more or less rufous, this
tint ')eing most developed on the upper surface of the head. The white
under-fur (varying in different specimens from white to grayish-white) always
shows through the surliicecolor more or less.and is conspicuous on the slightest
disarrangement of the pelage. In one specimen only (No. 11099, from Lewis
Lake, Wyoming Territory) is there a very decided trace of the yellowish
zone that terminates the under-fur in the other forms of Lepus americanus.
Typical examples in summer pelage of this peculiarly interesting form
give the impression of its being thoroughly distinct from any other form of
americanus; but comparison of a series of specimens from the original locality
of L. hahdi with others from the Red River district reveals a decided tendency
to intergradation between these forms. The most prominent distinctive fea-
tures of var. baiidi in summer pelage are its pure white under-fur, the long
black tips of the hairs, and the white feet, and in winter the tendency of
the pelage to become pure white to the base. Some of the summer speci-
mens from the Red River district and from Fort Rao (northern shore of
Great Slave Lake) also have white feet, and the pale yellowish-gray of the
back is also strongly varied with black, and tiie under-fur is simply dusky,
without the fulvous termination. Again, occasional specimens of hairdi'
have the fulvous apical zone of the under-fur slightly developed. Var.
hairdi, in its blackish-gray dorsal surface and white under-fur, bears a strong
resemblance to summer specimens of L. Hmidus var. arcticus, from the Arctic
coast; but the great disparity in size and the differences in the skulls forbid
the supposition of any very close aflRnity between them.
The few measurements obtainable from tiie considerable series of skins
before me (mostly in a very bad state) are presented in the following fable.
The length varies from 15.50 to 18.00 inches, but on one or two of the
"l^i-
m-
312
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
labels the collector Ims written "Length 19 in." The length of the cars and
hind feet fully equal the dimensions of these parts in the largest specimens
of \ar.-virgininnuit, and indicate var. hairdi as perhaps the largest form of
the grouj). The ears also appear relatively longer than in any otlier form.
The skulls of whicli measurements are given are limited to two specimens,
both immature, they still retaining the last temporary molar.*
This variety a]))iear8 to he strictly an alpine form, inhabiting the snowy
summits of the higher portions of the Rocky Mountains. The specimens in
summer pelage are, with one exception, all from the Wind River Mountains
and otiier ranges near the; head of the Yellowstone River, one being from the
mountains of Colorado. Others, in winter pelage, are from the mountains
west of Fort Benton, and from the Bitte. Root Mountains near Fort Bridger,
one also coming from as far south as Cantonment Burgwyn, New Mexico.
I was intormed by hunters and mountaineers, wliile west in 1871, of the
occurrence of a white iiare with very large broad feet in the Snowy Range of
Colorado, in the Medicine Bow Mountains of Wyoming Territory, and in the
Wasatch Mountains of Utah, whicli I doubt not is referable to this variety.
The hunters spoke of it as being peculiar to the snowy region, and as very
difTerent from the white Hare of (he plains (L^pus campextris), or from any
otlier species with which they were occjuaiuted, in the great breadth oi its
heavily-furred feet.
Taulk W .—Mea»ureneni» of LK.i'ua amkkicanus var. amkkicanus.
1
1
Locality.
i
From tip of noBO to—
Tll'n to mid
of-
Lpngth of—
i
■s
I
I
Nntlira of
•l>etiiuiou.
k
a.
t
1
1
1
1
0905
0908
8098
4444
4453
4430
4434
4435
4430
4437
3!ns
3001
4439
Yukon Kiver, niuiith uf Forciipln«
do
1. 00
3.00
3.35
3.50
3.30
10.85
17.10
llOOi
3.00
4.001
3.ilO
3.00
5.35
3.U0
i'reiih.
...do.
3.35
3.18
3.35
8.85
3.30
3.35
2.50
2.45
2.35
2.45
5.35
5.10
4.70
5.15
.5.10
.\30
5.35
5.30
.'•. 15
4.75
3.75
2.55
3.75
2.70
3.55
3.05
Skin.
....do.
Freah.
Skin.
....do.
...do.
ilo
3.40
15.44
15.50
16. CO
16.85
1.40
3. SO
9
1.55
1.50
3.SKI
2.75
do
do
9
do
do
d
19.35
3.81)
2.80
3.35
...do.
... do.
...do.
Freab.
Bf Kivor Sottltiincut
do
9
1.75
3.00
3.50
15.75
1.35
3. as
* Several otbor skulls ciiiuo to band later, but I flud tbnt, tbiungb inadvertouce, no luviisurenieuts
of tbeni were tiikuu bufure (boy DKnin piiased out. of my bands.
LEPORlDiR— LKI'US AMERICANU8 VAR. AMKRICANU8.
;uy
1
>4 >4
It
I I
44444 i4444-i^4444444444
'^q8|iii| 'A«f j3.Hoq
9«S^!9i;!;i«SS9SQ3Q@Si!9ftSSS
'qtSnoi 'AUrJ-IMCKX
ua9Ai»q oouuiiip 'u«i<mi j^d^
ass
^1 9* 5t
2 g S
5# 5l cl
9'4 ■&
d d o-
•■J « ¥
=■ d d
Cl T^ I- 51
2 S
s4 ci
S 2
s s a s
9i e4 sJ oJ
S S S 9
u ^ ^ ^
8 S 3 3
•-• o4 d tJ
o o o e
a s
S IS
i; $ « 3
d o' c> o*
a »
d d
rt 51 (J
d d d
■01 uoifV) i||]frio( 'HJD|nin ja<l(l^l |
aMM)aq niPI^ '«j<W|9ii| jaililf) {
e k^ 3
d d d
£1 £) S!
d d d
in in
d d
R 3
d d
S i3
d d
K a 3 3
d d d d
3 a
d d
3 K 3
o ^ ei
d d
d d
3 et S* $
d d d d
« as
d d
s) K a
d d d
')qll|ai( 'uoaoiii jidilxi
dddddc'dddddddddddddddddddd
'l>j«|«l JO oiajimi J.ipniq
a( |no|| ino^f 1uiM|aa| aadila
•luvioiu
01 iDOj; niojj uiMiani jsdila
dddddddddddddddddddddddddd
'oaojoq qipi-tt 'sdaoq iiraSN
S ?', 3
d d d
s s
d d
S 3!
H 3
d d
8 S
d d
3 8 3 3
o d ^ ^
-pQ|qt»q qtp} A 'flauoq imix
C 3 3
d d d
sessssss
cidddeddd
d d
3 P
d d
3 10 S 3
d d d d
Si a
d d
R 3
d d
:x a
d d
R 3
d d
:^ s S
a a a
3 3 8
d d d
*q)8aa[ 'aaiioq {ViUX
s s m
^ U ^
Si i;
» a 3 n
s s a a
^ ^ J -i
a g) s
m' ^ ^
ttlQ-it^ uaiii&iaq oaDinsia
p a P
d d d
d d
t- ts 3 3 e
d d d d d
S 3
d d
lb to S3 (3 Ifs u^
d d d d d d
R 3
d d
8 S P
^ d ^
'qip|iil)Ki)U<uo
8 S! R 3
3 (e
-I ^
3 9 « 3 a 3
« 3
.4 »
3^83
- -I ^ -i
O 10 M^ O S
-qiSnai i»iox
^■X9B
■atiiB JO jaqmna 3fa(( jodsAUoo
ass
ci ri r<
3 S
cl ri
3 S 8 a
ri »! ri rf
3 s 3 a s 3 s
ri 9i c« d ri rl o<
i4 ^ ^
I
3
B
li II
314
MONOGRAPHS OF NOETH AMERICAN EODENTIA.
Table XVII.— £<>( of apecimrat of Lepus americanus car, ahericanus.*
Ji-I'
1
a
o
li
o
6006
8998
8999
6965
6966
6967
C968
1490
8108
9001
75S7
-556
7559
7560
7561
7562
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4423
,'i076
696)
a
d
n
■J
1
a
a
a
1
■Q
i
g
H
Locality.
When col-
lected.
From whom re.
celved.
Colledtedby-
Nature of ape-
cimen.
Remarks.
7579
7580
6109
0110
0113
6112
6529
6111
6240
6341
6242
6943
584
587
580
1012
1047
1048
1025
a
NnUto, Alaska...
do
Jan. 27, 1667
Jan. 27,1867
Jan. 27, 1867
Nov. 18, 1860
Mar, 15, 1861
Mar. 16, 1861
Jon. —,1661
Intern. Tel. Ex-
pod.
....do
W.U.Dall....
...do
Skin and ekull.
do .
!
<s
do .
....do
....do
Skin
TukoD R., Dioath
of ForcnpiDe.
do
B. Keanloot». . . .
....do
R. Kennicott..
....do
....do
do
....do
....do...
do
....do
....do
do
...do
....,lo
....do
....do
....do
Skull ..
do
....do
....do
do
i
do
,..,do
...do
do
Very young.
Very young.
Very yuunff.
do
....do
.. do
do
261
<s
Fort Yukon
Peol Klver
Jan. 80, 1862
J. Lookhart —
J. Lookhart..
0. Gandet . . .
...do
do
9
9
OJ
do
. do
do
do
.. do
do
do
. do
do
do
.. do
do
Fort Andorson . .
do
Mar. -, 18G4
R. McFarlane ..
... do
R, McFarlane .
..do
Skin
6253
6254
7554
7563
7564
71)65
4314
4321
4325
4326
4327
4316
4331
4315
4312
377
7,13
528
527
529
530
531
532
5,13
534
535
Skull
do
....do
do
....do
Skin
,...do
June 20, 1862
...do.....'
R. Kennicott...
....do
...do
....do
R. Kennicott..
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
... .do
...do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
...do
.•...do
....do
....do
... do
....do
....do
Skull
... do
....do
....do
...do
.. do
...do
....do
....do
... do
Fort Llard
do
11
12
13
t4
3;i2
329
309
346
338
321
314
331
. . do . .
....do
..do
'.. do
.. do .
....do
....do
do
....do
...,do
...do
do . .
... do
...do
..do
.. do .
?
.. do
... do
.. do
Skin and skull.
Skin
..do..
....do .
....do
do
...do .
...do
do
?
....do ..
...do
....do
do
...do .
do
do
do ...
9
...do
...do
...do
do
Skin and sknll
do
...do ,. .
.do . ...
.. do .
do
do
A. McKfUilo..
L.CIaiUo Jr ..
do .
....do
Foi t Rao . .
Summor
B. R. Rosa
L. Clarke, Jr . .
Skin
do . .
6114
1115
1116
1399
o
...do
La Pierru's IIoubo
...do
Skull
. do
...do
....do
* All tlio akulU uf tbU Hat had bu»u labeled At tlio SiuitliBoulau iDBlltutlon L. campittrit.
LEPOEID^— LEPDS AMEEICANUS VAB. AMEllICAKUS.
315
Tahi.e XVII. — List of speoimetia of Lefus amkkicanus tar. amemcanus— Continuort.
■s
Ji
e
1
1^
a
g
11
1
a
a
1
9
3
Locality.
When col-
lected.
From whom re-
ceived.
CoUectod by—
Nature of epe-
cimen.
Romarka.
4444
4441
444;i
44U
4445
4433
4440
4447
4448
_
4101
0'.i68
4437
4438
3434
44;!;l
4430
4439
3Mt
3003
3903
3015
3913
40»
4393
4317
4:119
43jO
4311
4328
4389
4330
4333
4334
43190
-500
7507
7508
7569
7570
7571
7573
7573
7174
757.1
7570
7.161
7583
7683
7585
7580
7587
7.'i8e
7589
7.'iU0
7.WI
7593
7.193
7.194
279
978
277
270
973
271
?
Fort Simpson
....(1-j
Deo. 0,1800
Deo. 0,1800
Deo. 0,1800
Not. 8,1860
Not. 8,1800
Not. 8,1800
RKennioott....
....do
B. Kennicott. .
...do
...do
Black.
...do
.. ilo . ...
do
..do ...
Skin and aknll.
...do
. do
do
.. do . .
do
do
.. do
Skull
Skill .tndiikull.
... do .
rf
...do
....do
...do
..do
do
. do ... .
984
5
07
08
70
530
537
538
539
540
541
543
543
544
545
546
710
735
724
709
760
-05
767
768
7-3
770
771
774
773
J
....do
Doc. 0,1800
Mar. — , 1800
....do
B.B.ROU
RKonoicott....
do
....do
A. McEenzie .
R. Kennicott. .
...do
....do
Skin ..
. do
.. do
Skin and ukuU
... do ...
... do .
...do
do . ..
...do
... do ..
...do
do ..
...do
Skull
.. do
do .. .
....do
....do .
...do
.do
...do
....do
....do ..
do
...do
do
do
do
....do
....Ho
.. do
. do
...do
....do
.. do
.. do
...do
do
. do
. do
... do
....do ..
do
....•lo
do
....do
....do
. do
....do
do
...do
....do
...do
... do
....do
...do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
..,.do
....do
....do
...do
....do
...do
....do
....dn
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
...do
....do
....do
...do
....do
....do '
...do
...do
....do
....do
....do
...do
do
....do
....do
...do
....do
....do
....do
....do
...do
....do
...do
...do
....do
....do
..:.do
....do
...do
...do
....do
Moose Factory,
H. B. T.
R>iny Lake,
H. 11. T.
J. McKen^ie...
Wm. MaotRTieh
B. Konnioott. . .
....do
....do
....do
... .do
J. McKonzie..
Wd .Mnctavisli
R Eounloott . .
...do
...do
Skin
....do
••
00
9
?
0
9
0
Summer —
.Tuly 37,
July 97,
July 37,
July 27,
July 87,
....do
Morthy Portagu. . .
....do . .
....do
....do
4333
4333
90
03
95
....do .
....do
...do
Sklnandakull
Skin
Skin and aknll
Skin
....do .
... do
....do
.. do
.. do
Selkirk Settlement
. do
...do
<{
.. do
....do
...do
.. do
.. do
....do
... do
do
.. do
...do
.. do
do
do
....do
. ..do
Rod Illvcr Bottle-
mont.
do
....do
... do
w
m
(I 1
816
MONOGRArnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Tablb XVIII.— lfeiuur«mcn(ao/LEPUs americanus rar. viiioinianus.
1
Locality.
M
From tip of noeo to —
Toll to cud
of-
Length of—
i
"3
1
Nature of apeclmen.
6
1
d
.J
^
W
1
s,
1
a
a
SCO?
1507
1M3
J
i.eo
1.75
1.75
1.80
1.75
1.85
1.75
1.75
1.70
5
1.75
1.50
l.no
r.50
3.40
3.35
3.30
aso
J. 10
3.45
3.85
3.80
3.80
3.15
3.85
3.00
3.30
3.00
4.80
4.15
4.85
4,l!0
4.10
4.00
4.80
4.80
4.15
3.H
.185
3.75
3.fO
4.00
3.75
3.15
3.22
4.00
80.00
17.50
17.75
17.50
17.50
17.50
17.00
17.00
10.73
10.75
16.00
13.25
14.75
14.00
21.00
SO. 00
18. .50
18. M
17.50
17.50
17.00
21.00
10.50
moo
18.00
8100
19.00
16.00
19.50
80.00
1.40
1.40
8.50
2.30
2.35
855
8 85
855
8 45
8 40
833
833
8 00
820
8 43
815
835
8 5U
885
8 41
8 38
841
5 35
5.45
5,10
5.50
5.30
515
5.35
3.50
5.50
5.15
5.10
4.65
5.00
5.20
5.15
5.10
4.85
5.20
4.57
4.98
5.46
5.30
5.38
5.63
5.68
5.50
4.84
5.50
6.50
883
8 80
3.00
300
890
890
Skin.
....do.
....do.
...do.
....do.
...do.
.. do.
do
do
1514
do
1.53
0.85
0.85
830
800
1.60
1516
ISIT
ISIB
1511
1515
1510
ISM
1519
1500
1508
1073
1430
1074
959
1075
1076
060
5SS
551
849
481
67
66
317
316
850
do
do
do
do
do
do
880
8 95
8 75
8 40
8 40
300
860
3.35
... do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
Skin. From Bolrd.
do
1.40
2.30
do
1.00
0.85
0.90
815
1.00
815
do
do
do
Hlddloborongh, Mqbh
do .
do
do
do
do
l.ai
883
3.13
3.15
316
3 05
330
360
3.40
300
3.38
3 40
3 40
3 43
358
300
..do.
...do,
...do.
...do.
...do.
...da
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
.. do.
Freali. From Baird.
...do.
Skin. From Baird.
do
9
?
2.00
3.50
do
do
1.33
1.15
1.00
1.33
1.58
1.50
892
885
1.75
1.75
8 42
885
855
8.18
850
do
•'CO
4.37
4.18
3.85
3. .10
4.00
4.00
3.00
3.17
3.33
do
do
New York Stnte
1.58
l.CO
ip
\*
r
fr
,1:
LEPOBIDiE— LEPUS AMERICANOS VAK. VIRGINIANUS.
317
Table XlX.—MeaturemmU of skuUt of Lepus amkkicanus tar. vinoiNiAKUs.
s
s
i
1
a
^
?
s
»
^
3
a
I
£ 2
al
.a
2
a
JS
1
1
1
s
0
a
1
a
s
a
Locality.
i
0
1
1
f
1
.It
i
i
s
s .
«H C
11
1
3
a "3
a
1 *
M
1
■a
It
Remarks.
g,
■a
s
tc
s
2
J
2
•- i
■" fe
JB
a fe
1
■ ft
A
a
Si
u <s
b r3
b b
b
u
rt
!
H
1
i
1
1
1
1
11
II
1
IS
It
1
%
o
H
o
0.70
1.S3
■A
0.05
0.64
LOO
a
0.37
0.30
b
b
J
SOO'I
960
Micldloboro', Mass.
J
3.13
1,GU
1.85
0,65
0. 48 3. 35 L 47
8003
950
....do
tf
3.84
1.58
0.-0
1.38
0.68
0.70
0.97
1.87
0.40
0,98
0.58
0. 50 3. 85 L 50
1836
310
New York
3.10
1.55
0.64
1.85
o.6i:
0.5f
0.94
1.30
0.36
0.87
0.57
0. 50 3. 30 L 50
1837
317
...do
i.75
1.40
0.6.1
I. OF
0.65
0.50
0.85
1.18
0.31
0.85
0.48
0.45jl.09]l.38
(Tin mature; iiu'
J laraj.
1C73
531
...do
3.30
1.63
0.7li
1,31
0.7(i
O.Or
1.00
1. 35
0.37
0.30
0.63
0. 53,3. 30 L 55
3<J10
....do
3.35
1.60
0.66
1.40
0.05
0;54
1.00
1. X>
0.34
0.35
0.58
0. 47 8. 33 L 60
1C05
"k\
....do
3.8.')
1.67
0.70
\.3i
0.06
0.6'J
D,5l
I.OJ
1, 38
0.35
0.89
0.60
0..-W8.35'l60
308
Upton, Oxford
3. o:'i. I>3
O.5.-
1. St;
0.00
0. 95
1.27
0.35
0.S5
0.55
0. 45 3. 17 L 45
County, Mo.
308
...do
d
3.051.50
0. (i'.
i.a:.
0.07
0.50
0.93
L83 0.38
0.33
0.53
0,43 8.101.37
30.1
...do
<f
3.301,00
0.61
1.4.i
0.74
0.68
a. a
l.CO
L 87 0,38
0.37
0.60
0. 50 3. 45|l 63
30*
....do
8.90). 50
o.y,
i.ao
0.C8
0.0;i
L -J) 0.33
0.35
0.55
0.47
8.031.37
307
....do
3. 101. 55
0.8r
i.r,
0.70
r
a SI
1.04
L 83 0.88
0.35
0.57
0.50
3.38^.43
308
...do
....3.I0|l53
0.(iO
L85
0.5r
0.98
1.81 0.38
0.87
0.60
0.47
3. 13' L 43
310
...do ....
....8. 80 MO
0.5,^
1. ih
O.CO
0.50
0.fl7
L'JO '0.88
0.36
0.58
a 40
3. 03 L S3
311
...do
9 3.101.58
0.65
La4
0.65
0.60
0.95
Las. 0.88
0.88
P. 63
0.45
iI5L47
318
...do
9
3.0.'. 1.57
o.r.
1.31
0.6-;
0.50
0.93
1.85
0.30
0.37
H57
0.45
3. 10 L 40
313
...do
9
3.1o'l.55
0.61
1.30
0.6.'.
0.68
0.98
1.35
0.38
0.37
1.58
0.50
•111L43
319
...do
9
3.1ll|l.55
0.7a
1.84
0.05
o.ivi
1.00
1.33
O.W
0.88
0.60
0.58
3.S''L45
380
.. do
3.801.08
0.70
1.85
0.65
0, ,53
L03
L33
0.37
0.30
0.58
0.54 3.30|L60
3^1
...do
(f 1051.5)'
0.65
1.30
0.il5
0.54
0.98
1.30
0.35
0.35
0.57
U.47 3.0s'l43
304
....do
J 3.081.55
a 65
LSI8
0.65
0,50
1.00
1.30
0.30
0.34
0.58
0.47 8.03'l.50
318
T^sl?-
Ill' .S*
'I
I.
MONOGRArHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Tadle W.—Litt oftpecimena o/Lwve amehicanus var. vikoinianus.
1
a
•s
a
a
a
n
IS
1
a
■a
a
'u
u
o
m
Loenllty.
■Wbcn col-
lected.
From wLom ro.
coived.
Collected by—
Natnreofapeci.
men.
•150«
•1507
•1508
•1500
•1510
•1511
•1512
•1513
•1514
•1516
•1516
•1517
•1518
•1519
•S607
•2625
•3534
•2533
1503
250
1440
Jor.->
1070
059
060
8143
8144
259
11067
551
316
481
B63
849
1569
157«
317
66
1175
Winter
...do
LAsaaali
Skin.
do
do
... do
. .do . . ...
....do
....do
....do.
do
....do
....do
....do
;;;.:d° ::.;::
....do
....do
...do
do
....do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
...do.
do
....do
....do
....do.
do
...do
....do
....do.
do
....do ....
....do
...do
do
Fall
....do
... do.
do .
.. do .
....do
.. do
do
Winter
...do
...da
do
Fall
....do
...da
do
...da
do
Fall
...do
...da
175
9
do
....do
....do
....da
do
Summer
...do
L. Agaaaii
...do.
o
...da
Skin and aknIL
Skin.
...da
1202
Quebec, Canada
Middleborongb, Moss
do
AuR. — , 1853
Mar. 7,1856
Nov. 30, 1655
Nov. 83, 1855
Oct 33,1655
Oct 17,1855
Summer
...do
8.F.Baird
J.W. P. Jenka....
...do
8.F.Baird
J.W.P.Jonka....
....do
2003
2004
••
<s
do
...do
....do
....da
do ...
...do
...do
Skin and akull.
....do.
...do
...do
Boaton Society of
Natural Uiatory.
...do
Skin,
....do.
....do
Winter
....do
... .do.
J.G.Bell
Market
...do.
1670
1336
12f0
1605
1015
1906
2399
240O
3910
3827
ia:n
069
970
9
Essex Conntv, N. T
....do
8. F. Baird
....do
Skin and aknlL
....do.
do
Dec. 1, 1854
Feb. 3,1655
Feb. 2,1855
Oct 6, 1855
Sept 6, 1855
Winter
... do
...do
....do
do
.. do
... do
....do.
do
Skin and akull.
....do.
09
do
S.F.B»ird
...do
S.E. Halo
.. do
do
..do
do
...da
do
do
... do.
....do ..
ar.Dalrd
. do
Skull.
... .do.
do
...do .
do
Northern PunDsylwmla
do
Dec. — , 1854
Winter, 1653.
. do .
...do
...do
do
...do
do ..
Skin and akulL
...do.
dp
do'
SknIL
Skin.
AIIef;hAny Coanty, Md
Winter
Dr. J. L.M.Coroas
Dr. J. L. M. Comaa
* HpocimcDfl from Museum of Couiparatlvo Zoology, Cambridgo, UaM.
LEPOBIDiE— LEPUa AMERIOANUS VAE. WASHINGTON!. 319
'W
Table XXl.—MeasuremenIt of Lepds amkricands vor. washinotoni.
1
1
5
Locullty.
From tip of nose
to—
Tall toend
of-
LeDgthof.—
i
"S
1
n
Katnro of speoi*
men.
i
St
t
1
1
1
1
-a
a
5
580
S808
31)3
SSSI
5888
5884
5886
a<87
38U
3817
Stcnocoom, Wash
3.43
l&SO
laoo
16.00
17.35
10.35
16.00
aea
I.SO
4.43
4.30
4.13
5. SO
5.00
4.75
5.00
5.35
4.50
4.80
3.35
SkiD. ITomDalrO.
do
do
Shoalwalor Buy, Wash ,
1.75
3.00
0.84
1.75
1.00
350
350
2.33
3 40
3 30
3.35
3 30
....do.
3.10
3.15
3.0O
...do.
...do.
...do.
do
.. do
. do
.do
do
3.05
3.00
300
....do.
....do.
....do.
Cbiloweyacb Depot, Wash
15.35
16.35
. do ...
m
Table XXII.— Jfco«ureni«n(» of tknXU of Lepus amehicanus lar. washinotoni."
3408
6864
6865
6HI6
Locality.
Stellaooom, Waab
WashiDgton Territory
, do
do ,
Cblloweynck Depot, Waah
3.00
110
0.651. l.-i 0.65
3 80 L 40 0.60 1.13
0.65t.3'.i
0. 05 1. 15
I'
o.co
0.64
0.58
0.58
0.65
0 53
0..%
0.53
0.60
0.53
0.60
E
%
h
o.no
0.81
0.95
0.87
0 85
0.03
LI8
1.10
1.30
1.34
LIS
1.S5
0.37
0.38
O.SC
0.36
0.3S
0.36
£
•9 E
g.fi
B. e
U
0.33
0.S3
0.S6
0.S6
0.25
0.25
E
a .
a.S
if
IP
0.53
0.50
0.55
0.55
0.53
0.60
t
0.40
0.40
0.45
0.43
0.45
0.43
300
1.06
300
3.03
1.93
3.03
L43
1.37
1.37
1.35
1.37
1.38
* No. 3667 ia the only agod apeoimou in tbo aeriea ; in tbe otbera, tbe suturea are atiU qaito open.
320
MONOGUAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
M V. !
'^9
"'M
I
1
w
|il
fln
wk
1
i
\ 4
1
LEPOBID^.— LEPUS AMERICANCS VAR. BAIRDI.
321
Table XXlV.—ileaturcmcnta of Lefus ameiucanus tar. baikdi.
s
Locmlity.
^
From tip of nose to—
Tidl to end
of-
Lrngth of—
e
1
Nature of ep«oi.
meo.
k
1
a
>
i
1
1
1
•s
4SI3
4363
4304
11303
11008
30».1
3903
4no
Wind Btver MotintilDa
.... do
d
1.43
1.15
3.81
3. so
17.50
18.00
3.50
3. CO
3.70
3.35
5.35
5.40
3.50
3.53
3.75
5.75
4.90
4.00
3.20
3.60
2.05
3. CO
3.33
2.93
3.00
3.33
Frcab.
....do.
Skin.
do.
....do.
...do
...do.
...do.
. ..do
1.60
3.00
3.60
IT. 35
1.45
3.25
Fort Cridger
17.15
16.00
15.50
a. 00
3.83
3.40
.. ..do
Weat of Fort Bontou
Table XXV. — iteaaurementa o/ ttmlla of harxsa amkricaniis tar. bairdi.
Looality.
Uodloine Dow Mount-
atns.
Dlttor Root Valley...
I00.e4«.50 0.86
n
If
a u
II
|i
il
W H
■" a
U
a33 0.!I8
LIS a 33 0.'.I4
a
Q
Sri
itemarks.
Immature; lost tem-
porary molar atill in
place. Skull mark-
ed L, amtricanut.
... do.
21 H
I
M:
<
''I
' t
t
1
M [^
1
•
^l
^ :|
1^
1
I
1
322
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTU AMERICAN RODENTIA.
i
.8
3
I
s
a
%
»
I
i
■2
I
■M
o
^g.l
^ "O ^ ^ ?3
I.
u 1 ^
ia
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
"aiiifi^liiiiiitiiiii*^'''
f^3
^ Q
— jojoq
-oma SoTpaoaBoxioo
II
a *?
o o o o o
!•§>§.
I
•d
s " S a S
s i a 3 3
XSxZdS%aj&SGSDSoaoS}
ef of V V rt" n" -•' w
o o « « e fi
r r r r
■nqnmu-snSoiitVQ ;
;$§iiiililiii!ii|i
ill
LEPORID^— LEPUS AMEBICANU8 ET VARS.
323
General remarhs on Lepus americanus and Us varieties.
Lepus americanus dift'ers from the otlier Varying Ilnres in its mucli
eninller size and reliitively shorter ears, as well as in the size and proportions
of the skull. Aside from its wliite winter pelage, it also differs much from
all the other Hares of this continent in color, proportions, and in cranial char-
acters, and from most of them, moreover, in size.
Of its four geographical varieties (americanus, virginianus, washing/otii,
and bairdi), var. bairdi seems to be the most strongly marked. Var. ame-
ricanus is the northern form, with a softer and longer winter pelage, more
heavily-clothed ears and feet, with the white of the surface invading the
pelage to a considerable depth, and with a duskier, duller-tinted summer
pelage. By gradual stages, however, it shades into var. virginianus, its south-
ern representative on the Atlantic coast, which has the whiteness of the
winter pelage restricted to the surface, only partially concealing the color of
the under fur, and in which the summer pelage is of a brigiiter or redder
tint.. Var. toashingtoni is the southern Pacific coast form, known at pres-
ent only from the region about Puget's Sound. In summer pelage, it is rather
more rufous even than var. virginianus, but by no differences as yet discov-
ered is it always distinguishable from the latter form. Like mrginianus, it
is a southern representative of americanus, with which it insensibly inter-
grades. Var. bairdi occupies an intermediate geographical position, and
may be regarded as an alpine form. Its distinguishing features are in the
summer pelage the prevalence of black, the white under-fur, and white feet,
and in winter the tendency to an entire whiteness of the under-fur. It shows,
however, decided intergradations with the northern form, as well as with the
two southern forms, with which it essentially agrees in size and proportions.
So far as at present known, there is no very marked variation in size with
locality throughout the wide region inhabited by the varieties of L. ame-
ricanus.
Geographical Distribution. — Lepus americanus, in some of its forms,
occupies the wooded portion of the whole northern half of the continent,
extending southward in the Rocky Mountains as far, at least, as New Mexico ;
its southern limit of distribution coinciding very nearly, apparently, with the
isotherm of 50°. On the Pacific coast, the species is represented in var.
toashingtoni as far south as the head of the Willamette River ; in the interior,
n
324
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
I'll li-tf^i'i
Uirougli vnr. hairdi, it extends througliout the higlier parts of the Rocky
Mountains soutli, at least to Cantonment Burgwyn, New Mexico; to the
eastward of tiic Missouri River, as var. virginianus, it occurs in Minnesota,
and thence eastward tliroughout tlie northern parts at least of nearly all the
northern tier of States, and in the Alleghanies southward, at least to Vir-
ginia, and on the Atlantic coast to Connecticut. Its limit in the Eastern
States hence nearly coincides with that of the Alleghanian fauna. To the
northward, it ranges to the limit of trees, extending even to the very borders
of tlie Arctic Barren Grounds.
The range of the several varieties is not so easily indicated. Var. ame-
ricanus seems to remain well-defined as that type southward to New Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia on the Atlantic coast, and as far as the Red River
Settlements in the interior. Var. Jrtzjv/i, occupying the higher parts of the Rocky'
Mountains, separates tlie two southern forms, virginianus and .washingtoni,
and doubtless extends a long way northward into the habitat of var. ameri-
canus. Var. americanus is the form received from Southern Alaska, but its
southern limit on the Pacific coast is not as yet known. Var. washingtoni,
however, has been received from as high as about latitude 55°. So far as
our present knowledge goes, we may define the habitat of var. virginianus as
occupying the Atlantic coast-region from Nova Scotia to Connecticut; the
whole of the higher parts of the Apalachian Highlands as far south as
Virginia, and probably to North Carolina; in the interior, the northern half
of the northern tier of States, and the southern half of the Canadas, west-
ward to the highlands bordering the northern shore of Lake Superior, where
here and in Northern Minnesota it doubtless gradually merges into variety
americanus.
Synonymy. — ^We find allusions to the Lepus americanus auct. in the
writings of several of the early authors, among whom is Kalm, who refers
to it briefly in his Travels (vol. iii, p. 59, English ed.), and supposed it to be
identical with the Varying Hare of Europe. The first specimens reached
England in 1771, and were described in the Philosophical Transactions (vol.
Ixii, p. 4) by Daines Barrington in 1772 under the name of the "Hudson's
Bay Quadruped". In the same volume, it is again more fully described by
J. R. Forster, who gives also some account of its habits, but, in so doing,
quotes Kalm's reference to quite a different species (the L. sylvaticus Bach.)
inhabiting New Jersey. Pennant, in his History of Quadrupeds (in 1784),
LEPORID^— LEPUS AMERICANUS.
325
while qiiile ncciirntcly describing tlic aiiimnl, confounds it with other spocicfi;
for, in spcniting of its distribution and hal)its, lie quotes not only Kalm's refer-
ence to the L. sylvnticus, but also Liivvson's account of the Habbit of Carolina.
Erxleben, in 1777, based his L. americanus on Kalm (his reference to the Hare
of Hudson's Hay, not the southern Gray Rabbit), Harrington, and Forster, and
his diagnosis is in every respect applicable to this species, and to this alone.
Gmelin's account is abridged from tluit of Erxleben, he citing the same
authors. Shaw, and some other later writers, continued to confound it with
other species, giving as its habitat the whole of North America. Pallas, in
1778, described it under the name of Lepus hudsonius, and Schreber, in 1792,
as Lepus nanus. While Schreber' s diagnosis refers exclusively to L. ameri-
canus, he blended its general history with that of L. sylvalicus. Desmarest,
in 1822, rather increased the confusion already existing by giving u descrip-
tion referring mainly to L. sylvaticus under the name of L. americanus. In
his references, he cites not only Erxleben and Pallas, whose descriptions refer
exclusively to L. americanus, but also Schoepf, whose description of "Der
Nord-Amerikanische Haase" as exclusively refers to L. sylvaticus, while he
gives its habitat as including not only the region west of Hudson's Bay, but
also the Carolinas, Florida, Louisiana, California, and Mexico. From this
time, however, till 1842, the name americanus was often applied, even by
American writers, to the L. sylvalicus, it being thus used by Harlan in 1825,
and later by Fischer, Audubon, Emmons, Thompson, and others. Harlan
still further increased the confusion by redescribing the L. americanus under
the name of L. virginianus, supposing it to be a new species ; while Dr.
Godman, in 1826, considered it as identical with the L. variabilis of Europe.
The mistakes of Desmarest and Harlan were repeated even by Dr. Bachman
in his first paper on the American Hares, published in 1837. In the mean
time, however, Dr. Richardson (in 1829) had re-instated Erxleben's name of
L. americanus, and Dr. Bachman, in a supplemental note to his paper, recti-
fied his former error. In 1839, in a second paper on the American Hares,
Dr. Bachman refers to this species under its proper name; and, in 1849, in
the first volume of the Quadrupeds of North America, fully elucidates its
synonymy, giving Erxleben's description in full. Since the date of Dr. Bach-
man's second paper, the species has been generally recognized by its proper
designation. I find, however, that all the skulls of this species, in the Museum
of the Smithsonian Institution, from the Hudsoa's Bay Territories, are marked
■i M
4 i
IM li i
wl
1
pi
f
■)■:,
326
MONOGUAl'US OF NOUTU AMERICA UODENTIA.
L. " ciniijiestris". Some of thom, however, henr the pnitiully-crased nnme L.
^'amoiannis" of a ])iior (lotcrniiiintion. The skins, however, of those same
KpL'ciiiicns, are still labeled L. ^'ameriranuii" or L. ^'americanun!" whenever ii
specific name is added, some l)eing lulxilcd simply ^^Lepus". The L. '*cam-
jtestris" of Ilajdcn, referred to in his dc8crij>tion of L. haiidi, belongs to
this northern form, as docs also the L. "campestris Bachman" of Dnll, given
in his nominal list of the Mammals of Alaska, as shown by his specimens still
in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution.
Respecting this application of the name camjtentri^, Professor Bnird
writes nie (under date of March 31, 1874) that he was "still not convinced that
the Lepits virginianus of Richardson refers to the Townsend's Hares of the
Upp(;r Missouri. The specimens described by Richardson", he continues,
"arc of course too imperfect to permit any satisfactory description ; and the
dimensions given are probably too large. It is entirely out of the question
for Richardson to have overlooked the occurrence of the northern variety of
Lepus americanus, as it is found everywhere, from Fort Garry northward, is
very common on the Saskatchewan, and constitutes a large portion of the food
of the Indians in the regions traversed by him. It is particularly abundant
about latitude 55°. In the many collections that we have had from the Hud-
son's Bay Territory, you will note the entire absence of any Hares resembling
the fownsendi. If my supposition be correct, then, if you give a name to
the grayish northern form of the American Hare, that should be cainpestris,
and Townsend's name be retained for the big Missouri River species."
As already noticed under the head of Lepus campestris, I consider Rich-
ardson's L. virginianus (subsequently named campestris by Bachman) to refer
beyond question to the long-limbed, long-eared, and long-tailed Townsend
Hares of the Upper Missouri, and can see no reason for presuming the meas-
urements given as "probably too large". Bachman certainly understood his
name to apply to a long-eared, long-tailed Hare so like what he later named
L. fotonsendi that he repeatedly states his conviction that they would prove
to be the same, he having been at first erroneously informed that the L.
townsendi never became white. As to Richardson overlooking "the north-
ern form of Lepus americanus", he certainly did not do so, as he has described
it in detail under that name, and especially refers to its importance to the
Indians as an article of food, and their method of capturing this animal.
Furthermore, he distinguishes the L. virginianus as a prairie species, while
LBPORIDiE— LEPU8 8YLVATICUS.
327
his L. americanus is not found in such jtlaccs, but inhabits thick woods. Ho
Bays particularly that "on the barren grounds to the eastward of tiie Copper-
mine, and on the extensive plains or prairies through which tlie Missouri and
Saskatchewan flow, it is replaced by other and larger species" — respectively
his L. glacutlis and L. virginianus. Furthermore, his description of the
summer pelage of his L. americanus corresponds perfectly with the specimens
in the Smithsonian Institution from the Red River district northward to the
Yukon. Several points in his description of L. virginianus, aside from its
size, as the color of the under fur of the back, are wholly inapplicable to the
L. americanus, but strictly accord with the characters of the Townsend's
Hares.*
The differences, as already noticed, between the northern and southern
forms of L. americanus are quite appreciable, and, in giving them varietal
designations, it becomes necessary to restrict the name at^ericanus to the
northern form, the earlier descriptions of americanus being based solely on
specimens from Hudson's Bay, while Harlan's name of virginianus is alone
applicable to the southern form, his description being based on Virginian
specimens. As already noticed, the Nova Scotia and Red River specimens
belong to the northern type, the southern form being mainly if not wholly
restricted to the northern parts of the United States east of the Missouri
River.
Lepus waahingtoni was first described by Professor Baird in 1855, and
Lfpvs hairdi by Dr. Hayden in 1869, and neither of them have been con-
founded with either of the other varieties of Lepus americanus or with any
other species.
LEPUS SYLVATICUS Buchmau.
Var. 8vi,VATicus.
Wood Hare; "Or»r Babbit"; "Wood Rabbit."
Lepiu ncMUi Schrkber, SSnget., iv, 1793, 881 (In part only).— DeKay, New York Zool., i, 1848, 93, pi. xxvii,
fig. 1.— Waqner, Sappl. SobrebeT'd Siiuget., iv, 1843, 114.
SuMlagut naniu Orat, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 1867, 221.— Allen, Ball. Hns. Comp. Zodl., 1,
1869, 239.
Leput amerioaniu Desmarest, Mammalogie, ii, 1822, 351.— Harlan, Faun. Amer., 1825, 193. — Avdubon,
Birds of Amer., pi. 51.— Fischer, S;nop. Ham., 1839, 376 (in port only).— Bacuhan, Joarn.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vii, 1837, 320, pi. xvi, figs. 3, 4 (ear and foot).— Emmoks, Qnad. Maaa.,
1840, 56.— Tuuhpsun, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1842, 48.
* Since the above was written. Professor Baird has conceded tbe inapplicability of the name L.
oampaMt to the smaller short-eared Varying Haro of British North America.
m
328
MONOGRAPHS OF KOBTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
if
i.
!;■:;
/.(■jiun gytealicuii Dacmman, Joiirn. Acnd. Nat. Sci. Pbilu., vii, 18:17, 40;); Tiii, 1839, 78.— Watkruouse, Nat.
Hint. Mam., ii, IHlf, 110. — Aid. & Uacii., Qiiuil. N. Am., i. 1849, 17:1, pi. xxii.— Woodhoi'kk,
Sit(;rcftvi»'» Col. alio Ziilii Uivdr Exp., IBTia, 55 (Eastern Tcxhb ami luilian Territory).— Max-
imilian, Wii'gm. Arch., IhOl, i, 144.— Baiiid, Mam. N. Am., 1H57, 597, pi. viii, flg. 1 (Bkuli);
V. H. anil Mex. HouihI. Siirv., ii, 1859, ii, 47 (liidiauola, Texas).— Hayden, Trans. Am. I'liil.
Soe. riiila., xii, 180;), 148.— Aiibott, Cook's Geol. of New Jersey, 1808, 759.— Allkn, Proc.
IJobI. g.)c. Nat. Illst., xiii, lWi9,194; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoiil., ii, 1871, 184.
Lepus hachmcni WATKltllousK, Proc. Zoiil. 8oc. Lond., vi, 18;t8, 103 ; Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 1846, 124.- Bach-
mam, J<mrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., viii, 1839, 9C. — AUD. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., iii, 1853, 35,
pi. eviii (liased on WaterhoiiBo's epeciiueus).- Baird, Mam. N. Am., 1857, 60C; U. 8. aud Mex,
Bound. Survey, ii, 1859, ii, 48 (BrowuBVille, Texas).
ISj/lvitagui bacJimani Gray, Aun. and Mag. Nal^ K<st., 3d series, xx, 1807, S!33.
. ' - '/i-
Var. kuttalli.
Sage Hare.
XepiM nuttalU Baciiman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., vii, 1837, 345, pi. xxii; viii, 1839, 79; TowDBend's
Narrative, .839, 329 (based on an immature specimen). — Add. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., ii,
1851, ;iOO, pi. xciv.— Baird, Mam. N. Am., 18^7, 604, 617.
Lrput Hijhalicm var. nuttatli Ali.gn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 334.
Lepua ariemiHia Baciiman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila,, viii, 1839, 94 ; Townseud's Narrative, 1839, 329. —
Watkruoitse, Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 1848, 126.- AVD. & Bach., Quad. N. Am., 1851, ii, 272, pi.
Ixxxviii. — WooDiioi'SE, Sitgrcaves's Col. and ZuOi River Exp., 1853, 55. — Baird, Mam. N.
Am., 1857, 002; U. 8. aud Mex. Bound. Survey, ii, 1859, ii,48, pi, xxv, fig. 2 (skull).— NEVf-
BEIIRY, Pacilic R. R. Ex. and Surv., vi, iv, 1857, 65. — Kennerly, ibid., x, vi, 1859, 16. —
SucKLKV, ibid., xii, iii, 1800, 105.— Buckley &, Giubs, ibid., 132.— Hayden, Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. Pbila., xii, 1803, 148.— CouES, Am. Nat., i, l'-.67, 534; Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Pbila., 1867,
136.
iS^Ii'ifai7iia arfrmiafa Gkay', Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d sen, XX 222. ., • .
Lepm arkmiriacui Wagner, Buppl. Scbreber's Siiuget., iv, 1844, li...
,1 ■ t . ■ ■ i'- ^';
Var. AUDUBONi.
Audubon's Hare. i
Lcpui eudutovi Baird, Mam. N.Am., 1857, 608, pi. xiii (animal); pi. Iviil, flg. S (sknll).— Newbbrrt,
Pacific R. K. Ex. & Surv., vi, iv, 1857, 65.— Kennerly, Pacific R. R. Kx. & Surv., x, vi, 1859,
17 (markets of San Francisco).- Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., xx, 1867, 224.
Zepua tykalicut var. niidubont Allen, Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 434.
Var. SYLVATTCUS.
Wood Hare.
■■,-ii.(^ '.■.•.»-■'■ ■■:■
Above pale yellowisli-brown, varied with black; sides and rump grayer;
nape and limbs yellowish-rusty, tUding into whitish on the anterior surface of
the hind legs; head above less varied with black than tiie back; beneath
white, except the breast, which is pale yellowish-' jwn. "^'le hairs of the
upper surface have very long sliining black tips, succeeded fr'<t by a broad
bar of pale yellowish- brown, then by a rather narrower zoi'e n" black, and
thence to the ba.se giayish-plunibeous. Under-fur dark plumbeous, nearl3
black, oilen tipped with pale brown. Length (ti]) of ose to tail), 13.50 to
17.00 inches; of hind foot, .S.IO to 4.20; of : ur, 2.10 to 3.00; ear about two-
tliirds tl length t)f tlie head; licad n little short'^r than the hind foot.
1
LErOKIDiE— LEPU8 SYLVATICUS.
329
Specimens from the same locality diflbr in color mainly in tlie amount
of black presented l»y the dorsal surface, this depending upon the relative
length of the black tips of the hairs. There is a slight variation also in
respect to the intensity of the brown of the subterminal bar. The variation
in color with the season is not very marked, consisting in winter specimens
being somewhat grayer than summer specimens. Southern specimens are
but little more strongly colored than northern ones, the rufous being of a
rather stronger tint and the black more prevalent. Those from the States
immediately west of the Mississippi River begin to be lighter than those from
the Atlantic slope. Further westward, the paleness gradually increases till
we reach the pale form of the arid plains. Specimens from northern locali-
ties, both on the Atlantic slope and in the interior, are sometimes wholly
without the brownish termination of the under-fur, or it is only faintly
developed, and confined mainly to the sides. Here it is generally, however,
quite strong, and is frequently quite appreciable on the middle of the dorsal
region. The came variation in this respect is seen both in Massachusetts and
western specimens; Iowa examples being not distinguishable in this respect
from New England ones. To the southward, however, the brownish termi-
nal band of the under-fur becomes more uniformly traceable, being generally
present in specimens from about Washington, but much stronger in those
from South Carolina and Florida, in which it generally forms a strong broad
bar, though sometimes obsolete.
The geographical variation in color is mainly as already noticed, namely,
.in increasing paleness from the Mississippi westward toward the Plains,
where variety sylvaticus passes by insensible steps into variety nuttalli
(zz artemisia auct.). The specimens from Eastern Nebraska and Eiistern
Dakota can, in general, hardly be referable to the one form rather than to the
other. At the southward, the colors become slightly mor intense, but the
difference is by no means striking. The variation in s' with locality is
quite appreciable, as shown in Tables XXVII and XXVIIl, the ' gest speci-
mens being from the north. Washington specimens are somewhat larger than
those from South Carolina and Florida, while those from Massachusetts are again
rather larger than those from Washington ; those from Wisconsin and Iowa are
fully as large as New England specimens, and very much larger than Texas ones.
Passing further south, however, we find, contrary to what wodld be antici-
pated, tl- it specimens from Southern Mexir arc fully as large as those from
■ i%
■ iMf '7
\m^,
i
:' 1
1 =
i
J^
330
MONOGRArnS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA.
tlie noil hern parts of tlie United States, and more closely resemble them
than do tlie specimens from Georgia and Florida. A series of twenty-one
sjx'cimcns from Southeastern Mexico and Yucatan (Orizaba, Tehuantepec,
and Mirador, Mexico, and T.terida, Yucatan) presents but slight differences
from those from the Atlantic States. The difference consists chiefly in the
rufous tinge being ratiier stronger in the Mexican specimens, which is seen
especially in the brighter color of the legs and feet. Yet specimens from
Tehuantepec and Orizaba can be almost exactly matciied by specimens from
the vicinity of Washington. The Mexican specimens are fully as large as
specimens from the Atlantic States ; the seven skulls from Tehuantepec (all
of which are, however, very old specimens), of whieh measurements are given
ill Tabic XXVII.T, average rather larger than those from the United State
Specimens No. 136 (from ilississippi) and No. 11439 (from Merida, Yucatan)
arc as near in color in every respect as two specimens from the same locality
can be expected to be. A specimen from the plains of Chihuahua is smaller
and rather paler, more nearly approaching variety nuttalli than variety
syivaticus.
Southern specimens generally have the ears less covered than northern
ones, the feet less heavily furred, and the general pelage harsher and less full.
Southern specimens also show a tendency to decidedly longer ears than
northern ones. On the whole, however, this species presents much more
than the average stability of character.
In the following tables, the measurements pertaining to the general size
have been taken from Professor Baird, my own material being essentially the
same as his; the measurements of the skulls are, however, all original. '
Var. NUTTALLI.
Sage Hare.
Variety nuttalli differs from var. sijlvaticus mainly in its paler tints and
rather smaller size; proportions the same. Above yellowish-gray or brownish-
white, varied with black ; sides of body and rump whitish. Hairs with long
black tips, as in var. si/lmticus, but with the subterminal zone pale yellowish-
wiiite. Under-fur grayish-plumbeous at base, passing into yellowish-brown
apically. Posterior part of the back and the rump mixed black and white.
As compared with variety syivaticus, this form seems distinguishable
mainly by ur tints. Specimens from the plains of the Upper Missouri
LEPORID^E— LErUS SYLVATICUS VAR. NUTTALLI.
331
fli
nre scarcely smaller than those from Iowa or the Eastern States, while the
proportions seem to be absolutely the same.
This form was formerly supposed to be much smaller than L. sylvaticus,
but the large number of specimens before me indicates but a siiglit average
difference in size, var. nutlalli being ratlier the smaller, with a very dec!<1t;!i
decrease in size to the southward. Specimens from the northward have a
fuller and softer pelage and more heavily-clothed ears and feet than var.
sylvaticus anywhere presents. In those from along the eastern edge of the
plains, the tints are brighter than in those from further westward ; specimens
from along the Missouri, from about Fort Leavenworth to above Fort Randall,
being so nearly intermediate between the typical nuttalli and sylvaticus that
the majority of them may be as well referred to the one form as to the other,
while there may occur occasionally typical examples of each. The lightest
specimens appear to be those from Western Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, and
Utah ; Arizona specimens passing gradually into variety arizonce. Winter
specimens are rather lighter than summer ones. In some of the former, the
subterminal zone of the hairs presents but a faint trace of yellowish, while the
sides and hinder part of the back are of a delicate gray, from the intimate
blending of the black and white hairs. Through the excessive paleness or
almost total obsolescence of the yellowish-brown tint so conspicuous in var.
sylvaticus, the black tips of the hairs are more conspicuous, standing out in
stronger relief against the nearly white ground-color, and thus sometimes
give the effect of a greater amount of blackness.
The average length of the body in a series of nineteen specimens from
various localities is 13.75 inches, with the extremes ranging from 12.00 to
16.00 ; of hind foot, 3.41 inches, with the extremes ranging from 3.00 to 4.25.
The average length of fifteen specimens from the Atlantic slope is 15.35;
of twenty specimens from the vicinity of the Missouri Kiver (from various
localities between Fort Randall and Fort Leaven wortii), is 15.50. Variety
nuttalli hence averages about one and a half inches shorter than var. sylvati-
cus, or about 12 per cent, smaller. The measurements of the skulls indicate
about the same proportionate difference in size.
There are in the collection a consi:icrable number of specimens collected
in the vicini*y of Brownsville and Mutamorns, near the mouth of the Rio
Grande. These include Baird's types of his L. ^'backmani" (=hachmani
Waterhousr), which I at first referred to variety nuttalli, I it now believe to
0^
1
1
' 1 ;i i
^'
,; ■ t
■ ■^" ■
lilf |H
332
MONOGUAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
come ill more naturnlly with the variety sylvatkus series. Tliey agree in
their small size with other Texas specimens, but, though rather paler than
average sylvaticus, do not j)resent the degree of pallor tiiat characterizes the
specimens from the plains further westward.
Var. ARIZONA.
Desert Hare.
Rather smaller than variety mUtalli, and paler, presenting the extreme
phase of diflferentiation in respect to pallor of coloration. The specimen on
which this variety is primarily based was collected by Dr. Elliott Coues at
"lieal's Springs, fifty miles west of Fort Whipple, Arizona, September 8,
1865". On the back of the label is written, in Dr. Coues's handwriting,
"The common 'cotton-tail' of the Territory — new species?? — arlemixia ? " ;
indicating that he recognized it as something different from the common
so-called Artemisia Rabbit of the plains. The color above is a very pale,
faded, yellowisii-gray, very slightly mixed with black. The nape-patch is
pale yellowish-fulvous, and the usual reddish parts of the legs and feet are
pale yellowish-brown. The most important character, however, is the great
size of the ears, which give it at first sight almost the appearance of a young
"Jack" Rabbit. The ears are fully a third longer, and proportionally broader,
than in specimens of the typical Sage Hare (var. nuttalli) from the arid
plains of Utaii, Colorado, Wyoming, and neighboring regions northward.
Other specimens, from Camp Grant (sixty miles east of Tucson), Arizona,
collected in February, 1867, by Dr. E. Palmer, agree with Dr. Coues's speci-
men in the great length of the ears, but in color do not differ materially from
the ordinary form of var. nuttalli.
Its habitat seems to be the deserts of Arizona, and its chief characteristic
the great length and size of the ears.
Var. AUDUBONi. .
AuduhoiCs Hare. , . ■ ,
About the size of variety sylvaticus, or a little less, with rather longer
*ars, and nearly the coloration of L. troxobridgei. The coloration of the.
original si)ecimens from near San Francisco and San Diego, Cal., presents
much the same peculiar phase in respect to the dorsal suiiacc as that of
LEPORIDjE-LKPUS sylvatious.
33;{
L. frowbridgci, namely, a finely-niixcd palo yellowish-brown and black.
The lower parts, however, are white, instea<l of pluniboous-gray, and the
color above is ratlier lighter tlian in L. twwhridgei. It is easily distinguished
from the latter, not only by the different color of the lower parts, but by its
longer tail. While merely the darker Pacific-coast phase of the L. sylvaticus
group, it finds its closest resemblance in external features in the L. trow-
bridgei. To the eastward, it merges into variety nuttalli of the interior
deserts; and to the southeastward, into the very light, very large-eared
phase of the sylvaticus group which I called variety anzonce..
Table XXXII. — MeamremenU o/Lepus sylvaticus far. sylvaticus.
1
a
a
a
U
LocnUty.
1
From tip of nose
to-
Tail to cud
of-
•s
!
i
t
1
1^
t
R
Q
1
Remarks.
li
i
^
i
1
I
957
958
304
305
306
465
466
906
1890
1S9S
1857
244
136
2304
2970
188
1394
1143
1137
1138
1130
1140
1141
1143
1141
1145
1146
1IJ7
1148
I13.-i0
11349
717
1402
1493
1494
Middleborongh, Hwu
3.50
3.00
a25
3. .10
170
3.90
ass
3. 3D
3. .TO
3.15
107
3.60
3.40
3.00
11.00
180
2.05
175
ICO
180
150
160
140
195
175
180
150
130
138
l.TO
125
2.60
105
100
110
1&2S
15.00
1&75
15.50
16 00
16.50
14.25
15.00
14.50
14. 5U
1150
16.00
15.50
14.50
15.50
17.00
15.00
18.50
16. -"O
If jO
Id. 40
16.60
16.00
16.50
16.45
16.50
16.00
15.50
14.50
15.(10
1150
14.00
11 5u
1100
11 OO
1.53
1.20
2. CO
1.60
3.48
3.01
2.75
2.40
160
130
156
170
168
180
135
160
150
175
145
165
160
133
130
4.90
195
4.12
180
180
190
190
192
llj5
no
ISO
170
170
185
3.35
2.20
2.93
100
2.30
2.70
2.32
2.60
3.60
3.55
2.65
3.55
3.50
2.40
Skin..
..do...
..do...
..do...
..do...
..Jo...
..do...
..do...
..do...
..do...
..do...
..do ..
From Prof. Baird.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do
Wasbington, D. 0
do
do
do
1.63
1.60
1.45
1.3S
1.40
L90
3.43
aoo
8.35
2.15
2. 25
LOO
do
.. . do
do
do
Society mil, N.C
Sclma, Ala
....
WashiogtAD, Uias
. do . . .
.. do.
Prairie Mer Itottge, La
1.70
2.40
..do ...
....do.
. do...
....do.
Raclno, Wla
WiecoDiin
1.70
1.50
1.45
1.34
1.60
1.50
1.60
1.48
1.50
1.45
L50
1.50
1.23
1.45
1.40
2.50
2.45
2.85
2.34
2.30
3.40
3.30
2.28
2.35
2.20
2.30
2.00
2.25
100
2.50
3.05
8.67
2.10
2.35
2.15
2.25
2.13
2.20
2.90
2.33
2.30
2.25
2.30
..do...
..do ...
do.
....do.
..do...
. do .
do.
.. .do.
, ... do
... do
do .
.. .do.
do
..do ..
.. .do.
do
..do ...
do.
do
..do ...
do.
do
..do ...
do.
do
..do...
do.
do
..do...
do.
do
..do ...
do.
do
..do ..
do.
2.30
-do ...
Freeh
..do ...
Skin..
..do ...
....do.
From Dr. Cooes.
do.
From Prof. Balrd.
do.
Fort Randall, Dak
1.88
1.75
a25
3.00
do
F rtLoavcnworlb.Kain....
do
160
9. no
do
1.45
3.10
J 90
155
3.40
».£0
..do ...
do.
do
..do...
...do
i,
334
MONOCniAPIIS OF NORTH AMKKICAN RODENTIA.
Tahi-e XXXIII.— ,l/i'a»«ifm«n(» »/ tkulh of Lki'is svlvaiii-'us var. sylvatioos.
l'^
Ul
urn
755
3857
3255
13024
4758
4631
1330
1S37
1331
1953
SCOO
9191
3093
8407
3457
3458
3007
3(Xie
3009
685
3850
506U
7404
7496
7497
7499
3316
3134
8663
8664
8967
13863
13868
13864
13470
1193
8089
1533
1317
1818
ISIB
1300
1808
3100
3105
834
9875
I^tcallty.
MiilcUeboroagb, MaM .
Carlislo, Pa
.... do
.ilo .
.do.
.do.
do.
WnihiDgton, D.C.
do ,
do -
do.
.do .
.do.
do.
do.
Gcorgin..
do.
.do.
.do .
.do.
Teiaa
do
do
do
Saint Looie, Mo
Prairie Mer Ronge, La. .
Tehaantepeo, Mexico...
do
.do.
.do.
.do.
do
do
Brownsvlllp, Tox .
MaUmoraji, Tox .
do
do
do
3.7IJ
3.7M.
3.631.
3.831,
3.88
3.01
3.84
3.85
8.77
3. CO
3.85
360
3.85
4.90
8.80
3.80
2.60
3.97
3.80
3.80
9.88
3.55
9.00
8.65
9.78
9.8:
8.78
3.10
3.80
3.83
3.75
3.74
3.05
8 93
195
3.08
9.65
3.80
3.68
3.58
8.67
3.43
0.63
0.70
0.65
0.72
0,75
0.85
0.71
0.8ri
0.6.';
O.K-
0,70
0.70
0.70
0.7S
0.65
0.74
0.74
0.7.I
0.74
0.63
0,72
o.e.r
0.76
0.73
0.70
0.71)
0.70
0,74
0.6t
0.7i
0.7S
0.83
0.8C
0,80
0.78
0.6:!
0.67
0.6.-
0,6.'
0.71
0.6-:
J J
a'VO. 52 0.
.. p, .mL.
000. .13 0,
„l-
,.L
TJ'Zl
46
30;o. 65iO. 52
SO
54
50
350. 67,0,
37|o.6HO.
top. 040.
80 0. 570.
320. 560.
850. 05:o.
050.5s'o.
3.'i 0. Sf'o,
la'n ui'/i
0. 5,1 0.
0. 6o:o.
0. 540.
32 0.62 0.
0.54.,
0. 570.
0. 60 0.
0.50 0,
0. 55 0.
p. VijO.
37J0. 6:<|0.
85 0. 570.
330.60 0.
40 0, 57 b.
360.000,
350. 56p.
150. 57 0,
aop. 550.
360.670.
8.10.600.
320, 660.
,40 0.63 0.
, 120. 47.0.
. 30 0. 53 a
,0?'«.4-p,
,060. .50 0.
. 10 0. 55
.9,?'a4i-
I
-I
a (.
■•" 4.
*.s
a
0.84
0.90
0.79
0.9(
0.96
1.0(
0.8'
o.g(
0.OO
0,92
0.90
0.75
0.90
0.9(1
o.h;
0.93
0.86
0.96
0,92
0,87
95
0, 7t
0,94
0.83
0,95
0.93
0.88
0.07
0.95
0,86
0,85
1.03
0,00
0.95
1.0«
0.85
0.90
0.9(1
0.8.
0.8J
0.73
ii
V*
T
09 0.31'
86 0.3:1
86!o. 8'.
3 1 10.31,
800.31
.80 0.34
0.86
0.37
0.38
0.8(3
as9
0.31
0.3-1
0.3:!
0.3f
0.31
0.30
0.35
0.»
a 31
0.55 0,
0.52
0,50
0.53
0.55
0.00
0.30
0.37
33,0.30
20
0.30
0.»
0.3B
0.85
0:33
0.8«
35 0.56
36 0.55
0.54
0.55
0.55
0,47
0.52
0.05
0,55
0.58 0.
0.50
0.53
0.55
0,53
0.51
O.SO
0.56
0.47
0,57
0.5:1
0,55 0,
0.5rO
0. 52 0.
0.55 0.
0, 36 0, 52 0.
0.34 0,48 0.
0.48
85 0, 52
83 0. 51
O..^
33 0. 50 0.
97 0, 52 0.
0.5OO.
0. 48 0.
0.52
0. 47 0,
1.751.
3.0o'l,
3.05
303
1.90
300
1.07
1.95
1.81
3 00
1.98
1,0.')
1.90
t.80
3 02
1.93
1.94
1.90
1.72
308
1.78
300
1.
1.95
1.88
1.87
317
300
310
312
1.90
1.97
1.90
1.76
1.70
Very old.
..do.
.. do.
...do.
Very old.
Very old.
Very old.
...do.
Very old.
Very old.
do.
do.
Very old.
Very old.
r Marked L.
I " baohmaoL*'
Very old.
Very old.
'at
LErOKID^E— LKPUS SYLVATICUH.
335
Table XXXIV.— Z,jal o/ ajjaimeMi uf Lkpi's sylvatici'S rar. avLVATicug.
1
i
a
S^ d
a
1
a
1
ai
1
1
Locnllty.
c
From wliom receivtsd.
Collectrd by—
i
■s
e
1
'A
'1447
•1533
•IU4
8141
8143
958
959
noes
11069
4011
305
306
90«
10«D
485
4M
40IS
1389
1390
1391
5144
l«7
1SS8
•3894
•3883
•3440
•S447
•3445
138
3305
1997
343
L.Agaaaia
L. Agaaais
Skin,
do
do
....do
., do
do
...do ...
. . . do . .
do
do
Boat, Soo. Nat Hiat
... do .
do
. do
do
Middleboroogh Mass
J.W.P.Jenke
....do
J.W.P.Jenke
....do
...do.
Skin and aknil.
Skin,
do
3003
do
Now York
J. a. Bell
J.G. Boll
do
....do
do
do
....do
....do
...do.
4799
6034
4831
635
785
3955
3398
3957
1397
1930
1931
1959
Carlisle. Pa
Prof.S. F.BaW....
do ..
Prof. 8. F. Balrd....
do
Skull,
do
. .. do
do
... do..
do
do
do
do ..
do .
do
do
... do ....
do
do.
., ,, do
. . do . . .
do ....
do
.... do
.. do
do ...
do.
do
....do
....do
...do.
Skin and akull.
...do.
WublDgton, D. C
do
...do
S.O.Brown
...do
...do
do
...do
Skull.
Skin and skull.
Skin.
...do.
...do.
do
...do
....do
do
....do
... do
do
Jan. 8,1865
Jan. 31,1865
....do
Prof. 8. F. Baird....
....do
do
....do
do
... do
....do
...do.
9090
9091
9093
3407
1934
do
Feb. — , 1856
Tan. -,1808
Jan. —,1858
...do
....do
Skin and BknII.
...do.
do
...do
....do
do
...do
....do
...do.
do
....do
....do
SknII.
...do.
do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
Skin.
Skin and akull.
Skin.
Skull.
...do.
9087
Society Hill, 8.C
U.A.CarUa&Sona.
...do
U. A.Cortia&Sona.
... do
.. .. do
9457
9458
3907
3908
3909
do
....do
do
....do
....do
do
do
....do
...do.
do
do
....do
...do.
do
... do
....do
...do.
Florida ....
O.J. Majnard
C. J. Haynard
... do
Skin.
. do.
9
0
9
. . do ... .
do
. do
....do
.. do.
do
....do
.. do.
do
. do
,. do
.. do.
Col. aL.C'.W»ile»
J. Fairie .
Col. B. L. C. Wailea.
...do.
Skin and skull.
Skin.
SknII.
...do.
3134
7497
7498
t«»
7900
ISM
Prairie Mer Rouge, La
Indianolo, Tex
13
Fob. 14,1855
G. Lincejtini
....do
Q. Liucecnm
....do
do
do
....do
....do
...do.
13
do
... do
...do
..do.
Capt. Van VUet
Capt. Van Vliet
Skin.
#4
* Specimens from Miiaeum of CoinparAtivc Zoillog} , Oanibridfco, Hras.
m
:w
1
1
^
1
1
m
i
i
loH
H 1
9- '
B!
f
w
i!
: '•««(?
W'
380
MONOOHAPnS OF NORXn AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Taulk XXXIV.— /i«< of iptcimena of Lki'ls sylvaticuh rar. svlvaticuh— Coutiiiiicd.
1
s
i':.
•at
9061
3100
717
3IS3
141X1
1401
1304
m
1138
1140
1141
1143
1145
lue
1796
14»3
1400
1660
SW
7709
113S0
11340
eos4
6663
8067
13470
1386S
13e63
13804
790S
8118
ssei
8S63
8964
8S6S
6356
8609
11435
11436
lUIS
11439
11443
h
o
1103
7736
3316
1
s
a
a
i
1
1
Locullly.
When collected.
From wbom received.
(.'ollcclod by-
Capt. Van Vliet
G. Llncecuni
Lieut. D. F. Brown
Copt Van Vllet...
(I. LInceoum
W. S. Wood
Skin.
Skin and akull.
do.
Saint Loull, Mo
Ft. LoAvenworlli, Kontt
(Id
May — , 1857
Jan. 90, 1C55
.Toly 5,1857
Apr. 91, 1857
J
Skin.
...do.
do.
Wm. M.McOraw .
Lieut. Q. K. Warren.
...do
Dr. J. O.Cooper....
W. 8. Wood
do
do
....do
do.
S831
8089
818
Missouri
J.O. Bell
Dr. E Palmer
Dr.P. B.Hoy
W. E. Moore
•In
J. G. Bell
Skin and akull.
. do.
Fort Cobb, Ind.T. .
Dr. E. Palmer
Kaolne, Wis
Dr. P. R. Hoy
Rkln.
...do.
Ft. Dia Molnea, Iowa
do
Autumn, 1855
.. do ....
....do
do
do .
...do
do
. do ....
. do
... do
do
do
do .
. do ....
....do
do.
do
do
do
... do-
do
3094
2510
do
...do
...do
....do
Skall.
Skin and akall.
Skin.
...do.
Slonx City, lown
Lower Miaaonri Jliver
80 mllca nboYoConnoll
BlnOk.
Fort Pierre Dak
Oct 98,1856
,1850
Lleiit. 0. K. Warren
do . .
Dr. F.V. Hoyden..
... do
....do
....do
. do .
do
do.
0
do
...do.
Republican Fork, Knna
Fort Randall, Dak...
do
May 95, 1864
Jan. 9, 1879
Jan. 9,1879
Aug. 31, 1868
Oct. 27,1868
Not. 21, 1888
Dr. E. Couea
... do
do
0373
9378
9431
3679
S680
5
!2
30
....do
...do.
...do
....do
...do.
Tebnantepeo, Mexico .
do
F. Sumlchrnst
...do
F. Sumlohraat
....do
Skin and aknU.
...do.
do
...do
... do
...do.
do
.. do
....do
Skull.
...do.
9506
1
a
3
do
. do
....do
do
. do
....do ..
...do.
do
..do
...do
.. do.
do
May — , 1860
do
....do
Skin.
..do.
Oriuiba Mexico
M Botterif
M. Botlerit
do
do
....do
do.
do
do . .
...do
..do.
0
0
0
.... do
do
...do
do.
do
do ...
...do
..do.
do
do .
....do
do.
Dr. C. Sartoriua
J. 8. Llarrequi
do
Dr. C. Sartoriua ...
Dr. A.Sohott
....do
...do.
953
174
960
973
173
9
9
do
do
do .
. do
do
....do
....do
do
do
do
?
do
jo
....do
- ;. .,,,.«'; .i<;
LEI'OKID^— LEPU8 SYLVATICUS VAH. NUTTALLl.
337
'I'aiii.k XXXV.— i/ra>«n3meii(« 0/ Lktuh bylvatioub var. Nuri ai.i.i.
i
B
a
a
3
5
M
009
Ota
two
■•TOO
as7
3HB
373
314
17S3
IVU
use
315
1
E
B
C3
"3
a
i
ICOS
1C78
17M
CSS
C07
000
I.<H'iillty.
From tip of noao to—
Tall to end
of-
Lt^Dgth of-
s
"s
&
i
1
i
1
Hi'nmrkM.
1
1.33
9.49
e.
1
-:
s
k
i
&
1
1
1
n
Coliiiiiblu ItlvtT, Ortv
piiii TiiTiripii-.
F(irt D.illiH, Orpgon
'IViillury.
9. to
9.75
13. (U
15.00
19.00
15.00
*
14. '.'5
13.00
14.85
10.00
13.95
13.75
19. CO
1:1 50
11.50
18.00
15.95
i5.ro
10.00
14.00
18.10
a 85
8. 1.',
Hklu..
..do ..
Krtini Hnirtl.
....do.
•
9.00
l.CO
1.95
l..'iO
8.00
9.50
9.00
1.00
1.95
1.00
8.50
9.50
8.00
aoo
8.00
8.00
9.00
1.58
9.10
9.05
I.FO
1.00
1.85
1.75
1.75
3.99
4.85
3.85
3. 75
3.75
3.r5
3.0!l
3.35
3. .15
3.10
:i.oo
3.98
3. 80
3. OB
3.95
S.09
3.13
9.30
3.35
3.85
9.40
8.1:0
9.33
9.57
8.70
9.45
..do ...
Pcrc> , ■Wyoming Tor-
ritiiry.
do
i.eo
I.M
1. 7.-1
1.60
1.00
1.85
1.70
1.85
1.49
:i.oo
s.e.'i
9.50
9.80
8.43
9.49
;ilo
3.85
9.8.-I
3.10
3.10
3.17
a. 85
5.90
9.75
9.e:i
9.e8
3.00
9.00
3.t;o
9.35
9.05
FruHh
..do ...
..do ..
..do...
..do .
do...
..do ...
Skin..
..do...
..do...
..do...
..do...
..do ...
From Bairtl.
do. )
.. do.
... do.
.. do.
...do.
.lo
do
Park County, Colorado
do
do
Yt-llowatono Rlrer . . .
do
Llano Eetueado . . . .^ .
1.00
1.30
1.83
1.70
9.01
8.08
do
dn
1.95
9.75
..do...
..do...
..do...
...do.
...do.
....do. j
SanAnlonlotoElPaH)
'-* '0
m:
Tablk XXWl.—Meaauremeiitt of akiiUa of hEVva sylvaticus var. .vuitalli.
i
f.
1
|l
i
1
i
A
£
1 s
^
j: ^
a
h
1
•
1
1
.0
.2
s
1
.0
if
% 1
t
a
3
.d
^
i'
Locality.
i
5
1
A
i
C
n f
n ^,
■5
1
i
*
i
5
^
M
9
s
■^
~ li
-1
^ B
•2.
•S.
1
•a
1
1
1
1
S.a
s 3!
1.^
%
1
P^
I
1.36
0
H
0
R
^
>5
•A
0.50
1.17
0.33
b
1=
u
4950
Doer Creok, Wyoming . .T.
9.75
1.37
0.70
1.29
0.53
0.90
0.85
0.47
0.37
1.63
4850
do
3.80
1.45
0.68
1.88
t'.53
0.50
0.01
1.15
0.37
0.85
o.,-*
0.38
1.98
1.40
4900
do
3.80
1.37
0.70
1.23
0.50
0.50
0.93
l.lil
0.37
0.90
0.50
0.37
1.84
1.49
4901
do
8.67
1.40
0.67
1.10
0.53
0.50
0.85
M.15
0.30
0,85
0.55
0.37
1.8.^
1.23
68r2
Wyoming Territory
3.58
1.31
0.55
1.08
0.5:1
0.46
0.88
1.10
0.30
0.25
0..'i9
0.88
1.77
1.17
1833
1938
Western TexnB
9.50
9.55
1.90
1.35
0.66
0.60
1.05
1.12
0.49
0. 7
0.40
0.44
0.80
0.88
1.18
1.10
0.98
o.:i2
0.21
0.94
0.44
0.47
0 31
0.40
1.75
1.60
1.28
1.30
do
1987
do
3,50
1.30
0,70
1,06
0.j9
0.50
0.77
1.05
0.87
0 39
0.45
0.35
1.80
1.96
■*! T
22 M
338
MONOOKAPIIS OF NOUTII AMEUICAN KODBNTIA.
Tahi.k XXXVII.— i(«( of »pmmin/i «/ Lbi-us hyi.vatici's rar. nuttau.i,
"■im
r ^ -i;
1
a
i
a
It
i
a
4139
1
■a
3
Locality.
When
collected.
Prom whom received.
•3
1
13011
333
H94
1008
17!I8
1800
Frcni'JiiiiHli'H 11., Mont.
MlnMiuri It, lOliujIlos
rtliovc Fort Uiiliiu.
July 4, 1874
Aug. 17, lc5:i
A.CamplH^ll
Gov. I. I.Steviiw....
LleutO.K.Worren.
...do
Dr. E. Cimca
Dr. Gwi.Suokley...
Dr. F.V. llayden..
...do
Skin.
...do.
...do.
...do.
•
...
Orf
Koi-t IJuloii, Mout
do
July 14,1850
July 19,1b50
Aug. 8,1830
...do
....do
...do.
...do
. . do
...do.
91
o
...do
do
...do.
9(154
9009
•9751
9753
97.VI
9734
9755
9708
97.".0
9769
9757
9758
97.'i9
9700
9770
97111
9763
9763
9764
9703
0700
9707
SIflOl
0M5
9000
90O:i
!27.'m
I37.V.I
(3757
t3750
1 37.55
t3753
13848
43849
t3850
13831
t2S,53
13760
I4.V>
113:17
4356
43.59
4300
4301
...do
do
Skull.
...do.
ilo
...do
do
do
do
... do.
48
387
490
500
030
679
083
707
714
710
731
738
770
830
808
834
838
838
865
806
867
881
0
do
...do
do
. . do.
CaiupCftrlln, Wyo...
Big Sniidy, Wyo
Groen Kiver, Wyo . . .
Fort Ilrldgir, Wyo ..
IIcnry'H Fork, Wj-o..
Oreou Jilver, Wyo
lio
Aug. 3, 1870
Sept 7,1870
Sept 11, 1870
Sept. 37, 1870
Oct. 3, 1870
Oct. 7, 1870
Oct. 7, 1870
Oct. 0, 1870
Oct. 10, 1870
Oct 10.1870
Oct. 10,1870
Oct 11,1970
Oct 15,1870
Oct 13, 1870
Oct 90,1870
Oct. 93,1870
Oct 83,1870
Oct 33,1870
Oct 35,1870
Oct. 85, 1870
Oct. 3.5,1870
Aug. 84, 1870
Aug. — , 1869
Aug. 18, 1969
Aug. 18, 1869
July 10, 1809
July 39, 1871
July 90, 1871
July 10, 1871
July 10,1871
July 39, 1871
Aug. 9,1871
Nov. 10, 1871
Dee. 10, 1871
Nov. 10. 1871
Nov. 15. 1871
Nov. 1,1871
Sept 33, 1871
Apr. 15, 18,55
Sept 30. 1873
Dr. F. V. n«ydon....
...do
... do
n.U.Bchtnldt
do
Sklu.
...do.
do
...do.
...do
do
...do.
..do
..do
...do
do
...do.
.. do.
...do
do
...do.
do
...do
do
. .do.
do
..do ...
do
...do.
do
.. do
...do
.do
....do ,
...do
do
.. do.
...do.
...do.
do
do
...
Bitter Creek, Wyo...
Nortli Platte, Wyo...
Pine Oroye, Wyo ....
do
do
. do
do
...do.
do
do
...do.
...do
...do
. do
...do
do
...do.
...do.
do
...do.
Pops Creek, Wyo
Kiick Creek, Wyo
do
.. .do
..do
do
...do '...
...do
do
...do.
...do.
...do.
do
do
do
...do.
North Platte, Wyo. . .
Colorado Territory —
Don Carlos, Colo
do
. do
do
...do.
do
...do.
do
do
...do.
do
d«
...do.
1009
1010
658
697
60O
551
1665
1746
1666
1078
1016
1533
0
Idaho City, Colo
South Park, Colo
do -.
do
do
...do.
Kooky MtEiped....
do
...do.
do
...do.
o
9
do
do ....
do
...do.
do
Bear Creek, Colo
Cheyenue, Wyo
Perry, Wyo . . -.
do
do
...do.
.. do
do
...do.
do . ..
do
...do.
....do
Allen &. Bennett....
.do
...do.
...do.
do
do
.. do
...do.
J
do
do
....do
...do.
do
do
...do
...do.
....
Ogden.Dtah
Fort Bridger, triah ..
Beaver, Utlh
. do
...do
...do.
W. M. McGraw
Lieut 0. M. Wheelel
..do.
308
H.W.IIeUBhaw
...do.
•L. "nuttuUl."
t SpcoimuD fruui Uiueum uf Cumporntiva Zoology, Cambridgo, M.iis9.
LICromDiE— LEPUH 8YLVATICU8 VAIJ. NUTTALLl.
Taiilk XXXVII,— X^al 0^ tpeeimftiii of LKPtm Rri.VATictTH rar. MinTAi.u— Cnntlniiol.
339
1
I'd
1^
Kin
iiTin
1 I7ii8
IITSO
11730
11731
i
h
1
c
s
1
£
.303
94SI
ai
9,V)
803
9114
918
101
331
803
008
1
M
A
<f
0
9
9
9
o
9
0
L.iinlliy.
Wl
eiilU'ctt'd,
From whiiln rrcrlvi'il.
Coliiclcd hy-
1
Cnmp9(l
Clarentw King
limit. 0. M. Whoeh-r
...do
II. Itldgway
ll.W.IIenahaw....
... dii
...do.
..do,
.. do.
1
nkull.
VurtOnrland.Colo....
dn
do
June 4,1873
June !•. ISTJ
Juno 5, 1873
Juno 7, IBTJ
Juni! 7,1873
Juno 3, 1873
Juno 90, 1873
June 19, 1873
Oct. -,1873
OqU 5, 1873
Jnly 14,1873
July 14, 1873
Sept. 14, 1873
....do
... do
do
do
..do
...do
do.
...do
... do
do.
do
do
....do
...do
...do.
do.
....do
...do
tl73S
iiero
II87V
118811
11881
11883
33!i.'>
45U4
32114
17-JO
373
33SS
;3I4
313
3IS
1436
14M
8378
8571)
8817
8818
887
888
8fl
4010
Rio QraDdi\ Culo
Southern Artunna
do
Ft. WiniiRto, N. Mei.
do
....do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do.
do.
... do
...do
do.
87
435
...do
... do
. do.
do
... do
Lieut J.C.Ivea...
Di. W. W. Audoiaou
Cnptniu Brown
CapLJ. Pope
...do
. . do
.. do.
Molwve Vnlley
.r. 11. Miilhauson
Dr. W. W. Audoraon
...do,
...do.
...do.
Cnntonmuut Ilurgwyn,
N. Mex.
Ft.UuM<tohuaotU,N.M
Pecoi. Kivcr, N. Mei..
Between PecotandRlo
Grande.
•
111
July IB, 1855
Dr. U. H. 11. Kennerly
..do
..do.
...do.
Capt. .1. Pope
...do
...do.
...do.
1457
dn
Rklnnnd
Sliiu.
Skull.
Skin.
. do.
San Antonio, Tex....
Lieut. Whipple ....
do
Lieut. Whipple
. do
1833
do
PcooB, Tex
Capt. J. Pope
ilo
Capt. J. I'ojw
..do
do
......
199
140
408
974
09
0
<f
...
May 14, 18«6
May 1.M8G6
Aug. 25, IBM
June20,ie«A
Oct. 10,18.14
Oct. 10,1854
Dr. H. a Butcher . . .
.. do
Dr. H. B. Butcher . . .
... do
...do.
.. do.
do
do
...do
...do
...do.
do
Plalnaof ChiUunhun..
do
...do
...do
...do.
J. Potta
...do.
...do
... do
...do.
Columbia Elver
J. K. Towniend . . .
U. S. Eipl. Expert...
J. K. Towneend —
Dr.W.Stln.pson...
...do.
...do.
t Labeled //." bocAmani ".
Tablb XXXVllL— Measurements of skulls of IjKrus svlvaticus rar. Arizona,
1
a
Locality.
i
1
a
i
1
£
5
€
E
h
- -3
g a.
1 t
■a
1
■s
g
i
li
-■3
Is
a
t
i
s .
1
1
1
f
i
U.
' •§
1
1
1
1
1
1
Is
S p.
I
ll
II
ll
%
1
O
H
O
n
^
!B '
^
P
fc>
p
u
p
p
8895
Camp Qrant, Arizona
8.58
1.38
0.07
1.00
0.50
0.40
0.81
1.07
0.30
0.93
0.40
0.30
1.78
1.84
m
! 'Si
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
ut l&i 12.2
2.0
lU
lU
us.
M
[25 ,|U |,.6
<
6"
►
" ^
'/
Hiotographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WIST MAIN STREiT
WiBSTIR.N.Y. MStO
(716) •73-4503
«^ ^\ ^r\\
4^
r
;V
^
H "■ .!
: U:,A
•i-
340
MONOGUArUB OF KOBTU AMERICAN KODENTIA.
Taiiu; XXXIX.— Ail/ of min-imenii of I.i:ris «Yi.v.»TitiH r«r. aiii/,o.\,i:.
fr!l.-i
H-Ofi
Limllly.
Fmui ffltfim rooi'h'pd.
I>fnlr» S|irlni;«. Arl« SefU 8, l*'i Dr. K. (.'oiii'H
t'uiliptiriilit, Arlx Fvb. 10, 1HJ7 i Dr. K. I'uliuul-
do ' Fi'li. ao, IMJi du
do Mir. 10, IH07 j do
do ' M«r. 10, 1P07 ! do
KvmviUe, C«l Oet. — , IBT.'l | I.t. O. U. Wbcelsr. ,
Cidlpeto<lli) —
Dr. K. Court Skin.
l)r. I£. PiUiuui- do.
do do.
do — do.
— do do.
II. W. Ili'uabaw ! .do.
I
a
•A
Taiii.k XL.— J/«iiKrmi<'n(< of Lki'UH syi.v.\ticu« ror. avucimini.
L
§ •
5* o
li |i
Locality.
309
ItKI I WOU
I9M
ISM
PrfNiiliii, Cul
S«n Frmidiwo, Col .
Sun UWgn, Ciil . . . .
do
From tip of
now to —
.TOO H.SO
3.<J0 : 13.00
3.a:il 14. M
I 11.00
Tail tofnd
ff-
3. IS
8.00
3.17
3. OS
Xlpmarka.
Taolb XLl.—lM of KiMximeni of Lepvs sylvaticus ror. al-duoomi.
1
S
o
30»
IIIU
4105
4cn
ISOI
ISM
ISM
saga
3074
a
s
a
H
S "
l»
M
904S
4il05
1
&
Q
m
M
lAKnlity.
i
From whom locelred.
Cullcotnl by-
^
f,
Prfwldlo Cal
LirutW. P. Trowbridge
LleuLaS.WUIiamaan..
J Foil Iter
Urnt Trowbridge
Dr. J. a Newberry
J.FBilner
... do
Skin.
Skull and akin.
..da
Skin.
... do.
....do.
San Franoiaoo Gal
Fort Crook Cal
May 34, IBM)
do
do
Sun Dingo, Cal
do
Feb. IO,l&-«
Deo. a«, 18S3
Deo. 88, 1833
Dr. J. F. Hammond
do
Dr. J. F. nonimond
... do
9
J
do
do
J, Xantna ,
...do
J, Xantna
...do.
....do.
M4
Fort Trjon, Cal ... .
CaiMiSt,l.uoaa,Cal
do
....do
....do.
General remarks on Lepus sylvaticus and its varieties.
Synonymy. — The first clear and careful rlcscription of the little Wood
Hare of the eastern portions of the United States was published by Schoepf
in 1784.* He gave it, however, no scientific name, calling it simply " Der
' Dor Natarfuncber, tW StUok, Ualle, 1784.
pp. 5iW, UUO.
Sou Prof. Boird'a tioualatiun in bii Hoiii. N. Amer.,
LBPOEIDiE— LEPU8 SYLVATICOa.
341
Nord-Amcrikani^che Hanse". His description is detailed and precise, uiid is
unmixed with allusions to any other species. Yet 6choepi''8 description was
later almost universally cited among the references to L. americanus. 'I'lio
L. americanug, however, of Erxleben, and the L. hudsonius of Pallas, as
previously shown, refer exclusively to the smnllcr Varying Hare of Iliidson's
Bay, which for many years was the oidy species of Hare supposed to iiihah'.t
North America south of the Arctic regions. Consequenfly, the L. amerkanns
of most authors previous to about the year 1840 included more or less vague
allusions to L. sylvaticus. Dcsmarest, however, in 1820, mailo the confusion
complete l)y describing (from Schoeprs account) L. sylvaticus under the name
L. americanus, although quoting references also to the Northern Varying Hare,
and extending its habitat to embrace the region west of Hudson's Bay, ns
well as the more southern pyrts of the continent. His name was adopted
by Harlan and other American authors for this species; even Dr. Bachman,
in 1837, in his first article on the Hares, fell into the same error. He
promptly, however, corrected the mistake, and adopted for the species, really
up to this time without a scientific designation, the very appropriate specific
name of L. sylvaticus. In his second article on the American Lrporida,
published in 1839, he brought the name more prominently forward, since
which time it has been in very general use.
The only other rival name is nanus of Schreber, which even some
recent authors have still used in place of sylvaticus. Such a practice is,
however, wholly unwarranted, as most clearly and exhaustively shown V)y
Bachman in his later account of the species in Audubon and Bachman's
North American Quadrupeds (vol. i, pp. 179-188, 1849). Schreber's
description was compiled from previous authors, and in almost every detail
applies to L. americanus, and scarcely in any particular to L sylvaticus.
His account of its habits and distribution includes both those of L. americanus
and L. sylvaticus, he giving its habitat as extending from Hudson's \\i\y to
Florida. His figure, however. Professor Baird believes to be clearly that of
L. sylvaticus, but it bears really so little resemblance to either that it may be
safely ignored. Schreber's account is evidently drawn in part from Schoepf,
but largely also from Forster, Pennant, and Kalm.
T" -3 Hare from the plains of the Columbia, described by Dr. Bachman
in 1837 us Lepus nuttalli, and regarded as "the most diminutive of any
species of true Hare yet discovered ", was undoubtedly but un immature speci-
WM
»«ww
;••^l
342
MONOOUAPnS OF NORTH AMEKICAN KODBNTIA.
men of the western variety of iii/lvatku.s, as strongly conjectured to be the
case by Professor Baird, and for which belief he has given amphi reapcnt'
U|> to the present tinic, no adult Hare of this small size has yet been Tuund
anywiiero, notwithi'tanding tlie testimony of Townsend that it " was doubt-
less an adult animal". He says the hunters, who knew it well, assured him
it never grew any larger, but it seems probable that ^hese hunter.« may have
had in mind the Little Ciiief Hare {Lagomys princeps). A Hare so abundant
us tills is represented to be is not likely to have escaped the observation of
the numerous naturalists and collectors who h ive since passed over the same
region.
The Lepus bachmani was described by Waterhouse in 1838 from an
immature specimen procured somewhere in the "southwestern portions of
North America, supposed to be between California and Texas ",* or ' perhaps
Oaliforniu",+ and redescribed from the same specimen in 1839 by Dr. Bach-
man. In the Quadrupeds of North America, it is mentioncf^ as " describe«l
from a specimen sent by Douglass from the western shores of America "4 • It
is here sjioken of as abundant in Texas, its habitat being regarded as embrac-
ing " a great portion of Texas, New Mexico, and California ", and as " probably
extending south through great part of Mexico'' and northeast to "about
the headwaters of the Red River or Arkansas ".| Professor Baird beliQ,vcs
that the real locality of Waterhouse's and Bachman's first specimen (the
(me sent by Douglass) was Texas, although he was at first, on the ground
of locality, inclined to identify it with what he afterward described as Lepus
audulnmi. The two specimens referred by Professor Baird to L. " bachmani"
are from Brownsville, Texas, and are still in the collection of the Smithsonian
Institution. *
The Lepus artemisia was <le8cribed by Dr. Bach^nan in 1839 from n
specimen brought from Fort Walla- Walla by Mr. Townsend, who speaks of
it as common there. It seems to have been recognized only from thij
locality (ill 1853, when Dr. Woodhouse referred specimens to it from the
Zufli and Colorado Rivers. In 1857, Professor Baird referred to it speci-
mens from Oregon, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Texas ; and the name has
since l)oen generally used for the designation of the small Gray Hare of the
plains and Rocky Mountain region generally.
* Bochiuau, Juuru. Acud. Nat. 8ci. Phils., viii, 1)7.
t Wntcrhunitx, Mmii., ii, 1W4.
. t And. aud Kacli , Vuod. N. Aiiier., iii, :IT. *
U! i'
LEPOBID^— LBPUS 8YLVATI0US ET VAR8.
343
Lepus nuttalli and L. artemma were thus described from specimens
obtained from the same locality, and the former was undoubtedly based on a
young specimen of tlie form so currently known of late years as L. artemma.
The locality of the original specimens of L. bachmani is conjectural, and
may have been either California or Texas, though probably f lie latter. Later,
the name was applied by Audubon and Bachman to the small Gray Hare
of the Texas plains, which is undoubtedly the same as the L. artemhia,
described a year later, although the specimens so designated by Professor
Baird more nearly approach var. sylvaticus. As noticed by Professor Baird,
the name nuttalli has a priority of two years over artemisia and of one year
over bachmani, the latter also preceding artemisia by one year. Hence it
unfortunately happens that, according to the strict rule of priority, the name
artemisia, which has become familiar as the appellation of the "Sage Rai)bit"
of the plains, must give way to the less familiar one of nuttalli, the original
type of which was only an immature specimen of this now well-known
species.
Geookaphical distbibution. — Lepus sylvaticus (including its several
varieties) occupies the greater part of the southern half of the continent. In
the eastern part of the United States, its northern limit coincides nearly with
the northern limit of 'the AUeghanian fauna, or with the isotherm of 45°.
This isotherm seems also to form its northern limit in the interior, or west of
the Mississippi River. West of this point, it seems not to have been met
with to the northward of the northern boundary of the United States.
Variety sylvaticus extends from Southern Maine southward, tliroughout the
States east of the Mississippi to Florida and the Gulf coast, excepting per-
haps the more elevated portion of the Apalachian highlands. It also occurs
throughout the States adjoining the Mississippi, as far westward even as the
eastern portions of Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian Territory, and also
throughout Eastern Texas and thence southward to Yucatan. In Middle
Kansas, or near the ninety-eighth meridian, it already begins to assume the
characters of variety nuttalli, which ranges thence westward to Oregon and
the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and southward from near the forty-ninth parallel
into the highlands of Mexico. Over the drier portions of Arizona and the
adjoining Country, it passes into variety arizona, and on the Pacific slope is
represented by vuioty auduboni. Variety auduboni extends along the Pacific
coast from Northern California to San Diego, in Southern California passing
344
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
tit '*
\m\
ii\ '
into variety arizona. Tlie latter is as yot known only from Wostorn
Arizoiin, but will doubtless be found to extend over the western parts of
Southern California and southward into Western Mexico, or over a large i»art
of the so-called Sonoran district.
LEPUS TROWBRIDGEI.
TrowbrldKC** Harr.
Lepui trowbrulgei Haikd, Proc. Acnd. Nat. 8oi. PhHu., vH, 1866, IKKI; Main. N. Am., 1867, fllO, pi. xiv,
(auiiiial).— Nrwbkhky, Puciflo K. K. Kx. & Siirv., vi, iv, 1867, 66.— Kknmekly, ibid., x, vi,
1869, 17.— too|)er, ibid., xii, iii, 18C0, 87.— Oray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hiat., 3d Mr., xx, 18C7,
■.U4.— Ali.kn, Pruc. Uu8t. Soc. Nat. Hiat., xvii, 1876, 434.
Smallest of the North American Leporida. Tail very short, almoft
rudimentary. Postorbita! process scarcely in contact with the skull posteri-
orly. Ears, head, and bind feet about equal in length. Above yellowish-
brown, varied with dark brown; sides, throat, and chest paler; beneath dusky
gray, varying to whitish; back of neck rufous. Colors generally darker
above and more finely blended than in any of the varieties of L. sylvaticus.
The dark long hairs of the back appear to be generally blackish-brown, but
in some specimens they are decidedly black. ' .••; • ' ' • ' • ■ ' •'
The specimens before me are the same as those described by Professor
liaird in 1857, with the exception of a few additional •ones from Fort Tejon,
and I find little to add to his account. As Professor Baird observes, there is
considerable variation in respect to the length of the ears in diflerent speci-
mens' and also in color, some specimens being decidedly whitish below
instead of plumbeous-gray, and with the long dark hairs above decidedly
black in some cases instead of blackish-brown.
Its nearest ally is the Lepus sylvaticus var. auduhoni, but this form
rather exceeds it in size, has the ears distinctly edged and tipped with black-
ish instead of being uniformly gray, is whiter below and of a more yellowish-
gray above, with the longer black hairs more strongly in contrast with the
general color. The variations in general color, however, in different individ-
uals, resjiectively, of the two forms rather overlap, so that general color is
not alone distinctively diagnostic. The shorter tail and (apparently) relatively
shorter hind feet of L. trowbridgei are the more especially characteristic
features. Both forms occur together on the Pacific slope; but L. sylvaticus
variety auduboni ranges also to the desert plains of Southern Nevada and
Arizona, where it insensibly blends with variety nutltUli of the middle region
of the continent.
*•,■ !
LKPORIDiB— LEPU8 TROWBBIDOEI.
345
The variations in size in Lfpux troxehridgei ore well indicated in the
Ruhjoined tables of mcasuiemeiits of (he skullti and external dimensions. The
extremes in a scries uf ten skulls ure: length, 2.28 and 2.55; width, 1.15 and
1.32; nasol hones (length), 0.90 and 1.17; lower jaw (length), 1.42 and 1.73.
The length of the ear varies in diflerent specimens from 2.28 to 3.05, the
av(;rnge being about 2.50 to 2.75. In specimens from the most southern
localities, the ear averages considerably longer than in those from the north-
ward, although the size of the animal, as indicated by measurements of the
skull, is smaller at the southwanl. Thus the average length of four skulls
from localiticF near San Francisco is 2..^jO and the breadth 1.28; while the
average length of the skull in four specimens from Cape Saint Ludas is 2.29,
and of the breadth 1.17.
The habitat of Ltpus trowhridgei, as indicated by the specimens in the
present collection, seems to be restricted to the region east of the Cascade
range of mountains, and to extend along the coast from Fort Crook to Cape
Saint Lucas.
Lepus trowhridgei was first described by Professor Baird in 1855, and
redescribed by him under the same name in 1857, by which appellation it
has fortunately been always known. Very few original references have been
made to the species aside from those in the various reports of the Pacific
Railroad surveys and explorations.
Tablb XLII.— Jlf«Miimii«tt(< o/ L. trowdridori.
310
ail
318
nil
*S8S
LocnlUy.
Sui maotaoo or lloiiteray, C«l
do
1183
vn
isao
isn
3S3II
San Ftmooliico, Cul . .
do
do
do
Bodrg*. Ctl
SuiM Cl*n, Ciil .
PdUIiiiiui, €■!
do
SuDltca, Cal...
do
do
Fort Ti-Jon, C»l .
From Up of iitinH to—
l.«
i.as
l.M
l.«l
i.a
l.M
1.90
1.93
LM
1.41
I.3S
8.98
3.49
9.08
S.W
8.15
8.10
8. US
8<W
9.93
8. 4.1
869
9.8.^
9.68
8.90
9.8S
9.80
.85
9l1S
9.19
3L03
3.90
9L98
889
810
8.00
8.98
13.00
1111
11.00
19.30
111 9.-1
13.15
14.00
14.90
l.t.00
10.99
19.00
19.00
Tail to end
of-
Leugth of—
0.49
0.90
0.49
0.90
aio
I
1.86
084
i.eo
l.Bri
1.90
1.39
1.45
1.90
1.50
1.59
1.90
1.40
8. 19 I 9. 3S
9.08 I
9.15 853
9.15 9.55
865
9.80
9.89
9.30
9.69
'X98
9.63
9.18
868
J.,
■ Speelnona ttma Mnaeum of ComparatlTo ZoSlogj:. Cambridga, Man
I 9.10
3.00
3.05
8,50
Remarka
From Baird.
.. do.
.. di>.
From a aklD.
From a ipeclmou iu
aloulwl.
...do.
From a akiu.
...do.
...da
. do
.. do.
.. du.
..do.
...do.
Uii
MONOOKAPIIS OF NORTH AMKKICAN RODENTIA.
Taulk \LUl.—ili»iiinaumU of AM* of L«Pti8 tkuwbiiiimiki.
I ■ 1
I
iiai
IHI9
Lonllty.
Xttf
xw
timta
3(01
4tBI
4i40
VM
4144
Kurt Cniok, Cal .. a. 55
Hod Krauclico, CnI j 2. 45
-""'
....do I
Flirt Ti-J(iD,Cal... US!
...ito
Capti 8t. Luc«0, L.
(.•«I. I
....ilo j 8.30
....do , 8.37
... iio aan
i.ie
o.iii o.m i 0.4.%
MS , 0.57 O.SW I 0.43
1. 90 i 0. es 0. in 0. <'j
0.44
0 30
0.44
0.44
0.44
I
I
L
0.'.S
0.1.<
0.»3
am
aTT
.... I 0.11
0. 38 a M
0. 40 0. 10
a 36 I 0. 14
0. 40 : 0. Ill
1
i
1
\
%
(f 1
1 1
a j:
1 .
II
\\
1.01 0.30
1.0.1 I a 39
1.01 I a94
i.on ' o.'»
I.C3 j 0.81 I 0.83
0.»1 ' ... I ...
0.MI 0.33 j o.ie
0.41
0.81
0.4(1
0.9'J
0.41
0.91
O.II-)
a03
0.45
0.4.%
0.40
O.X\ I
0.3S j
I 0.34 ^
I 0. 3.% '
.0.30
0.3.-.
I 0.31
0 93
0.90
0 90 0.94 0. Ill
0. £0 ' 0. 49 ' 0. 34
0. IH 0. 45 , 0. 31
0. 49 0. 35
1
^
i
J
1.70
1.15
1.73
1.19
1.70
I.OtI
1.07
l.OU
1.5J
1.04
1.48
1.03
l.5»
1.04
1.39
1.05
Taiiuc XLIV.— £u( u/qiedM«iia (/I.iCPUg TROWBailKiiei.
.'S
e
'1^
1
r
1811
1*19
1
A
1
I/icallt.v.
I
From whom reoelTed. Collected bj*—
i
1
hi. W. P. Trowbridge
do
LtW. P.Trowbridiic.
do
Sknll.
... do.
1
do
1 'iei
do
Mua.Coap.Zo(il
dp
A. Agaaaia
Alcohol ic.
....do.
\
do
•
do
• 105
do
Lt W. P. Trowbridga
do
Lt W. P. Trowbridge
do
Skin.
....do.
100
do
101
do
do
do
...do.
...do.
, 1171
do
Liautanautwmianiaou
Lt. W.P.Trowbridge
do
1
im
1835
do
Lt W. P. Trowbridge
do
BkiiU.
Skin and aknll.
Skin.
....do.
1 310
Sao Franolaooor Hon-
teny. Cal.
do
311
do
do
319
do
do
COB
do
T.A.Subo
Or. J. O. Cooper
B.Samnelii
...do.
...do.
do
111)3
Santa Clara, Cal
Dr. J. 0. Cooper
9014
3599
3508
4991
4840
4941
4844
9
?
8915
do
do
... do
....do.
1900
! 1509
San Diego, Cal
do
Mar. -, 1890
Feb. 19, 18M
Fub. 81, 1850
Or.J. F. Hammnod..
do . ..
Dr.J. F. Uaumoad..
do
...do.
do.
1503
do
do
do
....do.
311:11
Fort Tpjon, Cal
J Xantua
J Xantna
8Un and aknll.
. do.
3030
do
do' . ..
do
' •
Capv Saint Lucaa. Cal
do
do
do
BkoU.
...da
1
do
do
«o
do
... do
do
....do.
do
. do
do
....do
5018
I--""
SanJi»i.CHl
Santa Baibani.Ciil ..
May -, 1850
Apr. — , 1899
Jani) 90, 1819
do
do
Skin.
...do.
.. do.
SHU
[ do
j Lt.O. M.Wberler....
do
11. W. Hnnthnw
• Spw tiiii'Dit I'liMu tbe Muw-utu of Ciunpiir.ittvf Z<rfi ifjiy, Ciimhtiil^t', Miiat*
LEl'OltlD^— LEPUS GKAYSONI.
347
LEPU8 GRAYSONI, nov. sp. •
Grayion's Hare.
General color above pole rufoim or dull cinnamon-brown, varied with
)>lackigh-brown; below whitish. Upper surface of the head fcrruglncous,
finely mixed with black, fading anteriorly to paler rufous; sides of muzzle
yellowish-brown; sides of the head pale fulvous-brown, below and beiiind
the eye sparsely varied with black, a narrow pale ring around the eye, not
more conspicuous than in L. sylvaticus ; nape rufous. Ears covered wit}i very
short hair, looking nearly naked, yellowish-brown mixed with black anteri-
orly, at the base passing into blackish-brown, varied with yellowish-brown
toward the tip; anterior margin whitish-edged till near the tip, where it is
margined with blackish; posterior surface of the ears lighter and nearly naked.
Dorsal region nearly uniformly pale reddish or cinnamon-brown, varied with
blackish-brown, becoming paler and with fewer blackish hairs on the sides of
the body and over the rump. Tail above blackish-brown, shading into the
color of the rump; while below. Chin and sides of the lower jaw nearly
white, passing into brown on the throat, f^ore ueck uniform reddish-brown.
Middle of the lower surface of the body from between the fore legs to the
tail whitish. Outer surface of limbs reddish-brown; inner surihce whitish;
upper surface of hind feet varied with pale rufous and whitish. Size and
proportions same as in average specimens of Z. sylvaticus. Feet small; nails
naked.
This species is based mainly on a specimen collected at the Tres Marias
Islands by the late Col. A. J. Grayson. It is of about the size of Lepus
sylvaticus, but differs in many important features from any of the varieties of
the L. sylvaticus group. The form of the postorbital processes shows that in
this respect its affinities are with this group rather than with the Aquatic Hares
(Z. palustris and L. aquaticus), although its feet are small and as sparsely
haired as in L. palustris. In general color and in some other features, it
somewhat resembles L. brasiliensis, but is in other respects quite different.
It has a tail as short as L. trowbridgei.
A second specimen, from Talamanca, Costa Rica, collected by J. Carmiol,
is also referred to this species. It agrees with the Trefi Marias specimen in
size, proportions, and ail essential particulars, but it is somewhat paler-colored.
The pelage is rather harsher, and is evidently much vfotn, so that the paler
color may be in part due to fading, or to seasonal difference.
348
MONOGRAPHS OF NOUTH AMRKIOAN RODENTIA.
•
Tablr XLV.— J/tnnMrrmni/fi/ Lrpitr nnAVMiNi.
II
1
LociUily.
1
FnimtlpofpoMto—
Tall lo rail
of-
Leiitftb of—
i
1
a. 40
ftM
CullMlot by—
1
J ^
1
1
t
1
1
1.00
1
1.90
1.19
1
3.40
' (OIH
133 TrM Marlu laUuiU .
Tuliuiiitiic*, CmIii Rln
; i.«3
1 1«5
■J. 00
S.M
3.U
3.99
14. SO
I.W
A. .T. Urnjwia.
J. Carniliil.
LEPUS BRAS1L1EN8IS Linn.
BrailllH Hare; Tspell.
Leptu brtuUintU Bribsor, Reg. Aiiim., 17r>C, 141.— LiMNiSUs, Syiit. Not., 12th e<l., 1, 17fin,7H.— Enxi.RnRN
SjHt. Itog. Anim., 1777,:i:«i.— Gmkun, 8.v»t. Nat., 1, 17HH, lfi4.— HcHliEliKl', SUiiKet., Iv, 1792,
»02.— Shaw, Ocn. ZoOI., il, leOl, 208.— Azaha, ParaKoay, ii, IMUI, 57.— Ukmmaiikht, Mam-
mnloKio, 1822, Xil.— Maximilian, IWitriigu i. NntnrK. UruH., 11, IMW, 4.'iO.— Fihc-iikii, 8yiioi>.
Mam., 1821), 375.— TsCHUDi, Fanoa Poriiann, i, 1844, 198.— Waonkh, Sclirelwr'H SaiiK«t.|
Buppl., iv, 1844, no.— Watkkiiouhk, Nut. Hist. Mara., ii, 1848, 141.-0ir.nKL, HiiiiKet., 1855,
4.'jO.— Frantzuis, Wicgni. Arch., 1R>9, I, 270 (C<i"tu Rica).— 1Ikn8KL, Alihnml. <1. phya.
Klssae <]. kunigl. Aliad. (I. WiMenachafinn zii Bttrlin, 1872, m (Southum Hraiil).— Allkn,
Pruc. Dost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 4:I5.
Lfput taptti Pallas, Nov. 8p. Olirca, 1778, RU.— Zimmkhmann, Geograph. Oeaoh., ii, 1780, 334.
Tapeti brMiUennU Orav, Auu. and Mug. Nut. Hist., 'M iter., xx, 1867, ^.
" Taptli hnuUienribwi, Makcoravr, Brazil, 22:1."
About the size of Lepus syhaticus, or a little smaller; cars rather longer
than in that species, and the tail shorter. Fur rather short and harsh; feet
rather sparsely clothed, above yellowish-brown, varied with bhick, not very
diiferent in coloration from Lepus palustris; sides of the nose, orbital ring,
throat, and abdomen white ; legs and nape-patch bright rufous, the latter
whitish on the inner side. Tail brown above, rufous yellow below.
Of this species I have very few specimens, and am hence unable to give
much original information respecting it. Its reputed range extends through-
out the greater part of South America, from Paraguay northward to Central
America. With such a wide range, it would be surprising if it preserved
everywhere uniform characters.
Waterhouse refers to two specimens from Bolivia, one of which, "an
extremely young specimen," diflTers from the other in being blacker, and in
having the rufous of the limbs, nape-patch, etc., of a brighter tint; in other
words, having the colors much more intense. A half grown and rather
faded specimen in the present collection from "Vermeto", Paraguay (the only
one I have from South America), is not very appreciably different in color
from ordinary specimens of L. palustris, though ratlier paler. The ears,
however, are longer, and the tail shorter, the latter rufous -y.Uow below
instead of white. A specimen from Chiriqui ami two others rrom Costa
LEPOUID^— LEPUS liUASILlENBIB VAU. GAKBI.
349
llica (one uf them quite immature) are mucli more yellow above tliaii llio
Pumim specimen, the gencrnl color above being yellowiBli-rufouH mixed
with black. The ears are also fully one-fourth shorter than in the Parana
Hpecimen, and considerably shorter than the meiAurements given by Water-
house. The ditFercnces are so striking that at first I was inclined to regard
the Costa liican specimens us specifically distinct from the South American
L. brasUknm, and I propose fiimlly to treat them us varietally distinct, under
the subspecific designation of gabbi, which may be characterized as follows ;
LEPUS BRASILIENSI8 var. GABBI.
Central Aaerlran Hare.
Size of Lepus trotobridgei ; ears very short; tail rudimentary. AI)ovo
pale cinnamon-brown, strongly varied with blackish. Whole upper surface
of the head bright yellowish-ferruginous mixed with black. Nape i»alc
rufous. A conspicuous, large, whitish spot below and behind the nostril,
bordered by yellowish-brown, which latter color extends over the sides of
the head, where it is varied with black. Chin and space over the rami of
the lower jaw white. Fore neck pale yellowish-brown; rest of lower parts
white. Ears anteriorly varied with pale rufous and black, with a narrow
whitish border; ears nearly naked posteriorly. Limbs strongly rufous
externally, inside much paler and more or less varied with white. Tail
like the back above, yellowish- brown below.
The most striking peculiarity of athis form is the shortness of the cars,
which are much shorter than in any other species of Lepus with which I am
acquainted. In sizcy- it seems to be, fully as small as L. trowhridgei. The
specimens are all more or less mutilated, so that the character of the tail
cannot be well determined. The Lepus brasUiensis of von Frantzius, from
Costa Rica, doubtless refers to this variety.
Table XLVI.— Jtf«aMtre«i«ii(f (/ Lbpus biusiuembib ((iioiiMHi>; var. oabbu).
8IW
II9TI
Locality.
BoIItU
P»»»
Vsnneto, Pkngniy
Cbtriqal, Central Amerlw .
Ttluunm, Cott* Klo*
Frodj tip or uose to—
1.30
LW
ftSO
AM
*.30
*.ea
13.00
1&00
Leugtb iif~
1.30
l.3J
a. 00
3.00
«.-7J
9.00
a. 89
1.00
a. 00
3.03
1.03
1.43
Kuniarkt.
From Wfttorhouso.
do.
350
MONOOUA1M18 OF NOltXn AMERICAN IIODENTIA.
Taiilk XLVU.—McamremeHli nf akulh q/'LKPUi* iiiiahilikmbih.
Locality.
IMlTla. .
Vura —
S.U
a. 60
I. S3
o.(n i.oa I o.ao
0.68 aii7 I a.so
Ml-
111 i
1*1
o.n>
0.90
I.M
I.M
Prom WntfrhuuM.
do.
Tablk XLVIII.— £(<( o/tjwcimm* i^Lkpus dkahilirnhih (IncfwdiKf rar. OAnuil).
I
O
I
MS)
ei40
11371
1137!)
LlllI4Ut;.
'* Venneto ", Puragtuy
Chlrlqnl, Contnl Amoiioa.,
Taltnunca, Cotta Rica
do ,
FitMu wbum received.
Capt. T. J. Page .
FraLBIeki
W.M.Oabb
do
m
LEPUS CALLOTIS Wngler.
Var. CALL0TI8.
Mexican Hare « Southern Jackass Hare.
Lrput calhlit Waolkr, Nnt. 8;gt. Amphib., 1830, 35 ; Inia, 1631, Gil.— Waonkr, Schrebflr'R SHnget,, Iv,
pi. ccxxxiii K ; Suppl., iv, 1844, 106.— Watkriiousk, Mat. Iliat. Uani., ii, 1848, 138.— AUD.
& Bach., Quod. N. Amer., ii, 1851, §5, pi. Ixiii.— Woodiiouhe, Sitgreavea'a Col. and
Zuni River Exped., 1853, 55.— Oikbkl, Siioget., 1855, 44U.— Baird, Mam. M. Amur., 1857, 590,
pi. Ivii, fig. 1, hIiuII (in part only) ; U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Survey, ii, ii, 1859, 45, pt, xxv,
fig. 1 (Hkull).— SAC88URK, Rev. et. Hog. Zool., 1660, 56 (Province of Miohoaoan).— Oray,
Ann. and Mag. Mat. Hist., 3d aer., xx, 1667,li84 (iu part only).— Allen, Proc. Boat. Boo. Nat.
Iilat,, xvii, 1875, 435 (in port only).
Lepui nigricaudalut Bknnett, Proc. Zool. Boc. Lend., i, 1833, 41.— Bachmam, Jonm. Aoad. Nat. Boi.
Pljlla., viii, 1839] 84.
"TA^ua t»exica»m LiCllT.," Riciiardhon, Sixth Rep. Britiah Aaa. (1836), 1637, 150, 168.
Lepui callolia var. »igricaudalu§ Waonkii, Suppl. Scbrebur'a Hiinget., iv, 1644, 107
LrpuH calhtu \aT. flangularu Waonek, Suppl. ScbreboHg SSuget., iv, 1844, 107.
Lepiu Itxianut AuD. Sc Bach., Qnad. N. Amer., iii, 1853, 156, p). czzxiii.
Var. TEXiANus.
Northern Jackau Hare.
Lepiu lexianiu Watbrhouse, Nat. Hiat. Mam., ii, 136, 1848 (not of And. and Baob.).
Lqftu callotit Baird, Mam. N. Amer., 590, 1857 (in part only).— Kbnneklt, Pacific R. R. Expl. and Sar-
veya, x, vi, 16, 1859 (Fort Conrad, N. K.).— SucKLET, Pacific R. R. Expl. and Surreya, xii,
iii, 104, 1860 (Bois< River, Oregon ).—Sucklky & Oibbs, ibid., 131.~CouE8, Am. Nak, i,
631, 1667 (Arizona); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1667, 136.— Cooper, Am. Nat., 111,470,
1660 (Colorado Valley).— Hkrriam, Haydon'a U. 8. Oeol. Survey, Sixth Ann. Rep., 666, 1873
(OgdoD, Utah),— AuJC.'f, Bull. Eaaez loatitute, vi, 62, 66, 1874 (Wyoming wad Salt Lalw
Valley). ■
LEPORID^— LBPU8 CALLOTIB EX VAB.
861
Var. TEXIANU8.
Northern Jackwm Hare.
Ahovo pale ashy-gray, somctimcH tinged with brownisli mid mixed willi
block. Bcluw wbito, or nearly white on the middle of tlic holly, pasHing
into grayish-whito or very pale brownish-white on the sides, Die inside ol
the limbs, and on the breast, where it is more strongly brownish. Throat
lighter, nearly white Orbital ring white, varying to yellowish-white. Ears
more or less broadly tipped with black, yellowish-brown (externally),
mixed with black on the anterior half, whitish on the posterior half, passing
into white at the base; fringe of the bordcrK yollowish-white. IVil black
above, the black extending forword upon the rump, very much as in i . call-
fornicux ; sides and below gray.
This species presents considerable variations in color, and in the fullnoss
and soilness of the fur, with the season. The above description applies more
e6i)ecially to fall and winter specimens, in which the pelage is very full, long,
8" ' soft, and in which the feet arc well clothed. In summer specimens, the
fur of the body is shorter, and the feet and legs are more sparsely clothed.
The brownish tint of the bock is perhaps rather stronger, and the limbs are
of a more decided gray ; the lower surface, except the breast, is generally
pure white. One of the most marked seasonal differences in color, however,
consists in the color of the nape-patch, which in winter specimens differs but
little in tint from the general color of the upper surface, and over which the
fur is long and soft, gray externally, and black at the base. In summer
specimens, the fur of the nape-patch is short and generally intense black,
owing, in part at least, to the shedding or wearing-off of the longer gray
outer covering of winter.
Specimens collected at the same season vary in respect to the amount of
black in the dorsal surface and in the strength of the pale fulvous shade.
Var. cALLOTis.
Mexican Hare ; Southern Jackass Hare.
Slightly smaller than van texianus, with the black on the tips of the ears
nearly o/r quite obsolete, being replaced with pale yellowish or pure white.
Above more or less strongly yellowish-brown, mixed with black; lower
surface, including the limbs and sides of the rump, white, usually finely
IP
ii
ilii
352
MONOGKAPII8 OF NOKTU AMEKIOAN KODE^fTlA.
mixed with black, especially on tlie limbs ; breast pale yellowish, varying
to bright fulvous.
A specimen from Tehuantepec (No. 1)430), collected December 3, is the
most highly-colored of any in the collection, and agrees perfectly with Wag-
ner's description of his \i\ncty Jlavigularis. In this, the color above is briglit
yellowisli-brown, strongly variegated with black. The neck in front and tlie
breast arc strongly yellowish-brown, which color extends forward on either
side of the throat and along the sides of the body. Tlie rest of the lower
parts are pure white ; the legs are of a pure, rather dark, gray, which color,
rather more mixed with black, extends over the thighs and the sides of the
rump. The fur is everywhere very short and rather harsh, as compared with
winter specimens of var. texianus; the pelage of the legs is especially short,
so that these parts look very small and slender.
Summer specimens from Southern Texas (Nos. 252, 241, 134, etc.)
present the same general features of short, rather harsh, pelage, very scantily-
clothed legs and feet, and brighter and purer colors ; but the fulvous tint,
especially over the fore neck and breast, is of a much more brownish cast
A specimen from Orizaba, Mexico, quite closely resembles, in the color of
the dorsal surface, the specimens from Texas, but the brownish tint of the
breast and sides of the body is nearly obsolete, the whole lower surface
of the body being almost uniformly pure white. A striking feature in this
specimen, remarkable for the general lightness of its colors, is the terminal
white patch on the ears.
Considering the varidties in their co-specific relationship, we find that
the Texan and Mexican specimens are much more strongly colored, especially
i'; respect to the fulvous tint, than specimens of the more northern type,
vhile the palest specimens come from Arizona and Utah. A specimen from
Boisd River, Oregon, is varied with black and grey above, with only a very
faint tinge of brownish on the limbs, sides, and breast.
The black at the tip of the ear varies from a patch nn inch or more in
length to a narrow terminal bordering, and is so/netimes wholly obsolete.
It is narrower in Texas specimens than in those from Arizona and Utah,
existing in some of the former only as a very narrow border, while in the
specimens from Mexico it is wholly absent, being replaced in one by white
and in the other by fulvous.
The extremes in respect to variation in color, as indicated in the varietal
diagnoses, present very wide difierciices, but there are so many interveninj
LEPORID^— LEPUS CALLOUS ET. VAR.
353
stages that the passage from the one to the other is by very gradual steps. Thus
the general aspect above of specimens from Utah is grav'sh-white, with the
faintest tinge of brownish, strongly mixed with black, with a black spot at
the tip of the car an inch or more in length. The specimens from Texas
and Orizaba, on the other hand, are strongly washed above with fulvous, with
the black ear-spot greatly reduced or wholly obsolete. In the Tehuantepec
specimen, the fulvous culminates in a quite intense yellowish-brown.
The general size varies, as usual, very considerably in different individ-
uals. Taking the size of the skull as the most convenient standard of com-
parison, we find the extremes of variation in a series of eight adult specimens
to be, length, 3.37 to 4.08 ; width, 1.63 to 1.82. The ears vary in length in
different specimens from 4.50 to 6.00, the largest-eared examples coming
generally from the most southern localities.
General remarks.
Synonymy. — The variations in color already described have given rise to
several synonyms. The species was first described by Wagler in 1830, from
specimens collected in Mexico, under the name Lepus callotis. In 1833,
Mr. Bennett redescribed it from specimens said to have come from "Cali-
fornia", but which doubtless came from Western Mexico, under the name
Lepus nigricaudatus. In 1836, Richardson referred undoubtedly to this
species, under what seems to have been a MS. name of Lichtenstein's in the
Berlin Museum, as "Lepus mexicanus Licht.''* Wagner, in 1844, redescribed
the species from Mexican specimens, recognizing three varieties from Mexico,
viz, var. I. L. callotis ; var. II. L. nigricaudatus ; var. III. L. Jlavigularis,
all based on specimens from Mexico. The differences consist in variations
of color, the variety named Jlavigularis apparently closely resembling the
above-described example from Tehuantepec. In 1848, Waterhouse described
a specimen, from an unknown locality, with black tips to the ears, as presuma-
bly the Lepus texianus of Audubon and Bachman, on the i lentification of the
specimen by Mr. J.W.Audubon. In 1863, Audubon and Bachman described
a Lepus texianus as tlie common "Jackass Rabbit'' of Texas, but without any
allusion to Waterhouse's provisional description of a species under the same
name. Audubon and Bachman do not mention the ears as having black tips,
* Respecting thia uame, Waterhoase obaerves : " The brief note relating to the L. mexicanvii of the
Berlin MuBenm, ftimiahed me by Dr. Bnohmnn, deaoribee that animal m having the back of the neck
black; the white of the nnder parts of the body extending high upon the flanks, and, indeed, in all
other respects agreeing with the characters of L. calloUi." Xat. H'ut. Mam., il, 141.
23 H
ill:
354
MONOGKAPnS OF NOHTil AMERICAN RODENTIA.
litii!'
but refer to one specimen as having the margin of the ear brown. These
and other slight discrepancies are noted by Baird, who, in 1857, doubtfully
referred the Lcpus (exianus of Waterhouse to L. cal/otis, but lert the L. tcxi-
anus of Audubon and Bachinan in his list of those his material did not allow
him to satisfactorily discuss.
It will be noticed that in the descriptions accompanying the above-cited
names the black spot at the tip of the ear, which is so constant in specimens
from the United States, is not mentioned except in Waterhouse's description
of his "Lcpus texianuti?'\ and that the other features of coloration apply
strictly to the Mexican specimens, and in less degree to those from Texas,
but not at all to specimens from (he Territories of Arizona, Nevada, Utah,
Oregon, and Wyoming. Professor Baird very distinctly referred to the differ-
ei!ces presented by specimens from the northward as compared with those
from Texas and Mexico, and thought it possible the form from the more
northern localities in the United States might prove to be a distinct species,
at the same time calling attention to the complete gradation by easy stages
from the one extreme to the other. Although this gradation is unquestionable
the constancy of the very considerable differences between the northern and
southern forms seems to warrant their ditlercntiation as geographical races.
Waterhouse's description clearly refers to the northern type, which he
describes as having the fur "long and sof^, the general hue of the animal
pale, inclining to ashy-gray, but strongly mottled with black and brownish-
white", "the ears with a large black patch at the apex externally", etc., and
hence his name, notwitlistanding its unfortunate geographical allusion, is
unquestionably applicable to the northern type, while Texas specimens, espe-
cially those from near the Mexican border, present an intermediate phase
more strongly resembling the southern than the northern type.
Lepus callolis finds its nearest ally in L. californicus, but diifers from it
80 considerably in color and in other respects (as will be pointed out imder
the head of L. californicus) as to be readily distinguishable from it. From
L. campestris, which agrees with it quite nearly in size, and also resembles
it consideral)ly in color, it is easily separable, as already shown in the discus-
sion of that species ; L. campestris differing from L. callolis in its shorter cars,
in wanting the black on the tail, and in becoming white in winter.
Geogbapiiical distribution. — The habitat of Lejms calloliis var. texianus
may be given as exiending from Southeastern Oregon southward to Mexico,
and from the Sierra Nevada Mountains eastward to near the eastern border
Vw^v
LEPOKlDiE— LEPU8 CALLOTI8 ET VAB.
355
of the plains oust of tlie Rocky Mountains. Dr. Cooper gives its western
limit in latitude 35° as the Colorado River. I liiivc observed it on the plains
of Western Nebraska and Middle Kansas; and there are specimens in the
collection from as far east as Austin, Texas. It does not appear to overlap
the range of Lepus californicus, but extends over the southern half of the
range oi Lepus campestris. Toward the Mexican border, especially in Texas,
it begins to very generally take on the distinctive features of variety callotis.
The habitat oi Lepus callotis \a.r. callotis extends from about the southern
boundary of the United States far southward into Mexico, there being speci-
mens in the collection from Orizaba and Tehuantepec; and De Saussure
mentions it as being common in the province of "Mechoacan'', in about lati-
tude 19.°.
Tadlb XHTL—MeaittremeMa of Lkpus callotis.
1
i
From lip of nose
to—
Tail to eod
of-
Irf>Dgth of— 1
1
i
Locality.
>4
1
A
S
1
£
1
1
i
s
1
Remarka.
4M
Bott6 River, Oregoo Ter..
J
93.50
1 70
140
4 90
From Italid.
999
4.08
19.75
J. 35
3.S5
9. 17
4 58
5.07
do
134
IXi
Eagle I
do
>aiifl, T«t L
.183
4.89
4.00
4.80
10.50
84.50
9.17
9.93
4. .18
4.58
4.30
.1.07
...do.
.. do.
...
1.75
3.83
9S3
4.00
SI. 73
4. no
...do.
901
West or San Anlonio, Tex
4.17
4.5.1
SO. .10
1.08
4.08
9.05
4..'«t
ilOO
...do.
wee
tTSl
im
340
LUnoI
Pocoal
do
FortCt
{atttcadOiTex
a30
S.00
4.60
4.4S
10.00
24.00
aaoo
17. so
2.05
9.38
9 90
4.05
.1.05
4.88
5.99
5.03
5.93
3.03
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
liver
9
Tablk L.— il/wuNreweiite of ek»Ut of Li
ru8 CALLOTIS (.inclndiiig vara, trxianus and calix)ti8).
i
i
1
1
a
1.
«i
i
3l
1
i
fi
1
i
i
Locality.
j
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
i"5
C a
•S B
1
a
•si
if
ll
II
i
1
i
I
o
o
H
O
^
m
^
«
l.3i
1 ,17
ts'
u
0.63
0.55
7(30
3.03
l.M
noo
L77
0.80
0.80
9.05
1.30
MIS
...do
3.70
1.73
aeo
L90
0.83
0.70
1.19
1.43
0.37
0.33
0.63
0.09
9.00
1.69
T«30Ml
...do
408
1.7S
0.87
LOO
0.88
0.86
1.37
1.77
0..34
0.34
0.75
034
9.98
L99
74M
...do
3.tn
i.ea
0.87
L75
0.87
1.98
1.00
0.49
0.3S
0.70
0.57
>11I8
XaglePaaa,Tei..
3.37
1.S3
am
I.SO
a 67
1.10
1,37
0.60
0.47
9.90
11774
WS3
4.05
3.M
L70
Leo
0.90
Loa
1.70
0.80
0.8S
0.74
0.80
1.30
1.15
L88
1.07
0.50
0.40
0.35
0.34
ao5
0.07
0.37
0.99
9.83
9.70
L99
1.90
TelinaDtepee,Hei
MM
»430
-■>o
3.07
LS)
0.94
L75
0.87
a84
1.93
L7U
0.38
a35
0.07
0.55
9.85
L88
IMO
FL Conrad, N.H.
3.80
L75
0.73
L65
0.80
0.74
L94
LOO
0.40
0.35
0.60
0.50
9.50
1.60
• I
tat
her
yo
»"«
• uipiriiPin'iimt
356
MONOGlfAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Table LI. — LM of fpeciment of Lupus callotih {iucludipg ran. texianus and callotis).
•s
1
1
a
a a
r-
i
h
1
B
a
1
a
M
Locality.
Wlien
collected.
From whom reoeiTDd.
Collected by—
Nature of apec-
imen.
4S4
as
3M4
0316
97
38
hoM Rlrar, Oregon T.
do
Sept. 97, 1854
Sept -.1654
Gov. I. L Stoveaa. . . .
... do
Dr. George Snckley
....do
Skin.
...do.
C.S. McCarthy
...do.
36
1376
389
1068
14e8
748
701
893
9
J
9
d
V
Camp 96
Clarence King
Mna Comp. ZoJik)gy
Lient. O.M.Wheeler
Dr. E. Couea
..do
....do
Robert Rldgway...
Allen Jt Bennett...
Henahaw 6l Yarrow
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
OKdeQ,i;tah
Sept. 36, 1871
Nov. 10, isrj
Nov. 15, 1864
Mar. 7,1865
Sept 17, 1664
Sept 3,1864
11340
847<
M77
7816
-813
346
11878
8804
134
133
9068
S969
[;;;.■;
4M)
301
303
300
8577
17J0
1733
1791
17S»
959
5840
5839
118
279
8561
9430
1-ifiO
Beaver, Utah
Fort Whipple, Aril...
do
...do
...do
...do.
...do.
do
do
....do
....do
...do.
Fort Conrad N. Max
Dr.C.RR.KenDCrly
H.W. Henahaw....
Skin and aknll.
Skin.
...do.
San Pedro, Aril
Camp Grant, Ariz
Facie Paaa, Tex
Bio liravo del Nnrte . .
SepL 3,1873
Feb. 30, 1867
Apr. — , 1853
Summor,I859
Lieut O.M. Wheeler
Dr. E. Palmer
MaJ.W.U. Emory ..
... ilo
1118
1119
A.Schott
....do
Skin and akull.
...do.
...do
Skin.
.. do.
io
....do
....do
7630
76.106i«
1191
Skull.
...do.
do
Antamu,ie53
O. Wiirdemann
Cap.G.B.McClellan
Lieut D. N. Conch . .
..do
O.Wttrdemaun ....
Skin and aknU.
Skin.
Skin and aknll.
.. do.
Skin.
...do.
...do.
Red River, Tox
12IS
1916
Weatem Tex
J.n. Clark
Uo
. do
do
....do
. do
341
Lar«do, Texaa
Devii'a River, Tex ....
Weatem Texas
Jnne 0,1866
May 3,1655
Dr. H. B. Butcher . . .
Capt J. Pope
Dr. H. a Batcher . .
....do
...do.
do
....do
...do.
87
Rio Pecoa, Tex
... do
...do.
Anatin, Tex
S.K. Jennluga
L.Sitgr«avea
. do.
Bio Grande, Tex
Dr.S.W.Woodhouie
...do.
. do.
Red Fork of Arkanaaa
Red River (Ark.f)...
...do.
CliarcoEacondida.IIei
Oriaaba, Mexico
Llent D. N. Conch
. do.
Prof. F.Sumichraat.
. do
Prof. F. Sumiobnut
do
...do.
Skin and aknlL
Skull.
...do.
8983
8653
iin4
Tefauant«peo, Mexico.
do
Deo. 3, 1666
....do
. do
(t)
(t)
(1)
LEPOKIDiE— LEPCS CALIFOENICUS.
357
LEPUS CALIFORNICUS Gray.
Calirornlan Hare.
Ltjpu$ californiau OlUY, CharlcHWortb's Mag. Nat. Hist., i, 1837, r>8r>; Proc. Zoiil. 800. Loiul., iv, 183G, 88
(name only, without a description). — Baciiman, Journ. Acat). Nat. Sci. I'bila., viii, 183!), 86
(description of Oram's original specimen).— Waonek, Siippl. Sclireber's Siiiigot., iv, 1844, 110
(from Unolimnn). — WATElillovgK, Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 1848, 131 (rcdescrlption of Gray's and
Bachman's specimens). — Aui>. & Bach., QuadrN. Am., iii, 18r>3, r>3, pi. cxii.— Gikhki., Siiugnt.,
18.'iS, 450.— Baiiid, Mam. N. Am., 1857, 594, pi. Ivii, tig. 'Z (sl<ull); U. 8. and Mcx. Bound. Survey,
ii, ii, 1850, 47 (Lower Colorado Kiver. Col.).— NKwnKKKV, riiciflc K. K. Ex. &, Bnrv., vi, iv, lt(57,
63.— CooPEli, Am. Nat., iii, 18(i9, 470.— Sucklky, Pucifio R. Ii. Ex. & Surv., xii, iii, 1860, 104.—
SucKLKY &, Gilins, ibid., i;i2.— GitAY, Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist,, 3d ser.,xx,1867,!i!'.M.— Allkn,
Proc. Host. 80c. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1OT5, 435.
Lepm richardmHt Baciiman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fbila., viii, 1839, 88.— (See also Aud. &, Bach., Quad. N.
Am., iii, 1853, 56.)— Waoneii, Suppl. Scbreber's Siiuget., iv, 1844, HI.
Lepui bennetli Ghay, ZoOI. Hulpbur, 1844, 35, pi. xiv.
Of about the size of, or rather smaller than, Lepus callotis. Ears of
about the same length as in that species, with the hind feet rather shorter.
Above yellowish-brown, approaching reddish-brown, mixed with black.
Below light cii.namon; lighter, approaching white, along the median line;
more rufous on the chest, limbs, and sides, where the rufous becomes mixed
with black. Nape fulvous. Anterior half ot the ear pale blackish-brown,
varied with fulvous; posterior half whitish, becoming white at the base;
fringe of the borders light fulvous; tip of the ear black. Tail black above,
the black extending forward in a broad line on to the rump; sides and below
pale cinnamon-brown. Limbs exteriorly finely " d with black.
This species differs in color from L. callotis mainly in its stronger tints,
the rufous throughout the pelage being much stronger, and the intermixed
black hairs of the upper surface more abundant.
The color varies considerably in intensity in different individuals; speci-
mens occasionally occurring nearly as pale as average specimens ot L. callotis.
At other times, the rufous tint becomes nearly as strong as in Lepus eurajmus
{z=.timidus auct.) of the Old World. The amount and intensity of the black
on the ears is also subject to considerable variation. The small white s|«)t
in the middle of the forehead, common to nearly all Hares when young, is
generally distinctly traceable, as it is also in L. callotis and L. campestris'.
The ear varies in length from 5.00 to 6..00, ranging generally between
5.50 and 6.00. The hind foot varies from 4.70 to 5.60, ranging generally
between 5.00 and 5.40. The hind foot thus is generally considerably (about
one-tenth) shorter than the ear. The length of the head is generally not more
ri''!
1 !
; i
1:
!
i ■
1
f"
hi
358
MONOCKAl'US OF iJOUTU AMlilUCAN KODBNTIA.
than two-thirds of the Icngtli of tlic etir. The skull varies in length from
3.45 to 3.88; in breadth from 1..53 to 1.75. The lower jaw varies in length
from 2.17 to 2.77.
The southern specimens are considerably smaller than the northern, as
shown by the measurements given in the subjoined table. Thus the average
length of five skulls from the vicinity of San Francisco is 3.80, width 1.72;
while the average length of nine skulls from Cape Saint Lucas, Lower Cali-
fornia is 3.52, width 1.58.
This species differs from L. callotu, its nearest ally, in being consid-
erably smaller, in its darker and more rufous tints and relatively longer ears,
and in the small size of ue lower jaw, which is relatively smaller than that
of any other North American species of Lepus.
This species was first indicated in 1837 by Dr. Gray, who mentioned it
under the name L. californicus, without, however, publishing any description
of the species. Two years later it was described from the same specimen
by Di*. Bachman. Its only synonyms are Lfpus richardsoni of Bachman
(1838), based on a specimen suppo.sed to have come from California, and
Lepus bennctii of Gray.
Geographical distribdtion. — The Lepus californicus ranges from the
northern parts of California southward along the coast to Cape Saint Lucas.
It seems to be mainly restricted to the region west of the Sierra Nevada
Mountains; but in latitude 35°, according to Dr. J. G. Cooper, it extends
eastward to the Colorado River. Further eastward, it is replaced by L.
callolis var. texianus.
Table lAL—MtatuyemenUi of Lkpus caupornicub.
!)■;-■'
••f
1
a
s
I .
•■J
LouUty.
1
From tip of nose to—
TaU to end
of-
Length of-
i
i
Bemulu.
k
1
A
1
1
1
8.05
9.38
9.50
S.55
9.:io
1.08
1
•a
a
a
urn
6fl8
S916
IMO
1108
3S)t»
i:m
i:m
a. 90
3.50
4.75
4.10
4.03
4.00
4.75
80.00
85.00
28.00
81.00
90. OU
15.00
20.00
18.00
5.05
5.30
5.90
5.80
5.10
4.70
3.03
4.70
5.90
5.70
3.81
0,50
5.4V
0.00
5.10
3.35
5.10
6.90
VromBaird.
do.
do.
FromBuird.
do.
do.
do.
CollMtor'a ttieiuun.ni(uiUi.
a. 40
3.33
3 60
3 90
9.05
300
1.98
100
4.00
5.35
4.70
4.70
4.00
9.38
4.60
5.80
do
a.3S
1.70
l.M
1.76
S.0O
1.45
3.10
3 45
3.50
4.70
3.95
3,40
3 05
5.00
do
0^
CapoStLuoM, UCal..
LErOKlD-ff:— LEPU8 CALIFOENICU8.
359
Table UU.—ileaturemenli ofikullt of Lkpl'S caui'oiinicus.
1
1
"S
1
i
a
1
o
1
8
i
t
1
Jt
2
1
s
j
Jl
i
ml
s
3
a
i
1
d
&
a
M
Locality.
!
i
*
•i
a
*
*
.2 ^
11
a
1!
1.
11
1
id
1
.a
i
1
1
1
2
a
5
5
\
1
1
11
11
1
It
II
11
1
1
1.35
t>
H
o
'A
ifi
'A
p
u
u
b
u>
U)
«71
Felalimm, Cal
3.73
1.70
0.83
1.50
0.83
0.70
1.10
1.50
0.38
0.33
0.63
0.54
a. 47
asna
...do
3.B5
1.70
o.to
1.57
0.75
0.80
1.37
1.63
0.37
0.33
0.07
0.50
3.65
1.55
sun
141G
....do
3. lie
1.75
0.8(1
0.80
1.30
l.liO
0.30
0.35
0.63
a 51
3.62
1.53
'•iSM
...do
....
3.5S
1.70
0.7S
1.45
0.75
1.10
1.45
0.30
0.30
0.56
0.50
3.43
1.44
■3^6
9S18
Sta FraodKO,
age
1.7S
0.85
1.73
0.80
a 84
1.39
1.68
0.64
0.50
3.77
1.60
3511
3«98
Ft. TitJon, Csl
3. CO
1.04
a86
1.50
0.70
0.70
1. 15
1.50
0.38
0.33
0.58
0.55
3.45
1.45
4137
4}ie
C»i» St Lu-
Gu,L.Cal.
rf
3.69
1.55
0.74
1.45
a 75
0.70
1.13
1.44
0,40
0.37
0.110
0.45
3.45
1.48
4139
4930
3175
4116
....do
....
aeo
ass
1.53
0.78
0.70
1.47
•.40
0.78
0.70
0.70
0.66
1.10
1.08
1.45
1.40
a40
0.40
0.33
0.3S
0.00
0.58
a 45
0.50
...do
a. 40
1.37
4lKS
...do
....
a4s
1.55
0.67
1.35
0.67
0.60
1.05
1.40
0.38
0.35
0.55
a 45
3.37
1.40
49a6
...do
rf
155
1.63
O.TJ
1.53
0.68
0.64
1.07
1.45
0.40
0.35
0.57
0.46
3.30
1..V3
4asn
....do
rf
a 45
1.5S
0.77
1..T5
0.7S
0.68
1.05
1.35
0.43
0.3«
0.60
0.46
3.17
1.40
H3tH
...do
aso
1.67
0.75
1.46
0.73
0.68
1.13
1.40
0.40
aso
0.57
0.50
3.35
1.45
49»
...do
a 57
1.54
0.76
1.40
0.67
0.68
1.15
1.45
0.38
0.33
0.63
0.45
3.30
1.45
4«I0
....do
a 50
1.60
0.75
1.37
0.70
0.6<
1.13
1.43
0.45
0.35
0.60
0.50
4331
...do
a 47
1.57
0.63
1.45
0.67
a68
1.08
1.3C
0.40
0.33
a 57
0.42
8.35
1.42
74fl3
1
e8S4
Arizona ..
ass
1.60
0.75
1.45
0.75
a 74
1.12
1.48
0.40
0.35
0.63
0.50
3.57
i.es
* Bather yooDi^
t Holan, ^^ ; laai left upper moUr oodeveloped.
*.=- ■
'I I
360
MONOOKAriia OF NOUTII AMERICAN llODENTIA.
Taulk LIV.— £(<( oj qMcimnM of Lkpus CALiFoiuiicrs.
1!
I
i
a
i
ll
<3
\
a
bC-i
l-s
1 =
%
i
a
q
i
a
I
Locality.
When
collected.
From whom receirod.
CoUeeted by-
Nature of spec.
Ineu.
14IU
30711
•m*
■itm
KM
CCS
1047
ICOO
39C5
5008
5905
5007
5910
5841
MIS
4878
917S
41IC
8894
1307
as7i
»S79
3373
2874
PoUlum*, Cil
ilo
E. Samuels
E. Samuels
SknIL
. do.
do
do
do
do
do
Bkin and sknil.
Bknil.
Skin.
Bklu and skull.
Skin,
do.
ilo
do
do
do
do
do
32Sa
334
U.aEipLIzped
do
Dr.W.BtlmpsoD....
do
do
...
ValleciU, Cal
Dr. J. 8. Newberry . .
Lt W. P. Trowbridge .
do
Dr. J. 8. Newberry. .
...
Bodegi, C*l
do
T. A.Saabo
.. do.
do
... do.
70
Fort Jones, Cal ....
Dr. 0. Buckley
....do.
LtR a Williamson..
Lt. W.P.Trowbridge.
Dr. J. 8. Newberry .
A. Cssaidy
...do.
... do.
San Dirgo, Cal
383
394
3074
1133
0?
CapoSt Lncaa, L.Oal
do
J.Xantns
do
....do.
...do.
do
do
Feb. — , 1860
June — , 1850
Apr. -, le«0
do
do
....do.
do
do
do
do.
do
.... do
do
....da
4137
4139
4K0
4335
4330
4337
4338
4339
4230
4331
74C8
4577
630
'm
Wi
%%\
m
337
do
do
do
...do.
do
do
do
Skin and skull.
....do.
do
do
do
do
do
do
...do.
do
do
Bkull.
... do.
do
do
do
do
do
do
.. da
do
do
do
....da
do
do
do
....da
do
do
do
... .da
do
do
do
....da
Dr. E. Palmer
Dr. E. Palmer
A.Scholt
Skull and skin.
Bkin.
MiO-W. II. Emory...
li 1 %
1
liP
1
*'
h
w
i
/«i . ■
LEPUS PALUSTRIS Bachman. *
Marsh Hare.
Lepui paUttrU Bachman, Jonrn. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pbila., vil, 1837, 194, 330, pl». xv, x\l ; viii, 1839, 79.—
AvDUBUN, Birds of America, iv, 510, pi. ocolzxii.— Wateriiou8B, Nat. Hiat. Ham., ii, 1848,
119.— Aui>. & Bach., Qnad. N. Am., i, 1649, 151, pi. xviii.— Baihd, Mam. N. Am., 1857, 615,
pi. lix, fig. 3 (8kiin).-CouK8, Proo. Boat. Boo. Nnt. Hiat, ziii, 1808, 80.- Allen, Ball. Mui.
Comp. Zotil., ii, 1871, 184; Proc. Boat. Soo. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, 436.
nyirolagut paluttrit Gray, Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3<I ser., xx, 1807, 331.
£«piM d»u0{a««i var. 3, Gray, Cliarlesirotth's Mag. Nat. Hist., i, 1837, 580,
About the size of, or slightly larger than, the eastern form of L. sylvali-
cus, and of somewhat similar general proportions, but with much shorter
tail, and broader, heavier incisors and molars, and much larger and stouter
lower jaw; ears broader and more rounded; feet very sparsely furred, the
h f
LEl'OKlDiE— LBPUS PALUSTltIS,
361
nails generally ex(M)sc(l. Above yellowish-brown, inclining to rufous, strongly
shaded with black. Below grayish-white, generally nearly pure white on the
middle of the belly, shading through gray into yellowish-brown on the s'des
and on the breast and fore neck; chin grayish-white, passing into darker and
more brownish-gray on the throat. Sides of the rump, posterior and outer
surface of the limbs, and nape-patch rufous. Ears exteriorly grayish-rufous
and black. Tail beneath grayish-white, above rufous, varied with black.
Fur coarse and bristly, especially in winter.
In size, general coloration, and proportions, this species is nearer the
southern form of the eastern variety of Lepus sylvaticus than any other; but
the pelage is more rufous above and less white below; the rufous tint also
covers the anterior surface of the hind limbs, which in L. sylvaticus arc
whitish. The absence of any light edging to the ears, the very short tail,
not conspicuously white or "cottony" below, the rusty instead of gray
rump, and the sparsely-clothed feet and exposed nails further serve to readily
distinguish it. The black, bristly hairs of the dorsal surface are also more
abundant, coarser, and stiifer. The differences in the skulls of the two spe-
cies are more marked, that of L. palustris being relatively larger and heavier,
with a very much larger lower jaw, broader incisors, and stouter molars, and
having the postorbital processes solidly anchylosed with the skull. Its small
size, different coloration, etc., serve to at once separate it from Z. aquaticus.
The variation in coloration in different specimens is very considerable,
but I'clates almost wholly to the intensity of the tints. In some, the brownish
color of the upper parts, sides of the body, and limbs is much more intense
in some specimens than in others. There is also a similar variation in respect
to the black of the dorsal surface, which very much more predominates over
the brownish ground-color in some individuals than in others, even among
those from the same locality. By far the most highly-colored specimen is
one from Mirador (near Vera Cruz), Mexico, in which the black is consid-
erably more prevalent than in average specimens from the Atlantic States.
The grayish area below is also more restricted and more suffused with
brownish.
The skull presents the usual amount of variation in size in different
individuals, the extremes in a series of twelve specimens from Saint Simon's
Island, Georgia, being as follows : Length, 3.00 to 3.20 ; breadth, 1.40 to 1.57.
m^''
^' i ,!
i;,'-.-:-^
!) !'
862
MOKOOUAPnS OF NOUTO AMERICAN KODENTIA.
The specimens being cliiefly from Georgia, they give but little information
in respect to geographical variation in size or color.
The species was first described by Bachman in 1837, and its only
synonym is Lepus clouglassi var. 2 of Gray, of nearly the same date. In
addition to the subsequent accounts of tiiis species by Waterhouse, Audu-
bon and Bacimian, and Baird, Dr. Coues has given a very full biograi)hical
account of it in the article above cited.
Geographical distribution. — The present species is well known as an
inhabitant of the marshy lowlands of the South Atlantic States. The most
northern locality from which I have seen specimens is Fort Macon, North
Carolina, but it in all probability will be found to range nortliward to the
lowlands of Southeastern Virginia. Audubon and Bachman speak of it as
abundant in the swamps of Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas, but
Professor Baird has questioned the authenticity of some of these localities,
and states that he had never "seen a specimen from the region west of
Georgia." Professor Baird's specimens were all from South Carolina and
Georgia ; there are now in the collection additional specimens from Florida,
and one from near Vera Cruz, Mexico. It hence seems probable that it may
exist along the Mexican coast from Texas to Yucatan. Audubon and Bach-
man believed it would eventually be found in Mexico, as has proved to be
the case. In the lowlands of the Lower Mississippi, it extends as far north
as Southern Illinois, both Mr. Robert Ridgway and Mr. E. W. Nelson in-
forming me that a Marsb Hare occurs along the Wabash River as far up as
Mt. Carmel, Illinois.*
*Hr. Ridgwny, nodor dato of April 17, 1S76, kindly wrote me on thin point as follows: "A'Swamp
Rabbit' or ■ Water Rabbit' is common in Sontbem Illinois as far north as Mount Cannel, but whether it
iapaliutria or aquaticiu I do not know. It is of very common occnrrence in the bottom lands, where it
frequents bnshy swamps and the borders of creeks." Mr. Nelson, nnder date of April 30, 1876, wrote
me that, when visiting the same locality in the snmmer of 1H75, he " was led to suspect its oocnrrenoo in
abundance along the Wabash River as far up as Mount Carmel." He adds : " My informants told me
that tbey found this animal only in damp sitnations, along the river or about the bayous, in places grown
up with rushcH or willows, and from the nature of their haunts were very difficult to procure. I after-
ward found that this species was common in the canebrakes near Cairo, although less abundant than
L. aquaticiu."
LEP011ID.E— LEPU8 PALU8TRIS.
363
Taiilk ijV.—MeiuidremeHli of Lkpus ■•ai.uhtiiis.
I
Looidlty.
From tip of
HOW) to —
Tall to end
of-
Itoniarka.
vtsa
VIM
19J0
1013
ion
1610
1019
1«M
IDDt
1911
Society Ulll, 8. C
do
do
S»lut Blmon'n Uuid, 0>..
do
do..
do.,
do.,
do..
Oeorf{la.,
3.M
».10
3.0O
3.90
3.38
3.48
3.43
3.03
14.30
15.00
13.90
IT.OO
10.00
laoo
10.90
17.00
17.00
10..%
0.98
0.75
0.03
1.7S
l.SO
1.43
333
3.77
3.00
3.110
3.90
;i.33
3.40
3.90
3.40
3.40
9.90
9.33
3.30
9.60
9.43
9.38
9.97
9.3.1
Pn)ni IlAlrd.
...du.
...do,
...da
...do.
— do.
...da
...da
...da
...da
Table LVI.— Jfcanif«iMii(< of tkulli of Lepds palustris.
•
•s
M
i
a
1
i
fl
1
•fl
2
It
1
i
II
1
t
i
*l
Loci
llty.
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
i
1
V M
a 4^
ll
1 °
■o
i
t
1
1
1
1
1
II
S2
1
It
II
I
1
o
H
0
M
ki
yi
iq
p
e
t)
p
P
t)
9057
Saint Simon
■ IlUnd.Oft 3.10
1.47
0;68
1.95
0.53
0.54
1.00
i.:i3
0.60
0.49
9.11
1.53
9453
do....
3.13
1.48
0.79
1.97
0.53
a54
0.94
1.30
0.35
0.98
0.65
0.53
9.35
l.SS
9494
do....
3.00
1.49
0.68
1.93
0.93
0.54
0.94
1.93
0.30
0.84
0.57
a 48
9.97
1..19
9455
do....
106
1.48
0.73
1.90
0.56
0.58
0.95
1.38
0.34
a87
0.60
0.46
a40
1.53
a49«
do....
3.00
1.43
0.67
1.15
0.59
0.50
0.93
1.30
a33
0.98
0.58
0.45
9.39
1.53
94ST
do...
3.90
L99
0.73
1.80
0.58
0.59
1.00
1.35
0.35
0.30
0.69
0.47
9.90
1.50
94S8
do....
100
1.43
0.68
1.15
0.93
0.90
0.93
1.35
0.35
0.87
ft 57
0.49
9.97
1.54
(490
do....
105
1.45
0.07
l.SO
0.93
0.93
1.00
1.33
0.39
0.99
0..16
0.45
9.38
l.SO
8463
do....
103
1.40
ao9
1.93
0.57
0.99
0.93
1.97
0.39
0.90
0.58
0.43
9.90
l.SO
9461
.. ..do....
100
1.47
o.«g
1.17
0.55
0.99
0.93
1.96
0.39
0.97
0.69
0.45
9.39
l.i3
9469
do....
110
1.45
0.67
1.33
0.48
0.54
0.97
1.98
0.33
0.98
0.69
0.47
9.37
J. 58
4369
Gsii'.gl*....
110
1.57
0.73
1.91
0.98
0.54
0.93
1.30
0.31
a96
0.60
0.48
9.36
1.65
8065
For. Mucon
Hulmn
,N.C 110
1.45
0.70
1.93
0.53
0.60
0.97
1.35
0.90
0.96
a 57
0.44
9.49
1.53
m 190
1.57
0.75
1.33
0.58
aoo
1.00
1.35
0.35
0.30
0.65
a93
9.49
1.65
Mililmn
m 100
1.40
0.69
1.15
0.48
0.50
ao3
1.93
0.96
0.94
0.57
0.49
8.90
l.SO
ATcrag)
107
1.51
a 71
1.94
0.54
0.09
0.97
1.90
a38
0.98
0.60
0.49
8.98
1.54
364
MONOGRArnS OF NOUTU AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Table LVII.— U<( of iptcitiutu of Lkpub palustkh.
: M
•8
1
0
II
i
i
1
Locmlltjr.
When
collMtwL
Frum vbom noolTod.
CoUcoled by-
Natnroafipec'
iBMn.
0417
0418
0410
I8U
I8M
1311
1015
1691
4011)
lau
•I4M
•8143
6357.
HOAS
aoM
aoM
aoM
1693
I6M
I09S
FurtHuwD.N.O
do
Uty -, I860
....do
Dr.ECoiiw
..do
l>r.B.Couii«
....do
Bkio.
...do.
do
....do
....Jo
...do
...do.
do
....do
....do
...do
Hknll.
Skin ud Ikall.
Bknll.
...do.
Baolatynill.&C
do
WInlor
H.A.CorUa&Bou
...do
M.A.Curtii&8ont
... do
do
....do
...do
do
....do
....do
...do.
MS7
9461
aw3
9M4
aaos
JMM
S46I
S4«
IMS3
IMM
«49S
«4M
9457
9458
Saint Slmon't bl., 0*.
do
J.PotItU
J.Piwtull
Bkin ud iknil.
...do.
BkulL
...do.
Dr. a 0. Wilton....
...do
Dr. a O. Wilwn
....do
do
do
....do
...do
do
....do
....do
...do.
do
....do
do
.. do.
do
...do
...do
...do.
..do
....do
do
.. do.
do
...do ...
....do
...da
do
....do
...do
...da
.... do
....do
.. do
...da
. ... do
.... do
.. do
...do.
. ... do
....do
....do
...do.
do
....do
....do
.. do.
... do
....do
....do
Bkin.
..do.
Bkin ud iknil.
SknlL
...do.
. .. do
... do
....do
9459
94«0
43(9
do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
do
...do
...do
Blb«nii«,FU
l(na.Comp. ZoSlofy.
... do
J. A. Allon
Skin.
...do.
L. AgHoii
MIrador, Meiloo
Or. U. 8artori»
Ur.O.itertorini
...da
* BpecimeDi ftom the Ifaieum of Coroparatlve Zoology, Oambridgc, Hat*.
LEPUS AQUATICUS Bachman.
Wster Hare, i ■ , i ' ■ « ■ ,.
ZepiM agMlieiM BACnMAN, Joarn. Acad. Nnt. Soi. Fhila., vii, 1837,310,pl.xzii,eg.9; viii,1839,78.— Watbr-
IIOU8K, Nat. Hist. Ham., il, 1848, 113.— AvD. & Bacu., Qaad. N. Am., i, 1841), 387, pi. xxxvii.—
Baikd, Mam. N. Am., 1857, 613, pi. lix, fig. 1 (sknll).— Allkn, Proo. Boat Soo. Nbt. Hist, xtU,
1875, 435.— LiNCKcuM, Am. Mat. vi, 1872, 771 (diatribation and babita).
.Hydrolfu^t a^naNciu Orat, Ann. & Hag. Mat. Hiat., 3d ser., XX, 1H67, 331.
Ltigv* dougUuri var. 1, Oray, Cbarlwwortb's Hag. Nat. Hist., i, 1637, 580. '"
t " L^tu caniciiIiM Licut.," Wateruousb, Nat. Hist. Ham., li, 1848, 133.
As large as Lepm americanus ; in coloration, much like L. sylvalicus.
Above, yellowish-brown, finely but conspicuously mixed with black ; paler
and with less bluck on the sides. Below, pure white, with the fore neck and
breast dusky yellowish-brown. 'J'aii conspicuously pure white below, daik
LEPOUID^B— LEPUa AQDATICU8.
305
reddish-brown above, mixed with dusky. Ears exteriorly dork brown, pen-
ciled with black, white-edged on the anterior border, fulvous-edgcd on the
posterior border. Nape-patch reddish-brown ; orbital ring well marked,
whitish, varying to yellowish-white. Anterior and external surfaces of the
legs and feet chestnut-brown, of varying intensity in different inclividuals ;
inside of the same whitish, varying to pure white.
The color varies in different individuals, ns is usual in all the species of
the family, in respect to the amount of black on the dorsal surface, in respect
to the intensity of the brownish ground-color, and in the strength of the
reddish tint on the legs and feet. There is also about the usual range of
individual variation in size. Large specimens range in length, exclusive
of the tail, fron. 19.00 to 20.50 inches, thus nearly equaling the same meas-
urement of the largest specimens of Lepus americanus, but it is said to rather
exceed the latter spe ics in weight. The feet are rather sparsely fi<rred as
compared with most of the other North American species, but are much
more fully clothed than in Lepus palustris. The general pelage is rather
harsh and stiff as compared with that of L. sylvaticus and other northern
forms, but much less so than in L. palustns. Its coloration is nearer that
of L. sylvatkua than of any other of its allies, but its large size, and espe-
cially the large size of the head, serves at once to distinguish it from that
species. It is not only much larger than L. palustris, but differs conspicu-
ously from it in coloration, especially in the whiteness of the lower parts.
It agrees with L. palustris, however, in the general conformation of the skull,
especially in respect to the postorbital processes being solidly anchylosed
with the skull, and in the disproportionately larger size of the lower jaw.
In the collection are quite a numbo of specimens from the provinces
of Vera Cruz and Yucatan in Southern Mexico. These differ from speci-
mens from Mississippi and Louisiana in no very marked degree. The brown
of the . ^er parts is in some specimens of a rather more fulvous tint, and
the chrstnut-brown of the legs and feet is rather paler; the anterior surface
of the hind legs being generally very light, sometimes nearly wh Ite. In others,
It is mixed with spots of pale rufous. There is also rather lesi: black in the
dorsal surface. One of the Louisiana specimens also shows vhite mixed
with the rufoub on the anterior surface of the hind legs, ai.d one of the
specimens from Mississippi is nearly as fulvous as the Orizaba ones.
A specimen labeled "Sierra Madre, Mex., John Xantus", with the
w 'ih mt
IPv'
'ii ;
li
360
MONOGRAPUa OP NORTH AMERICAN BODENTIA.
pcluge very much worn and the colors faded, seems to unquestionably belong
to this species.
Geographical distuibution. — The present species is said to be unknown
in the Gulf States to the eastward or northward of Alabama. Audubon and
Bachman state that it is "nunicrous in all the swamps of the western part
of that State, is still more abundant in the State of Mississippi, and in the
lower part of Louisiana'', and that it was also obtained in Texas by Douglass
and Mr. J. W. Audubon. Professor Baird considers doubtful its occurrence
"in the southern part of Texas". Dr Lincecum, however, calls it "a widely-
distributed species", and says "it abounds in the canebrakes of Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas", where it is found "on all the
water-courses, even on the little branches", but "rarely on the uplands". The
specimens in the present collection from Southeastern Mexico, as far south
even as Merida, Yucatan, would seem to render probable its occurrence in
the lowlands bordering the Gulf of Mexico from Alabama to Yucatan. It
also occurs as far nor(hward as Southern Illinois. Of this fact I am assured
by M". E. W. Nelson, who writes me respecting it as follows: "L. aquaticus
is abundant in the canebrakes near Cairo and Mound City, Illinois, and
doubtless extends as far up the Ohio as the mouth of the Wabash, at least.
It extends up the Mississippi as far as Cape Girardeau, to my knowl-
edge, and probably still further in suitable situations. It is so common in
tiic canebrakes near Mound City that a hunter informed me he had often,
during the winter months, shot as many in a day as he could carry." Pro-
fessor Baird also says, "Mr. Kennicott mentions a 'Swamp Itidjbit' as occur-
ring in the wet grounds of New Madrid, Missouri."
Tablk l^yill.—UeamrevMnit of Lkpus aqcaticus.
1
1
Locality.
Friiiu tip of
now to—
T»il to end
of-
1
1
•s
&
s
1.
&
Komuks.
1
I
i
c
i
m
a
ran
!t10«
XW7
iCHM
anou
•ma
Ml
MlwiBaiDDi
3.9S
19.00
\i.'M
17.50
90. SO
IJ.OO
in.oo
17.00
10.00
3.10
a 88
3.(0
aes
From Uail-d.
....do,
...do.
....do.
....do.
do
:i.«5
4.07
3.8R
4.90
3.75
aCH
4.08
4.10
3.t5
1.60
1.75
a 40
aoc
. .. do
do
do
ago
tlDO
a HI
aes
a 75
a. OS
....da
....do.
...da
do
CaloAsien, La
3.33
a OB
aoa
LBPOKID^— LEPU8 AQUATICUS.
Table LlX.—McasuremtnlaofskulU of Lepus aquaticus.
367
i
1
1
2
2
II
2
i
5 i
^ ill
0
1
i
i
s
^
I
t
a
^
S
2
1 [If
I
S e
1
fn
a
•S
Locality.
*
E E-a
£
<^
•5
^
s
.a
■■?
1
s
1
(B
1 g
1
s si
^t
i
!>■
1
1
5
1
n
s
t
1
}
1
1
11
s *
II
1
■2,
o
H
o
p
>!
>5
»<;
p
P
t>
p
u
u
KX
201
Calcaaien, La
3.4S
1.57
0.83
1.46
0.65
0.66
1.10
1.53
0.38
0.30
0.60
0.50
2.45
1.05
3133
2310
Prairie Her Koage,
La.
3.30
1.4S
CIS
1.30
O.S0
0.54
1.06
1.43
0.33
0.29
0.C2
0.52
2.35
1.52
jne
MiulMippi
140
0.70
1.45
0.66
0. to
1.06
1.45
0.40
0.30
0,63
0.52
3.50
I.B7
3TJ9
....do
a46
1.63
0.82
1.43
0.67
0.04
1.07
I.SO
0.37
0.35
0.07
0.54
3.50
1.73
UTI5
...do
3.40
1.57
0.83
1.50
0.67
0.63
1.12
1.50
0.36
a 20
0.63
0.50
1.63
Table LX. — tt«to/<rpfcimcii« o/ Lepus aquaticcs.
"S
1
a
¥
00 .
II
1
a
5
i
1
H
S,
Locality.
When
coileotcd.
From wfaom reoetved.
Colleottdbj-
a
1
*s
%
"S
e
u
s
697
3300
3307
8308
2309
1460
1I43J
11434
114.37
11440
11441
11443
llil4
7308
8118
8562
8503
8564
8565
Garlandevillo, HIM...
Uiasinlppi
Apr. — , 1855
Sltln.
Sl<iill.
(to
3T78
3779
11775
CoI.B.L.C.WalIo»....
do
Col. B. L. C. Wailes , .
do
do
do
Colonei Cauiey
Oulouul Cauluy
...do.
Skiu.
do
Prairie Mer Roago, La
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
1<<38
3133
Calcaeloa, La
G. Wiinlemttnil
0. WUrdemaun
Skull,
do
Prairie Mer Rouge, La.
Skiu.
do.
253
8.17
143
259
307
362
368
9
?
?
0
0
Merida, Yncatan
do
Iklnr. 0,1865
...do
J. S. Llarrequt
do
Dr. A. Scbott.
...do.
do
Feb. 4,1865
Feb. 7,1865
Fob. 22, 1865
do
.. do
do.
do
do
do
...do.
do
do
do
do
do
do
...do.
do
do
do
Prof. F. gumtohmat. . .
M.Botteri
Prof. F. Snmiohraat...
M.Botterl
do
...do.
.. do.
...do.
do
do
do
0
o
0
J
do
do
do
...do.
do
do
do
...do.
487
do
do
do
...do.
Sierra Madre.Mex....
Apr. -,1863
. do.
LEPUS CUNICULUS Linuteus.
RUROPKAN KAUniT.
In addition to the indigenous species of American Leporidee, a single
introduced 8|)ccies— the Common Rabbit {Lcjms cuniculus) of the Old
■^ii!
I ")
368
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
World — has to such an extent reverted to a feral condilion in d few localities
as to deserve a passing notice in the present connection. Mr. B. R. Gilpin
states* that the Rabbit exists in a wild state on "Sable Island, a desert island
about ninety miles southeast of Nova Scotia." Here he says they have, in
the space of fifty years, assumed "one common silver-gray tint, with white
collars."
Count L. F. de Pourtales informs me that some years since he was told
by Colonel Patterson, an old resident of Florida, of the existence of some
Rabbits which lived in burrows on Rabbit Key near Key West, which in all
probability were the L. cuniculus. Mr. P. H. Gosse states, on the authority
of Mr. Richard Hill, that the Common Rabbit had reverted to a feral con-
dition in certain parts of the island of Jamaica.t Darwin says later, also
on the authority of Mr. Hill, that it never flourished there, owing to the un-
favorable character of the climate, and that, owing to a great fire which occur-
red in the woods, they became exlinctf
Darwin also states that the Rabbit, long since introduced into the Falk-
land Islands, has there also reverted to a feral condition. He adds, however,
that they have never spread there extensively, although abundant over largo
parts of the East Falkland Island. Like the Horses, they are confined
within certain limits, and had not, at the time of his visit, crossed the
central chain of hills, nor would they have extended even so fur as its base,
had not, according to the Gauchos, small colonies been carried there. Most
of them, he says, are of the common gray color, but a few are "hare-colored",
and many are black, often with symmetrical white marks on their faces.
As already noted, M. R. P. Lesson described tlie black variety as a distinct
species, under the name Lcpus magellanicus. M. Lesson was nnstaken, how-
ever, in supposing it to also occur on the adjoining mainland. Darwin also
states that within recent times the sealers have stocked some of the small
outlying islets of the Falkland group witii Rabbits.§
In a state of domestication, the Rabbit is found throughout a considerable
part of both Americas, multiplying freely under very diverse climatic con-
ditions, existing as fur north as Nova Scotia and the Cuiiadas and also within
the tropics.
* TraoB. Novn Scotia Inatituto Nnt. Sci., vol. Hi, p. 1!M, (1S78.)
i Oosae's Sojourn in Janmica, 1841, p. 441.
( AnimalB and Plauts under DouieHtication, vol, i, p, 141.
i Ktwpecting tliu occurrence of the Kabbit on the Falkland Islands, tee Parwiu'H Journal of R»>
warcbcH, p. lUll; Zoology uf tbo Voyagn of llie Ik<a|{le, Mauiuialiu, <i. Vi; AniniaU and PlautH under
UonieHticalion, vol. i, p, 141.
LEPORID^— SPECIES WRONGLY ATTRIBUTED TO X. AMERICA. 309
SPECIES WKONGLY ATTRiniTTED TO AMERICA.
Ill 1837, Dr. J. E. Gray* described a Lepus longkaudatits from a speci-
men supposed to have been brouglit from " Magellan Land " hy Capt. P. P.
King. Tliis specimen was redescribed under the same name by Dr. Each-
man f in 1839, who says: "The specimen from which I have made the
above description [of i. longicaudatus] is the original one from wiiich Mr.
Gray established the characters of this species. It was obtained by Doug-
lass on his last visit to tiie southwestern coast of North America, and was
sent to England after his melancholy death. The precise locality is not
known, but is supposed to be in the northwestern part of Texas." \Vagner,J
in 1844, also gave a descri])tion of a "Lepus longicauclatus Bachman", com-
piled from the preceding authors, and the name also figures later in the works
of several compilers. Waterhouse, || in 1848, speaks of it as a purely nominal
species, and says it was based on "a specimen in the museum of the Zoological
Society, from which the label had become detached and lost", and which "was
surmised to be a native of this part [California] of America, as it was like-
wise of the southernmost part of South America". lie adds that the spcc'-
men "proves to be a South African animal, being, without doubt, the L.sax-
aliiui", Gray§ later also cites his L. longicaudatus among his synonyms of
L. saxatilis, but at the same time retains it as a doubtful species from
"Magellan's Straits"!
A species was described by Lesson, H in 1826, as Lepus magellanicus,
from specimens from the Falkland Islands, which proved, as stated above,
to be merely the common Lepus cunkulus in a feral state.
NOTE ON THE NAMES "KABUIT" AND " HARE."
"What is a 'Rabbit' as distinguished from a ' Hare' T' or conversely, is a
question one often hears in re'^+ion to our American species of Lejwridte,
and one deserving of a mon tention, since many suppose these names
to have a definite applicatioi ich, indeed, was originally the case, JTaie
being a generic name and Rabbit the distinctive name of a particular species
of Hare. Thus, in England, Rabbit is the distinctive English name of (he
• Chnrleswortli's Ma(?. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 086, laiT.
t Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Stl. Pliila., vol. vlli, p. 84, 1839.
( Scbrcber's SSugotli., Suppl., vol. iv, p. 110, 1H44.
1 Nnt. Hist. Mam., vol. ii, p. 138, 1818.
i Kuu. and Mng. Nat. HlHt,, 3d e-r., vol. xx, p. ^Xa, 1SC7.
H Bu:<. do5 8ci. Nat., viii, U6.
24 U
"1 '■
1
1
r
w
i ■''
: !
370
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMENICAN RODBNTIA.
Li'jiiis r.unkulux, and, as Waloilioiise observes, is from (lie Dutch Itohbehen.
The species was also often aiunenlly called Cony in England, and is gencndly
known l)y some analogous word in other European countries, the Italians
calling it ConigUo; the Spaniards, Conrjo; the Welch, Cwningen; the Danes
and Swedes, Kaning, etc., all traceable, as etymologists tell us, to the Latin
word cunkiilus. lltihbit is as distinctively a specific name as is its Latin
(■(piivalent cunicuhis in scientific nomenclature, or as Robin is in America for
the designation of a particular kind of Thrush. Hence Rabbit is properly
ap|)licable to the Lcpvs cuntculus, nr.J to no other species of the Hare family.
Hare, on the contrary, is a.s mud; a generic or family name as is either
Mouse, S(|uirrcl, l^at, Ilawk, or Thrush, and may be properly applied to any
species of the family. In England, when \iscd without a qualitying word,
it refers to the "Common Hare", or Lepus curopccus {z=.tiini(lus of authors
generally), ami its unmodified equivalent is similarly used in other Euro-
pean countries. The analogues of Hare, as Haas o{ the Dutch, Hasfi of
the Germans, Hare of the Danes and Swedes, etc., are also similarly
used for the designation of any species of the Hare family, to which are
added qualifying words to indicate particular species, as in English we speak
of the Varying Hare, the Polar Hare, the Mediterranean or Sardinian Hare,
J'rairie Hare, etc.*
It hence follows that, strictly speaking, the term Ktihbit is not applicable
to any species of American Hare ; the term Hare, with some qualifying word,
as Marsh Hare, Califoruian Hare, etc., being technically the only admissible
appellative for our indigenous species. Practically, however, the terms
Hare and Rabbit in this country have become interchangeable, cither desig-
nation being used for any of the species according to individual predilection,
though generally, perhaps, there is a tendency to restrict the name Hare to
the larger species. Hence the terms Rubbit and Hare have, in the United
Slates at least, ceased to become distinctive of any specific diversity or peculi-
arities of habit or structure. The Rabbit proper, or the Lepus cuniculuK, difl'ers
from most oilier species of the thmily in its habit of burrowing, and from
most of the other Old Worhl species in the shortness of its hind legs. Many
of our American species, however, resort more or less habitually to the
deserted burrows of other animals for jirotection, cither from their enemies
* WnturlioiiHe, in liiB uxcnileiit work on tliv Itodmtia, itcrii|iiiloiiBly npplieii tlie term Hare to uvery
ii|M'ciui) of tbu >Iiire family, except L, cuviculut, wliich be calU ' the Knbbit or Cuuy ", the latter uaiue
being tbo one nucieutly in general use for this apecioB.
LEl'ORlDiE— EPIDEMIC DISEASES.
371
or from tlio severity of the weather, if they do not actually excavate tlicm
thenjselves. This is a well-known habit, in many localities, of our common
so-called Gray Rabbit (L. sylvaticus), and also of the Lejms campeslris, or
so-called Prairie Hare. At localities where L. americanus and L. mjlvatkus
occur together, the former is often designated as the Hare and the latter as
the Rabbit. Perhaps, however, the one is oftcner called White Rabbit and
the other Gray Rabbit. Gray Riibbit, iicrhaps from long familiarity with the
same, seems to sound more euphonious than Gray Ilare; Marsh Hare than
Marsh l^ibbit ; and Jack Rabbit or Jackass Rabbit than Jack Hare or Jackass
Hare ; and, however philologically or technically wrong it may be to apply the
term Rabbit to any of our wild species, the custom of so doing among the
generality of our people is doubtless as incradicably fixed as is that of calling
the American Bison a BufTalo.
EPIDEMICS AMONG THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF HARES.
Nothing is better known to attentive observers of our Mammals than
the fact that certain species, especially of the Rodentia, are for a period of
years often exceedingly abundant, these periods being followed by succeeding
years of scarcity. This is especially observable among the Field Mice (partic-
ularly in the case of Arvicola riparius), the Squirrels, and the Hares. Their
decrease results usually from some not very obvious cause, though sometimes
supposed to be connected with a scries of unusually severe winters. That
this is not the sole cause of their decrease I have been for a long time con-
vinced, but that it is due more to some prevalent epidemic. The evidence
of this is not generally easily obtainable, but proof of it in other cases is
quite abundant. In the case of our little Wood Hare {Lepus sylvaticus), I
have reneatedly met with their dead bodies in the woods and thickets, bear-
ing no mark of a violent death, and noted the scarcity of these animals during
the years immediately following. I have also observed the same thing in
respect to our common Meadow Mouse (Arvicola ripariui). I find also
recorded in my notes a remarkable decrease, some years since, of the large
Long-eared Hares (Z.. callotis var. texianus and L. campestris) in the Great Salt
Lake Valley. This decrease was also accompanied by the finding of great
numbers of the animals dead on the Sage-brush jjlains about the lake, showing
no signs of a violent death (of which fact I was abundantly assured by the
residents of the region in question), leading to the conclusion that their death
If ."■ill
;i
!<
1
i
1
Mi
I:
il
I '!>■:.
jji;|^'.|||
^^■i
1
H
372
MOUOGRArUS OF NORTH AMERICAN EODENTIA.
was due lo an epidemic. So abundant had tliesc species been for several
years prior to 18C9 and 1870 that some of tlie Mormon residents were accus-
tomed to shoot them merely to feed tlieir swine; while so scarce had they
become in 1871 tliat comparatively few of either species were to be found,
and it was with difficulty that I could obtain any specimens.
Richardson, in speaking of the Northern Hare (Lepus americanux), states
that "at some periods a sort of epidemic has destroyed vast numbers of Hares
in particular districts, and they have not recruited again until after a lapse of
several years, during which time the Lynxes were also scarce."* Dr. J. G.
Cooper has also recorded a similar fact res lecting the Hares of Columbia
IMains. He says: "During our journey east of the Cascade Mountains we saw
scarcely any Hares, and the Intlians told us that some fatal disease had '.illcd
nearly all of them.''t Mr. G. Gibbs, in speaking of the same region, says, under
the head of Lepus campestris: "In 1853, we were informed by the Yakima
Indians living north of the Columbia, that a very fatal disease liad recently
])rcvailed among these animals, which had cut them almost nil otf."J Dr.
Cooper, some years later, again refers to the same subject as follows: "Their
numbers [referring to L. " town. sen di " :=:L. cnmpestrial seem never to have
increased much north of the Columbia and Snake Rivers since the epidemic
(small-pox?) destroyed thorn several years since, but south of those rivers
they became common." He adds, however: "It is a question whether an
epidemic really made them scarce northward, or whether the prevalence of
uncommonly deep snow did not enable the Indians to kill more of them, as
with Deer and Ant.yiopes.''^ According to the testimony of the Indians them-
selves, however, they were destroyed by an epidemic.
Similar epidemics are also well known to afl'ect the Deer and Pronghorns.
As I have stated elsewherc,|| a fatal epidemic raged among the Pronghorns
{Antilocnpra americana) during the summer of 1873 over nearly the whole
area between the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers, destroying apparently
tiiree-fourths to nine-tenths of them, over which extensive region their
decaying carcasses were abundant during September of that year. At tliis
time, very few were seen living, where a few months before numbers were
almost constantly within view.
* Fauna Bor.-Aiiier., vol. i, p. 218.
t P. I{. K. Reports, vol. xii, pt. li, p. W.
t P- R. R. Reports, vol. xil, pt. ii, p. J31.
( Auicricnn Nntnraliat, vol. W, p. &ilO. '
II Proc. Boat. Sw. Nat. Hist., vol. xvil, p. 40.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE TO THE MONOGRAPH OF THE
LEPORIDiE.
EXTINCT AMERICAN HARES.*
Some half dozen species of extinct Ilarcs liave been described, mainly
from (lie Miocene deposits of Dakota and Colorado. As they arc at present
known merely frotn a few jaw-fragmciits and detached teeth, little more can
be said of them than that they were animals oF rather small size, and belonged
to the family of the Hares. Tlieir true character and relationships can, of
course, be understood only by the study of much additional materiaL
Genus PAL^OLAGUS Lcidy.
ra;«»;ojM» Leujv, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 185C, 89.— Co^E, Aun. Hep. U. S. Oeol. Sun-. Terr, for
1873(1874), 477.
rricium Cope, PaUeontol. Bull. No. 16, 1873, 4.
Dr. Leidy has described a single species from the Miocene deposits of
Dakota, and Professor Cope has made known allied forms from deposits of
tlic same age in Colorado. Our knowledge of tliese forms rests on fragments
of the jaws, and is hence very imperfect The dental formula is the same
as in Lepus, but the molar teeth differ somewhat iu constitution. A single
species of this genus has been described by Dr. Leidy, and three others by
Professor Co[x;.
PAL^OLAGUS HAYDENI Leidy.
raleeotajui hagdeni Lridv, Proc. Aca<1. Nm '<cl. Pliila., 1854!, 89{ 18.57, 89 ; Juurn. Acad. Nat. 8cl. Pkila.,
2d Hcr., V, 1869, 331, 404, pi. xxvi, figs. 14-20; U. S. Ocol. Survey of Wiouiiuf;, 1H71, :)63.—
Coj-K, Ann. Hop. U. 8. Ocol. Survey of Terr, for 1873 (1874), 478.
Ti icJHm aiivncufiM Cui'K, Palwoulol. Diill. No. 10, 1873, 4.
" Triciiim antm CoTE " (soo Auu. Rep. U. 8. Cieul. Surs-ey of Terr, for 1673 (1874), 478).
This species is known only from a considerable number of fragments of
upper and lower jaws with teeth, collected by Dr. Hayden from the Miocene
'Having decided, since the foregoing pages vrcro put in type, to Include in these monographs notices
111 the extinct speeies, as well as of tlie existing ones, this supplementary note is adde<l to the Mouu-
{!r»ph of the Leptnia,
87J
r^'
374
MONOGllAPnS OF NOUTQ AMUKICAN RODENTIA.
deposits of Dakota, and by Professor Ct)pc from those of Colorado. " Tlio
fossils indicate," says Dr. Leidy, "a species rather less in size than the Gray
Rabbit {Lvpus sijlvatlcus). Tiiey vary among tliemsclves in size and robust-
ness ; but, independently of what may be considered as individual peculiarities,
tiie dilfercnces appear to depend mainly on difference of age. In regard to
the form of the jaw-fragments, consisting merely of the portions containing
molar teeth, they agree nearly with the corresponding portions in the Rabbit,
except that they api)ear proportionately more robust. In a corresponding posi-
tion of the jaw there does not exist in the fossils tiie reticular foramina
oi)servcd in the vicinity of the mental foramen in the Rabbit." AVliile
having the same number of teeth as the existing Hares, they were at first
supposed to differ somewhat in the constitution of the first lower molar,
which Dr. Leidy described as composed of merely a double column instead
of a triple column. Professor Cope,* however, states that, having collected
a great number of the remains of tiiis genus, lie is "able to show that it is
only in the immature state of the first molar that it exhibits a double column,
and that in tlie fully adult animal it consists of a single column with n
groove on its external face. The dentition undergoes other still more im-
])ortant changes with progressing age, so as to present the appearance of
difference of species at different periods." The roots of the lower incisors also
penetrate considerably more posteriorly than in Lepus. Dr. Leidy describes
in detail some ten or more fragments, representing both upper and lower
jaws, and figures six specimens of varying ages, from tiiose containing a part
of the temporary molars to old specimens in which the teeth arc very much
worn. Professor Cope states that he has examined several hundred specimens
of tills species collected in Colorado, and gives a detailed account of the
changes in dental characters resulting from age. The earliest dentition known
to liim, he says, is the presence of two deciduous molars, the first and second in
position, wiiicii appear before any of the permanent series. "Each of these
has two roots, and the crown is composed of three lobes. In the first, the
first lobe is a simple cusp ; the two following are divided into two ciisps
,ich ; the second is similar, excepting that the simple cusp is at the posterior
:;nd of the tooth. Tiie grooves separating the lobes descend into the alveolus
on the outer side, but stop above it on the inner In the next stage,
the third permanent molar is projected, and has, like the second deciduous, n
• Auu. Rvp. IJ. 8. Geol. Surv. ToiT. for 1873 0^4), pp. 477, 478.
FOSSIL LEPORID^-PAL^OLAGDS.
375
)wsterior simple column, whose section forms an odd cusp or lobe beliind.
The fourth true molar then follows, also with an odd fifth lobe behind. This
lobed form of the molars is so different from that of the adult as to have led
me to describe it as indicating peculiar species under the name of Trkium
avunculus and T. anna.
"In the next stage, the fifth small molar appears in view, and the second
jiermanent molar lifts its milk-predcccssor out of tiie way. In a very short
time, the posterior, or odd, columns entirely disappear, siniiing into tlie shaft,
and the permanent molars assume the form characteristic of the species. The
last stage prior to maturity sees the first milk-molar shed, and the younger
portion of the first permanent molar protruded. There is the merest trace of
a posterior lobe at this time, and that speedily disappears. The anterior lobe
is subconical, and is entirely surrounded with enamel. By attrition, the -two
lobes are speedily joined by an isthmus, and for a time the tootli presents an
8-shaped section, whicii was supposed to be characteristic of tiie genus.
Further protrusion brings to the surface the bottom of the groove of the
inner side of the shaft, so that its section remains in adult age something
like n B."
PAL.EOLAGUS AGAPETILLUS Coi)e.
PalaxAasui agcpeliUus Copb, Palieont. Bull., No. IS, 1S73, 1 ; Ann. Rep. U. S. Oeol. Surv. Terr, for 1873
(1874), 478.
Smaller thanP.hai/fkni, but more robust, with larger incisor tectli. Molars
all composed of two columns. Founded on a mandibular ramus, with the
first and last permanent molars just protruding. From the Miocene dei)osits
of Colorado.
PAL^EOLAGUS TURGIDUS Cope.
Pal<eolagui lurgidut Copr, PaliroDt. Bull., No. 16, 1873, 4 ; Ann. Rep. U. S. Oeol. Surv. Terr, for 1873
(1874), 479.
TiiciHm paniense Coi'K, PaUeont. Bull., No. 10, 187.1, 5.
Larger than P. haydeni, but otherwise not much different. From the
Miocene deposits of Colorado. '
PAL.EOLAGUS TRIPLEX Cope. -
ralwolagm triplex Cope, PuIa>out. Bull., No. IC, 1873, 4 ; Ann. Rep. U. S. Oeol. Surv. Terr, for 1873
(1874), 479.
Similar in size to P. haydeni, from which, however, Professor Cope
regards it as distinct. From the same Miocene deposits of Colorado. Known
only from an imperfect mandibular ramus.
376
JIONOG RAPES OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Genus PANOLAX Cope.
ruKolax Coi'K, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fliila., 1874, 151.
" Molars prismatic, transverse, except tlic first and last, each divided l»y
n jdatc of enamel exteiuling transversely from the inner side. Anterior niular
longitudinal; posterior molar composed of two columns.
"This genus is represented by numerous teeth and portions of tho
cranium. It evidently belonged to the LeporidtB, and is allied both to Lfjtus
and Palaolagus. As the teeth are mostly separate, it is not easy to determine
which is the posterior and whicii the anterior molar. Ju<lgingby the analogy
of the known species, the determination as here made is correct. ShouKI the
relations be reversed, the species will be referred to Paltzolagusr — (Cope, 1. c.)
From the nature of the materials, the character of this genus cannot well
be determined. Its admission here is of course provisional only.
PANOLAX SANCTiE-FIDEI Cope.
Panohx mnctw-JIM Cope, Proo. Aca<l. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 1 51.
m
This species is known only from several detached molar teeth, found in
the Santa Ft5 marls. These marls have been regarded by Dr. Hayden as of
late Tertiary age, and are found, according to Professor Cope, to contain the
remains of numerous Pliocene genera, which show the fauna to be a part
of that described by Dr. Leidy and Professor Cope as occurring in the
Pliocene deposits of Colorado and Dakota.
In this species, the (supposed) first molar is described as having the
triturating surface twice as long as broad, with an entering loop of enamel on
the inner side ; the last molar as being as wide antero-posteriorly as trans-
versely, the shaft curved backward, the posterior column subcylindric, half
the diameter of the anterior. This species Professor Cope supposes to have
been of about the size of the Nortiiern Hare {Lcpus americanvs), and liciico
considcraldy larger than Palaolagus hmjdeni, which is described by Dr. Leidy
as being somewhat smaller than Z.e/)ai' s^/t^a/jca.*.
Genus PRAOTIIERIUM Cope. '"
Praolherium Copb, Proc. Atiicr. Pbil. Soc, xii, 1871, 93.
" Molars similar to those of Lepus, rootless, with oval crowns transverse
to the axis of the scries, all simple ; masticatory surface not divided by median
FOSSIL LEPORIDiE-PRAOTIlEKIUM.
377
ritlgc; enamol-boundnry emnrgiimtc on (he inner side. Number of molars in
max i Mary bone? four." — (Cope.)
This genus, according to Professor Cope, difTers from Lrjnis mn\ Lagowys
in (he absence of an enamel band dividing the triturating surface of eacii
molar, though a trace of the dividing lamina is sometimes visil)le, but docs
not appear to ever form a transverse median crest. The normal number of
teeth is uncertain, but supposed to be only four on each side of the u|)per
jaw. Only one species has thus far been described, from remains found in
(he Port Kennedy bone-cave, Chester County, Pennsylvania, associated with
those of a great variety of extinct species, mingled with a few of species still
existing. The geims is known from the single species —
PRAOTHERIUM PALATINUM Cope.
PraoOurimm palaUnum CuPK, Proo. Aiuer. Phil. Hoc., xii, 1871, 04, Ug. 20.
Tiiis species was described by Professor Cope from the palatal portion
of a sUull, containing four molar tetth on each side in position, found in I be
Port Kennedy bone-cave. It differs, says Professor Cope, from the Ameri-
can species of Ze/?Ma in its small size, and in having the molars deeply grooved
longitudinally on the inner instead of on tlie outer side. "In worn teeth, this
groove is continued into the grinding surface of the crown, without interrup-
tion from the inclosing enamel. The form of this surface is then an oval,
notched on the inner side, and rounded or slightly truncated on the outer
The palatine face is but partially preserved, and is considerably wider in pro-
portion to the diameter of the teeth than in Lopus sylvaticux." In Lepiis
calloth, however, there is a deep longitudinal groove on the outer side of
the tooth, and none on the inner; while, in L. callfornicus, there is quite a
distinct groove on both sides. The prominence, or even presence, of tiie
median transverse ridge varies with age in the living species, as Dr. Leidy
has shown it to do in specimens of Palceolagus haydeni.
FOSSIL REMAINS OF EXISTING SPECIES. . '
In addition to the above described extinct species of Hares, the remains
of several of the existing species have been met with in different bone-cavea
and elsewhere, sometimes associated with the remains of a variety of other
extinct species of Mammalia. Dr. Leidy has recorded the occurrence of the
fossil remains of Lepus sylvatkus in the crevices of the lead-bearing rocks of
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378
MONooiurus or nohtii amkkican kodentia.
Illinois, niul in tlic Post-pliocene deposits of Ashley River near Clinrlcston,
South Curolinii, luul Professor Cope, from the Port Kennedy and other bonc-
cnvcs in Pennsylvania and Virginia. The fossil remains of Lepuii brtisi/icn»is
have also been found in the bone-caves of Brazil. It seems probable that
nltimately will be found the remains of other species of American LejwrUa in
localities favorable fur their preservation, as has been the case with tho
European species.
I U'-
V fja i;
, :'t
MONO'lUAPHS
or
NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
No. Ill -HYSTRICIDi;.
By J. A.. iVJ:.LE>J^.
370
H
|;\,
W^'-
iM
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
Museum op Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass., October 6, 1876.
SiK : I herewith transmit for publication my report on the Nortli American
Hystricidie. This family is represented in that portion of North America
north of Mexico by the single genus Erethizon.
For the use of the material on which this report is based, I am about
equally indebted to the kindness of the officers of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology and of the National Museum.
I am, sir, very respectfully, yours,
J. A. ALLEN.
Dr. F. V. HAYDEhf,
United States Geologist, etc., etc., Waxhington, D. C.
381
•W;
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CnARACTBns or riix yjLir,L,v BytUUAtia
Gknl's Entklioo
Synonymy ok EreiMton donatut
Canada Porcupinb {K. donatut vm. doriaiii»)
WK8TKRN PuncL'PiNE {E. donalut vat.epixanthiia)
Oknkiial RKMAitKg ON ErelhUon dor»alu» and its vaiiikties.
MRA8UREMKNT8 OF SKULLS OK E. donatutynr. domalHii
Measuremrnts of skulls of E. dorialuH var. epixanlhut
List of specimens of E. donatut var. nortaivt
List of spruimrns of A', donatut var. rpixanttut
KxTLNCT SPECIES op North American PoH-upiNiii
£nlhiso» cloaciniu
Pace*.
380-388
3«fi-;)89
3rt)-:('Jl
391-39-i
382-;fi)4
394-3!)4
395-395
390-391!
397-;KI7
397-398
398-398
383
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Family HYSTRICID^.
By several recent systematic writers, the New World Porcupines have
been widely separated from tlieir Old World relatives ; these authors placing
them in diiFerent families. The two forms that differ most widely in cranial
cliaracters are Erelhizon and HyMrix, especially in respect to the degree of
intlation of the skull ; but the other forms, in a measure, bridge over the wide
gap existing between these two tyi)es in respect to this feature. The Ameri-
can Porcupines form a group collectively separable as .a subfamily, l)y quite
tangible cliaracters, from the Porcupines of the Old World. While (he
former are arboreal, the latter are terrestrial, and the two types present modi-
fications of structure adapting them to these widely different modes of life.
There is, however, running through the whole, a strong degree of resemblance.
The Synethcrintz,* or the American Porcupines, differ from the Old World
Porcupines in the form of the skull; in having the clavicles perfect; in the
tail being generally (not, however, in Erethizon) more or less prehensile; in
the molar teeth being fully rooted, and placed in more or less converging
series ; in not having five toes to all the feet (generally only four both l)efore
and behind) ; in the soles being tuberculated instead of smooth ; in the upper .
lip being undivided by a vertical groove ; in the form of the lachrymal bone ;
and in various other more or less important osteological characters.
The subfamily Synetherince is most numerously represented in South
America, where occur three of its four genera, namely, Chmiomys, Synetheres,
and Sphingurus;\ the fourth, Erethizon, being its only representative in
North America north of Mexico. While these genera have many features
in common, and constitute a very natural and well circumscribed group,
Erethizon differs from the others in having five instead of four toes on the
• iSyMdfAcrina OervaiB, Ziiol. et TnliSout. franj., 1848-oa, p. 18 ; SpAitii/MriiKBAlston.Proc. Zool. 800.
Lond., 187G, l);i ; = Cercolablnce of tho family Spalacopoiidas of Lilljeburg (Sjstematisk (Efvcraigt of do
Ouugaiido Diiggttjuren, OlireH, 18(36, p. 01) aud of Uill (Arrnng. FamillcH uf Maminaln, p. 23).
iSynttherct and Sphingurm V. Cuvior, ISXi, = Caroolabet Brandt, 1SG5.
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MOXOGKAPUS OF NORTH AMERICAN UODENTIA.
hiiul feet, and in liaving a short, spiny, non-prehensile tail. The South Ameri-
can genus ClicEtoinijs dillers from all of the others in the conformation of the
skull ; the malar hone is developed to a remarkable degree, more than in
any other Rodent, excepting Calogenyn, the postorbital process of which
nearly joins that of tlie frontal, so as to almost wholly separate the orbital
and temporal fossae. The portion of the palate between the molar teeth is
also longer and narrower, and the temporal ridges arc more highly developed,
wiiilc the molars themselves present important difiercnccs. The tail is
lengthened and rat-like, scantily clothed with hair, and scaly, though to some
degree prehensile. The genera Synethercs and Spkiiigurus differ somewhat
from Erethizon in their cranial and dental characters, and have the tail strongly
prehensile, while the feet (as also iti C/icctoiiii/.s) arc all four-toed. Syncthercs
dilfers i'wm Sj>hingi/rus in the broad, highly arched form of the frontal region
of the skull, and in the greater development of the spines. Chcetomys has
l)ut a single species (f. subupinosus), which is confined to the nortliern and
central portions of Brazil. Spliingurus and Syiwtheres have each several com-
monly recognized species, which are distributed throughout the greater part
of South and Central America, from Paraguay to Southeastern Mexico and
the West Indies ; none, however, occur west of the Andes. All the species
arc of rather small size in comparison with tho representatives of Erethizon;
the body rarely exceeding eighteen inches in length.
Considerable variation in the form of the frontal region of the skull
occurs among both the Hystricin(S and the Synethcrince. In this respect,
Synetheres approaches Hystrix, while the Old AVorld genus Atherura, with
its tlattened skull, more resembles Erethizon. Even diiferent species of
Hystrix vary considerably in respect to the inflation and convexity of tiiis
portion of the cranium, showing that this is a feature of no very great taxo-
nomic importance, though giving rise to striking differences in respect to the
dorsal contour of the skull. ;
Genus ERETHIZON E. Cuv.
North American Forcoplnes.
JSi/jfrir, in part, of earlier writers.
ICrelhison F. CuviBH, M6m. du Mus., ix, 1822, 426, 433. - -,
EMnoprocia Gray, Proc. Zoul. Soo. Lond., 1665, 321.
Toes four in front and five behind, all armed with strong, curved claws.
Tail short, thick, depressed, non-prehensile, covered above at the base with
nYSTRICIDyE— ERETllJZON.
387
stiff hairs and spines, and on the sides, at the apex, and beneath with thick
rigid bristles. Size hirge. Limbs short and strong.
As already stated, £rt'^/<8zo« differs from the other American Porcupines
in possessing five toes to the hind feet, all armed with strong claws, and in
its short, tiiick, non-prehensile tail It also differs in its more ai)proximated
nostrils and in its large size. From tiie Old World Porcui)ines, with vviiieh
it was formerly ■ur a long time generically associated, in common with all
the New World species, it presents many important points of difference.
A comparison of the skull of Ercthizon with that of Hijntrix shows tluit tlie
differences arc fur greater than the resemblances. When seen from above, tiie
wkull of Ercthizon bears, in its general form, a striking similarity to that of Arc-
tomys, the dorsal outline being nearly straight and the frontal region depressed
and flat ; the nasals are of about the same relative size and shape, and the zygo-
matic arch is similarly widely expanded laterally. Erethizon, however, lacks
the greatly developed postorbital process of the frontal bones seen in Arcio?nys,
and of course ditfers greatly in general details of structure. Hystrix, on the
other hand, is exceptional among Rodents for the great development of the
nasal and frontal elements of the skull, consequent upon the enormous size
of the nasal and frontal sinuses. The frontals are hence twice the size of the
parietals instead of being much smalU- s in Erethizon, while the nasals are
still more remarkably developed, tli rapidly widening posteriorly and
extending as far back as the middle of the zygomatic arch. This results in
an interorbital breadth almost unparalleled among ordinary odents, equaling
Qne-half of the total length of the skull instead of less than one-third, as in
Erethizon, and gives to the skull a high, greatly swollen, convex, dorsal outline
instead of the straight, flat one seen in Erethizon.* The zygomatic process
of the maxillary is greatly expanded and thickened, forming an immense
oblique pier, about one-half as broad as long, for the attachment of the zygo-
matic arch, instead of being u rather slender, thin process, as in Erethizon,
while the slender horizontal process of the same bone, which bounds the
lower part of the anteorbital fossa, appears like a second small zygomatic
arch. There hence results a structure as different from that of Erethizon,
as can well be imagined.- The orbital fossa is small, and the temporal
many times smaller than in Erethizon, in which both are very large. The
'Inrospcct to the iuflatiou of tbe skull, Syaelhera is about iiitermediato botweeu Hytlrix aud
Hrethleon, the muzzle being wide, oud the froutul regiou abruptly aud greatly swulleu. The molar series
are also less coDvergout than in Erethizon.
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388
MONOGKAl'IIS OF NOKTR AMERICAN RODENTIA.
jjalate in Iljjstrix is broad and flat, and of uniform breadtii ; in Erethizon it
is narrowed anteriorly, and rises abruptly in front of the molr.rs, and between
the mohir series presents u prominent, central, ragged keel. Without
going into a further comparison, it may suffice to stato that the structure of
the sUull in the two forms differs markedly in nearly every detail.
To the old Linnean genus Hystrix were for many years referred all the
known Porcupines from both tlie Old and the New World. The group was
iirst dismembered by M. F. Cuvier in 1822, who divided the Old World
species into two groups, Hysfrix and Acanlh'wn,* and the New World species
into three, Erethizon, Synetheres, and Sphinguius (" Sp/itggurus"). Brandt, in
1835, called special attention to the cranial differences characterizing the
01(1 World and New World species, and adopted Cuvier's genus Erethizon
for the North American species, but united the two South American genera of
Cuvier into the single genus Cercolabes, which groups have since been com-
monly retained, with the limitations and names given by Brandt. Cercolabex,
however, seems divisible into two generic groups, for which Cuvier's prior
names should be retained.! Cho'tomys was established by Gray in 1843 for
the Hystrix suhspi}wsa of earlier authors.
• The genus Erethizon is confined to the middle and northerly portions of
the North American continent, and is represented by a single species, divisi-
ble into two easily distinguished geographical varieties or subspecies.
ERETHIZON DORSATUS (Linn.) F. Cuvier.
Var. DORSATUS.
Canada Porcupine.
Hyatrix dortala Linn., Syst. Nat., e«I. x, i, 175tf, 07 | e<l. xii, i, ITfifi, "C— FonsTF.B, Thil. Trans., Ixii,
1773, ;i74.— KnXLKiiEN, SyHt. Uog. Aiiiiii., 1777, 345.— Gmki.in, Syst. Nat., i, 17H4, 110.—
SciiHEnEU, .Siinget., iv, 171(2, 00">, pi. clxix.—Sluw, Gon. Zool. Miini., ii, 1801, 13, pi. cxxv.—
Kuiii., BL'itriigi' ziir Zoologip, 1820, 70.— Dksmaisest, Mnni., 1822, :i4.'>.— J. Saiiink, Franliliii'n
.Journey to the Polar Sen, 1823, 0(54.— CozzENS, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist., i, 1823, 191.—
IIaiilan, F.inna Aiucr., 182.'5,1U0.— Godman, Anier. Nat. Hist., ii, 1820, 50. — GiiiniTn'sCinii-r
iii, 1827,200; v, IS'27, 2C:i.— FtsciiEn, Synop. Mam., 1829, 3f)8.— Emmonb, Qnnil. JIn8.t., 1840,
• 71.— TiioMi'.soN, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 47.— AuDunoN and Bachman, i, 1843, 277, pi. xxvi.
Krelhlzon dorsatimV. Ctn'iEn, Mdm. dn Mus., ix, 433, pl.xx, flgs. l,2,S(8knllamlmolar). — nRANUT, M<5m.
Acad. St. P<Ster8bourg, 1835, 387.— WatkiiiioC8E, Nat. Hist. Mam., ii, 1848, 438.— Giehel,
Siinget. 185.'), 478.— Wagneh, Suppl. Sohrebor's Siingot., iv, 1844, 37 (in part). — Baird, Mam. N.
Amer., 1858 ."iCS.— Ai.lkn, Bull. Miis. Comp. Zocil., i, 1809, 2.15.
• Acanthion, although applied to species with the frontal region of the skull only moderately swollon,
lias not been considered by moat later writers as genorically separable from Jlgitrix, the second of tlio
two genera of Hyetricitxe commonly recognized being Atheruro, flnst characterized seven years later hy
M. 0. Cuvier.
t Alston (Proc. Zoiil. Soo. Lend., 1870, 94) considers Sijnethrret and Sphlngurut as being not gencrio-
nlly separable ; ho adopts Sphingurua as the tenable name of the group, and hence changes the name
of the subfamily from Cercolabiiiw to Sphingurina;, although Synelherea has the precedence in Cuvier's
memoir. Gervais, as early as 18.'>2, used the name Symtherina as a subfamily name for the New World
Porcupines, which name hence has many ycare' priority over SpUngurino!.
11YSTKICI1).E— liltETlllZON— EUETUIZON DOKSATUH.
389
llyairix piloiiu americamui Catesdy, Nat. Iliat. Carcilina, i, 17:11, xxx.
IlyHlrir pilomiH UicilAiiDHON, rnun. lior.-Ami'i-., i, Ittilt, 211.
J/j/nlrix liiidHoiiia Umsaos, l{c(,'ii. Auiiii. Qiiiiil., IT.'ili, VJS.
HijkMx hiidiomm UkK,vy, Now York Zoiil., i, Vii'i, liT, pi. xxv, fljj. 1 (iinimiil), jil. viii, flgg. 3, a, b, o (skull)
Le Porc-epiii de la llaiji) tie. Hudson, BnissoN, lii'Hii. Aiiiui. Qiiud., 1700, las.
L'Craon Ulffo.v, llmt. Nat., xii, 17(i4, 4'Jll, pi. Iv.
Co»a(i<i /'(>rcHj)iiio I'K.NNA.VT, " Syii., 1771, Siliti; Hist. Quad., 1781, No. 257"; Arctic ZoOl., i, 17B4, 109.—
OiLl'IN, I'roc. & Trans. Nuva .Scotia lust. Nut. Sci., ii, 1870, tt9.
Bear Porcupine, Haklan, I'auu. Amor., 1825, 100.
Var. EPIXANTHUS.
Western Porcupine.
Erelhison epixanlliun Riiaxdt, il6m. Acad. St. Pdtorsb., 1«).'>, pi. i (animal), ix, fijjs. 1-4 CHkiill) SciiiN!!,
Sjnop. Main., ii, 1845, 20C.— WATEitlioL'SK, Nat. Iliat. Mam., ii, 1848, 442.— Nkwiikkky, I'aoif.
U. R. Kxpl. & Surv., vi, iv, 1857, 02 (California and Oregon).— Baiiii>, Mam. N. Am., 185H,
.ICO.- KK.VNKni.Y, Pacif. K. R. Expl. & Surv., x, vi, 18,J9, 10 (Little Colorado Uivor).— Hayukn,
Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, xii, 1802, 140 (Upper Missouri).— CouKS, Amer. Nat., i, 1807, ;!02j
Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila., 1809, 135 (Arizona).- BiiowN, Rep. ISrit. Ass., 1869 (1870), 220.-
Stevknson, 2d Ann. Rep. U. 8. Gool. Surv. Terr., 1871, 402.— Merrusi, Sixth Ann. Eep. U. 8.
Gool.Surv. Terr., 1873, OtiC.- CouKs 4. YAniiow, Whetjlor's Expl. & Surv. -west of the lOOtli
Merid., v, Zool., 1875, 174.
BrethUon domalus var. epixanthut AixKM, Bull. Essex Inst., yi, 1874, 52, 57, Gl, 00 ; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat..
Hist., xvii, 1874, 43.
Bijatrix pi7o«u» Pkalk, Mamm. U. 8. Ex. Ex., 1848, 40 (Pacific coast).- WooDHOUSE, Sitgreaves's Exi)ed.
down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers, 1853, 54 (New Mexico).
JSrethison [apt] Maxi.miuan, Wiegm. Arch., 1862, i, 132.
Jirethuon {JichtHoprocta) ri^fetoent Ubay, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, 321.
m
Var. DORSATUS.
Canada Porcupine.
General color brownish-black, varied above with yellowish-white.
Body above densely clothed with long, soft, rather woolly hair, intermixed
with straight, coarse hairs and bristles. The latter are four to six inches
long, and are usually tipped with yellowish-white, the light tip varying in
extent from one-fourth to seven-eighths of the length of the hair; sometimes
it is obsolete, and again extends to the base, but involves usually only the
exposed portion. Beneath this, and generally wholly concealed by the
pelage proper, the dorsal surface is thickly set with erectable, barbed quills,
or spines, varying in length from one to four inches. They are usually white
basally and tipped with black, the black portion varying in extent from one-
tenth to one-third tiic length of the quill ; a few, however, are entirely white,
and others occur entirely black. They vary greatly in size on different parts
of the body; beginning on the nose as short, stiffened, pointed hairs, they
pass into siiort spines between the eyes, and increase in length and thickness on
tiie back of the head; tiience continuing to increase in size posteriorly, they are
longest over the hips, on the lower part of the back, and on the upper side of
390
MONOQBAJPnS OP NOllTn AMKRICAN KODBNTIA.
I ill im\
the base of the tail ; toward the end and on the sides of the tail, they pass
again into long, thick bristles and stiff hairs. The lower surface of the body
is clothed merely with brownish-black hair, scantily mixed with fur. The
long, wliite-tippcd hairs are generally most abundant on the head and the
sides of the neck and shoulders and hips, disappearing entirely over the mid-
dle of tiie belly.
Dilferent individuals vary greatly in respect to the abundance of the long
light-tipped hairs, they being most abundant in the younger animals, in which
they often give a decidedly whitish cast to the general color. In one specimen
(No. 1309, M. C. Z. Coll.), the long bristly hair.s are black, tipped occasionally
wilii whitish. The pelage is very long and full, Ihrough which very few of the
quills are visible. In another spt^-iinen (No. 50.'<8, M. C. Z. Coll.), the exposed
portion of the long bristly hairs is generally yellowish-white. In other speci-
mens, there is a mixture oi' the wholly black, bristly hairs with those that are
whitish-tipped. In young and full-pelaged specimens, the quills are generally
entirely concealed ; in the majority of the examples before me, they are visible
on the head, sides of the neck, hinder part of the back, and the basal portion
of the tail. In old specimens, in worn pelage, the spines are visible over
most of the dorsal surface. The under-fur varies in different specimens from
brownish-black to grayish. The young are born without quills, and of a
uniform black color.
Full-grown specimens average about 35 to 40 inches in total length; the
head about 6 ; tail (to end of vertebra?) about the same. Seventeen skulls,
all of which have attained mature dentition, average 3.82 in length and 2.69
in breadth; nasals, 1.21; muzzle (from anterior border of intermaxillaries to
the first molar), 1.29. As usual, there is a considerable range of variation
in size, in color, and in the proportion of parts in specimens of corresponding
ages. The few specimens in which the sex is known seem to indicate little,
if any, strictly sexual variation in either size or color. Seven very old skulls
vary in size as follows: length, 3.90 to 4.25; breadth, 2.60 to 3 00; nasals,
1.20 to 1.50; muzzle, 1.25 to 1.60. Three middle-aged skulls vary in length
from 3.55 to 3.90; in breadth from 2.50 to 2.80; nasals from 1.12 to 1.33;
muzzle from 1.12 to 1.30. Five younger skulls range in length from 3.40 to
3.65 ; in breadth from 2.35 to 2.60 ; nasals from 1.06 to 1.15; muzzle from
1.00 to 1.22. The largest skull measures 4.25 by 3.00 ; the smallest, 3.40 by
2.35. The nasals vary from 1.06 to 1.50 (in the very old skulls from 1.20 to
1.50) ; the muzzle from 1.00 to 1.62 0" the very old skulls from 1.25 to 1.62).
HYSTRIOIDiE— ERETHIZON— B. D0RSATD8 VAU. KPIXANTIIUS. 391
As usual, skulls of the same general size vary greatly in the relative size
of (liilerent parts, and consequently in general (brni. Tims Nos 821 anil 815
(M. C. Z. Coll.), inea.suriiig rcsiicctivcjly 3.40 and 'd.'JO in length, have each a
breadth of 2.60, while another siiccinien (No. 823, M. C. Z. Coll.), with the
same length as No. 821, has a brcadtli of only 2.35. Specimens Nos. 815
and 81G (M. C. Z. Coll,), of essentially the same general size as respects
length and breadth, vary remarkably in the form of the body of the skull,
as shown by the following measurements:
U
1
i
A
a ^
Length of nasals.
1
.* It
lit
S a
815
tie
;i.i)o 2.00
3.9S a.10
0.85* 1.33
1.08 , 1.23
U.50
0.7a
O.10
o.e»
No. 816 is a rather short, broad, stout skull, while No. 815 is remark-
ably narrow and attenuated, with an unusually great expansion of the zygo-
matic arches. While the total breadth dilTcrs but little, the liody of the
skull in 815 is fully one-eighth narrower than in 816, with a correspondingly
less capacify. This is indicated by the lesser interorbital breadth and narrower
nasals in 815, as is shown by the above given comparative measurements.
Tiie measurements, however, inadequately express the great contrast inform
between these two examples — a difTercncc that might ordinarily be regarded
as sufficient to indicate well-marked specific diversity. Both arc from the
same locality, Oxford County, Maine.
Var. EPJXANTHUS.
Western Porcupine.
Similar in external appearance to var. dorsatus,hiit with the light tips of
the long hairs pale grpenish-yellow rather than yellowish-white. Nasals
broader and longer.
The Porcupines from the region west of the Missouri River differ ex-
ternally from those of the eastern half of the continent almost wholly through
a slight difference in the color of the lighter portions of the long hairs of the
dorsal surface, which have a greenish-yellow tint instead of yellowish-white.
The few examples before me of this variety have also a greater profusion of
^Mi\k
392
MONOOKAPnS OF NOUTII AiMBllIUAN ItODENTIA.
tlic long, liglit-li|»|)C(l luiirs than is commonly seen in eustcrn specinK-ns.
The more tangihle (lillcrenec consists in the relative!)' larger size of the nasals,
which uot only are rather longer, as pointed out by Professor Baird, but arc
also broader, and conseiiitently larger. While the general size of the skull
is the same in the two fernis, the nasals in var. cpixanthux averagii 1.50 in
length, against l."Jl in var. r/or«(/tf,v, and U.8S in width at the anterior end
against 0.75 for the .xame measurement in var. ilorsutus. In var. ejn.atnthus, the
average length of the nasals in tburtecn skulls exceeds the interorbital breadth
of the skull, being a little over one-third (0.3G) of the length of the skull; in
var. duitiulus their average length in seventetui skulls is only eciiud to the
interorbital breadth of tliQ skull, or rather less than one-third (032) the length
of the skull. Ditlerent individuals, however, vary greatly in respect to the
length ofilie nasals, in var. </or«tf/MA' they ranging from l.OtJ to 1.50, and invar.
ejiixanthu.s from 1.20 to 1.75. In \iiv. tlursatiin, they exceed l.'d'd in one speci-
men oidy, and 1.30 in only three, while in five examines they fall below 1.15;
in var. cj/ixanthus, three oidy fall below 1.30, while five attain or exceed l.GO.
The series of skulls of siw.epixantkus presents about the same degree of
individual variation as already noted under var. dorsatu>t, the largest example
measuring 4.40 in length by 3.08 in breadth, and the smallest 3.30 by 2.47.
In ten very old skulls, the variation ranges from 3.85 to 4. -10 in length, and
from 2.80 to 3.08 in width ; nasals, 1.38 to 1.75. In eight middle-aged skulls,
the variation ranges from 3.30 to3.'i0in length, and from 2.47 to 2.87 in
brea<lth ; nasals, 1.20 to 1.45. In both varieties, the animal increases greatly
in size after the mature dentition is acquired. Specimens of corresponding
ages of the two varieties in (juestion present no material dilference in size.
In respect to geographical variation in specimens strictly corresponding
in age, those from the northern parts of the United States are considerably
larger than those from the Yukon and Peel's Rivers. Thus three very old
skulls from the Yukon measure only 3.98 by 2.S2, against 4.17 by 2.^i) for six
skulls of corresponding age from the United States (Montana, Idaho, and
Wyoming). Five niiddle-age<l skulls from the Yukon and Peel's Rivers average
3.64 in length, while five skulls from Maine (var. dorsatus) average 3.73.
GENEUAL REMARKS ON ERETHIZON DORSATUS AND ITS V.vRIETIES.
Geographical distribution. — The Eastern or Canada Porcupine was
formerly found throughout the greater part of New England and New York
UYSTRICID^— ERBTUIZON— OEOGRAI'UIGAL UISTKIUUTION. '3\);'>
m
nnd westward to Northern Oliio. It also extended southward along tlin
Alloj^huniea through Penns^'Ivania, and possibly into Virginia and the mount-
ainous portions of Eastern Kentucky.* It seems not to have occurred in tlie
immediate vicinity of the sea-coast soutii of Maine, but existed in Western
and Central New England southward to Connecticut. It seems also to iiave
been absent from Southeastern New York, and southward from nearly all of
the region east of the Alleghanies. It was found soutii of the Great Lakes over
most of the region north of the Ohio,t in Northern Pennsylvania and Western
New York, and in the mountainous districts farther south. As late as 1813, it
was still to be found in the western part of Saratoga County.Ncw York.| Being
an animal of tiie forest, it has shared the fate of other forest animals, and has
already disappeared over considerable portions of its former habitat, particularly
along its southern l)order. In New England, it is rarely found south of
Central Maine and Northern New Hampshire, but ranges, west of the Con-
necticut River, still nearly or quite to the Massachusetts line. In 1840, Dr.
Emmons gave it as common in the vicinity of Williamstown, Massachusetts.^
An isolated colony still survives on the slopes of Mount Monadnock in South-
ern New Hampshire, and it is also still found in portions of Pennsylvania.
Probably its former southern range extended generally nearly or quite to the
southern boundary of the Alleghanian fauna.
To the northward, its range extended nearly or quite to the limit of trees,
and to the westward probably to the eastern border of the Great Saskatchewan
Plains, where it passes gradually into the western variety. Hearne, however,
eighty years since, spoke of it as being scarce north of Churchill River,
where he met with only six individuals during a residence of six years.
The western form {\ar. epixanthus) still extends southward, in the mount-
ains, to New Mexico and Arizona, and may probably be found in suitable
'DoKny, probably oii the authority of Catesby, gives its rauge as cxtcuding to the uortliern parts
of Virginia and KLOtiicky (Nat. Hist, of New Yoric, pt. i, p. 70); but Audn1>on aod Bacbmau state that
thoy hod "sought for it without success iu the moontaiuB of Virginia, and couid never hear of it in
Kentucky ". Prof. N. S. Shaler also informs me that he has also failed to bear of it here, although
this region one would naturally eipect would come within its earlier range.
tOodman, on the authority of Dr. Beet, siiys the "porcupine is seldom found in Ohio south of
Dayton"; but that they wore then still (in HiiJfi) numerous on the Saint Mary's River (Godman.Jj/KT.Aofc
Hilt., vol. ii, p. 152). Dr. J. H. Whcaton informs me that a fi w still survive in Clark, Chanipaigue, and
lioss Counties, and that it was common ten years since in Putnam County. Mr. E. W. Nelson writes mo
that the Porcupine was formerly rather common, though never abundant, in all of the wooded region
north of the Ohio River, but that it is not now found (west of Ohio) south of the forests of Northern
Wisconsin and Northern Michigan.
t Audubon und Bachmau, Quad. N. Amer., vol. i, p. i!65.
i Quad. Mass., p. 72.
394
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
ilp?',:
localities south of the Mexican boundary. To the westward it ranges to
the Pacific, from California northward to Alaska, and doubtless extends
northward to the limit of trees. It is extremely abundant in the wooded
mountainous portions of Colorado, where, as I am informed by Dr. Coucs,
wlio speaks from reports given iiim on the spot, it sometimes becomes a con-
siderable article of diet. The same naturalist also found it no less numer-
ous in the Sweetgrass Hills, or "Three Buttes" of Northen; Montana, where
numerous individuals were secured. Though chiefly a woodland animal, it
is not seldom seen ranging the prairie many miles from the nearest timber —
perhaps traveling from one feeding ground to anotiier.
Tabi.k l.—\fca»urcmenln of eevcnieen tkulh of Ehkthizon doiisatus rar. doksatus.
tp!
<B
1
IS
e
«2
o
g
.s
%
a
A
i
•^
t
%
s
% .
£ *
00
i
B
a
Locality.
1
4;
EC
i
a
'^
■z i
1
i
KemarkB,
5)
^
t
£
.S
&
%
~ o
ii <t.
^a
•S.
3
1
2
1
£
1
1
1
1 a
Is
%.1
II
\
I
o
O
H
o
a
y<
i«
'A
c
(i
P
>i
►J
9330
EauoiCoimty.N.T.
3.05
9.05
1.03
1.30
0.52
0.77
1.85
\.m
1.00
9.70
1.40
Very old.
3000
....do
4.15
9.80
1.80
1.80
0.03
0.77
1.45
9.30
1.10
a 05
1.40
...do.
670
PoDDsylrania
3.55
9..'i0
1.00
1.80
0 52
0.07
1.12
\.fi
0. 97
2. 01
1.20
M'ddlp.nged.
*819
4 S.*i
8.90
1 85
1 ;i8
0.70
0.85
1 50
2 37
1 0 1
3 05
1 .30
Very old.
Miildle-agcd.
•e-x
UmbagogLakOiMu
3.00
9.80
1.40
1.33
o.-.a
0.73
1.85
8.00
1.00
8 75
1.20
•821
...ilo
3.40
9.00
1.17
1. 15
ooo
0.70
1.00
1.73
1.08
8 47
1.30
Kiithor young.
•S-M
...<lo
3.65
1.00
1.10
0.63
0.70
1.89
1.05
1.00
8 03
1.83
....do.
*(^j;i
UptoD, Mo
3 40
9.3.>
1 10
1 OH
0 60
0 74
1 18
1 67
0 93
2 4'i
1 2:1
do
•sa4
....<lo
9
3.59
9.51
1.18
1.00
0.69
0.70
1.10
1.73
0. 9 i
8 5)
1.18
ItnlbtM- young;
tliHtmnlm-JUHt
111 night.
•635
....<io
?
3 05
9..')0
1.10
1.13
0.56
0.08
1.10
1.83
1.03
2.75
l.SO
..do.
•8S0
...<lo
9
3.80
9.70
1.8.-I
i.ao
0.60
0.80
1.30
9.05
0.97
9. SO
1.3.-.
Mildlc^ified.
•887
...ilo
3. 7.'.
9 76
1.07
1.12
0.07
0. 73
1.93
9.03
1.03
9 80
1.33
.. do.
•898
...<lo
3 11.-1
9.70
1.10
1.80
O.OT
0.70
1.95
1. 93
0.117
a 03
1.35
...do.
•815
3 OO
9.00
0 85
1 81
0 !)0
0 70
1 40
9 03
0 Iri
3 00
1 33
Vury old.
....do.
•616
....
3.9J
8.70
1.08
1.88
0.78
0.89
i.;i7
8.03
1.00
990
1.33
•813
...
X (itoD, He
d
4.93
3.00
1.9.-.
1.97
0.73
0.73
1. r)7
9 30
1.13
103
1.35
..do.
•905
....
....do
a
4.93
9.85
1.10
1.50
0.73
0.95
1.62
850
1.10
3.20
1.43
...do.
* Id the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridup, Mans.
t From front edge of the iDtermaxilUrlea to the ocoipltal condyles.
nYSTEICID^E— ERETHIZON DOESATUS VAB. EPIXANTIIUS. 395
Table 11.— Measurements of eighteen thiVt of Ergthizon dorsatds for. EprxANTnus.
'i
o
2
s
n
o
gs
i
fi
.
«
»!
»-i
- t
■s
s
o
uo
r3
■5
a
\-
^
.d
ft
a
.4
LocAlity.
«
*
*
m
t '%
ra
s
o
Reuarka.
'i
i
a
t
1
40
i
i
\\
3 .
■3 fe
it'
fc'
•s
?
s
%
%
I
.2 E
S. %
M
■9.
t
1
1
1
.1
I
1
s<
Sis
1'
V
1
1
iS-lS
381
Fort Yukon
3.85
3.80
1.38
1.38
0.80
0.93
1.27
1.97
1.03
3.10
1.50
Very old.
6105
Yukon River...
4.03
3.85
1.%)
1.3-.
2.00
0.93
3.18
1. .10
do.
0104
....do
4.08
3.81
1.35
1.55
0.75
0.82
1.30
2.20
1.05
114
1.45
...do.
CI08
....(In
3.03
2.77
1.14
l.:i3
2.10
1. 0.1
3.13
1.40
Mlddle-nged.
6100
...do
3.67
1.30
1.20
1.90
1.03
2.a5
1.30
....do.
89J8
1313
5B
Ataflka
3.30
3.70
3.47
2.87
1.25
1.25
1.00
1.30
1.62
8.08
0.93
1.00
2.55
2.90
1.30
1.35
do.
...do.
PobI'r River . . .
<f
1.45
0.75
0.85
0238
...do
9
3.60
1.00
1.28
0.68
0.75
1.20
1.85
0.95
2.80
1.37
...do.
12405
Idaho
3.75
2.75
1.30
1.45
0.90
0.95
1.37
2.18
1.03
3.80
1.40
....do.
4.40
3.08
1.35
1.75
0.87
i.c;3
1.48
1.20
Very old.
...do.
iirHi4
Wyoming
4.10
2.85
1.20
L.'iO
0.80
U.95
1.43
2.27
1.10
3.00
1.50
6803
...do
....
1.03
1.25
0.03
0.78
1.25
1.90
0.97
3 85
Middlo.agcd.
2595
RepnldiL-an Fork,
Kan 8.
<f
4.30
3.80
1.23
1.75
0.70
0.95
1.45
2 23
1.10
3.10
1.50
Very old.
8594
...do
4.10
2.80
1.30
1.60
0.68
1.35
3.13
1.09
2.90
L.W
...do.
SUM)
I3OT7
UUh
4.00
4.20
3.03
3.80
1.18
1.10
1.60
I. OS
0.75
0.67
0.85
0.87
1.35
1.40
8.25
8.20
1.10
1.03
3.15
a 10
1.53
1.40
....do.
.. do.
Throe Buttca,
■}
Mont
13978
....do
9
3.90
1.30
1.60
0.75
0.03
1.33
3.15
l.OS
3.87
1.55
...do.t
0501
Fori Whipple,
Aril.
....
3.35
3.57
1.00
1.20
0.03
0.73
1.10
1.77
0.1)5
3.50
1.17
Mlddle-ngod.
* From front edge of intermaxUlarles to ooclpiUU oondyles.
t The oldnst of the aories,
■■n
i!-
\h
Mil
396
MONOGRAPHS OF NOKl\- AMERICAN RODKNTIA.
TablkIII.— Xttto/apccimmao/EiiiaiiizoN uoiisatus var. dohsatls.
a i
f
1
s
If
1
M
laciillty,
When
coUoctoil.
From wliom re-
ceived.
Collected by-
g
6
"S
1
•l.'H'J
•15J0
•1551
•icra
•SUM
•14112
• 1:105
•nio
•11107
•i:i08
■1309
•809
•810
•811
■818
•813
•8H
•815
•816
•817
•818
•819
*8i0
•831
•e*i
■8S:t
-824
•SS3
•820
•827
•828
•905
070
2356
30C6
A.K.Vorrlll....
...do
J.O.Kleh
...do
do
Skiu.
.. do.
do
do
Ho
. do
do
do
.. do ....
do
do
... do
...do
..do.
do
Feb. -,1865
J.G.Iilcli
...do
.. do.
■
do
l!.I).VerrlU ....
....do
I).D.Verrill ...
...do
. do.
do
....do
Fob. 89, 1800
June 6, 1800
Mar. 13, 1800
Mar. -, tStO
Mar. — , 1860
Mar. -, 1800
Mar. — , 1860
...do
...do
.. do.
. ...do
...do
...do.
..do
...do
....do
...do.
. .. do
...do
....do
Skull.
...do.
.. do.
..do
...do...'
..do
....do
. do
do
...do.
do
•■"
J.O.Rlcb
A.E.Vorrill ...
....do
J.( .Eioh
A KVorrill....
... do
..do.
..do.
...do.
do
do
do
....do
...do
..do.
do
....do
...do
...do.
do
...do
...do •
...do.
do
...do
... do
do
...do
...do.
do
....do
....do
...do.
do
...do
..^^do
...do.
do
J.O.KIch
...do
J.G.Kich
... do
...do.
...do.
....do
do
.. do
....do
...do.
do
...do
....do
...do.
. ...do .. ....
. do
... do
...do.
....do
do
... do
...do.
do
do
... do
.. do.
...do.
...do.
do
...do.
'
* In the UuMBm o< Comparativo Zo8logjr, Cambridge,
'VA
m
HYSTEICID^— FOSSIL SPECIES.
397
B
TAHLBlV.—Liatoftpe^mena 0/ EuETnizoN nonsATUS far. EPiXANTnus.
1
i
i =
P
0
3795
liMSS
12024
1807
1896
7814
348
•3864
•28(15
i
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a «•
0
i
a
1
§
i
s
Locality.
■WTien
collectwl.
From whom ro*
colTod.
Coll";x;d by—
Nature of specimen.
G328
610S
CI04
6108
6100
6107
8948
6239
6237
6238
12405
3657
11U31
11599
13978
13977
2595
2594
4269'
0501
1209
1599
281
0
YukoD, month of Porcn.
piue.
RKennlcott
....do
RKennicott
....do
Skin.
Skull.
....do.
....do
....do
.. do
do
. do
. do.
.... do . . . .
. do
. . do
....do
. do.. .
..do
... do
...do.
..do
...do
.. do
... do.
Alaska
...do
....do
....do.
56
Pool's Blvor
C. r. Gandot
...do
C. P. Gandet
....do.
do
....do
....do.
do
....do
....do
... .do.
Henry's Lake, Idaho. . . .
Aug. 10, 1872
Dr. F. V. naydcn
...do
C.n. Mcrriam....
Dr.F.V. Hayden
...do
...do.
Sknll and skin.
SknU.
....do.
....do
do
...do
... do
?
J
Tbrpo Duttes, Mont
do
Anff. 31, 1873
Aug. 1,1873
Oct. 7, 1856
Oct 7, 1856
A.Campbell
....do
Dr. E. Cones
....do
Skull and skin.
....do.
Itcpntilican Fork, Eans .
do
Lienl. F. T. Di'yan.
do
W S, Wood
...do
do
do.
Dr. F. V. Hayden.
Dr.F. Cones
Capt. A.W. Whip.
pie.
F.acky Mt Eiped
..do
Dr. F. v. Hayden .
Dr. £. Coaea
Skull.
Skull and skin.
....do.
Fort Whipple, Aris
Bill Williams's Fork, N.
Mcx.
1704
1731
J.A.Allen
....do
Skin.
....do.
. ..do
* In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
EXTINCT NORTH AMERICAN PORCUPINES.
i .i
Two forms of extinct North American Porcupines have thus far been
indicated, (lcscril)ed in each case from detached teeth. Hence their relation-
ship to the existing species is very imperfectlj known.
Dr. Leidy has described* a species from two detached molar teeth, dis-
covered by Dr. Hayden in the Pliocene deposits of Dakota, which he refers
to Hystrix, under the name Hystrix venustus. Of these teeth, Dr. Leidy
says : '' They apparently indicate a species of Porcupine, but in structure are
unlike those of the recent American Porcupine, Erethizon dorsatus, and ex-
hibit a more evident relationship with those of the Crested Porcupine, Hystrix
cristata of Europe." As is well known, the genus Hystrix belongs to a very
different group from the Porcupines of the New World, and has not been
• Jouru. Acad. Not. Sol. PUII., Scl wr., v, 1809, 313 ; U. 8. Oool. Survey of WyomiiiR for 1870 (1871), 304.
|i! ' I
i J; I
11
llllMlgffi
Mmiii
398
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
hcretofcte known to occur in America. Should the Hysttix venustus of
Leidy prove to really belong to the true Hystrivinfe, it brings this group
for the first time into the North American fauna.
The other species of extinct Porcupine was described by Professor
Cope from teeth found in the Port Kennedy bone-cave, under the name
of Erethizon cloacinvm.
ERETHIZON CLOACINUS Cope.
Erelhiiou cloacinum Cope, Proo. Amor. Phil. Soc, xii, 1871, 93, fig. 19.
This species is described from " a last superior molar of the left side
and a portion of one of the inferior incisors". The molar tooth is represented
as difl'ering from the corresponding tooth of Erethizon dorsatus in two im-
portant particulars: "One of these is the greater vertical depth of the
external inflection of enamel", which " is nearly as deep as the internal, while
in E. dorsatum it is much shallower, the internal extending down to (he
alveolar border." This, hovever, isa feature which I find to be very variable
in E. dorsatus, sometimes presenting just the appearance claimed to charac-
terize E. cloacinus. The other character is the possession of two enamel
islands, or annuli, in the posterior half of the triturating surface, while only
one occurs in any of the large series of specimens of E. dorsatus now before
inc. "The size of the teeth in E. cloacinum," says Professor Cope, " are about
equal to the largest seen in the E. dorsatum." The specimens were found
associated with the remains of different species of Megalonyx, Mylodoii^
Mastodon, Tapirus, Ursus, Meleagris, several species of extinct Coleoptcra, etc.,
with which were mingled those of Lepus sylvaticus, a Squirrel closely allied
to Sciurtis hudsonius, and several extinct species of Arvicola.
MONOGHAPHS
NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
No. IV.-LAGOMYlDil.
By J. ^. i^LLEN.
w
m
i i I-'" " '
ri»„
)•■!)
i< im:
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
) si
[CoToring tagomyidw, Caitoroidldai, and Caalorida.']
Cahbridqe, Mass., November 8, 1876.
Sir : I transmit herewith for publication my articles on the families
CastoroididtB, Castorida, and Lagomyidce. Tiie first (Castoroididee) is repre-
sented, so fur as at present known, by the single extinct species Castoroides
ohiocmis; the second (Castoridte) by one living species {Castor fiber) and
several extinct ones ; the third {Lagomyidce) by the single living species
Lagomys princeps.
The materials on which these reports are based are contained mainly in
the National Museum at Washington. I am, however, indebted to the Museum
of Comparative ZoiJlogy for important additional materials, and have been
further greatly aided by specimens kindly loaned me by the Boston Society ot
Natural History. I have also been kindly permitted to examine the speci-
mens of the extinct species of Castoridw described by Dr. Leidy, contained
in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The
forms described by Professor Cope I know as yet only from his published
descriptions and figures.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, yours,
J. A. ALLEN.
Dr. F V. Havden,
United Stales Geologist, etc., etc., Washington, D. C. .
401
i'il!!P
r
ti I '
m ^iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
'1 11
"111
Pugs*
Family LAGOHYIDiE 405-413
Oeniis Lao<)MV8 407-4i;i
Lagomni j»iiio«p> , 407-413
Synonymy '. .' \ 407-407
Description 407-409
Geogropliical distributiou 40^-410
Tables of measuremenU 411-412
Lut of Bpecimeni 413-413
403
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Family LAGOMYID^.
■i
f
The dentition of the Pikas {Lagomyidm) closely resembles tlmt of the
Hares {Leporida), with which family they were for a long time associated.
In other respects, however, the two groups differ widely. In the Pikas, Ihc
dorsal outline of the skull is gently arched, the occipital portion being but
slightly below the plane of the interorbital region, instead of being greatly
depressed, as in the Hares. The cbits are much smaller and open more
upwardly, and the zygomatic processes arise at n much higher level ; the
axis of the malar bone is rather above the middle of the skull instead of much
below it. The pustorbital processes, so largely developed in the Hares, are
wanting, and the malar bone is prolonged far beyond the posterior zygomatic
process, reaching nearly to the auditory opening. In general form, the skull
is depressed or flattened, greatly ex])anded posteriorly, and narrowed anteriorly.
There is a well-developed sagittal crest posteriorly, and the interparietal does
not form a raised tabular platform as in Lepus. The facial portion of the
maxillaries is pierced by a single large opening instead of by numerous small
ones. The auditory bullae are greatly expanded, and open laterally by a
large orifice, instead of upwardly and posteriorly. The foramen magnum
is relatively much larger, and the paroccipital processes, so prominent in
the Hares, are undeveloped. The pterygoid processes are much as in
Lnpus, but their wings are more divergent and inclose broader fossos.
The basi-sphenoid is not perforate, and is not separated by a fissure
from the vomer. The anterior incisive foramina are small, oval, and
open near the base of the incisor teeth. The palatal portions of the inter-
maxillaries nearly meet along the mesial line, and have not the deep lateral
sinuses seen in Lepus. The palate, as in Lepus, forms only a narrow bridge,
but it is situated more posteriorly, and is wholly devoid of the pointed anterior
405
! ,
u.
|.1
ill
406
MONOGRArnS OF NORTD AMERICAN RODENTIA.
extension seen in tlie latter. Tlie ixtsterior pnlntine foramiiin form a lurgo
circular opening, which is not extended forward beyond the intermaxillo-
inaxillary suture. The palate, owing to the more depressed form of the skull,
is mucii nearer the vomer than in Lepus. The angular process of the lower
jaw is narrower, longer, and more recurved than in the Ilares. The condylar
process is broad and quadrate, and the condyles^ have a very grei. antero-
jjosterior development, relatively four times greater than in Lepus ; tiie
coronoid process is placed lower, and forms a mere tubercle, with a second
smaller tubercle near the last molar. The foramen mentum is remarkable
for its posterior position, being about opposite the middle true molar, instead
of considerably in advance of the first premolar, as is usually the case.
The small posterior upper molar seen in Lepus is wanting; the remaining
upper molars do not differ materially from those of Lepus, except that they
are much more deeply grooved on the inner side. The lower molars, how-
ever, are very different from those of Lepus, they being so deeply divided by
the lateral grooves that the triturating surface presents a series of acute
triangles with open intervals, somewhat as in Arvlcola. The cutting-edge of
the front upper incisor is gouge-shaped instead of chisel-shaped, as in Lepus
and most other Rodents, the cutting-edge being hollowed on the inner side.
The anterior face is divided by a deep longitudinal groove into two unequal
moieties, the outer of wiiich is nearly three times as wide as the inner, and
considerably longer, generally exceeding the inner, in Lagomijs princeps, by
about 0.05 of an inch. The cutting-edge is consequently deeply notched ; tho
bottom of the notch, formed by the groove, being sometimes 0.12 of an inch
below the outer edge. The lower incisors are rounded anteriorly, and lack
the groove seen in the upper incisors.
The Pi kas are nearly tailless, and the general form of the body and limbs
is much as in the Arvicolce. They hence lack the greatly disproportionate
development of the hind limbs seen in the Hares. The clavicles are also well
developed. " The toes are five in front and four behind, armed with short,
arched, compressed nails, and at the base of each toe is a prominent, naked
pad. The pelage is much firmer than in the Hares, with less of the soft,
downy under-fur, and more resembles the pelage of Anrkola. They are weak,
sedentary animals, living among loose rocks in alpine localities, generally on
or near the summits of high mountains, and are apparently strictly diurnal in
their habits. They are social in their dispositions, living generally in com-
iii i
LAGOMYID^— LAGOMYS— LAG0MY8 PL. .PS.
407
munities, and lay up a Btorc of food for winter use. They sit erect liiie a
Marmot, and utter frequently n siiarp, slirili, barking cry. They arc thus in
their habits totally unlike the Hares.
A single species only is found in North America, which is confined (o
the higher parts of the mo'jntains of the western half of the continent. Tlic
group is more numerously represented in Nortliern Asia, and is not now
found elsewhere. Three species inhabit the elevated parts of Northern India,
and three others occur farther northward. None occur west of the Black
Sea, but they range thence eastward to Kamtschatka. Their habitat hence
embraces only Western North America and Northern Asia. Formerly they
extended much farther westward and southward ; their fossil remains having
been found in the Pliocene strata of England, France, and on the islands of
Corsica and Sardinia. The species are apparently all referable to the single
genus Lagomtjs. The Pikas are a less specialized form than the Hares.
-Genus LAGOMYS G. Cuvior.
m
:;■'<
£a0Oiiiy«CcviRR, KigDe Auitn., i, 1H17, 310.
Ogotoma Oriy, Add. St Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d Mr., xx, 1807, 320 (type, tAipM ogoloma, Pullos).
LAGOMYS PRINCEPS Richardson.
Xortb American PIka.
SYNONYMY.
Leput (Lagomgi) prinotpt RicnARnsoN, ZnSl. Jonrn., 188H, r>30 ; Fiinnn Bor.-Amer., I, 1839, 887, pi. xix.—
FiscilEll, 8yu. Mum. (wid. 18:10), 403 [603] (from RichBrdaon).
Lagom]i$ prinerpi Vi AanKS, Supp. Sobrebet's SUiiget., iv, 1844, 183, pi. ccxxxix a (Troni Ricbardson). —
Wateiiiiouse, Nat. Hist. Ham.,!!, 1844, 88.— Aududon& Bachwan, Nortb Aiuer. Quad., ii,
1651, 814, pi. Ixxxiii (mainly from RlchunlBon). — Qikbel, SUuget., IS&.'i, 455.— Baiiid, Mum.
N. Amer., 1857, 610 (from WaterhoiiBe).— CooFER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., iii, 18&3, G!);
ib., 1868, 6 (Sierra Nevada, Cal.).— Okay, Aun. & Mag. Nut. HUt., 3<1 aer., xx, 1867, 280.—
CnpB, Proo. Acad. Nat. Bel. Pbil., 1866,8 (Lower California).— AiXEK, Dull. Ktuex Iimtitiitc,
vi, 1874, 57, 66.— CouES & Yarrow, Whoeler's Expl. and Surv. west of Ibo lUOlb Mcrld., v,
Zodl., 1875, 185.
lagomyi tn<*<m«i< LonD, Proo ZoOI. Soo. Loud,, 1863, 96.— Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Iliat., 3d wr., xx,
1807,380.
DESCRIPTION.
Above grayish-brown, varied with black and yellowisli-brown ; sides
yellowish-brown ; below grayish, more or less strongly tinged with pale
yellowish-brown.
The color varies greatly in different specimens, irrespective of age, sc.x,
season, or locality. The dorsal surface is always more or less varied with
block, through the prevalence of numerous black-tipped huirs, especially over
■ i'
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408
MONOGRAPHS 0¥ NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
the back and rump. Anteriorly the block-tipped hairs arc fewer, and the
dorsal aspect, from the shoulders anteriorly to the nose, is generally more or
less strongly tinged with pale yellowish-brown, in strong contrast with the
remainder of the dorsal surface. The sides of the body are generally still
more strongly washed with ycllowieh-brown, which, over the ventral surface,
assumes a much paler tint. In youog specimens, the black-tipped hairs are
much fewer, and the pelage generally grayer. The ears, which are well
haired on both surfaces, are grayish, tinged more or less with pale yellowish-
brown, except anteriorly on the outer surface, where is a large dusky area.
Tliey have a well-marked whitish or yellowish-white margin. Anterior sur-
face of all the feet yellowish-brown, nearly as bright as on the sides of the
body. Soles of the hind feet dusky; palms pale yellowish-brown. Large
naked black pads at the base of all the toes. Whiskers numerous, one to
two and a half inches long; in some specimens nearly all black, in others
only the upper are black, the lower being light-colored to the bases: gener-
ally a part have the basal portion black, with the apical half or two-thirds
yellowish white.
A series of over thirty skins now before me, all taken at one locality and
on the same day, show a great range of individual variation in color through
the varying intensity of ihe fulvous suffusion. In some specimens, it is a very
, lie wash of yellowish-brown, while in others u is strongly yellowish, which,
iu still others, becomes decidedly rufous, especially on the sides of the neck
and shoulders and on the top of the head. In one specimen (No. 2841, M.
C. Z. Coll.), the whole upper surface of the head is bright chestnut, and thn
usual pale fulvous suffusion on other parts of the body is decidedly rufous,
rather than fulvous. No. 2763 (M. C. Z. Coll.) is strongly tinged throughout
with yellowish-brown. On the other hand. No. 2682 (M. C. Z. Coll.) has
only a faint yellowish-brown tinge, which is scarcely perceptible on the ven-
tral surface. These specimens are, however, ali adult males. There is
apparently no sexual difference in color ; some of the palest specimens, as well
as the brightest, being males. Young specimens differ from the adult in
being generally more grayish, with fewer black-tipped hairs in the dorsal
surface. The fulvous suffusion is generally paler, but in some specimens is
as bright as in average adults
The texture of the pelage is much as in the Arvicola, especially the
large A. xanthognathus, being much firmer than in the Hares, with a much
smaller amount of soft under-fur.
H\ ><■
'" ¥m^\
LAGOMYID^—LAGOMYS— GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 409
Length about 7.00, ranging in adult specimens from 6.50 to nearly 8.00.
Ears broad, large, and rounded. Hind foot generally about 1.15 to 1.25 in
adults; fore foot about 0 80. The black naked pads at the base of the toes
are very prominent.
The skull ranges in length from about 1.70 to 1.88 ; breadth, 0.82 to
0.92; interorbital breadth, 0.21 to 0.25; average length of the nasals about
0 62, narrowing posteriorly from about 0.25 to 0.18. Lower jaw, length,
1.07 to 1.25 ; height 0.57 to 0.70. The series of skulls show a considerable
range of variation in 'Aze in adult specimens. The bones of the skull are
thin and papery, and often the parietal suture remains unclosed in fully
adult skulls, and the cranial elements of the skull are never to any great
extent ankylosed. The nasal bonef , however, finally become firmly united.
The specimens on which the present article is based were all taken on
the Snowy range, in Park County, Colorado, and all but two at one locality.
Tiie measurements of the animal were all taken in the field by myself, from
fresh specimens.
OEOGRAPUICAL DISTRIBUTION.
The North American Pika inhabits the summits of the Rocky Mount-
ains from Colorado far northward into British Americx. It is also found
near the summit of the Wahsatch range in Utah, tho Sierra Nevada in
California, and the Cascade Mountains in Oregon. I found it very abundant
near the limit of trees in the vicinity of Montgomery, Park County, Colorado,*
and Lieut. W. L. Carpenter has collected it at other neighboring points of the
Snowy Range. Dr. J. G. Cooper found it near the limit of perpetuol snow in
tlie Sierra Nevada,t where he reports it as quite common over a limited
district; while Professor Gabb met with it as far south as the northern
boundary of Lower California (lat. 32°), at an altitude of about 10,000 feet.J
Mr. J. K. Lord met with it (his " Lagomys niinimuii"^) near the summits of
tiie Cascade Mountains at an altitude of about 7,000 feet above sea-level,
and also at Chilokweyuk Lake, on tiie western slope of the Cascades || Dr.
* Bull. Emex Inatitute, vol. vi, pp. 66, 66.
tProc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Soi. vol. ill, p. 69 ; ib., IMS, p. 6.
t rroc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1H68,3.
t Tbe cliaraat«ra Mr. Lord gives for bis " Lagomy minimut" do not lodlcate any specific differrnre
whilii tbe habits he attribate* to it are exactly those of tbe L. princtpn as recorded by n niiiiiber of
iiidupeiident observers. He recognized £. prinorp* as occurring near tbe same locality; lint, IxMiaumi be
saw no evidence of ^.prJHoqM carrying leaves and grass into its warreus, be reganled tbe anitnaU seen ut
the two neighboring localities as distinct species. His " Fiber oniyoowiMin ", described in tbe same paper,
rusts on siiuilar mistaken assumptioiis.
I I'roc. Zoiil. Soc. Loud., 1SU3, pp. 06, 97,
410
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
llichardson traced it along the Rocky Mountains from latitude 52° to 60°,
and Mr. Nuttall m<3t with it as far south in the Rocky Mountains as latitude
42°.* Dr. Coues met with it in the Rocky Mountains, at latitude 49° N., at
an elevation of only about 4,500 feet, at the level of Watorton or Chief
Mountain Lake, where the animals were very numerous in the dobris at the
foot of cliffs.
Their habits seem everywhere much the same. The animals are every-
where found in communities, living among the loose rocks from a little below
timber-line nearly np to the snow-line. They appear to rarely wander many
yards from their homes ; are timid, yet easily become familiar. Though
retreating to their holes when first alarmed, they soon come cautiously out, one
after another, till one may hear their sharp little cries in every direction. Their
color so nearly resembles that of the rocks they live among that they are not
easily seen, and their cry is of such a character as to easily mislead one in
respect to tiie point from which it proceeds, seeming to be far away when
really only a few feet distant.. They sit erect like little Marmots, and in no
way resemble the Hares in habits. They carry into fissures of the rocks
large quantities of grass, which they lay up for winter consumption. Dr.
Coucs informs me that they " may be readily taken in any simple trap", and
odds, that tliey " do not hibernate, at least southerly ".
'Audubon and Bacbman's Quad. North Amer., vol, ii, p. 847.
ii ' '
hf
LAGOMYID^— LAGOMYS— MEASTTEEMENTS. '
Tadlb I. — AfeatHrcnu»tt of thirty-nine tpecimaii of hAOOMYB pnixCF.PS.
411
II
2013
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sun
XTi
36»
!t«81
S88S
3664
assA
XTH
sen
3W8
OflOO
spia
SX105
3694
ai73
3663
£687
JMUl
8697
8698
cfigg
Locality.
Montgomery, Colo .
do
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
..do.
..do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
..do.
..do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
..do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do
.do.
.do.
..do.
.do.
.do.
.do .
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do
..do .
.do.
.do.
.do.
From tip uf noae to-
ld
0.10
1.00
0.9S
0.9S
O.SS
0.90
0.93
0.83
0.T7
o.n
0.68
O.TO
0.80
0.97
0.00
0.85
aos
0.90
0.90
0.97
0.93
9.95
9.90
o.ea
1.03
0.8S
0.90
0.93
O.SS
0.99
0.90
0.93
0.83
0.W
0.93
0.90
aoo
0.99
a73
1.15
8.03
1. 80
1.13
3.13
3.03
1.81
1.93
3.00
1.95
1.77
1.85
1.47
1.73
3.03
3.13
3.00
3.15
3.05
3.00
3.05
1.90
1.95
1.83
3.08
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.80
1.93
1.98
3.03
1.84
1.08
3.03
1.90
1.90
9.04
l.<3
5.73
7.35
7.50
7.35
6.90
7.00
7. Si
7.60
6.90
7.30
5.35
5.73
7.50
7.90
7.15
7.00
7.73
7.60
7.60
6.83
7.40
7.-0
7.70
7.40
6.90
7.00
7. SO
6.45
0.00
aco
6.75
7.30
6.50
.5.80
1.10
7.90
7.30
7.15
5.75
Length of—
0.13
0.80
0.15
aso
0.83
0.80
0.83
0.77
o.n
0.83
0.13
a 73
0.80
0.87
0.67
0.83
a81
0.83
0.8J
o.es
0.E0
0.83
0.85
0.83
0.85
0.83
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.90
0.88
0.85
0.83
a 75
0.83
aso
0.80
0.85
0.78
1.07
1.30
1.39
1.10
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.17
1.13
1.00
1.08
L07
1.15
1.13
1.33
1.30
1.30
1.35
1.90
1.37
1.06
1.15
I. SO
1.30
1.33
1.35
1.18
1.13
l.S»
1.13
1.C3
1.30
1.3U
1.08
1.17
1.17
1.34
1.18
1.10
Xature of epecimen'.
UiMunred in the flesh.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
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do.
do.
....'....do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
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do.
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do.
do.
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do.
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do.
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do.
do.
m
■m
'h4
i
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412
MONOGEAPHS OF SORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Tablf, II. — ifxaiurimenUi of fourtmnkuUt of Laoomvs princeps.
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9
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1.85
0.88
0.87
0.89
0.83
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0.63
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0.33
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1.78
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1.75
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0.83
0.83
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0.81
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0.33
0.31
0.33
0.31
0.48
0.50
0.48
0.48
0.43
0.36
0.37
0.35
0.35
0.31
0.30
0.36
0.30
0.34
0.34
0.35
0.33
0.33
0.36
0.38
0.28
a 31
Daff.lo MoonUin, Colo
9
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0.16
0.30
1.08
0.57
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llornenhoe Mt., Colo . .
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1.75
0.87
0.33
0.61
0.15
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0.30
0.30
1. IB
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1.13
1.S9
1. 13
1.35
1.07
1.30
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0.61
0.67
0.70
0.67
0.G6
0.50
0.68
0.65
do
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LAGOMYIDiE— LAGOMYS—LIST OF SPECIMENS.
Taiii.b III. — Lift oftptcimetii of Laoomyr princeps."
413
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When
odlected.
From whom re.
ceived.
Collected by -
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1673
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8675
3683
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9601
9nM
9698
9702
9701
949
913
914
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
959
953
954
9S5
9M
957
9M
9SR
9M
961
13996
13997
789
859
861
863
864
863
866
867
870
868
871
874
87U
878
870
881
809
888
890
801
043
8U)
869
868
873
875
877
880
880
844
841
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Montgomory, Park County,
Colo.
do
July 90, 1871
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J. A. A Urn aud C. W.
Beniiett.
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9
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DuAdoMuiiiitalii.Colo
RoFMdiao llaanUIn, Colo . .
Jaly 11,1873
do .
Dr.F. V. U>]dea
. .do
Lieut. W.L. Carpenter
do
Skeletou.
...da
* All of the apoeimem recorded In Ikle table, except Noa. 13999 ud 13H7, wliick »• in the National Mnnum, belonf to
tke Mueam of Companttire Zaflowr, Oaabridge, Maaa.
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MONOGRAPHS
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ill
NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
No. V.-CASTOROIDIDi;.
By J. A.. ^LLEN.
[ For letter of ttMumittal, see p. 401.]
415
' i
iti^'
1
^
^
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
FaiMi
Family CASTOROIDID^ 419-436
QeouBCASTOROiDKS , 419-496
(kutoroUn ohioeiui$ 423-426
Synonymy and bibliognpby 433-423
I>eMriptlon and hiatory 433>436
417
27
w
T
Family CASTOROIDID^.
Genus CASTOROIDES Foster.
Caitoroidet Fohtri), H«ooud Kop. Oeol. of Ohio, 1838, 81.— Wyman, Boston Jonrn. Nat. Hist., t, 1846, 401.
The skull, in general outline, considerably resembles that of Castor,
but the cranial portion is relatively very much smaller and more flattened,
and the facial portion much longer than in that genus. The zygomatic
processes arise at a much higher point, and the zygomatic arch is much
less curved downward. The malar bone is narrower, relatively fur less
massive, and is less prolonged anteriorly, not reaching the front wall of the
orbit. In Castor, on the contrary, it reaches the small lachrymal, by which only
it is separated from the anteorbital process of the fronted. The niirrowes*;
portion of the skull is behind the middle instead of anterior to it, as in Castor.
The basilar cavity seen in Castor is entirely wanting, and the auditory bullse
are smaller. "The tympanic portions of the temporal bones present very
nearly the same conformation as in the Capybaras; at the inner extremity,
however, there exists a broad plate or process having a concavity forward,
which enters into the formation of the posterior limit of the pterygoid fossa.
.... In the development and conformation of the pterygoid processes, the
Castoroides differs from all existing Rodentia. Both processes articulate with
the tympanic bone, but the development of the external plate is by far
the greatest ; the internal, however, has the remarkable peculiarity of being
curved inwards towards the median line, so that the most prominent part
of its convex surface is brought in contact with that of the correspond-
ing process of the opposite side. In consequence of this, the entrance to
the posterior nares, or the meso-pterygoid fossa, is completely obstructed in
its middle portion, and instead of one large quadrangular orifice, as in other
Rodentia, we have two distinct orifices ; one of these, superior, of a pyriform
shape, the circumference of which is formed in part by the posterior extrem-
ities of the pterygoid processes, and in part by the anterior basilar portion of
419
i
I
Ill
420
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA.
the occipital bone ; the secotul, inferior, is i'urnied by the origins of the same
processes and the posterior edges uf the ossa pnlnti.
"The pterygoid fossa has a depth of obout two incites, which, udded to
the great breadth of the outer process and the curvature of the inner, gives
an extraordinary surface for the origin of the internal pterygoid muscle. Tlic
fossa serving for the origin of the external pterygoid muscle, involves the
whole of the greater wing of the os sphenoides, and is more remarkably
developed than in any of the allied genera."*
The molars diifer strikingly in structure not only from those of Castor,
but from those of all other Rodents except the ChinchilUda, a near resem-
blance being met with elsewhere only in the last molar of Hijdrochcerus. They
consist of a series of laminae of dentine completely inclosed by enamel, held
together by a thin coating of cement. The circumference of the triturating
surface of the tooth is thus devoid of the continuous plate of enamel that
forms an uninterrupted border in the molar teeth of ordinary Rodents, and is
deeply serrated. The dentinal laminae, with their inclosing plate of enamel,
are three in number in all the molars except the last upper and first lower,
which have each four. When the teeth are exposed to disintegrating influ-
ences, the laminae of dentine and enamel readily fall apart, as is the case in
the molars of the Chinchillida, in tlie last molar of Uydrockcerus, and in tlie
molars of the Elephant. In structure, the molar teeth of Castoroides are
strictly comparable with those of the Chinchillidte, and with the posterior
portion of the last molar of Hydrocharvs, and thereby differ not only radi-
cally from that seen in Castor, but from that of all other Rodents. The
structure is precisely that seen in Lagostomus, even to the oblicpie position
of the laminae, except that the number of the laminae in Castoroides is one
more to each tooth (^two more in the first lower molar) than in Lagostomus.
The dentinal laminae arc very similar also to the dentinal laminae of the lost
molar of Hydrochcerus, but they are relatively nmch thicker. The molar
teeth of Castoroides are thus compound, and have no resemblance to those of
Castor, with which genus Castoroides is usually compared.
In other features of the skull, strong resemblances can be traced between
Castoroides and Lagostomus, especially in respect to the form of the pterygoid
processes and the size and form of the pterygoid fossse.t The general form
* Wjriuuii, BoHt. Jouru. Mat. Hist., vol. v, pp. 3!M, :t!>5.
t Id 'Jietie fealores, however, Fiber much more nearly approaches CtutoroMea than doea Lagostomut,
\1
CASTOROIUIDiB-CASTOHOIDBa— (J. OIIIOHNSIH.
421
of the skull also Homewlmt resembles tiiat of Lagostomus, but difreis in
important details. Canlorouies, for instance, lacks the large antorbital vacuity
seen in Lagostomus and its allies; this portion of the skull more rc8em))Iing
that of Castor. The lower jaw also much more resembles that of Castor,
but differs from that of the latter in having the coronoid process much less
strongly developed ; in the much greater elongation of the condylar process ;
in the great depth of the fossa on the outer surface below the notch formed
by the coronoid and condylar processes (which is shallow in Castor); in the
lateral flattening of the condyles ; in the bending inward of the angular
process and its much greater development, an well as in the much greater
depth of the fossa on the inner border of the lower surlace of the angle. The
inward curvature of the angular process is also an exceptional feature among
Rodents. Castoroides further differs from Castor in the form of the occipital
condyles, which are more terminal and less oblique than in Castor, and, while
permitting a great range of vertical motion of the head, allow only a slight
lateral motion.
From the foregoing remarks, it will be seen that Castoroides presents a
singular combination of characters, allying it, on the one hand, to the Beaver,
and, on the other, to the Chinchillas and Viscachas, and also to the Muskrat,
but which, at the same time, separate it widely from either group. In size,
f\isteroides exceeded any living Rodents, and is itself exceeded in this order
by only a single extinct form of Hydrocharus, described by Dr. Lund from
the bone-caverns of Brazil. The resemblance of Castoroides to Castor is
mainly in the general outline of the skull, in its having an imperforate ante-
orbital wall, and in its presenting a similar curvature of the descending ramus
of the lower jaw, the latter a character shared also by Fiber. The differences
consist in the remarkable structure of the pterygoid processes, the double
orifice of the posterior nares being entirely exceptional ; in the flattened and
relatively small cranium ; and in the compound nature of the molar teeth.
These differences ally it, on the other hand, to the Chinchillas, from which it
differs mainly through those points in which it resembles Castor. In view of
these wide differences from its nearest well-known allies, it seems to consti-
tute the type of a distinct and hitherto unrecognized family. To the same
group are, however, probably referable the genera Amblyrhiza and Loxomy-
ius, described by Professor Cope,* from the bone-caverns of Anguilla Island,
*Proo. Acad. Nat Sol. Phil»., 1866, 313; Ftoo. Am«r. Phi). Soi:., vol. zi (1869-70), pp. Ifr), 608,
pb. iv, V.
V
I
I
\?
'I
!
i
I
lii I
liil^'l!
fc:
422
MONOGKAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
West Indies. Tliese forms are thus far known only from the detached teeth
and fragments of the hones of the limbs. The molars, as described and fig-
uied by Professor Cope, greatly resemble those of Castoroides, having, in fact,
the same structure, differing mainly in being somewhat smaller, and in pos-
sessing a greater number of laminsB. The incisors are also much smaller and
narrower, and much loss strongly grooved. Professor Cope states that some
of the molars of Amblyrhiza have four dentinal columns and otiiers five,
while those of Loxomylus, including both upper and lower, have only three
each. The characters of Amblyrhiza, as Professor Cope recognizes, ally it to
the Chinchillas, while he says of Loxomylus that the obliquity of "the hori-
zontal grinding surface . . . alone seems to distinguish it from Lagidium
and Chinchilla". As the lower jaw and skull are thus far unknown in these
genera, it is impossible to say whether their affinities are strictly with the
Chinchillidee, or whether they are not more closely allied to Castoroides. The
same may be said of Archeeomys, a European form commonly referred to the
Chinchillidee.* Hence the question naturally arises whether the ChinchillidcB
ha\ it been found outside of South Amerca. The discovery of a single
manu.uular ramus, or the facial portion of the skull f" each of these genera,
would at once decide the question cf their affinities, which cannot well be
settled without the evidence such parts would affisrd. In either case, these
genera furnish a type of dentition unknown in the present fauna, except in
Soutii America.
Although Castoroides ha.s generally been supposed to have the relation-
ship to Castor its name implies, and in systematic works has been always
associated with the Beavers, Dr. Wyman, in his monographic account of the
Clyde skull, points out the great differences that exist between the two types.
He says the cranium "presents analogies to the genera Castor, Fiber, and
Hydrochcerus. Osteologically considered, the cranium bears a stronger resem-
blance in its shape to that of the Castors than to that of either of the other
genera; Jut in iu dentition the type is toholly different, as is also the confor-
mation of the jitor >id processes and fossiB In -thT Hydrochcerus,
the principal analogies are found in the compound nature of tlie molar tceth.f
• Mr. Alston (Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond , lh7C, p. 88) refers .irchaomyf to the fnmily Thtiiiiomyidai, with
the otbor fo" ■ if wliicli, liowevr. it does iiot setm to me to bo very cloi.ely related.
t l''roni -lie ubiieiice of nil reference by 'i''. Wyman to the much closer reBewulance of the teeth of
tailoroUis to those of the Chiuchillas, he was cMdently not at that time acquainted with the osteology
of that group.
CASTOROIDIDiE— CA8TOKOIDE8— C. OIIIOENSIS
428
.... Ill the Fibers, the pterygoid fossce are largely dcvolopcil, but the
entrance to the posterior nares has the same conformation as in tlin other
Rodents."* It is almost surprising, in view of Dr. Wyman's adniiral)le
memoir and excellent figures, that zoologists have so long overlooked the
important characters that distinguish Castoroides from all other Rodents.f
CASTOROIDES OHIOENSIS Foster.
SYNONYMY.J
lExtitKt animal of tlu order Rodenlia FosTERt], Amer. Journ, Sci. and Arts, xxxi, 1837, 80, figs. 15-17 (first
desoiiptioD of the Nasbport spocimeus). Pabliahed anonymously.
CotloroidM oAioeiui< Foster, beoond Rep. Oeol. of Ohio, lS3d, 81, and fig. (Nashpoit specimens),— Wyman,
Proo. Boat. 8oc.,ll, 1846, 138 (Clyde specimens).— H*ll, Proc. Bost. Boo. Nat. Hist., il, 184C, 107
(Clyde apeoimens ; geological position). — Haix and Wyman, Boston Jonrn. Nai. Hist., v,
1847, 385, pis. xxxvii-zsxis (Clyde specimens; geological position and description of a
sknll). — WuirrLESBY, Am. Journ. Sci. & Arts, 2d aer., v, 1848, 215 (geological position uf tlie
NaahpoTt speoioiens). — Wyman, ibid., x, 1850, (13, fig. 5 (lower jaw ; Hompbis specimen). —
Wyman, Proc. Beat. Soc, ill, 1850, 281 (same).- Agassiz, Proo. .\mer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., v, 1851 ,
179 (Nashport specimens).— LeContk, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., vi, 1852, 362 (Sbawneetown
apeoimens).— Bronn, Leth. Geog., Ib67, 1046, pi. lix, fig. 8. — Pictet, Traits de Paldout., i,
1853, 253,— Baikd, Mam. N. Amer., 1857, 362.- Lbidy, Holmes's Post-pliocene Fossils S. Car.,
i860, 114 ; Proo, Acad. Nr.t, Sci. Phila., 1867, 97 ; Jonrn. Acad. Nat, Sci, Pbila., 2d aer., v, 1SC9,
405 (akall &om Coles County, Illinois). — Winohell, Amer. Nat., iv, 1870, 504 (Michigan),
Catior {I^gonikeriHmt) ohtomeis DbKay, Nat. Hiat. N. Yark, ZoSI., i, 1842, 89.
DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY.
The so-called " Fossil Beaver " of North AmeriCsi was of about the
size of a full-grown common Black Bear ^ Z^rsus americanus), hence some-
what exceeding in size the Capybara, the largest of existing Rodents.
•Boston Jonrn. Nat, Hist,, vol. v, p, 399,
t Even Mr, E, R, Alston, in his recent paper on " The Classifioation of the Order Glirea " (Proo,
ZoSl, Boo, Lond., 1876, p. 79), plaoea Cattoroidet in the family Cattoridai.
t The following are the titles of, or references to, aome of the apecial papers treating ot CaaloroideB :
1837— [Foster (J, W.). Extinct Animal of the Order Rodentia.] < Amer. Journ, Sci and Arts, xxxi,
1837, 80, figs. 15-17,
ia38— Foster (J. W.). [Description of Castoroides Ohioensis.] < Second Rep. Qeol. of Ohio, 1838,
80-83, fig, 140.
1846— Wyman (J.). [Oi "'astoroidea Ohioensis,] Proc, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, pp. 138, 1S9,
1846 — Hall (J,;. [Ou Geological Relations of the Fossil Castoroides Ohioensis,] < Proc, Boat, Soc,
Nat, Hist., .1.167,168.
1847 — Hall (J.) and Wihak (J Notice of the Geological Position of the Cranium of the Caotoroides
Ohioensis, By Jan..jd Hall, esq, . , . Also an Anatomical Description of the same. By
Jeffries Wyman, < Boat. Jonrn. Nat, Hiat., vol, v, art. xxix, pp. 385-401, pll. 37-39,
1850— Wyman (J.), [On b Lower Jaw of Castoroides Ohioensis,] < Proc, Bost. Soc. Nat, Hist., iii, p. 281,
1852 — LeContb(J.). [Remarks on a New Locality — Shawner'own — forCaatoroidi i)''.';ioenai8,] < ''roc.
Phila. Acad, Nat, Sci., vi, p. 53,
1807— Lbidy (J,). [On a Skull of Caatoroidea fonnd near Charleston, III.] < Proo. Phila. Aoad, Nat,
8oi,, 1887, pp. 97, 98,
mkmr r'f
liff
■/• .,f
■'
424
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
A cast of a skull (from an unknown locality) now before me has a length
of over twelve inches, considerably exceeding in size the Clyde skull
described and figured by Dr. Wyman. The species being known only
from a few cranial and dental remains, it is impossible to say much respect-
ing its general form or probable habits. It may have been aquatic, like
the Beaver; but of this there is no evidence. The form of the occipital
condyles and the surfaces for the attachment of the cranial muscles show that
it probably differed greatly in habits from the Beaver. Mr. J. W. Foster
described (anonymously) u radius lound with the two mandibular rami
discovered at Nashporf, Ohio, which he presumed to belong to the same
animal. This bone he describes as being ten inches in length, and as
measuring two inches across tlu ead and one and a half across the distal
extremity.* In a later notice af the same specimens, Mr. Foster makes no
mention of this bone, and no other naturalist appears to have given any
further account of it. Mr. Foster regarded it as "an animal closely allied to
the Beaver, but far surpassing him in magnitude". Dr, Wyman not only does
not refer to it as a Beaver, '>ut dwells especially upon the important differ-
ences that separate it from that animal.
The remains of Castoroid&f ohioensis thus far reported consist of the two
right rami of the lower jaw and an upper incisor from Nashport, Licking
County, Ohio (from which the animal was originally made known), first
described by Foster ; the skull and a right ramus of the lower jaw from
Clyde, Wayne County, New York, described (and the skull figured) by
Wyman ; the ramus of a lower jaw from Memphis, Tennessee, also described
and figured by Wyman ; " two molars, an upper incisor, and two petrous
bones ", from near Shawneetown, Illinois, and fragments of teeth from the
Ashley River, Sou'' Carolina, described by Leidy. A skull from near
Charleston, Coles County, Illinois, is also mentioned by Leidy. Hal! and
Wyman both refer to the discovery of its remains near Natchez, Mississippi,
and in Louisiana; but I have met with no description of specimens from these
localities. Winchell mentions the discovery of its remains in Michigan, of
which nodcscription has yet appeared. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, are portions of several lower incisors and parts of
several molar teeth, from Dallas, Dallas County, Texas, collected by Mr. J. Boll,
fnmi "alluvial" deposits on the Trinity River, associated with remains of an
* Amer. Jo..i'u. Sci, and Arte, Ut ser., vol. xxxi, 1837, p. SO.
— T=-i
CASTOROIDID^— CA8TOROIDES— C. 01TI0ENSI8.
425
extinct Horse and the Mastodon. There is also in tlie Muscinn of Compara-
tive Zoology an excellent cast of a very large skull, from an unknown locality,
but probably from either Illinois or Michigan.* Its known habitat hence
extended from Texas to Michigan, and thence eastward to Western New
York and South Carolina. Its remains appear to have been found only in
the Quaternary depcsits, and in several instances have been found associated
with those of the Mastodon, and also with those of the extinct Horse and
Megatherium, with which animals it was doubtless a contemporary.
Of the Clyde specimen (of which I have before me a cast), Dr. Wyman
has published the following measurements: Length, 10.50 inches; greatest
width, 7.20; transverse diameter of the occiput, 5.50; vertical diameter of
the occiput, 2.60; distance between the orbits, 1.90; distance between the
anterior (first) molars, 0.30 ; between the last molars, 1.80. The length of
the molar series in the cast is 2.50 ; length of the nasal bones, 3.63 ; greatest
width of the nasals, 2.07. The cast of a much larger and evidently older
specimen, but unfortunately imperfect, lacking the incisors and the zygomatic
arches, gives the following measurements: Length, 11.75 (with the incisors
restored, 12.50) ; distance between orbits, 2 83 ; transverse diameter of the
occiput, 6.70 ; vertical diameter of the same, 3.25 ; nasals, length, 4.12 ;
greatest width, 2.55 ; upper molars, length of the series, 2.87. Though so
much larger (one-fifth) than the Clyd : specimen, the difference is readily
accounted for by the difference in age.
According to Foster, the lower jaw found at Nashport measured 9 inches
2 lines (9.16) from the front border to the condylar process, and 3 inches 8
lines (3.67) from the base to the coronoid process. The Clyde example,
according to Wyman, had a length of 7 00, and a vertical depth, measured
from the top of the cor-^noid process, of 3.75. The Memphis specimen,
according to Wynian, was still larger ; the length of the molar series
being 3.10, against 2.75 in the Clyde specimen and 2.80 in the Nashport
specimen. Foster gives the length of the lower incisor in the Nashport
specimen, measured along its outer curve, as 11.50. One of the fragments of
a lower incisor from Dallas, Texas, has a transverse diameter of nearly an
inch (0.95), while the antero-posterior diameter is still greater (1.05).
* Tlim citHt n'os takea Trum n aknll luaaed by MewrB. FoBt<>r anil HtinipHou to I'rot'csHur A);asaiz xome
jean niiee, and returned recently to tbe Chicago Ai leiuy of Sciences. 7io record nccouipuniuH tliu cant,
and nil tbe above-nauied gentlcmeu being now dead, it is dilScnlt to leiirn tbe liiptorj- of tlio original
speoimen.
t'1
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if
420
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
The anterior face of the incisor teeth is marked with broad, shallow,
longitudinal grooves, about twice as wide as the rather abrupt, narrow, inter-
vening ridges. The lower incisor, seen in section, is triangular, with the
anterior face rounded. The first upper molar has a widtli of 0.7.6 (in the larger
specimen), the succeeding ones becoming successively slightly narrower and
shortt^', except the last, which is the longest. In the lower Tnolars, the first
is the longest and the fourth the shortest ; the second is the widest. The
first three are somewhat narrowed near the middle, giving the tritur.tcijig
surface an hour-glass form.
MiMi
MONOGRAPHS
ot
NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
No. VI -CASTORIDi:.
By J. A.. ^LLKN.
[ Foi letter of trauBDiittul, aee p. 401.]
m
1
1
1
1
Wm
1
H: -M
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Kamily CASTORID^ 487-456
Oemis Caator 4:<i!-4r>l
Caitor fiter 433-451
Synonymy 433-434
Description 434-436
BelatioD of the American and Old W orld Beavera 437-445
BemorkBon synonymy and nomenclataro 444-445
Geograpbical distribntion 445-446
Fossil remains 44C-446
Measurements of skalls 447-447
List of specimens examlnc<l 448-440
Oonns EOCASTOR 449-440
EwKxttor tortiu 440-451
Oenns Stkneofibbr 451-461
Stentofthernebra»<!»nfi» 451-463
SImeofiber pantm 453-453
Bibliographical appendix 454-464
4S9
(#1
i\< I
Pi;i
Family CASTORID^.
Taking Castor, which is the only well-known form, as the type of the
family, the Castorida present many points of resemblance to the Sciurida,
of which group the Castorida were formerly regarded as constituting a sub-
family. Both Castor and Haplodon {z^Aplodontia Richardson) are evidently
quite nearly allied to the Sciurida:, and, together with Jnomalurus and the
extinct North American Ischyromys, are properly placed by Alston in his
Sciuromorphic series, each being regarded as the type of a distinct family.
Castor differs from any of the Squirrels in being adapted to an aquatic
mode of life, and presumably several, but probably not all, of the extinct
genera* commonly referred to the Castorida were similarly modified. While
the skull in all the genera referred to the Beaver group presents in general
form some similarity to that of the Squirrels, it constantly difiers in many
important particulars. It not only lacks the strongly-developed post-orbital
processes seen in all the genera of the Sciurida, but the molar series are
not widely separated, and converge anteriorly instead of being parallel, and
the palatal area of the intermaxillaries is arched instead of plane. In the
Sciuridee, the molars are truly rooted, with multiple fangs, short crowns, and
a tiiberculated triturating surface, and undergo much change as a result of
attrition. In Castor, the molars have a long-persistent dentinal pulp, the
teeth continuing to grow for a long period, and becoming truly rooted only late
in life ; they are single-rooted, have no well-defined coronal portion, and the
triturating surface consists of a complicated infolding of the enamel-border
of the tooth, and undergoes little change by attrition ; they decrease in size
posteriorly. The lower jaw is more massive, and the rami are more firmly
united by a much longer symphysial surface. The incisors are of very large
'Drogontherium (Owen), EmmIot, Palaocattor, Steneofiber, Ckalioomyt, and Cattoroida.
431
•!
I
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m*
!
432
MONOOKAPII8 OF NOUTU AMKKICAN KODBXTIA.
kIzc, and \\w. griiieral struct iinj of tlu! skull indicatt^s great incisive power, tlie
Beavers iicing '^ gimwGrn" pur excellence.
Tli(! living reproseiitntives of" the family Ciustoridce belong to the single
geiuis Castor. Beaver-like animals, belonging to five or six other genera,
hnv(!, however, l)een referred to the sunie group. Some of these {Steneqfiber,
including Palaocastor Lcidy and Chalicoinys) differ widely from Castor, while
one (Castoroutes) is more nearly related to the Chinchillas (Lagostomus) than
to any other family of Rodents. Others ( Trogont/ierium and Eucastor) evi-
dently are closely reUxted to Castor. The extinct genera, above named, are
us yet known from too scanty materials to render certain their true affinities.
Trogontherium, whose remains occur sparingly in the Tertiary deposits of
Europe, evidently greatly resembled Castor ; it was, however, fully one-fiflh
larger, and in its dentition difTers generically from Castor. The genus Eucas-
tor, known as yet from very imperfect cranial remains found in the Mauvaises
Terres of Dakota, of the size of a Marmot (Arctomys), seems to have been
a true Beaver, apparently as closely related to Trogontherium as to Castor.
Chalicoinys and Steneqfiber differ considerably both in dentition, and in the
general form of the skull, from the true Beavers, and may prove, when better
known, to pertain to an entirely different group. Chalicomys has thus far been
found only in the Tertiary formations of Europe, while Steneqfiber had rep-
resentatives not only in Europe, but in the Tertiary formations of New
Mexico and Dakota.
The genus Castoroides, heretofore always referred tx) the Castoridte, has,
as already shown,* only a superficial resemblance to the true Beavers.
Genus CASTOR Linn.
Cmtor Limn., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 178.
Chars, — Feet four-toed ; hind feet palmate, with the second toe double-
clawed. Tail broad, flat, and scaly. Body stout and heavy, most strongly
developed posteriorly. Grinding-teeth Jri-, single-rooted, with the dentinal
pulp persisting to a late period of life. General form of the skull as in the
Sduridts, but lacking the postorbital processes, and otherwise differing.
Represented by only a single living species {Castor ^ber), whose habitat
formerly embraced the greater part of the northern hemisphere. Remains
of Castor have been described from the Tertiary deposits of Europe, which
* B«e the preceding Monograph.
(JAHTOHllJiK— CAHTOK— UASroU I-'IIJIU:.
4',V6
seem scarcely distiiujt from the cxistiriff Hpccica (f. Jiher), whose rcmiiiiis nUo
occur in the Tert/mry niul Qiuitertinry deposits of Europe miii in the Quii-
ternary deposits of Nortii America. The existing Beaver is separahie into
two well-marked subspecies, one of wliicih is restricted to Noitli Aniericu, mid
the other to Europe and Western Asia.
CASTOR FIBER I.iim.
Beaver.
SYNONYMY.*
Ctttlor fiber Uss., Synt. Nat., ed. 12tli, i, 170C, 7H.— r<)H8TKii, IMiil. Truni., Ixil, 177-i. mfi.— Kiixlkbkn,
Syiit. Reg. Anim., 1777, 44U.— Omklin, Syiit. Nut., i, 1788, 124.— Sciiiikurii, SUugot., Iv, 171U,
fi3:),I>l. clivi (nkiill), pl.clxxv (oniiuiil).— Shaw, Gen. Zoiil.,!!, li-:01,S0.— Tieukmann, Zool., I,
1808, 481.— Pallan, ZiHi^Tapbiu Rnggo-Aaiatlca, Ibll, 412.— Okkn, NaturRcgoh., Hi, 'i, IHIO,
870.— C\'ViKli, UcKiio Aiiiiu., 1, 1817, 180.— DK8.MAHKNT, Maniin., 18i«, 877. —Knox, Mimii. Weru.
Nat. Hiat. Sac., iv, 18'.23, r>48 (anatomy ).— J. Sabink, Franklin's Jonrn. to tho I'olar Sea, 18*23,
GTiO.- Say, Long*!) Expoil. R. Mts., 1, 1823, 4G4.— Haiilan, Fauna Amcr., lf?2G, 122.— Oouman,
Am. Nat. Hist., il, 182(1, 21.— Griffith's Cuvier'a An. King., v, 1827, 207.— Brandt &,
Ratzebuiio, Mwliz. Zoo!., i, 1829, 13, pi. iii, iv, tv o.— Owen, Proo. Zofil. Sue. bond., 1830, 19
(anatomy).— Uen.nktt, Gardens and Monag. Zool. Soo., Quad., i, 183r>, 153.— DouOHTY, Cab.
Nat. Hist., iii, 18:10, !>98, pi. i.— WaterhoU8E, Cbarleswortli's Mag. Nat. Mist., iii, 1839, COS
(tlguro of skull).— ScHiNii, Enrop. Faun., 1840, 157.— Kryskruno & Blahius, Wirbelt. Enrop.,
1840, 31.— Emmons, Quad. Mass., 1840, 51.— Thompson, Hisl. Vermont, 1842, 38.— DeKay,
Nat. Hist. N. York, i, 1842, 72, pi. zx, tig. 1, pi. viii, Ugs. a, t.-NlLssoN, Skand. Fano., 1847,
400.— WoODHOUBE, Sitgreaves's Exped. down the ZuDi and Col. Riv., ISK), 47 (New Mexico).—
GlEBEL, Riiuget., 1855, 619.— Blasius, Nuturgeacb. SUnget. Deutscbl., 1857, 405.— Wilson,
Ediob. New Pbil. Jonru., 2d sen, viii, 1858, 1 (fossil; Scotland; and goog. distr.).— TllEUOT,
Verbandl. Ver. f. Naturk. v. Presbnrg, ie60-<!l, 21.— HoLzi., ib., 9ti.— Zeittlks, ib., 16.— Smith,
Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philu., 1861, I4C (habits Amer. Beav.).— FitzinoeR, Zool. Gart., 1804,273
(habits Europ. Beav.).— Rreks, Zoologist, '^d ser., 1869, 1953 (Newfoundlaad).- Copis, Pmo.
Acad. Nat. Sol. Pbila., 1860, 173 (fossil ; Virginia).— Allen, Bull. Mns. Conip. Zool., i, 1869,
228; Proo. Bost. Soo. Nat. Hist., xiii, 1800, 100 ; xvii, 1874, 43 ; Bull. Essex Institute, vl, 1874,
49, 56, 61, 65.— LlLUEBORO, Fauna ofver Sveriges och Norges, 1871, 340.
Caitor eanadauit Kuhl, Beitr. z. Zoologie, 1620, 64.— Fischer, Synop. Mam., 1829, 288.— Newberry,
Pacif. R. R. Expl. and Surv., vi, iv, 1857, 62 (California and Oregon).— 3aird, Mam. N. Amer.,
1858, 355, pi. xlviii, ag. 1 (skull) ; U. 8. and Mex. Bonnd. Snrv., ii, li, 1850, 40.— Cooper, Pacif.
K. R. Expl. and Surv., xii, ii, 18C9, 82 (California, Oregon, and Washington Territory);
Amer. iSat., ii, 1808, 53:< (Upper Missouri).— SucKLEY, Pucif. R. R. Expl. nnd Surv., xii, 1859,
ii, 100 (Milk River).— Leidv, Holmes's Post-pliocene Fossils South Carolina, 1860, iii, pi. xxi,
fig. 2 (fossil ; Ashley River, S C.) ; Journ. Phil. Aca<l. Nat. Sci., 2d ser., v, 18(30,405 (fojsll).—
Hayden, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soo., xii, 1862, 146 (Upper Missouri).- CouES, Amer. Nat., i,
1867, 362; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, 135 (Arizona).— Gilpin, Proo. and Trans. Nova
Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci., iii, 1872, 152 (Beaver dams).- GliEEN & Brown, Journ. Linn. Soo.
Zoiil., X, 1809, 361 (nat. hist, r.nd hunting ; Pacific slope of Rocky Mts.).
Caitor fiber vat. anuricanu» Richardson, Fann. Bor.-Amer., i, 1829, 105.— Waqner, Snppl. Schreber's
Siiuget., Iv, 1844, 7.— Audubon & Bachhan, North Am. Quad., i, 1849, :!47, pi. xlvl.— Wvman,
Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts., 2d ser., x, 1850, 61, fig. 4 (fossil ; Memphis, Tenn.).- Morgan &
Ely, The Beaver and his Works, 1868, 44, pi. i-xxiii, and 90 woodcuts (gi'neral history and
anatomy).
Cattor (fiber var. 1) catutdennt Coues & Yarrow, Wheeler's Expl. and Surveys west 100th Merid., v, Zoul.,
1875, 123 (Colorado, Utah, and Arizona).
* Many references additional to those here given to early papers on the general history and
anatomy of the Beaver may be found In Brandt and Ratzeburg's elaborate memoir on this animal
(Medizinische Zoologie, 4to, Berlin, i, 1829, pp. 12-30), which is particularly rich in references to pre-
LiDDCBon works. Dr. C. ues (see Bibliographical appendix to this article) has also kindly added other
references to the American Beaver.
28 M
^,
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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
US 122 12.2
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Hiotographic
Sdences
Corporation
23 WIST MAIN STMIT
WEBSTH.N.Y. 14SM
(71«)I72-4S03
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434
MONOORAPUS OF NOUTII AMEUICAN RODKNTIA.
:|i!i!l1
n :
Catlor amerlcanHt Riciiaiidson, Back'* Arctic Lam) Exped., IKW, 41M.— Urardt, M<m. Acad. St. P€t«nb.,
Cth wr., Sci. Nnt., vii.lteTi. 04, (lis. i, 11, HI (UU and akiill).— Maximillan, WleRm. Arch.,
IMU, i, i:».
Catlor ettropau Owen, Urit. Kom. Mum., 1846, 1U0. ,
Cattor fibtr aeu europcciu Diiandt, M<^ni. Acad. St. P(Sterab., 6tb ler., Sci. Nat., vii, 1856, 65.
Catior fiber var. europmui Morgan, Amur. n«av«r and bin Wurks, 1868, 44.
Le Cantor oh le BUtrt, Uriswix, R()f(iie, Anim., 1756, 13:1.
Catlor Bearer, Pennant, " Synnp. Quad., %35 ; Hint. Quad., 1781, No. 251 " ; Arctic Zo8l.,3d ed., 1, 1793, 113,
The lUater, LaW8<)K, Hist. Carolina, 1871, 131.— Catrody, Nat. HUt. Carolina, 1731, I, xxix.— Urickkll,
Nat. Hist. N. Car., 1737, 131.— Heaunb, Jonm. to the Northern Ocean, 17U5, 230.— Hkck-
WKLURK, Tranii. Amer. Phil. Boo. Ut aer., vl, l>jOO, 300 (habitH).— Buckley, Anicr. Jonm.
Sol. and Arta, 3d nvr.. Hi, 1846, 434 (North Carolina).— Bhumlky, Ibid., iv, 1847,385 (Ala-
bama).—A. Ar.ASSiz, Pror. Boat. Soo. Nat. Hiat., xlil, 1860, 100 (Beaver dania).—BRUNOT, Add.
Rep. Smith. Inst, for 1873, 1874, 433 (habita).
Le Catlor in Canada, V. CuviEit &, Qkokfroy. Hist. Nat. dea Mam., i, liv. 6, 1810 (ilgnre).
Catlor a Europe, F.Cuviek St (iKOKFiiov, ibid., 111,117.51,001. 1835 (Hguro).
DESCRIPTION.
Body thick, heavy, depressed, enlarging posteriorly, broadest near the
hips; head large und broad; muffle naked; nostrils lateral, divided; ears
short, rounded, furred, and nearly hidden in the pelage ; tail broad and Rat,
covered with horny blackish scales; fore feet short and weak, unwebbed ; hind
feet larga, fully palmate ; soles of all the feet naked, upper surface hairy ;
second toe of hind feet usually furnished with a double claw, the supple-
mental one being placed transversely beneath the true one; under-fur sot>,
dense, and grayish ; overlying hairs coarse, shining-chestnut Length of
body, about bO inches; of tail, about 10; weight of adult, about 45 to 50
pounds, ranging to upward of 60.
Tlie general color of the Beaver above is reddish-brown, varying to
lighter or darker in different individuals and probably with the season ;
lighter, approaching grayish, below. The Beaver appears to be generally
darker to the northward, where it is occasionally nearly black. Albinistic
individuals are also more or less frequent, either wholly white, creamy white,
or with patches of white. To such specimens have been given the various
varietal names of nigra, albm, variegatus,Jtavui, ct«.
The Beaver is apparently several years in attaining its growth, increas-
ing in size long after it has acquired its mature tientition. Two-year-old
Beuvers generally weigh about thirty-five to forty pounds, while very old ones
occasionally attain a weight of upward of sixty. Morgan records the capture
of one which weighed sixty-three pounds. The increase in the size of the
skull seems to continue nearly through life; in old age the skull not only
acquires larger dimensions, but the weight is relatively greater in conse-
ii-«ftiiigia;i'' I ■'"--■
CA8TORID.E—CA8TOK— CASTOR FIBER.
435
quence of the increased thickness and density of the bones. The ridges liir
the attachment of muscles also become more strongly developed in old age
All of the forty-five sknlls, of which measurements arc given below, had
attained mature dentition, but the variation in size they present with age is
very considerable. In the series of sixteen from Arctic America, the varia-
tion in length ranges from 4 45 to 5.2H, and in breadth from 'i.lb to S.H^. In
a series of twelve skulls from the Platte and Upper Missouri Rivers, the
variation is still greater, ranging in length from 4.40 to 5.65, and from 3.10
to 4 15 in breadth. The apparent wide range of individual variation in size
ill the large series of skulls examined is largely due to differences of age, as
will be seen from an examination of the subjoined tai)le of measurements, in
which the relative age of the specimens is indicated, as judged by the condi-
tion of the sutures, the teeth, the relative development of the ridges for mus-
cular attachment, and the density of the bony structure. In four very old
skulls from nearly the same locality, the greatest variation is from 5.10 to
5.25 in length, and 3.50 to 3.85 in breadth. In the three marked in the table
as "old", but evidently younger than those marked "very old", the variation
ranges from 4.50 to 4.90 in length, and from 3.30 to 3.60 in breadth. Those
evidently much younger, and marked in the table as "middle-aged", eight in
number, all fall within these extremes, so that the range of purely individual
variation may amount to fully 20 per cent, of the average. In re8|>ect to
particular elements of the skull, the variation is greater than in general size.
Nos. 9477 snd 7201, with a length of 5.25 each, vary in breadth from 3.50
to 3.85. Yet the narrower of these two skulls has much the wider nasals,
which have a breadth of 0.95 against 0.87 in the other ; they are, however,
at the same time shorter, having a length of only 1.72 against 1.90 in the
other, and hence vary enormously in general form, in the one being short
and greatly expanded, in the other long, narrow, (.ad of nearly uniform width
throughout. In the one, the zygomatic arch is short, broad, and heavy ; in
the other, narrower, longer, and more slender. The interparietal bone in
these two skulls is as different in shape as can well be imagined. In No.
7201, the anterior half is triangular, the posterior abruptly expanding, and
baoally greatly widetiing. In No. 8676, it is more than one-half smaller, and
is regularly triangular to its base. In other skulls, it is even still narrower ;
this element of the skull presenting, in different specimens, almost endless
variations in respect to both size and form The frontals are perhaps still
mor? ' ariable, especially in respect to the interparietal portion. This portion
I
:i- . ;:
H t
i '' '
mm
'1 ^BJ
m 1
pilii
m
BBBS: ■
436
MONOGRAPHS OF NOltTU AMEBICAN KODENTIA.
is tnore than twice ns wide in some specimens us in others of the snme size;
the puriettil borders ure sometimes straight and paruUei, but sometimes straiglit
and iit the same time rnpidly convergent; but generally their parietal border
is mora or less concave. Their interorbital breadth is also very variable. The
lachrymal varies greatly in size, and, while generally triangular, is occasionally
quadrate. The anterior nasal aperture, while narrower below than above, is
generally distinctly quadrate, but sometimes decidedly triangular, and oilen
more or less approaches a triangular form. It also varies exceedingly in rela-
tive size. The nasals vary greatly, as already shown, in size and lorn., inde-
pendently of the general size of the skull, ranging in length from 1.72 to
l.yO, and in breadth from 0.87 to 1.00. Posteriorly, they may be truncate,
pointed, or bifurcate. Generally, the greatest width is anterior to the middle,
the anterior half bciiig abruptly expanded at the middle, or the lateral outline
may be regularly and moderately swollen. Marked variations are also notice-
able in respect to the size and form of the zygomatic processes; in the rela-
tive size of the malar bone; and in the general details of the lower surface
of the skull.
In regard to geographical variation in size, the largest specimens are
from the Upper Missouri. Of the twenty-six skulls marked in the table us
"old" or "very old", six Alaskan ones average 4.91 by 3.61; nine Upper
Missouri and Platte River skulls average 5.30 by 3.89; three Lake Superior
and Maine skulls average 4.95 by 3.47 ; four Rio Grande and Mississippi
skulls average 5.23 by 3.88. Of the "middle-aged" series, nine from Arctic
America average 4.84 by 3.39 ; five from the Upper Missouri, 4.54 by 3.32 ;
a middle aged Mississippi skull measures 4.70 by 3.35. While the specimens
are too few to yield positive results, it seems safe to assume that the Upper
Missouri animal is larger than either the Alaskan or Texan one, and that even
the Texan one is rather larger than the Arctic American. The southern
skulls, however, are evidently much more aged than those from the far north,
so that more specimens, all equally aged, would probably show little, if any,
difference in size between those from the extreme north and the extreme
south. While the series of "old" skulls from the Up|)er Missouri country
averages much larger than the series from the far north, the average for the
middle-aged series is reversed, the northern being the larger. This difference,
however, is more apparent than real; the Upper Missouri series of five
marked " middle-aged" averaging considerablyyonnger than the more northern
series of nine similarly marked.
71
CASTOBID^— CASTOR— CASTOR FIBER.
RELATION OK THE AMERICAN AND OLD WORLD BEAVERS.
437
Tlie earlier, and by far the greater part of iiaturuliatH have reganleil the
Beavers of the Old World and the New as specifically identical. According to
Brandt,* Oken.t in 1816, first suggested that they were different ; he regarding
the American animal as being more reddish and much the larger. G. Cuvier,t
in 1817, affirmed, that, after the most scrupulous comparison <>f the Old
World Beaver, from different localities, with the New World Beaver, he was
unable to satisfy himself whether or not they were specifically distinct. In
1820, Kuhl§ described a young specimen of the American Benver from Hud-
son's Bay, under the name Castor canadenmx, without, however, giving any
special reasons therefor. In 1825, F. Cuvier, || in describing specimens of
the European Beaver, claimed that there were very decided differences in the
structure of the skull as well as in size, he stating the European Beaver to be
"d'un sixifeme plus grand (|u'un Castor du Canada". His detailed account of
ihe cranial differences, however, show that his American skull was that of a
quite immature animal, and that the differences mentioned were mainly such
as would result from differences of age. He calls attention, however, to one
|M)int of some importance, and one which all subsequent comparisons liavc
confirmed, namely, the greater posterior extension of the nasal bones in the
European animal. G. Cuvier,1 the same year, also dwells upon the impor-
tance of the same character as distinctive of the two forms, as well as also
upon the general form of the nasal bones. In 1827, Brandt and Ratzcburg**
pointed out numerous minor (differences in the shape of the head, tail, feet,
incisors, etc., as existing between the single individuals compared. Richard-
8on,ft i" 1829, called the American Beaver Castor Jiber, americanus, but
cited no differences characterizing the two forms. Keyscrling and Blasius ||
treatetl the European Beaver as specifically distinct from the American, and
Wagner, §§ in 1844, as varietally distinct. Audubon and Bachman,|| || in 1846,
also formally adopted the same view, but stated that the only difference per-
'M^ni. AcmI. St. P^terab., 6th Kr., vol. vii. p. 44.
t L«brb. il. Zuologie, 9te Abtb., p. SSO.
t K^Kne Aiiiiii., Ut ed., tonm i, p. lUl.
$ Bnitriigu ziir Zoologir, p. 04.
I Hilt. Nat. dM Mam., liv. 61.
f Ossein. KuH., M «!., tome v, p. 57.
■* Mwlixinlnbe Zoologie, vol. I, pp. 13-30.
tt t'nnii. Bor.-Anier., vol. i, p, 105.
X\ Wirbttltbivre del Earopu, p. 7.
%i Abbsndl. d. HUocbenor Akad., matb.-pbjn. CUfk, lt)44, p. 36 ; Sappl. Sohraber'a Sftaget., It, '.
II Qnad. N. Am«r., vol. i, p. 347.
m ■ .1
I .
>l\
IP.«!
|:M"^«
438
MONOOUArUS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
CRptibln to them was the rather larger size of the Americnn animal. In
1855, Hrantlt* made un (thilmrateMtudy of the xultject, arriving at the coiielii-
sion that the New and Old World Beavers were specificMilly distinct, from his
finding a few slight but tolerably constant cranial differences, coupled witli
certain differences in the structure of the castoreum-sacs, and in the prop-
erties of the castoreum itself. Buird.t in 1858, 8upp<irted the same view,
without adducing, however, any additional evidence, although inclining to the
opinion that the American aniuiul was the larger. In 1S68, Morgan and Ely|
re-examined the subject, having nt command a large amount of material, and
came to the conclusion that, at best, the two animals could be regarded as
only varieties of the same species.
The evident thoroughness with which Brandt investigated the subject
has generally led to the adoption of his conclusions, and, consequently, for
the last twenty years, the Beavers of the Old and the New World have quite
currently passed as distinct though closely related species.
In order to present the subject fairly, I transcribe Brandt's general sum-
mary in full, in the words of Dr. Ely's translation, together with Dr. Ely's
valuable comments. Brandt's material consisted of eight European and five
American skulls, while Dr. Ely's series of American skulls exceeded one
hundred, but embraced only a single European one. By the aid of Brandt's
excellent monograph, however, he was able to quite satisfactorily compare
the two forms. As Dr. Brandt's paper gives a most elaborate and detailed
account of the differences observed by him between the crania of the two
forms, I quote it somewhat at length, using Dr. Ely's translation in preference
to the original, since it thereby becomes more easily available to the majority
of American readers. I also append a summary of Dr. Ely's comments,
based, as they are, upon the careful investigation of an exceptionally large
number of specimens. I furthermore incorporate therewith the results of
my own study of an additional series of upward of sixty American skulls
and two European ones.
Dr. Brandt finds, through his own studies and those of his predecessors
in the same field, that outwardly there are no satisfactory indications of spe-
cific difference, either in size, color, the form of the head, ear, or foot, or in
the scales of the tail ; but that the skull affords a number of pretty constant
* M<ni. AcwI. St. P«t<!nb., 6tb «er., 8ci. Nat., vol. vli, pp. 43-66.
t Mam. N. Amer., p. 35S.
t Tbe Bmvitr and his Wnrka, chap, f, and appendix A.
ii iifi'i-litBilti
CASTOBIDil!— OA8TOK— OASTOIt FIBER
439
(liflerenceii, some of which are quite striking; and that the structure of the
ca8tnr-sac8 and the properties of their secretion also differ notably in the two
forms. Some of the diflferenccs in the structure of the skull pointed out
have less value than Dr. Brandt assigned to them, being variations of an
inconstant and individual character, while those he relics upon as of more im-
|M>rtancc Dr. Ely shows are not so constant as Brandt, from the study of his
small number of specimens, 8up|M>8ed them to be. There are few, if any, dif-
ferences mentioned by Brandt as distinctively chamcterizing the £uro|>ean
Beaver that cannot be found occasionally in the American. On this point,
Dr. Ely remarks, that, through his large series of American skulls, he finds
"that many more resemblances may be traced between the European and
the American 'Beaver than he [Brandt] has observed, thus reducing the
amount of constant differences between the two varieties".*
In respect to the superior aspect of the skull, Brandt says:
"If we examine the skull of the Eumpean and of the American Beaver
[from above], we notice the following special differences :
"(1) The portion of the frontal bone lying between the arches of the
eyebrows, in all the European skulls is shorter und broader, much broader
than long; but in the American narrower and somewhat longer (quite as
broad as long) ; so that the middle transverse diameter of the anterior portion
of the frontal bone — that part lying between the eyes — is in the American
skulls nearly or quite as long as the arch of the eyebrows ; but in the Euro-
pean it appears longer than this."
Dr. Ely says this is generally true of the American skulls, but he finds
exceptions, in which the interorbital portion of the frontals is broader than
long, a statement my own series of American skulls confirms. In six speci-
mens, Dr. Ely found the average breadth to be 0.27 of an inch greater than
the length.
"(2) In the European skulls," says Brandt, "the arches of the eyebrows
are shorter, and their posterior tubercles, opposite the highest |Miint of the
malar bone, are strongly developed. In the AinericiM), on the contmry, the
posterior eyebrow processes (only indicated, sometimes scarcely indicated at
all, or at least but slightly devehiped) can be seen back of the highest |ioint
of the malar. The anterior eyebrow process is in all the European skulls
likewise stronger than in the American."
* Morgu'i " Beaver and bia Work*", p. WO.
m
,.,
n
440
MONOOUAPIIS OF NORTH AMEltlOAN UODENTIA.
Dr. Ely states that in the older niul larger American skulls, both orbital
processes are strongly developed, in many skulls the posterior one being us
strongly marked as in the European, a statement I find confirmed by my own
series. In the American skulls, he finds the position of the postorbital proc-
ess, in respect to the highest point of the malar bone, to l>e as stated by
Brandt, but records one exception to even this diflcrencc.
"(3) The snout," says Brandt, "measured from the inferior orbital open-
ing to the inferior corner of the nostril in two European skulls of equal size
(Nos. TjC and liJG of the Kicw Coll.) is broader and somewhat longer than in
an American skull in the Academic Museum."
"(4) The nasal bones," Brandt continues, "show the greatest variations.
Their lengtli in nil the European is much above one-third the' length of the
skull, measured from the incisor teeth to the crista occipitalis; while, on the
contrary, in the three larger of the American skulls the length of the nasal
bones is only a little if any over one-third, and the smallest not even one-third
the length of the skull. The nasal bones of the six older skulls lying before me
of the European Beaver arc therefore longer, and extend more or less far pos-
teriorly, i. e. more or less beyond the anterior prominence of the arch of the
eyebrows, so that they (the nasol bones) lie with their posterior borders
nearly or qnite opposite the middle of the margin of the orbits. In a young
Polish Beaver (No. 57 of the Kiew Coll.) they reach, however, only to the
anterior third of the orbital ring, and in our young Lapland Beaver they lie
nearly as in our California Beaver skull, opposite only the circumference of
the anterior border of the orbital ring. In none of five American skulls,
lying before me, on the contrary, do the nasal bones extend beyond the ante-
rior prominence of the eyebrows. In nearly all the skulls of the European
Beaver, compared with the five American ones lying before me, the nasal
bones are in form longer in the middle and posterior, however, in general nar-
rower, so that their breadth in their middle varies between one-fourth and
one-fiflh of their length, while in onr five American skulls the breadth of
their middle portion attains to between one-third and one-fourth of their
length. Although the nasal bones of the American beaver are thus on the
whole broader, still they vary less in this respect than in their lesser length.
The external border of the nasal bones of the European Beaver is not so
strongly curved as in the American. Two of the European skulls, however,
approach quite to the American in this respect. The superior surface of the
0ASTOltlD/K-C!A8TOlt— CA8TOU FlUBU.
441
nntcriur halt' of the nnsnl bones is in six of the Europenii skulls pretty plane;
in two of the others, on the contrnry (Nos. 51 and 1965 of tlie Kiev; Coll ), ns
in all the five Ainoricun, it ia strongly convex. In regard to the character
(or relation) of the nasul bones, there remains, therefore, in consequence of the
preceding remarks, only their more considerable length in comparison with the
skull OS a mark of the European Beaver; since the greater lengthening poste-
riorly of the nasal bones cannot be so rigorously proven in nil European Beavers,
especially not in our Lapland specimens. It is possible, however, that the
nasal bones are less prolonged posteriorly in younger aiiiinnls than in full-
grown, so that in this wuy the full-grown European might be recognized by
its |H)8tcriorly prolonged nasal bones. Confirmatory of this view are the fol-
lowing facts : 1. That in all ol the six old skulls lying before me of European
Beavers, the posterior extremities of the nasal bones reach more or less far
posteriorly, and that this happens in a young skull of the Kiew Collection
(No. 57), the length of which is four lines greater than that of the one from
Lapland; and, 2, that in one very young American skull, the nasal bones
extend backward somewhat less relatively thon in the full-grown."
As Dr. Ely remarks, it is in respect to the nasal bones that the greatest
difference has been observed between the European and American Beavers.
This difference was long since pointed out by both the Cuviers, and later con-
firmed by Owen as well as Brandt. The greater {wsterior prolongation is
not, however, constant, as shown by Brandt himself, and in one uf the Euro-
pean skulls now before me, a veri/ old instead of a young specimen (No. 3672,
"Skogit River"), they do not extend beyond the point reached by one-fifth
of the American skulls now before me. In none of the American skulls,
however, do they attain the posterior extension ordinarily seen in the Euro-
pean. In sixty American skulls, the nasals terminate posteriorly, in one-fifth
of them, about opposite the middle of the anterior orbital process; in nearly
one-half, they terminate opposite the hinder margin of the anterior orbital
process ; in eight others, they advance a little more posteriorly ; and, in twelve
others, pass slightly beyond this point, exactly corresponding in this respect
with frequent specimens of the European Beaver. In one American speci-
men, the niuials do not quite reach the |)oint opposite this process. In respect
to their relutive length, as compared with the whole length of the skull, the
American average rather shorter than the European, ranging, in the American
skulls, from 0.34 Ui U.36 of the length of the skull against 0.38 in two Euro-
442
MUNOURAPH8 OP NORTD AMBRICAN HODENTIA.
I)can 8kullH. Dr. Ely Htiites thnt, in six American Rkulls, tlie average length
is r>.3*J, and tlio avcrngu litngtii of the nasait* l.Kl, or nearly 0.34 uf the length.
In three others, with an average length uf 4.42, the nasaU average 1.69 or
0.36 of the length. In seven others, he finds, however, the relative length
of the nasals still greater.
"(5) The frontal portion of the lachrymal bone in the American Beaver,"
Brandt finds, "is more triangular, — posteriorly twice as broad as anteriorly, —
and smaller than in the European ; it is also nearly limited to the space
between the malar and fronttd bones; since it impinges only with its anterior
border-like narrow en<l upon a small process of the upper jaw, or even only
approaches it. In the Beavers of the Old World, however, the larger, more
quadrangular, anteriorly and posteriorly equally broad frontal portion of the
lachrymal bone lies not (mly between the malar and frontal bones, but is
united in similar extent equilaterally with the superior maxillary."
In the majority of instances. Dr. Ely finds the diflerences here men-
tione«! by !^randt, but states that in some of his skulls the lachrymal has the
quutlrnngular form, being as broad anteriorly as posteriorly, and my own series
affords ad<litional exceptions, the individual variation in the form of this bone
being very great in the American skulls.
In respect to the anterior aspect of the skull, Dr. Brandt found the
nasal opening triangular in the European, — narrower inferiorly, and hence
more or less pointed, — but quadrangular in the American, being but little
narrower below than above. Dr. Ely notes the greater tendency to the
quadrangular form in the American, but cites examples where the opening
is nearly if not quite as triangular as in the European, and I find several
American skulls in my series that fully bear out the statement. The form of
the nasal opening, however, is very variable; in very few is it distinctly quad-
rangular, being gen'j>\.lly considerably narrowed and rounded, or more or less
angular, below. Dr. Brandt also finds the inter- and inferior maxillariea
broader in the European skulls than in the American, and the incisors also
correspondingly broader. As shown by Dr. Ely, however, the difference is
evidently somewhat less than the amount claimed by Dr. Brandt.
In respect to the lateral aspect of the skull, Dr. Brandt finds no difler-
ence in the dorsal outline in the two forms, but [joints out a number of alleged
differences in other features. The zygomatic process of the maxillary he
claims is relatively narrower, as compared with the malar bone, in the
;5- wV«*4^^'«<4
fsmf..
CASTOBII)^— 0A8TOK— <U8TOIl FIUBR.
443
American than in the Euro|)eun ; i)ut l)oth Dr. Kly't* Hcries and my own furnish
many oxccptionH to this, wliich sciMnH tn he a diHtinctiun ufiittlo importance.
The (lifferencert referrcil to by Brandt, in rc8j)ect to the prominence of
the nasal proccHs «if the intermaxillary, the form of the mahir hone, and the
presence of a ridge below the orbital ring, formed by the junction of the
parietal and frontal bones, are also inconstant, and of slight or very doubtful
value 08 features distinctive of the two forms ; and the same may be also
almost said of the other differences detailed by Brandt as occurring in the .
lateral aspect of the skull (numbered 6, 7, and 8 under ^ 3 in his memoir) ;
the parts referred to are so variable in diflferent specimens of the American
animal.
In respect to the |>osterior aspect of the skull, the main difference
insisted upon by Brandt is in respect to the shape of the occipital foramen.
Respecting this point, Dr. Ely well observes: " If we examine a large number
of skulls of the American Beaver, the great variety of forms presented by the
occipital foramen appears remarkable It is sometimes low and broad, again
a rounded arch, and in other instances shows the high triangular shape peculiar
to the European variety. This form is found frequently in young, and
occasionally in old [American] skulls."
In respect to the posterior aspect of the skull. Dr. Brandt notices the
larger size and greater depth of the basilar cavity in the European, with the
more rounded margins, and the more anterior position of the auditory bullie,
differences both Dr. Ely's specimens and my own show to be quite constant.
In the American skulls, these are quite variable features, so that occasionally
there is a close approximation to the European form.
Afler noticing in detail all of the alleged differences pointed out by Dr.
Brandt, Dr. Ely concludes his examination in the following words : " I have
thus endeavored to show, from an examination of a large number of skulls of
the American Beaver, that a greater tendency to variation in these structures
exists than was observed by Dr. Brandt, in the smaller number (five American
and eight European), on which he based his differential characteristics. It
will be remembered that Brandt does not insist upon the most obvious feature
which distinguishes the Old World Beaver from that of the New World, viz.
the greater lengthening posteriorly of the nasal bones, since it 'cannot be
rigorously proven in all cases '. Following out, then, the principle which
guided his researches, many additional exceptional instances have been found
I
?^5^"'^I*f*1
'fffi
:i' ^^!
^-;
■■ii
444
MONUUUAi'UH OF NORTH AMEUIOAN KODKNTIA.
to invalidate! the roncliisions I lint tlio Kuropenn and the American Urnvor
constitute dirtcrent s|ie(!ii'ti. The extremes of diU'ercnee, in their iiggrcf^ute,
on the one side mid on the other, nrc sutticiently striking to juotify uh in
regarding them nti varieties of one and the same species; while the want uf
constancy in these peculiarities suggests the inference, th:it these variations
are due to long separation uf the races, and to accidental causes, rather than to
original diversity of the stock. It is conceded by the advocates of a diversity
of species that the Beavers of the Old and the New World cnnnut be dis-
tinguished by any external characteristic. The same is true of their habits
and instincts, except so far us they have l)een evidently controlled by external
influences. The castoreum secretion is variable, even in the European
Ueavers, and there are tiicts to show that the elements of the food of tiie
nnimul arc found in it.* The differences observed in il, being more ot degree
than of kind, are not of such a character as to render it improbable that they
are due to tlie intluence of climate, food, and accidental cau8es.''f
A careful analysis of the above-noted cranial differences between the
European and American Beavers shows that they consist mninly in (1) the
greater general breadth of the anterior portion uf the skull, resulting in n
greater interorbital breadth, wider nasal bones, wider muzzle, and consequently
wider incisors; (2) the relatively greater posterior extension of the nasals;
{'A) the greater size and dcptii of the basilar cavity ; and (4) in less marked
and rather more inconstant teatnresof diflerence inafew other points. Con-
ceding with Dr. Ely their varietal or subspecitic distinctness, the two forms
may be thus conveniently diagnosed :
Castor Jib'' r var. _/?A^;.— Dorsal surface of the interorbital region gener-
ally as bruad as, or broader than, long ; nasals extending backward beyond the
posterior border ofthe anterior orbital process; basilar cavity deep and large ;
bulliE placed more anteriorly, etc.
Castor Jiber var. canadensis. — Dorsal surface of the interorbital region
generally lunger than broad; nasals generally not reaching beyond the middle
of the anterior orbital process ; basilar cavity comparatively shallow, etc.
Synonymy and Nomenclature. — In respect to the distinctive name ofthe
American form, that oi canadensis of Kuhl evidently has priority; the amrri-
' Tku casturvuni of I be Anieriuaii Beaver is weU knowu lo diffiT very iiiBti-riully from thai n( llie
Old Wurld Beaver, and ban a very tnncb Hmaller comoierclal value. Chemical analyaes abow that tbe
coatureuin of tbo KiiMiau Ucaver cuiitaiaa mora volatile oil, caatorio, aod reain, and much leaj carbonate
of lime, than tbat of the American Beaver.
t Morgaii'H " Tbe Ilcaver und bis Work*", p. StW.
OABTOUIUiB— 0A8T011— OAHTOU FIUEU.
445
canuii "of Olivier"* being proposed some five years siibsoquently. Yet l)y
Ricimnition, Audubon and Uurhninii, Drnndt, Morgan and Ely, and otlicrn,
the later name hns been adopted in prff('r(!nce to the earlier one of Kuhl.
For the Old World Beaver, the original Linnu'Mn nanio^Arr hon been by some
rejected for the later one, furopaun, used by Owen.
aEOORAPIIICAL DISrUIBI'TION.
The Beaver family existed in North Ameriea as far south along the
Atlantic scttitoord as Georgia and Northern Klorida.f It also occurred
throughout the Gidf Slates nearly as far south os the Gulf coast,' and in Texas
to the Rio Ornnde. Its exact limit south of the Bio Graiulc; I have not i)een
able t«> determine ; but that ils range extended for some distance into Mexico
is well ascertained. The collccticm of tiic National Mus(;um contains s|)eci-
mens from Franklin County, Missi8si|)pi, the Lower Rio Grande, an<l Santa
Clara, California, atid Dr. Couest gives it as nn inhabitant of Arizona. It is
al)undant in A las Im, and in the interior extends to the liarrcn Grounds; its
northern limit being apparently coincident with the northern limit ol forests.
Its present range, however, is much less extended, very few being found east
of the Mississippi River south of the; Great Lakes, and it is far less numer-
ous everywhere than formerly. Some still remain in Northern Maine and
in the Adirondack region of New York, and ])robably some still survive thence
southward in the sparsely-settled districts to Alabama and Mississippi. A
recent article in "Fo.est and Stream" (vol. vi. No. 13. p. 197, Nov. 2, 187G)
stales that they are still abundant in portions of Virginia.^ Their former
* Tliu uaino t'atlor auericaaut lit oiiivvrauHy nttributud to F. Ciivier, but I am uuiiblo to Hud it au.v-
whcro uied in hla writiiita. In his " Hint. Nat. drs Mammifdrea", b« naeii the coiumuu uame only, — "Lc
Ciuhir da CaiuHia ",— yet this work In osnaUy cited u the origin of the §peolSa Dame " aaurieamM " as
appliod to the Auierioan Beaver.
t Bartram, TrsvelH, p. 381.
I Proo. Acad. Nat. Hct. Philad., 1667, p. 1:15 ; Am. Nat p. SttS.
$The aboTo-oited article mentlouii particularly Dlnwiuaie, Nottoway, BmuBWick, Cnmborland,
and Onienvllle Cunntles, where it aayi beavor-trappiHi; has of late been again profitably pursued. " For
instance," say* tbia aoooaot, ' - there is the veteran trnp-maker, Mr. Newbouae, who made bis headquarters
in arei'DVJlIc County last winter; ho realized soiue |!XIO by his ezpeditlnn, besides srllluff several hundred
dollars^ worth of steel traps. And two of our subscribers ffom Connecticut, and others from Central Now
York, went down fo Bmnswick and Nottoway, and wlicu they bad harvested their packs of pelts and
were reatly to leave, tanght the native young ' chinoopins' and negroes to set (raps, so that they, too,
might add to their scanty earnings. More than one small farmer has had occasion to bless the strangers
who came among them and showed them how to catch ftar. Besides pnlting money into their
own purse, the trapper in Virginia will do the residents a great service by killing of the ' vermin ' that
destroy their orons, .ind thereby save as well as earn. Wo have onrselves seen acres of corn totally
destroyed by the Bavers down there, and we know that the havoc they make with f.be grain causes
a serioos loss to needy and straggling people." This advertisement of the abundance of the Beavers in
Virginia will doubtless resnlt in their rapid numerical decrease, if not speedy total extirpation, through
I'xcessivo (icrsecntlon, unless the authorities of Virginiii should have the wisdom to interpose legal pto-
luctliin fur th'> otherwiKo doomed animals.
tn
m
446
MONOGltAPll. OF NORTH AMERICAN RGDBNTIA.
m
■'V '■^■
existence in great abundance throughout the Atlantic States, and thence west-
ward to the Pacific, is thoroughly attested. They having been less persistently
hunted during recent years than formerly, they are reported to be slowly on
the increase at most localities where they still remain.
Dr. Couc informs me that he has seldom failed to find Beaver on the
..irious streams of the west he has explored, from the British to the ]\Iexican
boundary. In some of the more secluded waters, where the animals have
been little hunted, he has watched them disporting in broad daylight with
little sense of danger. He has nowhere found them more abundant than
on the various mountain-streams which unite to form the heads of the Nortii
Platte River, in North Park, Colorado, where some of the rivulets are choked
for miles with successive dams.
The Berlandier MSS. attest the presence of the animal in various por-
tions of Mexico.
FOSSIL REMAINS.
Fossil remains of the American Beaver have been discovered in New
York and New Jersey, at Memphis, Tennessee, associated with the remains
of Castoroides* in the Post-pliocene deposits of the Ashley River, South
Carolina, and in the bone-caverns of Pennsylvania and Virginia. The bones
of the European Beaver have been found also in deposits of Post-pliocene
age, and even in those ot the Tertiary. Ovvenf reports the occurrence of the
remains of the European Beaver with those of the TrogontheriurA , Megnceroa,
and Mnstodon, under circumstances indicative of their conteriporaneous
existence, carrying the antiquity of the European Beaver "far back into the
Tertiary period ". In the Val d'Arno, according to the same authority, they
have been found associated with the remains of the Mammoth, Hippopotamus,
and Hyaeiia. They have also been found in Europe in bone-caves, but most
commonly occr in peat bogs and other superficial deposits. Some of these
remai".s indicate an animal rather larger than the largest specimens of the
existing Beaver. The Castor issiodoremis from Issoire is closely related to,
if not identical with, Castor fiber.
* W;maD, Amer. Journ. Soi. and Arts, 8d ser., vol. z, 1850, p. 64.
t Brit. Fo«8. Ham. and Birds, p. 193.
CASTOEID^-OASTOB-OASTOB FIBER CANADENSIS.
447
Table I. — Meaiuremmit of forly-lhreetkuUt of Castor fibkk rar, canadensis.
g.!<4
t*n
arts
8873
8676
8680
trm
8081
7I'J4
1X1
7M4
7IK9
an
4»l
nao
7399
7390
708
«1M
7S84
9077
eoM
MS
10006
8V)
3480
;i47fl
9380
3477
9143
9144
3371
4 IS
8011
l!»)7
Wll
3779
19037
1003
HM
UI4
3679
«9M
Locality.
AlMka
ilo
do
do
do
do...
do
do
do
Ft Oood Hope, H. B. T
do
do
do
Fort SlmiMoll, H. a T
do
NelMD River, H. B. T
L«ke Snperior
do
do
Oxford Coolity, Me. . .
Upper Mlasoari ■ .
do
do
do
do
do
do
Platte River
do ,
L'pperMlnoari..
Platte River
Cheyenne River —
While River, Dek .
KaiHu
Fort Heye, Kuu...
Venconver lelend
Orrgnu
SuU CUra. Cal .. .
Franklin Coonty, Hlw
Ulaeiwippl
Rio Orude,Tex...
Uatamoraa, Mexico
do
Bkagit River
River BIbe, Oennany
4. DO
4.70
5.9}
S.SO
S.10
4.00
4.110
4.43
4.90
4.73
3.93
4.73
4.83
4.07
4. 63
4.60
3.03
4.85
4.50
4.93
5.63
5.60
S..V
5.40
5.10
4.90
SlIO
3.45
a. 13
4.60
4.40
4.30
4.57
4.75
3.30
&S0
4.80
500
.130
4.70
5.93
3.15
3.93
5.50
3 SO
3.43
.1.70
3.85
3 75
3.00
3.:l3
3.13
.1.00
3.35
3.30
3.35
ara
3.33
a 18
a 45
3.50
3.45
195
3 47
4.15
4.00
4.03
3.07
3.90
3.65
3.75
175
3.8:1
a4s
110
193
3 37
3.49
3S5
a 75
!•«
338
395
135
180
180
1»S
i
s
0 no
0.00
0.87
0.90
0.90
0.88
0.87
0.83
0.9-1
0.85
0.95
aoo
0.85
0.87
0.90
0.99
o.r4
0.06
0.88
0.00
1.19
1.00
1.00
0.93
0.93
0.95
0.04
1.00
1.00
0.87
0.95
0.85
0.00
0.03
l.Oi
a9«
a98
0.95
l.CO
0.M
0.85
LOO
L19
1.07
i
a
s
L75
LOO
L87
L73
1.80
1.30
l.TO
1.63
L79
L73
L70
1.65
L«9
1. 60
L78
L-0
L40
9.05
«. 10
9.00
L97
L8S
1.83
L73
L90
L85
LOO
L47
L5I
LOO
Leo
L85
1. 90
L75
L83
1.97
L75
L90
L75
1.75
fton
0.80
a87
0.87
LOO
0.80
0.89
0.80
0.87
0.89
0.95
0.»
0.85
0.80
0.78
0.00
0.83
0.90
0.78
LIO
LOS
LOO
1.03
0.90
LOO
0.89
0.93
0.08
0.85
0.80
a87
aes
0,96
1.03
0.89
0 89
a85
0 95
0 83
0.97
0.07
o.g«
LOO
0.90
i
b
.5 R
^ 3
11
1.85
a.;o
9. '.5
9:18
9.15
1.07
103
1.77
9.05
9.03
9.15
9.00
9.15
9.13
1.90
1.03
9.90
9.18
L89
9.17
aeo
a53
a 40
a33
a 40
a9o
a37
a 15
ao3
L90
1.83
aoo
aoo
a4i
a 10
a 10
aw
aso
a 15
a35
a93
a9?
a50
4.63 a75
4.65 a.u
Remark*.
LIO
■ From the oeoipitai condylee to front korder of the intamazilUrira.
448
MONOGRAPHS OF NOUTH AMERICAN HODENTIA.
m^y'M
Table II,— Cfa(o/<p<>riiii>n<eiamiiiedo/ Castor kiber var. canadensis.
I '*
•s
1
a
Q
i
■§ 5
£ S
<i ■
U
a
a
a
u •
ti
867--.
d673
8603
8676
8660
66n
6683
8681
8678
1
B
a
a
3
§
it
-a
a
(■
1
Locality.
Whon
collected.
From whom re-
ceived.
CoUectedby-
■s
i
1
AlMka
Dr. T. T. Uinor..
...do
Dr.T.T. Minor...
....do
Skull.
. . . .do.
do
...
do
....do
...do
.. do.
do
....do
..do
... do
do
....do
...do
.... do
....do
..do
...do
.. do.
..do.
do
....do
.... do
... do
...do
do
... do
...do
..do.
...do.
1664
1117
367
170
o
o
<f
tf
<f
do
Konai Alaaka
W.H.Dall
F.BIachoff
R.Kennicott
D. Gnnn
W.H.Dall
65.17
30W
MS
96S1
43S0
4396
IMO
B785
mn
IMl
IIW
3986
M79
7597
3!!8I
3863
3378
4-204
4393
430?
7304
;iS4
7a>l
7195
6.t33
3146
90T7
3360
7iS4
l«t
7385
F. Biaohoff .
do.
Yukon
Nelson River, H. B. T ...
June %
R,KenDicatt
D.Ounn
...do
....do
Skull and akin.
..do.
SknIL
...do.
... do.
do
..do
do
...do
B.R.R0W
B. R. Boas
do
.. do
....do
....da
do
...do
....do
... .do.
do
...do
...do
Bkln.
... do.
do
... do
....do
Abbitlbbe Lake
May 16, 1860
May 31, 1860
C. Drezler
....do
....do.
... .do.
MooeoRlvOT, H.B.T
Fort Good Hope
..do
O.P.naudi't
..do
O.P. Oaadet
... do . ..
Skull.
....do.
do.
do
do
. do
... do
do
...do
....do
... do.
R. HoFarlane
Dr. F. V. Hayden
..do
R. Mor^rlano ...
Dr. F. V. Hayden
... do
....do.
....do.
....do.
9
do
.. do
....do
....do.
do
...do
....do
..do.
..do.
..do.
Hkin.
.. do.
Hkailnndnkln.
.. do.
Skull.
.. do.
.. do.
.. do.
..do.*
..do.
...do.
...do.
do
do
.. do
.. do
..do
...do
...do
...do
Jo
do
... do
... do
11539
3590
3478
3460
34T7
3463
8144
3143
11633
I8»7
4908
3914
3934
3915
6011
90.11
0
o
Fort Bridger
.. do
H. D. Srhirldt...
W.8.Wood
Dr. F. V. Hayden.
do
Hedfclue Bow Creek
PlatleRlTer
AnK.10,
Lieut F. J. Bryan
Dr. F. T. Hayden
.do
0
<f
.... do
do
do
...do
....do
... do
White RiTer, Nebt
...do
... do
....do
....do
do
H.D.8ohmldt ...
O.P.Btiaell
O.P.BlMell
J. Fellner
Captain Kogers . .
. do
o
Pitt River, Cal
J. Fellner
...do.
...do.
...do
...do.
... do
J.L.FToat
Lower Jaw.
BknII.
Skin.
.. do.
Bknil.
do
Chebolia Prairie, n aab. . . .
Dr. Q. Sookley . . .
Captain Rogera . .
Dr. J. 0. Cooper .
Dr. 0. Suckley...
W. P. Trowbridge
Dr.sT.O.Cooprr ..
Calirornia
Sanu Clara, Cal
Two>"ear«oM '
■^S?-ili|.
mmBammmmmm
'I
CASTOltlDiB— BUCASTOB-BUCASTOU TOUTUS.
4m
Taulr II.— £(<(o/*p«»iiicii<czami/iaio/CA8TOii kibku ror. c\NADENfiis— Cuntiuiied.
0966
(•)
(*)
lags
I3G0
(•)
33Tt
•418
UI4
HtO
1003
:IT»
18037
134
icn
rwa
rwi
7393
3678
S9«4
Lcealtly.
KoDua
Port Uftya, Kans
Fort Cobb, lud. Ter
do
UoDTi^r, Colo
Fort Chftrtbouruo, Tox ...
Matamui-aB, Uex
<lo
KloOruide, Tex
Franklin Coiuity, MIh . .
UiulMippI
Oxfonl County, Me
do
do
Magalloway River, Ue...
do
TellowBlouo Itivor, N. T.
Saint Lawranoe Co., N. Y
Lake Superior :....
... .do
do
do
Skagit River
River Elbe, Germany —
Wbon
oullucted.
Oct 8,-
Frum whom re.
evlvt'd.
Dr. F. V. Ilaydrn
Rocky Mt. Eiped
Dr. E.^alnlor
...do
Dr. E.Swift
Lieut D. N. Conob.
...do
MaJ. W. II. Emory.
RL. C.Wallra...
Mr. Kpeuan
J.G.Rlob
.. do
...do
J.O.RIeh
...do
n. A.Wood
Dr. HoDKb
L. H.Morgan
...do
..do
..do
Prince Maximilian.
Collcoted by—
Dr. F. V. llaydon
•r. A. Allin
Dr. E. Palmer. . . .
...do
Dr. E. Swift
Dr. L. Berlandler
..do
J.H.Clark
B.L.C.Wallea...
Mr. Keenan
J.O.RIeb
..do
... do
J.O.RIeh
...do.
H. A.Wuod
Dr. Hough
Un. Morgan ....
...do
.. do
...do
a
I
§
s
Skull.
...do.
Skin.
..do.
Skull.
Skin.
Skull.
...do.
..do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
Skin.
...do.
...do.
...do.
Skeleton.
Skull.
... do.
do.
do.
...do.
...do. I
...del
* In the Muaenm of Comparative ZuJilogy, Cambridge, Maaa. ' Variety fiur.
Genus EUCASTOR Leidy.
EUCASTOR TORTUS Leidy.
Ca»tor (EtuMlor) torlut Lkidy, Proo. Acnd, Nat. Soi. Pbils., 1658, %<.
CmIot tortm Lkii>v, Jonrn. Acad. Nnt. Sei. Pbil., 2d ser., v, 1360, 341, 405, pi. zxvi, tiga. 21, 33 ; U. 8.
Oeol. Siirv. of Wyouiing, 1871, 36.3.
Tliis species was fir"t described by Dr. Leidy in 1858, from remains
tliscovered by Dr. Hayden in the loose sands of the Niobrara River. These
remains consist of the greater portion of an upper jaw, containing portions of
the incisors and the three anterior molars on each side, and were redescribed
and figured by him in 1869. This fragment indicates an animal smaller even
than the common Marmot (Arctomys mofiax), and hence of mvich less than
luilf the bulk of the existing Beaver. The porticm of the jaw described by
Dr. Leidy " consists ofthe under parts of both maxillary and intermaxillary
bones, wliich together are the diminished counterpart in form of the oorrc-
siKinding iwrts of the recent Beaver. The incisor teeth likewise have tlie
20 M
450
MONOOUAPnS OI-' NORTU AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
same relafivo proportions and form as in the latter animal." The molar teeth,
howcvci (IKTcr very much in structure from those of Castor, more resembling
in some respects those of Trogontherium. In Castor, the loops of enamel are
uU open externally ; while, in Eucastor, they are closed loops, such as are seen in
a transverse section of the tooth of Castor.* In Castor, the molars decrease
very gradually in size posteriorly ; the first being but little wider, though con-
si(leral)ly longer tlian the second, tlic third slightly smaller in both diameters
than the second, and the fourth still smaller. In Trogontherium, the first
three molars, in form and relative size, greatly resemble those of Eucastor,
and, in the pattern of the grinding surface, there is a closer resemblance than
there is to the same teeth in Castor ; but, in Trogontherium, the third molar,
according to Owen, is smaller than the fourth. In Eucastor, the first molar
is equal in length to the length of both the second and third, and propor-
tionately wider. It has three closed loops of enamel ; the anterior and pos-
terior loops being each rather less than one-half the size of the middle one,
which, instead of being transverse, is placod somewhat obliquely. The sec-
ond and third teeth have each but two, (he anterior of which is, in each
tooth, about twice the size of the posterior one. The teeth are also set more
obliquely in the jaw, and the first molar has a deep infolding of enamel near
the middle of the inner margin of the tooth, directed obliquely forward. In
all these features, there is a closer resemblance to Trogontherium than to
Castor.
The specimen described by Dr. Leidy belonged to a " quite aged
individual", and to this fact lie deemed were possibly due the differences in
the structure of the molars seen in this form as compared with Castor, as he
had not at the time an opportunity of comparing his specimen with equally
aged examples of the common Beaver. A large scries of the skulls of the
American Beaver now before me, embracing those of all ages, show that the
permanent molars differ very little in form, or in the pattern of the triturating
surfaces, with age. A transverse section of the tooth of Castor, however,
displays much the same structure as is seen in Eucastor.
As shown by the above-cited references. Dr. Leidy at first referred this
form to a new subgenus of Castor, but later cites it simply as Castor tortus.
The differences in dentition between Castor and Eucastor are, iiowever, as
great as between Castor and Trogontherium. Doubtless, other correspond-
* Seo Owen's Odoutograpby, plitte ovi, llg. 2.
CASTOKIDiE— STEXEOFIBEB-S. NEBIiASCENSia. 451
ingly well-marked differences will be found in other features of the skull
when we are able to study this interesting form from more nearly perfect
specimens.
The following table, showing the comparative measurements of ^Mcoa/or
tortus with the corresponding portion of the skull of Castor fiber, is from Dr.
Leidy's memoir on the " Extinct Mammalia of Dakota and Nebraska " (Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Puila., 2d ser., vol. v, p. 342).
C. tortiu. C. fiber.
Linos. Liups.
LeD|;th of space oooopied by four molars 6^ lit
LeDRth of hiatDB from first molar to iacisors 13} SI
Breadth of face opposite first molars 7 14
Breadth of face Id advance of inft-a-orbltal foramen 54 11
Width of palate between first molars 1 3^
Widthof palate between last molar alveoli 4 7
Antero-posterior diameter of first molar 2 3
Transveiso diameter of first molar 3} 3)
An ro-posterior diameter of second molar IJ 3
Transverse diameter of second molar 2 Wl
Antero-poeterior diameter of third molar I^ $
Transverse diameter of third molar '. 2 3|
Diameter of incisors ;.... 3 H
Genus STENEOFIBER E. Gooflfr.
" Slentojitar E. Gboffhoy, Bevne Eiicyclop., 1833, — ."
Paldooaifor Leidy, Jonm. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., ad ser., v, 1B69, 338.
STE> EOFIBER NEBRASCENSIS Leidy.
Stcneofiber nOiratcentii Lvidy, :. mo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18S6, 60; 1857, 89.
Vhalicomsi nebnuceiuU Leidy, Proo. Acad. Nat Sci. Pbila., 1857, 176.
PalaooMtor nebnuoeiuia Leioy, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,8d Ber.,T, 1669, 338, 403, pi. zxtI, flgs. 7-11 ;
. U. 8. Geol. Survey of Wyoming, 1H71, 363.
The present species was first described by Dr. Leidy, in 1856, from
specimens collected by Dr. Hayden from the Mauvaises Torres of the White
River, Dakota. These specimens indicate an animal of about the size of
Eucaslor tortus. The species is thus far known from "a much mutilated skull,
with the fragments retained nearly in their original position by a mass of
included calcareous matrix. The greater part of the cranium is destroyed,
as is also the nose and parts of the jaws, though all the teeth are preserved.
A second specimen consists of portions of both jaws of an aged individual,
badly mutilated and imbedded in a mass of matrix. The remaining speci-
mens, from a tliird individual, consist of portions of both sides of the lower
jaw and one side of the upper jaw, containing all the molar teeth, and freed
from investing matrix."
452
MONOORAPna OP NOUTU AMBBICAN UODENTIA.
(^ ur
m
This species, so fur ns these specimens iiulicntc its character, appears to
reseml)K! the genus Steneqfiber, from the lower Pliocene formr.*ion of Saint-
derand-lePuy, France, both in the general form of the skull and in its den-
tition. So great is this resemblance that Dr. Leidy at tirst referred it to
that genus, which Kaup has regarded as identical witii Chalicomys. The lower
jaw in Steneojiher, says Leidy, is unknown, and adds that that of Pa/teocaslor
is quite unlike the lower jaw in Chalicomys. The structure of the molars in
Clia/icoinys dilfers greatly, as shown by Gervuis's tigures,* from that of Steneo-
Jilier, and G'-ofTroy, Gervais, and others regard the two forms as generically
distinct. In Valaocastor, the structure of the molars is very similar to what
is seen in the figures of the molars of Steneojiber. In respect to the skull,
Leidy also observes that the "forehead presents the same triangular form and
l)ropoi-tionate size" as in Steneqfilyer. "The temporal fossae", he continues,
"appear to have had the same form and proportional capacity. They were
Separated in the same manner by a long sagittal crest, extending forward upon
the frontal bone. The cranium, just back of the forehead, was equally con-
stricted. The external auditory passage formed a short, oblique canal, with
its orifice directed outward and backward in the same manner. The palatal
region, likewise, had the same form and construction, and the infra-orbital for-
amen held the same relative j)osition as in Steneq/ilwr viciacensis. The inci-
sors in both jaws arc proportionately as long and strong as in the Beaver,
and they have the same fi)rm." Dr. Leidy adds that they also strongly
approach in form those of the Beaver.
The molar teeth in " PalcEocnstor" differ very greatly in ntructure from
those of cither Cantor, Eucastor, or Trogontherium, more resembling, appar-
ently, as do also those of Steneof,ber viciacenuvs, those of some members of
th(! DtUiyproctidcE. The skull also differs greatly in form from that seen in
liiese genera in consequence of the much greater constriction above of the
int(!rorbital region. Ilencc ^'Palaocastor", if really belonging to the tiunily
Castoridtr, probably differed very much in general structure from the existing
Beavers, and has its nearest ally in the geims Steneq/iberf of the Miocene
epoch of Europe.
*Zool. et pali^ont. fraiif., plates i, viii, and xlviil.
i Qorvais Riiyn, "Lew genres Ckalicomyii, Kaiip, et Sleaeoftber, K. Ocnfr..8ont<!videmnientdola memo
Iribu que leg CnstorH" (Ziiol. ut pa16iint. franv., p. 20), to wliioti group tliey have been generally referred
by Bubeeqnont writers. Mr. E. R. Alston, however, in. bla recent memoir " On tbc Classitloation of the
Order Ulint" (V. Z. 8., lt)70, pp. (U-'J8), gives Imlh Chahcomyt of Kaup and /'o/(R><»«*or of lioldy among
tbo " more doubtful fossil geni'ra " of the funilly Catlorida; as fvolt as the genera Palmmjt and CktMui
of Kaup, and tbc genus DvgoHlkeriiim of Fiscber (nut TrogoHthiriim of Oweu, -^ Uiobrolicm, Pomel).
if'
CASTOKII)^— STENBOFIBKIf-S. PANSU8.
453
Tlic iiioa«Hrcinrnls given Itj- Dr. Le'uly of Pulaocmlor ncbinscfnsi.t show
it fc) hnvo Ihjcii of about the size of Eucaxtor tortus, or nitlier smaller, Itiit
Komcwhnt «liflprrnt from it in the relative size of the tcclh, in tiie width of
the jmlntc, and in the general form of the skull.
STENEOFIBER PANSUS Cope.
Slauojthtr ptn>n$ Cope, Proc. AcwI. Nat. Hci. Pliiln., 1874, HH; Ann. Rap. Wlicoler's E\J>\. wait of lOOtb
Ucrid., l-fTu, 73.
Of tins species, recently described l)y Professor Cope, from the Santn
F6 marls, little is known. It is apparently closely allied to the S. nehrascensin
of Leidy. Professor Cope's description is as follows: "The molor tcclh
exhibit a regular gnid.ition in width from the large anterior to the small pos-
terior. In the mandibular series, the second and third are broader than long,
the first an<l fourth longer than broad, and with an angle of the outer anterior
side of thi' crown. There is an inflection or groove of the enamel on both
inner and outer sides of the crown, an<l an enamel area before and one behind
them, on all excepting the last molar, where there are two in froiit. First
nearly twice as large a.s la-st molar. Lower incisor with smooth enamel, and
angulate on the extero-antcrior border. Ilamus stout. Length of the molar
series, 0".016 ; length of first molar, O^.OOS ; width of first molar, 0'".004 ;
width of last molar, 0".003.5 ; transverse diameter of incisor, 0'".004 ; depth
of ramus at 2".012.
"The regular diminution of the size of the teeth from front to rear is
characteristic of this species; according to Dr. Leidy, their reduction in size
in the S. nebrascensU is more abrupt. The latter species is said to be of
Miocene age."
~m
U/,n
454 MONOOHAPlia OF NURXn AMERICAN IIODENTIA.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX.
The few titles r<>llowing, of puhlicntiuns relatinj^ specially to the Ameri-
cnn Beaver, were furnished by Drs. Cones and Gill, from the MSS. of their
contemplated Bibliography of North American Mammals.
184ii— PnAHits (D. D.). Boaver Lin Int. 31° N.]. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. (8.1 ser.), v\, 1848, p. 207.
1851— Thompson (Z.). [Od HpocimeDs of wood ont by Beavon' teetb, taken from a bod in cloae proximity
to tbo I'oMll Elephant teeth disoorerod in 1849.] < Proo. Boat. Soo. Nat. Hist iv, 18IJ1, p. 34.
1HS7— IIauris (E.). [Remarks on specimons of oottouwood and chips out by Beavers.] < Proo, Acad.
Nat. Soi. Phila., ix, 1K>7, pp. 107-109.
1857— ANONTHOII8 [E. Billings]. On the Beaver.— (Cotfor /ii-r.) < Cnnnd. Nat. and Ocol., ii, 18>7,
att. XV, pp. iaO-127.
1863— BARTurrr (A. D.). Notes on the [American] Beaver in tbo Zwlogical Ounlens. < Proo. Zoul.
Soo. Lond., 1863, pp. S«I, 368.
1S63 — Clemenii (V.). [On the Capture of a Beaver in Canada.] < Canad. Joura. Ind. Soi. and Art
(now ser.), viii, 1863, pp. 8.% 66.
1866— Habdy (— ). On the Beavor in Nova Scotia. < Proo. and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Soi., it,
1860, art. ii, pp. 17-2!>.
1868— Hills (L). [On a Beaver Dam io Maine.] < Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, 1868, p. 137.
1869— OitBKN (A. H.). On the Natural History and Hunting of the Beaver (Coftor oanadmtif, Knhl) on
the Paciflo Slope of the Rocky Mountains. With sapplementary notes by Robert Brown, esq.
< Jonrn. Linn. Soo. Zo6l., z, 18C0, pp. '361-373. (Reprinted, Cincinnati Quart. Joum. Sci., I,
1874, pp. 64-63.)
16C8— MonOAN (L. H.). The American Beaver and bis Works. . . . Philadelphia, J. B. Lippinoott &
Co., 1868. 8vo, pp. a'lO, pll. 33, map.
[Obs.— Bt Hir the moat importaDt pnbllcation vblch bas hftb^rto appeared. Ree FancDKL (Kraal), *' Uober den nord-
amerikaolaataao Biber". < Zool. Oart., Ix, 1M8, pp. 9I8-39U. (Bevlaw of tbe work.)]
1874 — Anonvmocs. Tbe Beaver. [From Chamber's Magazine.] < American Sportsman (newspaper)
of November 39, 1874.
1874 — Dall (W. H.). The Beaver. [From Alaska and its Resources.] < American Sportsman of Feb-
ruary 7, 1874.
1874— Batty (J. H.). On Beaver. < American Sportsman of October 17, 1674.
1874— Brunot (F. R.). [On the Habits of Castor canadensis.] < Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst, for 1873, 1874,
pp. 433, 433.
MONOGRAPHS
OF
NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA
No. VII -ZAPODIDil.
By ELLIOTT COUE9.
4CG
. ';,"*;
!'
mmm
IPPP
■■■ipp
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
Office op U. S. Geological and
GEoaBAPiiicAL Survey of the Territories,
Washington, D. C, Novemlter 1, 1876.
Sib: I transmit liercwith a monogrnpli of the family Zajmd'uiie for pub-
lication 08 one of tiie series of articles on the Rodcntia of North America,
now in course of preparation by Mr. J. A. Allen and myself
The present article, like others of the series, is based upon the material
contained in the National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, including s])cci-
mcns collected by yourself or under your direction. It is republished-, with
much modification, from the Bulletin of the Survey, second- series, No. 5,
pp. 253-262.
I am, Sir, &c.,
ELLIOTT COUES,
Asut. Surg. U. 8. A.y Secretary of the Survry.
Pr.f. F. V. Hayden,
United States Geologist-in-charge.
467
'!!l
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
r*RM.
Family ZAFODIDiB 4Cl-47!t
GeuM ZiPDS 405-4':!)
Zapu hiidtonliu 407-470
Hynonymy 407-408
Deioriptioa 408-470
a. Cranial obanuiten 408-472
b. DenUl obaraoten 47a-47!j
e. External ohoraoton 473-470
lleasnreraento 470-470
Oeograpbiool diitribntion 470-477
Blitoty of tbespeoiea 477-479
459
Family ZAPODIDiE.
m
m
< Siilifainily Dipodina, U.tlliu, Mutiiiii, N. Aiiier. 1857, i'Di^ (Uuridce).
=- Umii|i Jocnlfiui, CakI'H, Ilaiidb. Znol. i, IHGH, 101.
= Kiiinily JacuVutm, Gli.i,, ArraiiR. Fani. Muiiiin. lH7a, 80.
— Kaniily Zap tdUfr., CoiiKS, Bull. U. 8. Ge«I. ami G -ogr. Snrv. Terr. 1875, aj Bor. No. 5, 25.3.
= Siibfaiiiily Jaeulina;, AutTON, Proc. Zniil. 8oc. Loud. 1870, ^9(Oipadidw).
The single known species which represents this funiily has been variously
chissified by diflferent authors. Since the period when it was commonly
assigned to the genus Mus of the older writers, it has usually, under various
generic designations, be^n considered to be allied to the Jerboas (Dipus),
doubtless on account of a superficial resemblance it bears to those animals.
It has frequently been referred to the genus Dipus itself; while, even among
the modern authors who have appreciated a generic distinction between Dipus
proper and Zapus, there have been those who regard these two genera as
components of one subfamily, Dipodinee, of the family MuridcB liut the t\ .>
genera have little in common aside from the ordinal characters tiiey share
with other Rodents — ^little of consequence in common beyond the features by
which they are both to be recognized as members of the Murine series* of
Rodents ; for it seems that, whatever may be the value of the characters by
which the species of Zapus may be difTcrentiated from typical Murines, —
even from Mus itself, — equally strong at least, if not stronger, points of differ-
ence from Dipus or Pedetes may be found. I should jutlge that a classifica-
tion which distinguishes a family Dipodida from Murid'e should, in apprecia-
tion of ta.xonomic equivalency, eliminati^ Zapus as the type of a separate
family, — one which, as I still contend, is scarcely more closely related to the
groups which Pedeles ami Dipus respectively typify than it is to the MuridfP
projMjr. I find it quite as easy to draw the line between Zapus and either
Dipus or Pedetes as it is to separate the same form from Mus proper ; and
accordingly, in indorsing a classification which admits numerous families of
the Murine series, I recognize in the type i T Zapus a group of full family
* Ujiomorpktt, AlstuD, 1U7G— Bp|iruxiuiaUly e<iiilvaieut tu tbo Mniridea ut Gill, M'i.
461
462
MONOOUAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
rank, as was done by Professor Gill in 1872, probably for the first time,
althougii Carus had already proposed Pedetina, Dipodina, and Jaculina, thus
making the three groups of co-ordinate value.
Differing, as I do, with the majority of writers, who associate Zapui more
intimately with Dipus and Pedetes than with any typical Muridee, it mny be
well to compare or contrast the characters that bear upon the case. Certain
modifications of the skull and of the metatarsus, and the dental formulas, are
chiefly concerned.
The four families Murida, ZapodUla, Dipodida, and Pedetidte agree in
the completeness of the clavicles, anchylosis of the tibia and fibula, particular
condition of the angle of the mandible, absence of postorbital processes, and
other features characteristic of, or normal in, the Murine series of Rodents.
It is highly characteristic o{i\\e Muridee,as now usually accepted, to possess
3^3 molars, without premolars; tiie only exceptions, as far as known, being
the genus Sminfhus, which has {5} premolars, svnd the genus Hydromys,
which lias only ^I, molars {Alston). Zapus departs from the rule in having
J55 premolars, and in so much approaches Dipodidce and Pedetida. But these
last two families differ between tliemsclvcs in respect to the premolars, these
i>eing absent, or present above only, in Dipodida, and present above and below
in Pedetida. Hence the condition of the premolars fails to be decisive. The
state of the molars is likewise not diagnostic. Excepting the genus Hijdro-
mys, the molars are \^\ in all of the families in question ; and they are indif-
ferently rooted or rootless in Muridre, rooted in Zapodid<e and Dipodida,
rootless in Pedetulce.
It is highly characteristic — almost diagnostic^-of Murida to possess a
jjarticular construction of the anteorbital foramen; this aperture being nor-
mally a pyriform slit of moderate or small calibre, bounded externally l)y a
broad plate of the maxillary. Zupus, Dipus, and Pedetes all depart unequiv-
ocally from this in having the same opening large or very large, rounded,
and (always?) supplemented with a nick or additi«)nal foramen below the
main aperture. Associated with this condition of the foramen, we find a
special state of the zygoma, which is more than ordinarily depressed, and the
malar element of which is prolonged up the maxillary to effect suture with
the laciirymal ; wliercas, in typical Murida, the malar is a mere splint, joining
extended maxillar and s(piamosal processes. There are some other features,
such as sliortncss and breadth of the brain-case and condition of the auditory
ZAPODIDiE— DISCUSSION OF AFFINITIES.
4G3
bullse, in which ZapodidiB recede from Muridie, and more closely npproach
Dipodida, although the bullje do not attain to anything like ihc enormous
development witnessed in DipodidcB. On the whole, the skull presents more
decided affinities vith that of DipodidcB and PedetidcB than with that of
Muridce.
In DipodidcB alone arc the cervical vertebrae more or less anchyloscd ;
tlicy arc free in Murida, ZapodidtB, and Pedetidte.
The elongation of the hinder limbs of Zapodidce, the shortness of the
fore, and a correlated bulkincss of the body behind in comparison with that
in front, are points which, in Zapus, appear to indicate affinity with Dipodinc
forms, and which have undoubtedly been largely considered by naturalists in
their location of Zapus near Dipus and its allies. But has not the significance
of these features been overrated ? Has not mere resemblance been taken for
evidence of closer relationship than really exists? We should note, in the
first place, that mere form may be fallacious ; witness, for instance, the strik-
ing contrast in shape between the closely-related Gfomyidee and Saccomyidce.
Secondly, although it is highly characteristic of Murida to have the fore and
hind limbs developed to approximately the same degree, yet there are some
unchallenged forms of true Murida, in which the hind limbs are elongated,
such being Gerbillus and its immediate allies, collocated by Alston as a special
subfamily {Gerbiliinai) of Murida. Thirdly, it should be noted that, in spite
of the elongation of the pes of Zapus, that member retains five perfectly
functional digits, supported by as many complete and separate metatarsals ;
thus falling far short of the extreme modification witnessed in Dipodider,
where there are but three functionally developed digits, with fusion of lateral
metatarsals.
Upon the whole, then, while I am far from denying that the Zapodida
are a step away from the Muridte, and take that step direct toward Pipodidx, —
as better evidenced by cranial characters than by the structure of tiio hind
limbs, — still I am indisposed to concede that Zapus approaches Dipus and
Pedetes so closely that it may be advantageously combined with these in a
single family, the three to be contrasted collectively with the Murida, or with
any other one family of the Murine series. In view of tlie various cross-
relationships involved, and the special combination of characters iircsented by
Zapus, I continue to accord it full family rank, and consider that it is to bo
individually controstcd with Muridec, as Dipodid.2 and Pedetidx likewise are.
464
MONOGR. -xS OF NORTH AMERICAN EODENTIA.
The Zapodidw mny be considered a connecting link (through Gerhillina ?)
Itctwcon tiie "central" or generalized structure which clinractcrizes the
Murida, and the "peripheral" or specialized type of structure which culmi-
nates in Dipodida. The family may l)e established upon the following com-
bination of characters, superimposed upon those that belong to the Myomorpli
series at large.*
Chars.— Teeth, 18: I. ^; C.?^; Vm.\l\; M. |^. Superior incisors
compressed, sulcate; premolar small; molars rooted. Cervical vertebnc
unanchylosed (cf. Dipodida). Cranial portion of the skull shorter and broader
than in Murida: Auditory bullae transverse (cf. MuridcB), without special
development (cf. Dipodidce). Antcorbital foramen large, rounded (cf. typical
Murida), with a supplementary nick, or additional foramen, at its lower por-
tion. Malar mounting the zygomatic process of the maxillary to effect suture
with the lachrymal (cf. Muridtr). Zygomatic arch styloid, much depressed.
* I bnvu but rnccutly received Mr. E. R. AUton'xconveuient' and valuable paper on the clugsiflcation
of tbe Rodeut8 (P. Z. S Jan. ltJT6, pp. (>1-9H, pi. iv), too late for snch use on I nbonld hnvo wiiibed to m.iko of
it iu tlie preparation of my nionu|rrapb of tho Murida; wliicb, though Btill (Dec. 1870) nDpnblisked, bos
been for Boine months in tbe metnl.
Ill tbiH memoir, tho author arrnngeH Zapus (niulcr tho name of Jaculug) an one of three Hnbfamilieg
of Dipodida, which constitnto tho seventli and lust of liis oerieH of MyomorphH, Muridw being rnoged
third. Ill order to fully exhibit the grounda upon which he diffors with lue re8|iecting the position of
Zapus, — though our difference is chiefly in onr rceiicctive estimates of comparative degrees of inter-rela-
tionsbip and the taxonomio value of mntually conceded characters,— his diagnoses of Muridai, and of
Vipodidw, and its three assigned snbfamilies, are subjoined.
"Family 111. MURin.G. Lower incisors compressed ; no premolars (except in Smintkinoi); molars
rooted or rootless, tuberoulate or with angular enamel-folds. Frontals contracted. Infraorbital opening
in typical forms high, per[>eudicular, wide above and narrowed below, with the lower root of the maxillary
zygomatic process more or less llattened into a perpendicular plate ; very rarely tho opening is either
large and oval or small and subtriaugulnr. Malar short and slender, generally reduced to a splint
between the maxillary and squamosal processes. External characters very variable. PoUex rudimentary,
but often with a small nail. Tail generally subiiaked and scaly, rarely densely haired. Cosmopolitan,
Ten subfamilies. * * *."
" Famili/ Vll. DiPomD,E. Incisors compressed. Premolars present or abicnt. Qrinding-tcoth
rooted or rootless, not tuberculate, with more or fewer transverse euamel-folds. BkuU with the braiu-
case short and broad ; infraorbital opening rounded, very large (often as largo as the orbit) ; zygomntio
arch slender, curved downward ; the malar ascending in front to tho lachrymal in a lliittiMied periwii-
diuulur pinto; facial surface of tho uiaxillaries miuutely perforated ; mastoid portion of auditory bullie
usually greatly doreloped. Metatarsal bones greatly elongated, often fused into a cannon-bone. Form
gracilo ; front imrtion of body and fore limbs very small ; bind limbs long and strong, with from tbroo
to flvo digits; tail long, hairy. Three snbfamjiies :—
"A. JacuHnw. One premolar above. Grinding-toeth looted. Cervical vertebra) free, mutatarsals
separate. Hind feet with five developed digits. Tail sparsely haired. Nearctio. [One genus,— ■/ochIiu.]
" B, Dipodinai. Premolars present or abeent. Orinding-teeth rooted. Cervical vcrlobrie more or
less ankylosed. Metatarsals unitoil in a cannon-bone. Hind feet with only three digits functionally
developed. Tail thickly hairul, often tnftod. Palotarctic and Ethiopian. [Three geucra, — Dlpui, Atactaga,
rialycercomi/t. ]
" 0. Pedclino!, One premolar above and lielow, Oriudiiig-toetb rootless. Cervical vertebra) free.
Metatarsals Heparalc. Hind feet with four well-doveluped digits, with short brood houf-like nulls. Tall
bushy throughout, not (ofted. Ethiopian." [One genus,— i'ldelei. I
ZAPODIDiE—ZAPUS— SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS.
4(55
Trunk enlarged posteriorly, in correlation with tlie shortness of the fore limbs
and great elongation of the hind ones, especially of thfc pes (cf. Murida
except Gerbillince) ; nevertheless, the pes with five perfect and separate meta-
tarsals, and five functionally developed digits (cf Dipodlda, Pedetida). Claws
not peculiar (cf. Pedetidai). Tail greatly exceeding the trunk in length (cf
most Murida), very slender, scant-haire<l (cf Dipodida, Pedetida). Pro-
gression saltatorial.
Other characters of less value an; adduced as generic under the head
of Zapus.
Genus ZAPUS, Coues.
< Dipm, Bp., ZiMMEi'.MANN.Oengr. Gescb. ii, 1780, 358.— Davieh, Trnim. Linn. Soo. iv, 1798, IST).— Barton,
Tranii. Aiuer. Fliilos. Sac. ir, 1799, 114.
< Mui, sp., ZiMMKKMANN, Plmiii. Arkt. Zool. i, 1787, 131 (Mm longipa, Zimni., nee anct.).
< Gerbillvs, Bp., Desmakest, Mamm. ii, 182*^, 331 ^not type).
= Mirionei, Fu. CuviRR, Denta des Mumm. 18*25, 187 (type. But nut itcrionea of Illlger, Prod. 1811, 83,
which is based on DxpHS (anuiricinus and D. menrfianua).
< Meriones, Audubon &. Bachman, Quad. N. Am. ii, 18&1, 251 (used in au extended sense, to include
Old World species of DipodidcB).
■=J<KulHt, Waolbr, NatUrl. Syst. Anipbib. 18:10, 23 (type. Bnt not of Jarocki, 1821, nor of early authors).—
Wagner, Arch, flir Naturg. 1841, Bd. i, 119.— Baird, Mamm. N. Am. 1857, 429.- Ai^ston,
Proc. ZdGI. Soc. Lond. 1876, 89.
= i!apiia, CouKS, Bull. U. 8. Oeol. Sucv. Terr. 2d ser. No. 5, 1875, 253 (type).
Chars. — With well-developed internal cheek-pouches. Digits of the
hand five, the first of which is rudimentary, with a flat, blunt nail ; palms
naked, granular, and tuberculate Digits of the foot five, all functional, and
with perfect claws and basal ' ebs ; sole naked throughout, the heel smooth,
the rest granular and tube-\,ulate. Meatus of the ear capacious, closed with
large antitragal and tragal flaps. Pelage coarse and hispid. Size small;
configuration modified from an ordinary Murine shape ; physiognomy peculiar.
Other characters are fully detailed in the description of the species
beyond. Here I may refer again, more in detail, to the grounds (^nriefly set
forth when I proposed the name Zapus) upon which a new designation was
given to the well-known genus; tor I insist that a new name was required.
Tiie generic type in question has been successively called Dipm, Mus,
Oerbillus, Meriones or Meriones, Jaculwt, and Zapus. Which of these names
is tenable ?
The first three — Dipus, Mus, and Oerbillus — are too obviously inappli-
cable to be brought into the question at all. Their unavailability in this con-
nection is now conceded by all.
1. Jaculus, or, in its older forms, Jaculus and lacvlos, was the specific
30 M
466
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
name of n Linnasan species of a family distinct from "Zapodiclx, and was also
used, by various of the older writers, both specifically and generically. Tims,
lacvlvs is a generic t«rm used for the Jerboas by Erxleben (Syst. Nat. 404,
No. 38) in 1777, long before Zajms hudsonius had been discovered. It
should, therefore, not have been imposed upon any subsequently determined
generic type. But even according to the rule, custom or precedent, wliich
permits an author who subdivides an old genus to restrict the name of such
genus to any one of his new genera he may see fit, Jaculus is still inapplica-
ble to the present genus ; for such restriction seems to have been first made
by Jarocki,* a Polish naturalist, who, in 1821, employed the term Jaculus for
certain pentadactyle species of Dipodida, the name becoming, nt his hands,
exactly equivilent to the subsequent Alactnga of Fr. Cuvier (Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1836, 141), afterward altered, on account of its barbarous character,
to Scirtetes, by Wagner (Arch, fur Naturg. 1841, Bd. i, 119). Clearly, then,
if Jaculus is available for any modern genus, it must be for one of the Dipo-
dida, and can have nothing to do with the present case. It is as much out of
the question, in fact, as either Dipus or Gerbillus.
So far as I am aware, Jaculus was first used in connection with the pres-
ent genus by Wagler, in 1830 (NatUrl. Syst. Amphib. u. s. w.). In this
procedure, however, he was followed by no writers of note until A. Wagner.f
in his "Gruppirung der Gattungen der Nager in natiirlichen Familien" u. s. w.
(Arch, fiir Naturg. 1841, Bd. i, p. 119). used ^^ Jaculus Wagl." as equivalent
to, and instead of, Aferiones Cuv. The name, however, did not come into
general employ in this connection until 1857, when Professor Baird adopted
it in the same sense which Wagler and Wagner had attaclied to it; and his
example has been generally followed by the American school.
2. The term Meriones was invented by Illiger in 1811 (Prod. Syst.
Mamm. et Avium, etc p. 82, No. 32), to cover the Old World species "Dipus
* Jarocki'B work I bavo uot beeu able to coiifiiilt. The title uiul refuroiico, as K>von by A. Milne-
Edwnrds, after Brandt, are : — " Zoologia Cayli Zwiertopismo ugoliio. Warazwie, 1821. pi. i, p. 3(1." Hilue-
Edwards observes : " Jarocki rdserva lo noiu g^ndrlqiin de Diput anx OerbolseB dont lea pattes post^rieiires
sont tridaotylos, et constitua sous lo iioin de Jaoulua iiu Kouveau genre pour lea esp^oea jl pattea poat^ri-
eares pentadactyles".— ("titudes pour servir I'histoire de lit Fauno Mnniiualogique de la Cbioe," aj>M(i
H. Milne-Edwards's " Kecberches," etc., tome i, pp. 146, 147. 4to, Paris, ia68-74).
t Saya Professor Wagner (torn. cit. 120) : " Hinsiclitlicb der Beuennnng der amerikaoiacben Spring-
DiUnse erinnere icb, duaa ibnen der Name ilerionei, den Kr. Cuvlor auf sie illiertrUgt, nicbt beigelegt
werden sollte, indem ihn Illiger an Nager der alten Welt Torgeben bat ; icb bedieue micb daber dea Ton
Wagler vorgescblagenen Namens Jaculus." That is to say, Profesaor Wagner objects to M. Cuvier'a
transferring lUiger'a Merionet to the American type, without seeming to be nwat« that he is doing
the same thing himself, — transferring Jacului tn this type.
ZArODID^.— ZAPUS— Z. HUDSONIUS— 8YJJONYMY.
4G7
tamaricinus, :neiiduinus LinGmol."; the aiitlior qtn)tes " C'erhUlus Desm." aa
a synonym; the diagnosis of tlie genus is not applicable ioZapus; nnd, ns
if to clinch the matter, Illiger expressly enumerates " Dij^us canadensis Shaw"
under a preceding genus, Dipus. Hence it is clear that Meriones, as proposed
by Illiger, had no reference, even by implication, to the American type Zapus.
But, a few years afterward, in 1826, Fred. Cuvier (Dents des Mamniif. etc.
p. 187) committed the Gallicism of Miriones, and said : "Le type de ce genre
est le dipu* americanu», de Barton." without the slightest allusion to Illiger, —
just as if he were proirosing a new genus. All that he did, however, was
(o transfer lUiger's name to a totally different generic type, to which Illiger
never intended it to apply. The case is parallel with that of Wagler's nnd
Wag' jr's transferriftg of Jaculun from certain Old World types to the Ameri-
can one. It is immaterial whether or not Meriones is tenable for the group
upon which Illiger based it ; it certainly cannot stand for any other group.
Hence it is clear that the American animal never had a name based upon
itself, nor any teiukble name, until Zapus was proposed. In establishing the
genu.s I thought it unnecessary to more than briefly allude to the facts in the
case ; but, as I observe some indisposition to coincide in this instance with
my views, I have thought proper to set forth my reasons at length.
ZAPUS HUDSONIUS, Coues.
SYNONYMY.
IHpmt htid$omuu, Zi>»iBBi(.kNN, Gfoj;. Gescli. ii, 1780, 358, Nu. 36H (based on' tbo Long-legged Honseof
Hndnon's Bay, of Pennant).— B<)DD.£KT, Elencb. Anini. i, 1784, 110 (based on Zimniermaun). —
SciiRKBEK, "Siiug. . . . 8Gl,No.G".— Fischer, Syn.Mamin. 1829, 340(bns«d on Zimmormnnn),
Gerbiliat iadtoiiim; BAriNEsqUK, Am. Moutb. Mng. 1818, 446.— LESSON, Man. i, 1827, !i&7.
Umaan kuito»iem», AcDi'BON &. B.vchmax, Q. N. A. ii, 1801, 2.'>1, pi. 80.
JatmUu kudttmiiu, Baibq, M. N. A. 1807, 430, pi. '21, f 5 <i-«.-Nkwberry, P. R. B. Bep. vi, 1807, 59 (Cali-
fornia). — Baird, P. R. B. Bc>p. x, IH^VJ, Oininison'H &^ Bi>.cl<witb'» Bouteg, Mauini. p. 8.—
CooPEK it Buckley, Not. Hist. Wusb. Terr. 18C0, 83, 101, IBT'.— IIaydkn, Trans. Anier.
Pbilo^ Sac. xii, 1862, 147 (Fort Union).— Samuels, Nintb Ann. Rep. Mass. Board Agric. 1862,
178 (babils).- Gilpin, Proc. &, Trjins Nova Scotia Inst, ii, 1870, 60 (Nova Scotia).— Allen,
BalL Mm. Cofnp. Zool. i, 1870, 226 (Mnssacbusetts).— Tknnky, Am. Nat. vi, 1872, 330, f. 101
(habit*).- Mkrbiam, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Snrv. Terr, for 1871, 1872, 665.— Amfji, Bnll. Minn.
Acad, i, 1874, 70 (Minnesota).— Allen, Bnll. Ess. Inst, vi, 1874, 60, O!) (Wyoming and Utah).
Zafut h*i$omiK3, lUtcts, Boll. U. 8. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. 'Jd scr. No. 5, 1875, 254.— C'oUK8& Yarrow,
Zoul. Eipl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 99.
ifaa iMf <i>a, ZmMEBM AUK, Penn. Arkt. Zool. i, 1787, 131 (erroneous identification with ilui Umgipet aueU).
Mu» camadtatu, •' PKSNAirr " ( merely Lotin rendering of " Canada rat " f ).
7>ip<i« ooaadnm. Daties, Trans. Linn. Soc. iv, 1798, 157, pi. 8, f. 5, 6 (".Tumping Mouse of Canada"). —
Sbaw, Gen. Zool. ii, 1801, 192, pi. 161 (after Davie8).—Tt)RTON, Syst, Nat. i, 180<), 100.— Ord,
Oothtie's Geog. 2d Am. et\. 1815, 292.— Fischer, Syn. Manim. 1829, 339.
OmUUiu (Muaiam; Desmakcst, Manini. ii, 1822, .131.— Haiilan, Fn. Ani«r.l825, 150.— Godhan, Am. Nat
Hist, ii, Isted. 1826, p. — ; 2d ed. 1831, 94, pi. — ; 3d ed. 1861, 94.— Griffith, Aniiu. Kingd.
V, tH27, 2W, No. 624.- Emmons, R«p. Quad. Mass. 1840, 69.- Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont,
I8KI, 4i.— Hau., Canad. Nat. & Geol. vi, 1861, :!04 (Montreal).
\ m
|!!~ f
't "ill!
468
MONOGUAPnS OF NORTH .MRRICAN UODBNTIA.
Maiont* oaruidmtii, Less., Mbii. i, 1*27, 258.— SciliNZ, Syn. Mnroni. ii, 1845, 91.
Dipiu americanm, Baiiton, Amor. Philos. Traus. iv, No. xii, 17U9, 115 (plute. Dot numbered, opp. p. 134),—
Barton, op. cit. vi, 1804, 143 (liabits).— Ord, Gutlirie'a Oeog. 'iA Am. ed. 1815, 202.
Uirionet amerkanus, Kit. CiiviKK, Dents des Mamm. 1835, 187, No. and pi. 75, Dkh, a, b (leoth. Name not
formuUy presented, but iuferablo from tbu context),
Jaculu$ anericanut, Waglkr, NutUr). 8yat. Ampbib, 1830, 33.
Uerionet amerkanua, DkKay, N. Y. Zool. i, 1843, 70, pi. 34, f.3.
Dipus labradoriua, Tdktox, Syst. Nat. i, 1806, 99 (Labrador Rat of Pennant ).— Odd, Oiithrio's Geog. 8d
Am. ed. 1815, 293.
Mm labradoriutfJ. SAniNK, App. Frankl. Jonrn. 1833, 601.
Otrbilliu labradorius, Hablan, Fn. Anier. 1835, 157 (after Sa&ine).— Godman, Am, Nat. Hist, i), Ist ed,
1826, p. — ; 2d ed. 1831, 97 ; 3d ed. 1861, 97.— Ghikkith, Anim. Kint'd. v, 1887, 240, No. 635,
Dipiu )abradori(ms, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 1H39, 3;i8.
Sleriona labradoriut, Riciiardsun, F. B.-A. i, 1839, 144, pi. 7.— Waunkii, Suppl. Schreb. iv, pi. 330 B
(atkr Richardson).- Dawson, Ediub. N. Fbilos. Joiirn. new ser. iii, 1850, 3.
Uerionet labradoriu, SciiiNZ, Syn. Mamm. II, 1845, 93.
Jaculus labradoriut, Waukkr, Snpi)l. Scbreb. Hi, 1843, 394.— Gierel, Sung. 1855, 599 ; Zeltscbr. gesammt
Naturw. xxv, 1865, 373 (osteology).— Kennicott, U. 8. Patent Ofllce Agrlc. Rep. for I8."i6,
1857, 95, pi. 11 (habits).- Maximilian, Arch. Naturg. 1801, p. — ; Verz. ReisvN.-Am. 1863, 146.
Gerbillm sylvalicut, " Mitciiill " (descr. nnllu).
MerioHet nemtyralit, Is. GKOVKRor, " Diet. Class. vll,323 ; pi. fasc. 10, n. 3 ",
GerbiUut dametii, Rafinesque, " Prdc Odcouv. Sdmlol. 14 ".
t Gerbillut toricinxu, Rafinksque, " Prdc. Ddconv. S<$miol. 14".— Dksmarest, Mamm. ii, 1833, :<32 (com-
piled from RuQnesqne). — Lesson, Man. i, 1837, 357 (compiled from Raflncsi|no).
t Diput toricinut, Fiscber, Syn. Mamm. 1829, .339 (compiled from Rafliiesquc).
f GI«rM{(u< leonurut, Rafinesque, Am. Month. Mag. 1818, 440.— Desmarest, Mamm. ii, 1822, 322 (compiled
from Ratlucsiinc). — Lesson, Man. i, 1837, 357 (compiled from liafinesqne).
f Diput leonurut, FiscnER, Syn. 1839, 339 (compiled from Raflnesqno).
f Gei-billut megalopt, Rafinf.8QUE, Am. Month. Mag. 1818, 446.— Desmarest, Mamm. ii, 1833, :I33 (compiled
from Raflnesqno). — Lesson, Man. i, 1837, 357 (compiled from RnOnesqne).
f Diput megalopt, Fischer, Syn. 1839, 340 (compiled from Raflnesqne).
t Gerbillut viacrounit, Rafinesqur.
t Gerbillut bracbiiurut, Ravines<)CE.
iteritnet microcephalut, Harlan, Proc. Zool. Sec. Loud, vii, 18:19, 1. — Sciiinz, Syn. Mamm. ii, 1845, 98
(compiled from Harlan).
Meriontt acadicui, Dawson, Edinb. N. Philos. Jouru. new ger. iii, 1856, 3, pi. 1.
Canada Rut, Pennant, Qnad, ii, 173.
Labrabor Rat, Pennant, Hist. Qnad. 1781, 435, No. 305; Aral, Zool. i, 1784, 133, No. 6,3,
Jumping Moute of Canada, Da vies, I, o,
Labrador or Jumping Mnuie, Godman, 1. c.
Canadian Jerboa, Shaw, 1. c.
Labradore Jerboa, Turton, 1. o.
Canadian and Labrador (lerbil, Qrifpitr, I. c.
Deer Moute, DeKay, 1. c.
Gerbilte du Canada, Desmarest, 1. o.
MMone du Canada, Lesson, I. c.
Gurbille loricine, dt la baie dl Hudson, queue de Uon, et anxtienx noirt, Lws., 1. o.
(7<iiia({i<cli«, Labradoritche, Kttinkiipfige HUpfmant, Schinz, I. c.
DESCRIPTION.
m
A. Cranial characters. — In comparison with the Murine forms with which
it has been associated, this animal presents many strong peculiarities of the
skull and teeth. Among these may be enumerated the presence of an addi-
tional tooth in the upper molar series, causing an inequality jn the formulte
of the two jaws ; the size and shape of the anteorbital foramen, with its
ZAPODIDiE— ZAPU8 JJUD80N1US— CRANIAL CHAUACTEU8. 469
supplementary foramen or nick just beneutli ; the extension of the innlar
bone uj) the slender styloid zygomatic portion of tiic maxillary till it sutures
with the lachrymal, and the slenderncss and depression of the rest of the
zygomatic arch ; the shortness and transverse positioil of the bullae auditorial ;
the position of the maxillo-palatine suture; expansion of tlie posterior nares,
&c. The sUulI, as a whole, is shorter for its width, though the zygomata are
more nearly parallel ; it is also deeper for its other dimensions, with n greater
degree of convexity, both lengthwise and crosswise, of tiie superior contour.
Nevertheless, its general superficial resemblance to that of Mus j)roper is evi-
dent. Compared with tiiat of Mus musculus, which is of about the same size,
we see in each species the same general shape and delicate papery condition,
without strong angularity, as well as many close coincidences in detail, indi-
cating that the Murine affinities of the animal arc with typical Mu», llespero-
mi/s, &c., and not with the Arvicoline group of Muridoi, in which the skull is
notably heavier, more massive, and more angular.
As to the general shape of the skull, there is little to be added to the
foregoing, except such points as, being equally applicable to the familiar Mus
musculus, need not be recapitulated ; we may therefore at once proceed to
details, in giving wliich I frequently compare the skull with that of Mus to
indicate its departures from ordinary Murine features.
The ant«orbital foramen, which transmits the masseter in this instance,
and which constitutes a prime peculiarity of the skull, is of great size and
obliquely oval in shape. Instead of being circumscribed by a plate of bone,
as in MuridcR, it is defined externally by a very slender styloid process of the
maxillary, which is strengthened by the upward extension of the malar,
applied as a splint along its whole length. Below this main foramen there is
another much smaller one, which transmits the nerve. This is sometimes a
complete foramen, separate from the other; sometimes only a deep notch in
the lower border of the main opening ; and this difference may be observed
on the two sides of the same skull. I am ready to believe that this lesser
opening, giving passage to the superior maxillary nerve, is the true "anteorb-
ital" foramen itself; for it seems to correspond to the lower part of the large
slit which, in Muridce, is walled in by the maxillary lamina, and it is formed
by a little plate of bone, which rises as a ridge from the alveolar portion of
the jaw, and bends over to abut against the main wall of the maxillary. In
cases in which this plate tails to reach the main wall of the maxillary, so that
470
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
! I 3!
i^''
only a notch and not a foramen results, the correspondence of the whole
opening with the pyriform slit of tlie Muridee is very evident, and the relation
of the parts is fully established, though the 8ha|)e is quite different.
Th(^ C'litour of the parts surrounding the foramen is such that tiie zygo-
matic pnicess of the maxillary stands out at a right angle at a point scarcely
above the level of the alveoli. The anterior root of the zygoma is hence
notably depressed in position ; there being no forward-upward reach of the
lower border of this arch, so evident in Muridce. The zygoma, in fact, is
nearly horizontal in all of its lengtli along the under side ; but anteriorly the
upper edge rises prominently, in consequence of the unusual extension of the
malar up tiie maxillary, already mentioned. The malar runs all the way up
to the lachrymal bone, affording a circumstance which I believe to be rare,
namely, a lachrymo-malar suture like that which is found in Dipodida and
Pedetido'. This ascending spur of the malar is, moreover, expanded into a
rather broad lamina, partly defending the orbit, thus supplying a wall that, in
most cases, is afforded by expansion of the zygomatic process of the maxil-
lary ; the latter being in this case of styloid character. In its continuity,
the malar is a slender rod ; behind, it underlaps a short spur of the squamosal
with simple squamous suture.
The general shape of the orbit is much the same as in Miis. In both,
the squamosal forms much of the posterior orbital wall ; the orbito-sphenoid
being correspondingly reduced. The antero-exterior corner of the parietal
reaches to the brim of the orbit.
The rostral portion of the skull bears to the rest about the same propor-
tion as in Mm, and is equally attenuate anteriorly, though thicker at the base,
and consequently more tapering. The ends of the nasals project conspicu-
ously beyond the plane of the incisors ; behind, these bones terminate oppo-
site the ends of the intermaxillaries ; the suture of the frontal with each of
them, as well as with the maxillaries, being nearly in one transverse jagged
line. The intermaxillaries develope a strong alveolar plate, separating the
superior incisors for nearly half their length ; this, with the projection of the
nasals and backward set of the much-curved teeth, results in a snout strikingly
like that of the Saccomyidm. The feeble, retreating under jaw, densely hairy
upper lip, and small nasal pads bear out this resemblance ia the external
physiognomy.
' As in Mus, the interorbital constriction is moderate, being about as wide
'-Aw
ZAPODID^-ZAPUS IIUD80NIUS— CRANIAIi CUAUACTEU8. 471
ns the ruHtruin at base ; and tliere iti no trace of a postorbital process. The
imrietals are nearly 8(|uarc, though sonicwhat ciniirginate in front, to corre-
spond with the convexity of the frontal. There is little, if any, dipping-down
of a postero-exterior angle, so well exhibited in Mas. The interparietal is of
large size transversely, though narrow in the other direction ; it reaches across
the whole width of the combined parietals, bounding them both posteriorly,
as it is itself bounded by the occipital. The extent of this narrowly ellipti-
cal transverse interparietal is greater than in Mus ; its corner is at a point
where the bacU outer angle of the parietal, back upper angle of the squamo-
sal, and front upper angle of the occipital all come nearly together. The.
squamosal closely resembles that oi' Mm in size, shape, and connections;
there are the same exlensive vacuities about the petrosal, with a similar strong
clasp, bridging over the opening just above the meatus, running from the root
of the zygomatic process to the back edge of the bone. The mastoid is of
moderate size, developing nothing to be fairly called a process, wedged
between the paroccipital process and the squamosal, at the postero-lateral
corner of the skull. It is confluent with the j)etrosal, but partially fissured
away from the surrounding occipital elements. The supraoccipitid is of large
size and convex contour; the occipital crest is slight, so that the plane of the
occiput is not well defined from that of the superior surface of the skull, the
two meeting with a continuous curve, more convex than in Mus. The upper
border of the occipital is nearly straight, and bounded quite across by the
interparietal; next comes a considerable piece of squamosal suture, and then,
the mastoid. The foramen magnum is of great size and nearly hexagonal
shape ; most of it being in "the plane of the occiput, with only a slight nick
inferiorly. The condyles are protuberant and convergent ; the condyloid fora-
men is close beneath their articular surfaces. The paroccipitals are well-
marked perpendicular processes. The basioccipitwl narrows very rapidly, owing
to the strong inward trend of the petrosals, and ends by transverse suture, as
usual, with the basisphenoid, opposite the ends of the petrosals. Its under
surface shows a pair of slight depressions, with a median ridge.
The posterior nares are of ample dimensions, owing to the wide separa-
tion of the pterygoids. These bones are long, straight, and styloid, with a
slightly-clubbed extremity in close approximation to the ends of the petrosals.
The palate ends behind with a broad, rounded emargination opposite the last
molars. This formation is very diflferent from that of Mas, in which the bony
m
H"
1
1 ■ !. '
1
>
1
i
i !r
» {
iiiii
W
'its
^!
Pj.
ii
m^
1 1
'I ill
.(i ■■■''' 81
... *
M ^
Wlilh
WIS
4
472
MONOORAPnS OP NORTH AMKRIOAN RODKNTIA.
palate extends l)iick of the niolnr stirioa, md the contracted intcrpterygoid
spnco is narrowly angular. The inaxillo-i ilatino suture of Zaptis, liUewiwc,
is differently located, l)eiiig opposite the interspace between tlu; penultimatn
and preceding molar, instead of much farther i)ack. Timre is a pair of con-
spicuous palatal foramina o[)posite tlie penultimate molar. The contour of
the palate differs from that of Mus, and perhaps a majority of allied Rodents,
in being broader in front than behind. The incisive foramina are of great
length, as well as quite broad, reaching from 'iltlo behind the incisors to oppo-
site the molars; the perforation is half in t.ic intermaxillary, half in the max-
illary ; the bony sejttum is swollen exeei)t at its posterior j)art.
The form of tiie descending jjrocess of the mandible is a strong charac-
ter of Znpus in comparison witii Mus, &c., in which this plate of bono is
more or less squarish, and vertical or nearly so. In ZopuK, the same plalc is
strongly twisted out of the axis of the jaw, standing diagonally outward and
upward, — very much, in fact, as in SaccoviyidtP. The coronoid is rather weak,
falcate, acute, with a strong slope ; it slightly overtops the condyle. The
latter sets strongly backward, though it is rather more erect than in Mus. Tiie
incisor causes a moderate protuberance outside, at the root of the condylar
process. Inside, nearly opposite, is the conspicuous ibramen of the inferior
maxillary nerve.
B. Dental characters. — The superior incisors are short and stout, with a
strong curve ; their anterior faces strongly suleate, with the outer half of the
tooth rabbeted down so thai the groove is plainly visible from the side. Tlie
inferior incisors are not specially noteworthy. The molar series differs from
that in Murid(f proper (except Sminthus) in the presence of a small premolar
in the upper jaw, with no tooth to correspond in the lower series. This
minute premolar is single-rooted; the three following teeth have three roots
apiece, — a lengtiiwise pair of slender fangs outside, and a single stout fang,
apparently formed of two coalesced roots, inside. The lower molars have
each a pair of roots, in single lengthwise series. The upper premolar is the
smallest of the whole, and simply circular; the next two are about equal in
size; the last is much smaller. A similar proportion is seen in the under
series. The pattern of the molar crowns is much complicated.
C. External characters. — A general Murine form is modified by the great
development of the hin>^ limbs (much as in Dipodida or some forms of Sac-
comyidte), and especially of the pes itself; an unusual lengtli of tail, which
ZAPODlDiH— ZAPD8 1IUDSONIU8— KXTEUNAL CUAUACTKllS. 473
grcntly oxceods that of llin iMxIy ; n pociiliiir (•ondition Of tlio oxtcrnni cnr;
nnd a pli^sid^fiiomy (|iiite Wko. tlmt iif the Sacromt/ida. There are also well-
(levclciped iiitertinl cli('ck-|i()iiches, shared, in a less degree however, by vnriuus
Aiiierican Muridce* These pouches, as well as eaii he judged from alcoholic
specimens, are leliitively nhout as large as those of Tamiax I'or iustnnce.
The l)ody of Xnjiu.t is large l)ehiii<l, in co-rolatiou with the greatly-devel-
oped posterior limbs, and tapers to the fore in n . 'gidar manner; the head
being comparatively sinidl, and there being no noticeai)le constriction of the
neck. The head is conoidal, with a prominent and rather blunt snout and
retreating under jaw. The rather snudl eye is midway i)etween the nose and
ear. The upper lip is not visibly cleft, and is densely hirsute, with ii fringe
of hairs d<;peiiding over and almost hiding the small front teeth. The naked
muffle is of rather small size, and entirely inferior in position; above it, the
hairy skin crosses "with n deep transverse crease, forming a sort of imperfect
overhanging flap, which is freely movable l)ack and forth, even in alcoholic
specimens, and looks as if it might be drawn down to partially cover the nos-
trils. (I have observed much the same thing in Saccomj/irfa.) The nose-pad
is impressed with a pair of median vertical grooves, aiul a transverse one is
seen in some cases. The nostrils are completely lateral in position. The
whiskers are rather sparse, but some of them are nearly half as long as the
body.
The structure of the external car is rather remarkable (among Rodents)
for the provision for perfect closure of the meatus, as in the Soricida for
instance. The antitragus develops into a great flap, completely reversible,
and capable of being applied against the meatus ; and such, in fact, appears
to be its usual position. The tragus, likewise, expands into a wide frill, or
thin, free, rounded border, which ordinarily lies in apposition with the anti-
tragal lobe opposite, completing the closure of the ear. On turning over
these two flaps, the vestibule of the ear is seen to be of unusually large
dimensions. The conch itself is of an ordinary contour, coming to a blunt
* Tlio preaonce uf chiMtk-puiicbeii in the geuiiB netfenmij/t was first noted in 1830 by Gapper, who
Tef»iTed BiiociineDi) of the common Haperomgn leucoput to Cricetut ou tbm tccoupt, ' ' t:iIj:i-,kiD)( a species
C. m^auio. In this matter, he was sncceodcil by Bbini in 1857, who uliio ruougnized the pouches, and
endorsed a Haperomyt myoidn mainly n|)on this featnre, failing, however, to observe that they also
existed in other species uf the same genua. At the same time that Mr. J. A. Alien announced the before
unknown pouches of Zapiit hudioxiiu, ho hIso showed that they occurred as well in various species of
Utiptromy ; and my subsequent cliosections have satisfied me that pouches are present in all the North
Aiuerlaiin H|iaci«s of Beiperomyt proper ; <. e., the subgenus yetperimut as established by mc : Pruc. Acad.
Mat. Sei. I'hila. 1S74, 17d.
474
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Hiiu
n 5
jmint above; the anterior third is folded close back. The back of the ear
and the fold of the conch are sparsely pilous; the exposed parts of the front
of the ear bein<^ more tiiickly clothed. The antitragal pad bears on its outer
surface a special tuft of long hairs ; its other side being naked, as are botb
sides of the flap of the tragus.
The fore limbs are absolutely small, as well as short in comparison with
the hinder ones; and they seem to be placed rather far forward, though this
appearance may be due, in part at least, to the tapering shape of the body.
The hands are pilous above, naked below. There ai^e four perfect finger.-i,
with ordinary claws, and a rudimentary thuml), which bears a flat, blunt nnil.
The third digit is the longest ; ths fourth, second, and fifth being successively
shorteneil. The digits are regularly transversely scutellate below. The palm
is granular throughout, with a pair of large smooth pads (inner and outer)
near the wrist, and three smaller tubercles at the basesof the digits; two proper
to the second and fif\h, respectively, one common to the third and fourth.
The elongation of the hind limbs, which confers the high degree of
saltatorial power upon this animal, like that of Dipus, &c., is especially notice-
able in the pes, which exceeds the crus in length. This development of the
foot, nevertheless, is not accompanied by reduction of the digits in number,
nor by any imperfection of their respective metatarsaL'. The number of
these bones has been queried : I find five, perfect from end to end, with com-
plete tarsal and phalangeal articulations. The foot is clothed above with
short, sofl, silky hairs, quite different from the hirsute pelage of the body;
below, it is entirely naked, though the lateral fringe of hairs encroaches upon
the contracted heel. The sole is perfectly smooth (as in Mus) for about half-
way, then flrranular; the digits are transversely scutellate underneath. There
is a well-defined tubercle on the inner side a little distance above the base of
the first digit, and four others at the bases of the digits ; three proper to the
first, second, ami fillh, respectively, one common to the third and fourth,
'lliere are five perfect and normally-clawed digits. The first is shortest, and
also situated rather high up, so that its tip reaches only to about the base of
'he second. The fifth is next longer, retiching the middle of the fourth. The
third slightly exceeds the fourth and second, which arc about equal to each
other. There is much basal webbing between the three intermediate digits,
esjiecially between the third and fi)urth, which carries their apparent bases
far beyond the bases of tlu! lateral digits.
.m
ZAPODlDiE— ZAPU8 HCDSON1U8— EXTERNAL CHARACTERS. 475
In its relative length, the tail exceeds that of any other North American
(iiiamiiial J) Roc'ent, always greatly exceeding the head and body, and some:
times measuring nearly twice as much. It is cylindrical, with uniform taper
and very slight caliber^ coming to a fine point with a slight pencil of hairs.
Its hairiness is about on a par with that of Mm musculus, decumanus, &c. ;
that is to say, insufficient to hide the verticillate whorls of scales between
which the short hairs spring.
The general pelage of this animal is coarse and hispid, with little gloss,
.and presenting a streaky or "staring" appearance, owing to the number of
bristly hairs which are mixed with the softer under fur. The color varies a
good deal in diiferent specimens, though one pattern is pretty constantly pre-
served. About one-third of the colored part of the fur — that is to say, a
dorsal strip about as wide as the lateral strip on either side — is brownish-
yellow, heavily shaded with brownish-black. The sides, with the outer
surface of the limbs, are of this sai le sandy-yellowish, but so slightly lined
with the blackish that the purity of the light color is scarcely interfered with.
The under parts are snow-white, with a pretty sharp line of demarkation
from the colored areas. The backs of the hands ami feet are whitish. The
tail is rather indistinctly bicolor, to correspond with the body-areas, — -aark
brown above, whitish below. The ears have a light-colored rim. The
whiskers art mostly black. The basal part of the fur, in the colored areas,
is gray or plumbeous, excepting just along the line of junction of the tawny
of the sides with the white of the belly, where the hairs are white to the
roots, like those of the belly. To this absence of dark bases of the hairs is
due the appearance of a fulvous stripe along the sides, sometimes quite
strongly marked, much as in species of Perognathus or Cricetodipuf . In these
coses, there are thus four styles of coloration from back to beliy : the dark
dorsal area, mixed blackish and sandy, with plumbeous roots ; sandy, with
little or no blackish, but still with gray roots, sandy, with white roots; and,
finally, pure white. The variations (o which the species is subject lie in the
brightness or dullness of the tawny, and its lining with a varying amount of
blackish ; the degree of distinctness of the dorsal area from that of the sides,
and of this from the white of the belly ; and in the sharpness or indistinct-
ness; of the tawny lateral stripe along which the hairs are white at the roots.
The line of the belly-white is pretty constantly sharp, as in Hesperomys; but
there is often a gradual shading from the dark dorsal area to the tawny
I
lI.-.<,
*' I
476
MOSOGUAPHS OF NOE{TH AMERICAN EODBNTIA.
of the sides, and the latter is sometimes very pale yellowish-gray, &c. I
have observed no plumbeous or entirely gray stage like that frequently or
usually seen in young He.speromif-s ; and I have failed to determine what defi-
nite relation, if any, the observable ditferences in coloration bear to sex
or age.
The animal varies much in size, and to some extent in proportions,
espeeiaUy the length of the tail. This is tiie most variable dimension, as
usual in all such cases of high development of parts. A tendency to superior
size in specimens from the Rocky Mountains and vk'estward has been noted.
The following table of measurements of an alcdholic series indicates very
fairly the dimensions, and. to some extent, the variations in size and pro-
portions:— ■• I- i '.
TaBlk I. — Mtatiircmentt of Iwcnly-oun alwkolio speeimem o/Zapu8 huiwokiiis.
Skulls mcnanre fruro 0.90 to 1.00 by 0.4S to 0.50.
a u
- a
2 "
li
S593
•am
laai
)me
83SrT
S393
SS94
3390
SMO
3003
SK06
a«07
3608
3604
CliOl
3603
3603
9011
^!0
1939
scog
Locality.
lUlllM, N..S
Middloboru', Mrbs..
do..
do
do....
do
Burllnntoii, Vt
Wethnsfleld, Coon
do
W»lerville, K. T
do
do
do
PblUdnlphla, Pa
Carllale.P«
do
do
We«tNortlifleld,lll ...
Difwr MUnonrl River..
PlatU) lilviT >«br
Stellacooni, W. T
Atituku
From tip 0
f noae to —
Tail-
Length of—
1
1
..i
t
1
Fore foot.
i
•O.K
O.M
1.00
9:75
5.00
0.40
1.30
0.4j
0.7.1
I.OO
8.00
5.39
o.;)5
1.18
0. V,
0.90
1.00
3.00
0.00
0.37
1.30
0.43
0.80
0.95
3.75
4.50
0.45
1.18
0.40
0.1^
0.95
3. CO
5.30
0.43
O.US
1.00
3.75
4.75
0.35
MS
0.4S
0.00
1.00
3.30
5.35
0.40
1.18
0.45
0.90
1.00
3.75
4.80
a 40
1.10
0.45
o.eo
1.00
3.75
4.35
0 35
I.IS
0.45
0.1)0
1.10
3.10
4.05
0.45
1.15
0.50
0.95
1.00
3.8.1
5.00
0.4.1
0.85
l.ro
885
4.90
0.40
1.13
n.4S
0.110
1.00
3.00
.\00
a 40
1.15
0.45
0.85
1.00
390
4.05
0.43
1.13
0.45
o.e>
i.to
3.85
4..'!U
0.45
1.15
0.45
0.85
I.OO
8.85
4.75
0.45
1.15
0.40
O.eo
0.95
8.0O
4.40
■ 0.40
1.05
0.40
o.so
0.90
880
4.-0
0.40
1.10
0.50
1. 00
1.15
3.00
MO
0.48
1.15
0.40
O.M
0.05
3.75
4.50
a 43
1.13
0.45
1.00
6.10
0.50
1.35
0.44
0.86
0.00
3.89
4.00
0.43
1.15
*A11 meaanromenta ore In KaKliah Inuhes and deoimala.
OEOORAPHICAl. DI8TBIBUTI0N.
The dispersion of Znpus hudsonivs in North America can at present be
given only in somewhat general terms, pending precise information respect-
i-L
p
i :■ \
1
w
11
.1
m^
'l-iy 'itS
m-M
7j\vot>idm—z\vus hudsonius— general history.
477
ing both nortlicrn and southern limits uf its distribution. It inhabits the
greater part of British America and tlie United States, from Atlantic to
Pacific. The northernmost recorded locality I have noted is Great Slave
Lake, latitude 62° ; and the southernmost is Virginia, where I have myself
observed it. It was originally described from Hudson's Bay, Labrador, and
Canada, and appears to be particularly numerous in the last-named region and
northern half of the United States. Audubon surmises, with mucii reason,
that it exists south of Virginia, at least in mountainous regions; while there
is no doubt of its presence in elevated portions of Arizona and New Mexico,
which harbor such a truly boreal animal as Gulo luscus. We have found it
in Dakota, and it is known to occur on the Pacific coast, in Washington Ter-
ritory ; while the moist and comparatively warm climate of tiie wooded
region, thence northward, we may properly surmise, will carry its habitat far
into Alaska. Its dispersion will probably ultimately prove to be little, if any,
less extensive than that of Hesperomys leucopus ; although, as it is more
strictly a woodland animal, there are large treeless areas within its general
range where probably it does not exist.
HISTORY OF THE SPECIES
Tiie latter part of the last century gave us our earliest accounts of this
species, under various names, from three apparently separate and independent
sources, — Pennant, Davies, and Barton. Thomas Pennant is said to have first
described the animal under the name of the "Long-legged Mouse of Hud-
son's Bay", or some equivalent expression;* and' this became the basis o*"
the first technical appellation quoted. Dipus hudwriius, conferred by Pro-
fessor Zimmermann in 1780. Pennant erred in <ir.5uly id'intifvinj^ the ani-
mal sent from Hudson's Bay by Mr. Graham with the Mus longipes of Pallas,
or Dipus meridianus of Gmelin, an Asiatic quadruped. The same author had
also a "Labrador Rat", which is no other tlian the present species. J. Sabine
is currently accredited with the term Mus Inbradorius, derived from this
source ; but a Dipus lahradorius had before appeared, upon the same basis,
in Turton's English version of the Linn.-Gm. Systema Naturie (1806).
About the year 1798, General Thomas Davies communicated to the Liu-
neean Society an account of an animal he called the ''Jumping Mouse of
Canada", which was published in the Transactionsf of that l'>dy for 1798, the
* The rnforence is not at band as I wrltu.
t An Aooonnt of the Jnniping Mouse of Caniula. Uy T. Uavitss. < Trana. Linn. Soc. !v, ITUti, pp.
166-167, pi. S, tffo lower flga. Named rHp»ii oanadimiii on p. 157.
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4V8
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
species being called Dipus canadensis. The article Was immediately copied
into Tillocii's Pliiiotioj'liical Magazine,* with reproduction of the colored
plates by wliich it was illustrated. These same figures, representing the ani-
mal in activity and in repose, were also copied by Dr. G. Shaw in his General
Zoology in 1801 (plate 161), and the species became established upon this
name '^canadensis", already tbe tliird one bestowed upon it.
Tlie fourth designation of the species, "Dipus americanus", is derived
from Barton ; it really anticipated Davies's '^canadensis", though not in date
of publication. In the year 1796, Prof B. S. Barton communicated an account
of the species to the American Philosopliical Society, which body published
it in the fourth volume of their Transactions, t bearing date 1799. In this
article, the learned and ingenious author named a species, Dipus americanus,
on page 115; he discussed at length its probable relationships with Dipus
hudsonius of Zimmermann, and with "Mus longipes", coming to the conclu-
sion it was distinct; and finished with an interesting account of its habits.
Some years later, the same writer presented to tlie society a second paperj
on the species, devoted to further consideration of the creature's habits,
with special reference to its torpidity or hibernation. These excellent
accounts of Professor Barton's have probably not been excelled in accuracy
of detail.
We thus see how the species came to be generally known by three dif-
ferent names, — hudsonius, canadensis, and labradorius, — to say nothing of the
''Mus longipes". Later authors are nearly equally divided in their use of
those terms, but hudsonius clearly has priority. Coming to later synonyms,
I find a quotation of a Gerbillus sylvaticus, a name said to liave been proposed
by S. L. Mitchill, without accompanying description ; and also of a Meriones
nemoralis, attributed to Is. Geoffroy St. Hilaire. These references I have not
been able to verify.
Afler treating of "Gerbillus" canadensis, in his Fauna Americana, in
182.'), apparently from fair acquaintance with the animal, Dr. R. Harlan, in
1839,§ described specimens from Philadelphia as a new species under the
* An Account of t'lo.ImnpinK MoiiBe of Conacio, />i/>iM oaiia(ieiia<«. ByT. Davles. < Tilloch'n Pbtl.
MsK. i, Aut,'. 17!W, pp. aav,>H7, pi. viii, «g8. (colored) 1, 2. (From Tr. Linn. Soo. iv, 1798, pp. 155-157.)
l8on)n nccnnnt of iiii Ainoricun 8|h>cI«h of UipiiH or .Jerboa. < Trans. Anier. PbiloB. 8oc. iv, No.
xii, pp. 114-124, with pi. not nunibcroil opp. p. ia4. " Komi " 1795 ; vol. diitetl 1799.
tSnpplcnicnt to tliu u:xonut of tliii UipuB americaiim, in tli« IV. Vol. of tlie Transact iooH of tiio
Society. Siio No. XII. < Tnms. Aincr. Pliilos. Soc. vi, 1S04, pp. 143, 144. Roa<l Dec. 1803 ; vol. dated 1804.
f On a Now HpcciiM of Mcrioncn. < Proc. Zoi'il. Soc. I^n<1. vil, .Iiin. 1839, p. 1. 8nb8«<|ui'nt to tbo
collection of tlio iintlior'H jinpi^rH pnbliHliid liy livdin It. Ilnllny, nndi-r tlie titio »( " Medical and Physical
R.'Hcnrchi'H" ("vo, Philndn. I":!".).
mBm
ZAPODID^E— ZAPIIS HUDSONIUS— GENERAL HISTOKY.
479
name of Meriones microcephalus. In 1856, Principal J. W. Dawson rede-
scribed* the species as new, from Nova Scotian examples, under the name
of Meriones acadicus. But the ciiaraeters adduced by these authors in neither
case indicate specific distinction, viewed in the light we now have on the normal
variability of this animal.
Though scarcely pertaining legitimately to the history of the species,
numerous vague indications by Rafinesquc of American species of ^^Gerbillus"
may be here alluded to. The original quotations, together with the accounts
compiled, chiefly by certain French writers, from Bafinesque, will be found
in tlie foregoing list of synonyms. If the several sup|wsed species have any
foundation in nature, they are, in all probability, referable to Zapus hudsonius;
but I doubt that the "long-tailed", "short-tailed", "lion-tailed", 'shrew-like",
and "big-eyed" Gerbilli of M. Rafinesque are aught else than mere figments.
This writer is also said to have renamed Davies's animal under the style of
Gerbillus daviesii, while he is entitled to the credit of leading American
authors in giving the specific term hudsonius its rightful priority.
In 1865, Professor Giebelf gave some account of the osteology of the
animal, the dentition of which had before been specially treated by Fr.
Cuvier (/. s. c). In 1872, the habits of tHe species were made the subject
of a special paper by Prof. Sunborn Tenney f. For additional information
respecting its habits, reference may be made to the writings of Audubon and
Bachman, DeKay, Samuels, and Kennicott {II. ss. cc).
' Notice of the species of iftriona and Arvicola fonnd in Novn Scotia. < Edinbargb New Fbilo-
sopbicul Journal, new series, iii, 1856, p. 1.
t Zur Osteologie des labradorischen Springers, Jacnlus labradorins. < Zeitsobr. gesammt. Natnrw.
XV, 1365, pp. 878-274.
X Hybernation of tbe Jamping Hoase. < American Naturalist, vi, 1872, pp. 330-332, fig. 101.
1
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I'll -■' InTiTtCj
MONOGRAPHS
OF
NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA
No. VIII -SACCOMYID^.
By ELLIOTT COXJES,
31 X
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
Office of U. S. Geological
AND GeOOBAPHICAL SuRVEY OF THE TERRITORIES,
Washington, D. C, December 1, 1876.
Sir : I have the lienor to transmit herewith, for publication as one of the
series of Monographs of North American Rodentia, a memoir upon the fam-
ily Saccomyida.
This article is based upon the material contained in the National Museum,
Smithsonian Institution, including all the specimens collected by yourself, or
by the naturalists of the Survey under your direction. It is reproduced, with
additions and other modifications, from my paper entitled "A Critical Review
of the North American Saccomyidae", pul)li8hed in the Proceedings of the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences for 1875, pp. 272-327.
I am, Sir, &c.,
ELLIOTT COUES,
Assistant Surgeon U. 8, A., Secretary of the Survey.
Prof. F. V. Hayden,
U. 8. Oeologist-in-charge, Sfc., Sec.
483
) If.i
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
P«gM.
PREMMINARY CON8IDEKATIONS 487-401
Family SACCOMYlDiE 491-542
Sabfamily Fkkoonathidin^ 49r)-521
Qeona Pengnatkut 496-515
Perogonthns faaoiatas.. &0(>-504
penioillatni 504-509
montioola 5011-512
hispldns 513-B16
bioolor 515-515
Omut Crioelodiptu 015-521
Crlcetodipns dnvDs 516-518
parvus 519-621
Rnbfaniily DiPODOHTiNA 521-542
Oeuiis iXpodomyf 521-542
Dipodomys pbUlipsi 540-541
ordl 541-642
486
Uu'
h.>
Family SACCOMYID^.
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
The family Saccomyida, as understood and defined in this article, con-
sists of the genera Dipodomys, Cricetodipia, Perognalhm, Heteromys, and
" Saccomys".* The animals composing the family are confined, as fur as now
known, to North and Middle America and the West Indies. They may be
immediately recognized by the possession of ample external cheeU-pouches,
lined with furry integument, and opening outside the mouth, taken in connec-
tion with a generol Murine aspect; for the Geomyida, \\'\\\c\\ arc the only
other Rodents known to possess such cheek-pouches, are entirely different in
external appearance.
* The genus Saoeomyt of Fr. Cnvter was probably based npou n speoicH of Hetavmyt, and is there-
fore likely to prove to be a synonym of the latter, as Dr. Peters has endeavored to show. (See Monatsb.
Akad. Berlin, 1874, pp. 354-359.) The genua Abromyt of Gray (Proo. Zool. Soc. 1668, 30!2) is not included
in the above enumeration, as it is not recognizable. It is doubtless equivalent to Perognalhut. (See
this memoir, beyond.)
In the valuable paper to which allusion has Just been made (" Ubor die Tascbenmiiuse, Nnger mit
iiussereu taschenlormigen Backentaschen, nnl eine nene Art derselbed, Heteromys adspersus, ans Pana-
ma ". < Monatob. kangl. preuss. Akad. Wisa. Berlin, Hal 1874, 88. 354-359, mit Taf.), Hr. W. Peters
remarks (p. 350) respecting Saccomya as follows : —
" Von diesen beiden letztereu [Gattungen Heteromyf, Saccomyt'i ist die Gattnng 8accomy» nach
einem einzlgen ganz Jnngen Exemplar aufgestellt, welches sioh von den blsher bokanuten Arten dor
Gattnng Heleromya duroh den Mangel platter Stachelborsten undeine etwas verscbicdene Schniclzfaltnng
der Backziihne auszeiohnet. Naoli eincr genauen Vergleiohung der 9i>^><'>°'^'>^i Abbandlung ttber
Soccomy* bin ich indess zu der (Tberzeugung gekomnien, dass diese beiden Merkmale in dieseui Kalle
nicht fainreichend 8ind,um dieAnfBtellungeinerliesonderonOattung an recbtfertigen. Denn 1. bemerkt
man aoch bel anderen Ni;gem,die im reiferen Alter mit Stachelborsten versehen sind, dass diese bei
ganz jnngen Tbieren noob nicht znm Vorschein kommen, nnd 2. ist die Verscbicdenheit der Scbmelz-
bildnng der Backziihne zwischon Sacoomyi nnd Hettromyt nicht grosser als bei Individnen vericbiedenen
Alters derselben Artanderer Nager, z. B. von Afynnu ^Im und Spalax typkltu. Icb bin daberd r .Moiiiung,
dass Sacoomyi mit Heleromyi zn vercinigen sei." And, respecting the qnestionabie habitat of the species
S. anthopkUut, the writer adds, in a foot-note : — " Bekanntlich grttndcte Fr. Cnvier seine Annabmo, dass
Saccoiftyt anthophUtu n ord amerlkanlsch sei, daranf, dass Knnth in den Backentaschen seines Exemplars
Bliithenreste von iSeoKridaoa L. fand. Hr. Prof. Braun hat mir indessen gUtigst mitgetheilt, dass die
meisten Arten der Polygaleen-Gattnng iSecHridaoa L. Brasilieu und Columbien, einige Wostindien ango.
hdren, eine Art ans Mexico angefllhrt sei. Dieses spricht daber dafUr, dass das Vaterland von Saccomy
anlhopkUiu von dem der bisher bekanntea Arten von Hettromyi nioht versohiedcD sei."
487
:iis>
!■:
iiiHil
Hill
488
MONOGliAPUS OF NOltTU AMERICAN KODKNTIA.
A group Saccomyina* un<ler a fiunily Muriila:, tvus establislied in 1848 by
G. R. Wuferliouse to contain all those American Rodents which have external
cheek-pouches, and consequently included the genera Geoiiiya and Thomomys,
as well as those just specified. Such comprehensive acctptation of the grouj)
as a family was endorsed by Baird in 1857, t and more recently by Mr. E. R.
Alston, t These authors agree, furthermore, in dividing the Siiccoinyidtf, as
understood by Waterhouse, into two subfamilies; Professor liaird's group.s
being Saccomyin(t-\-GeoinyincB^.8accomyi(Le, while Mr. Alston, with unnec-
essary§ change of nomenclature, makes Geoinyiiice-\-Heteromyin(Ez^Geomy-
idcE. Thus a nominal disagreement is brought about, when really these two
authors are at one, both in their valuation and tlieir definition of the groups in
question. ||
I accept the groups as originally indicated by Waterhouse, and as limited
by Baird and Alston, but I differ in my valuation of them, considering that
'" Saccomyina"— a name informally proposeil in tlio text, p. S, vol. ii, of tlio Nat. Hist. Mnnim.
(1848), aathe " pnivlKioual" ileHignationof agroiipof noassignid valuation, with the following doQnitioD
iu a foot-not*: —
"A group of Rodents found in North, and Central America, ami in some of the West India Islands ;
all the spi'cios of which imsseSM cbeek-ponches, opening cxtorunlly ; (hoy have 7^ molar teeth. In some
the (eelb are rootless, and tiio tail is short ; tbey constitute the genus Geoniys ; in others the tail is long,
and the molitrs arc rooted, as in the genus Heteromys, Saccomys, and Perognathus. Dipi.doniys no doubt
also belongs to this section, which I provisionally form for genera which there apiwar to bo good reasons
thus tc unite." (See also K. Johnston's ed. of Oerbaus's Physical Athis, Table of tbeOrdeis Kodeutia and
Euminantia, No. 5, folio, Edinburgh, X849.)
In his earlier papers, Waterhouse bad placed Oeomyt among true Murine forms in a " family "
Arvicotidai. See " Observations on the Eodentia, with a view to point out the groups, us indicated by the
structure of the Crania, in this order of Mammals." < Cbarlesw. Mag. N. H. viii, laiO, pp. UO-96, 184-
188, 274-279, 593-fiOO ; wood-cuts. (See also Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, viil, 1841, pp. 81-«4 ; x, 1842, pp. 197-
803, 344-347 ; and P. Z. 8. 1^*39, pp. 172-174.)
t Mammals of North America, p. 365 (4to, Washington, l&W).
t On the Classification of the Order Glires. < Proo. Zoiil. 80c. Lond., Jan. 1876, pp. 01-98, pi. iv
(See especially pp. (.9 and 87.) A paper no student of the Rodeutia should fail to consult.
} I cannot agree with Mr. Alston that, beoanse Fr^d. Cuvier's genus Saccomyi is donbtlcss a synonym
of Heteromiji Uesm., it is in consequenco necessary to derive the name of the sabfuniily from the latter,
and speak 'i( Huteromyiiiw instead of Saccomyina;. It is always admissible to derive the name of a sub-
family or family from any one of its component genera, though, of course, desirable that su h name
should indicate a characteristic or otherwise leading generic type. Hence, though Saeoomy is an
undoubted synonym, it is not necessary to discard the terms Saccomyina and Saccomyida, long established
and in genera! employ, as well as suggestive and pertinent.
II Brandt, perhaps alone among late loading writers, disaimts from the views here implied. " In bis
recent paper on the clasaillcation of the Kodentin in Beitriigo zur nlihern Keiintniss der Sliugetblere
KuBslands, 1855, 188, [ho] establishes a family of Sciiiro-fpalacoidn to contain Oeomyt and Thomomy-, as
constituting n connecting link between the Sciiiriam and a fomlly of Spalaooidai, typified by Spalax,
Siphneut, Ellobiut, &c. He dissents from the views of Waterhonso in combining Oeomyt and Tkomomyt
into a family with Perognalhm and Dipodomyt. Peroguathut ho considers rather as a Mnroid, and coming
next to Cricelttt, while Dipodomyt, or rather Sfacrocolnt, is placed as the type of a sub-family MacrocoHni
under the Dipodoidct. I think, howi'ver, a revision of the subject, with more ample materials before him,
will satisfy this eminent zmdogist of the soundness of Waterbouw^'s view."— (Quoted from Baird, M. N.
A., pp. 3t)5-6, as pertinent to the history of the subject, and as a statement iu which I fully concur.)
mm
SACCOMYID^— PltELIMlNARY CONSIDEUATIONS.
489
each should rank as a family; for, as I iiavc already attempted to show,*
the great diiference in configuration between the Ge.omyid(e ixnA Saccomyida,
liiough only a matter of secondary consequence, is coordinated with struc-
tural characters important enough to warrant the erection of the sublamily
Saccomijince into a family Saccomyi.da, distinct from, though unquestionably
standing next to, the family GeomyklcB.
It may be conceded that this valuation was virtually, if onl} incidenlally,
set forth in 1868 by Dr. J. E. Gray,t who, though using a terminology ("iSVvc-
comyina:") indicative of a subfamily, nevertiieless speaks of "the family" of
Pouclied Mice, from which Geomys and Thoinomys are excluded.
In 1872, Dr. T. Gill J first formally recirded a family SaccomyidcB as
equivalent to the subfamily SaccomijincE of Baird, 1857, and of Gray, 1868, and
to the subsequent //e^erowi^i«<£ of Alston, 1876. The group tiius accorded
full family rank was placed nexl to the family Geomyida, the two together
constituting one of the author's numerous taxonomic refinements, a "super-
family" (or series) Saccomyoidea, which was hence exactly equivalent to the
group Saccomyina as founded by Waterhouse and the family Succomyidce as
endorsed by Baird. Such term, Saccomyouka, may be accepted as an expres-
sion of the unquestionable fact that the Saccomyixta and the Geomyidm are
more intimately related to each other than they are to any other family of the
Rodents.
Thus following Professor Gill in determining a family Saccomyida so
drawn as to exclude Geomyida, I wish, before giving my characterization of
the group, to note what disposition has been made of its component genera
by several authors. Dr. LeConte, in 1853,§ and Professor Baird, in 1857, ||
b(jth treited only of North American forms, recognizing but two genera,
Dipodomys and Perognathus (-f subg. Cricetodipus). Dr. Gill made no sub-
division of the family. Mr. A'ston recognized three genera, — Dipodo>nys,
Peiognatlius and Heteromys. Di. "'••ay, and, following him, Hr. Peters,**
divided the Pocket Mice into two gro. p of no assigned value, namely,
* Uulletiu U. 8. Oeol. aud Geogr. Surv. Terr. 3d Ber. No. % J^b, pf 83 ttq. ; and Proo. Acad. PhiU.
1875, p|). 873 ttq.
t Synopsis of the Species of RaccoiuyiniD, or Pouched Mice, in the Collection of the British Museum.
< Proc. ZoOI. Soo. Lond. 16(>8, pp. 199-306.
t ArrauKeuient of the Families of Mammals. With Analytical Tublos. Prepared for the Smithsonian
Institution. < Smiths. Misc. Cull. No. 330. (Svo, Washington, 1873.)
i Ueniaiks on the Meuns Dipoihiiiiys and Perognathus. < Pmc. Pliilti. Acad, vi, 1853, pp. 334, 335
y Mammals of North America, p|i. 4(F>-43<i. 1857.
** Muoatsb. kOiiigl. prunss. Akud. WiHseusch. Ucrliu, Mai 1874, p. 355.
490
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODKNTIA.
f
1%^
^ J ■it 1
m
Wiilf
Dipodomyina, witli Dipodomys alone, and Heferomyinn, including all tho rost
of the genera; the Heleromyinn of these authors being further subdivided
into those with sulcate upper incisors {Perognathus, "Abroniys", and Crice-
todipus) and those which have smooth upper front teeth {Ileteromys and
"Saccomys"). As the former author drew up his characters, excepting those
of the front teeth, from trivial superficialities which may be observed upon
inspection of stuffed skins, I am unable to gain, from his remarks, any satis-
factory idea respecting the degree of relationship which subsists between the
North American Perogna/hus and Crirctodipux on the one hand, and the Neo-
tropical Heteromys on the other.
Dr. Peters's excellent characterization, which is quoted at length beyond,
is much more satisfactory. My im])ression is, however, that characters of
more than generic value will be found to distinguish these genera.* However
the case may stand respecting Heteromys and " Saccomys ",t it is iemon-
strable tiiat the genus Dipodomys is isolated from the rest by its exaggerated
cranial peculiarities and other less extraordinary characters. This enal)les us
to throw the North American genera into two subfamilies, easily character-
ized ; one containing Dipodomys alone, the other eml)racing Perognathus
and Cricetodipus. The characters are tabulated beyond.
In these preliminary remarks respecting the valuation, definition, and
subdivision of the group of Pouched Mice here to be treated. I wish, for the
rest, to insist ujwn full generic <listiiiction between Perognathus and Criceto-
dipus. The latter was first satisfactorily characterized by Professor Baird as
* Mr. Alstnii distinguishes them as genera, with tLe following chnractcrs: —
Peroqnalhwi. — " Ears sliorler [than in .'Kpoiomys, to which other comparative exprcssioDS also refer] ;
tail thinl; t ircd ; soles nioro or loss nuked ; piillex with n flat nail. Skull less uiodifled ; nasals not so
lunch produc .; zygoma not developed into a flat plate; interparietal broad; anditor; bnlliB not pro-
jecting bi'hiud the occipital plane. Incisors grooved. Grinding-toeth moted, tnboronlate in yontb,
afterwnrd with isolated enamel-loops."
IJderomyt. — " Liko rerogtiathm, b"t tlin fur bristly, mixed with flattened spines ; tail sbortfir, cla»l
with large scales and scattered hnirs. Skull with sharp supraorbital ridges; interparietol very broad.
Upper incisors plain. Grinding-teelh as in /'erojnaMm."— (P. Z. S. 18(t), S8.)
t" Saccomys" is a genus which is said to have been propost^l in IMKI by Frdd. Cuvior (" Descrip-
tion du Saccomys anthophilo. < Mtfm. du Musi<nm d'Hist. Nat, x, lSi£1, pp. 41!M'i8") for an animal
supposed to bo rr.)in tho warm portion of America. Tho original acoouiit I havo not been able to consult ;
as described by the s..nie author in WiSt (Dent« des Mamniifisres, etc., p. 186, no. and pi. 74, ligs. a, b), the
animal is siiid to liuve tho " taille du l(!rot" and "abajoues ex! ^rieurus ", tho dental formula is given as
i. }, pni. nnd ni. },and the teeth are fully described and flgnred. but no further information upon thestrnc-
ture of the animal is given. Tho species is not even named formally, naturalists lieing left to infer a
" Sacmmi/H aitlhophiltm " from an cxprissinn used on p. 187, where " lo uom d'anthophilo " is bestowed from
the circumstance tliat tho pouches of the specimen examined were flilod with flowers. Mention of
the external cheek- pouches, however, together with the acoonnt of the teeth, renders it no less than
certain tl.st the genus is a member of the pnv^ont group ; and. tis alreiuly stated, there is no doubt that
it is a synonym of nftfwMyt. (See what llr. IVters says, as quoted ill it foregoing fiHit-note, p. 487. i
"•^Bl
SAOCOMYID^— CHAKACTKUS OF TUE FAMILY.
491
a subgenus of Perognathm, upon certain obvious and eligible external char-
acters alone. But examination of the skull, which, it seems, that author did
not make, has satisfied me that the cranial peculiarities arc fully up to a cur-
rent generic mark. Cricetodipus, in fiict, makes a decided step away Irom
Perognathus in tiie direction of Dijjodomi/s, though still falling far short of
the exaggerated peculiarities of the latter.
Family SACCOMYID^.
< Saooomyina, Wateruocse, Nat. Hist. Muuidi. ii, 1S46, 8. (As a gronp of Uuridw. Inoladed the Oeomyid(t,
now miulo a separate family; equivalent to the " superfamily " ;8accomjfo<<iea of Gill, 1972.)
< Paeudotiomida;, Gervais, " Diet. Univ. d'Hist. Nat. xi, 1848." (Family Equivalent to the Saaxmyina
of Waterhonsc.)
< Saccomyiia, Lilljeboro, Syst. (Efv. Gnag. Diiggdj. 18C6. (Family. Equivalent to Saooomyina of
Waterbouso.)
= Saooomyina, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. 1857, 404. (Subfamily of Sacoomyidw, which, with this author,
included Otomyidoe, Bainl's family Saccomyida being equivalent to Sacromyinn, Waterh.)
= Saocomyinw, Gray, Proc. Zoiil. Soo. 1868, 19U, (Spoken of as a " family ", though terminology indicates
subfamily.)
= Saccomyidw, Gill, Arraug. Fam. Mamm. 1872, 21. (Family.)
= Saocomyidw, CouES, Proc. Phila. Acad. 187.1, 2/4. (Family.)
= fl«i(«r»myina!, Alston, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Lend. 1876, 88. (Subfamily. Equivalent to Saooomyina ot
Baird and Saccomyida of Gill and Cones.)
Chabs.* — Skull light, thin, and papery, with few, if any, decided angles
or ridges ; rostrum elongate, attenuate, and tapering ; nasals projected beyond
incisoto. Intermastoid width not less than the interzygomatic, sometimes
much grnate"". Interorbital space much wider than the rostrum. Occipital
region formed largely or mostly of the mastoids. Palatal surface nearly flat
and horizontal. No anteorbital foramen in a usual site, but a large, rounded
perforation of the side of the maxillary instead. Zygomata slender, depressed
in position, almost or quite abutting behind against the tympanic ; malar
thread-like. Adelicsitescroll-likelachrymal, easily detached. Frontal broadly
trapezoidal. Parietal broad, triangular or pentagonal. A large interparietal,
embraced betwixt forks of the occipital. Squamosal almost entirely restricted
to the orbit. Tympanic more or less inflated. Mastoid enormously enlarged
and bullous, mounting to the lop of the skull, and also forming much or most
of the occipital surface, the occipital bone itself being corres|)ondingly
reduced, and scarcely forming part of the general occipital surface. Petrosals
moderately inflated, their apices closely approximated or even in mutual con-
tact. Coronoid process of mandible slender, sloping, prickle-like, scarcely
•Drawn from Perognalku», Cricttodtput, ond Dipodomyt; but tlu'rc is reason to believe that no
material modlflt'«tion of the phrase is n'(|uired to embrace /ix/«rOTii^ii— exmipting probably some of the
cranial features, especially those of the temiwral region. Siiccial rofcreuee is hod to autilhcsis with
Geomyida;
4y2
MONOGEAPUS OF NOKTU x\.MElUOAN KODENTIA.
i-y'
or not attaining top of condyle ; mandible small and weak in comparison with
rest of skull. Cervical vertebrjE* sometimes anchylosed. Incisors variable
(the upper compressed and sulcate in North American genera, said to be broad
and smooth in Heteromys). Molars (i. e. pm. and m.) i"^, rooted or rootless.
General form Murine ; body slender and graceful ; ears and eyes well devel-
oped. Hind limbs somewhat or very decidedly saltatorial. Tail as long as
the body (more or less). Fore claws moderate, not obviously fossorial.
External cheek-pouches ample, not connected with the mouth, furry inside,
furnished with a special muscle (these pouches as in Geomyida, but no other
Rodents). Pelage generally coarse and hispid, said to be sometimes mixed
with flattened spines (in Heteromys) ; always without under fur. The species
very active and quick in their movements, like Mice ; some of them leaping
like Jerboas.
The foregoing characters amply suffice for the determination of this
family, though others might be adduced. The skull is very peculiar ; its
main features result from the exaggerated state of the mastoids, which pro-
duce great width behind, roof much of the cerebral cavity, pinch the occip-
ital, and push the squamosal into the orbit. The next most prominent features
are the slight thread-like malar, attenuated rostrum, and flat palate. Tiic
curious position of the anteorbital foramen is shared by the Geomyidfr. To
bring the comparative characters of Saccomyidee find Geomyidoi into stronger
relief, the following may be adduced : —
OEOMYID.fi. .
(Geomyxand Thomornyt.)
Skull miuaive, angular, in general of an Axvicolino
finpnrficies.
Interorbital conHtriction narrower than roHtrnm.
Interzygomatic width the greatest diameter of
the skull.
Palate strungly sloping downward far below levol
of zygomata.
Nasals not produced beyond inolsors; rostrum
broad, blunt, parallel-sided.
Zygomata xtrong, flaring, with stout, short mala'r,
having orilinary conntMjtions.
Frontal compressed.
Pariotals compressed, irvogularly linear, remote
from orbits.
SACCOMYID.*!.
(rtrognaihut, CHoetodiput, Dipodomyf.)
Skull delicate, with ronnded-off angles and slight
ridges, if any.
Interorbital space ranch broader than rostrum.
Intcrmastoid width the greatest diameter of the
skull.
Palate nearly horizontal, little, if any, below the
level of zygomata.
Nasals produced l^yond tnoisors ; rostrum com*
pressed, tapering, acute.
Zygomata slender, parallel, with long thread-like
malar, almost or actually abutting against tympanic.
Frontal very broad.
Parictals broad, triangular or pentangular. Dom-
ing to edge of orbits.
* There is a cnrions coincidence or correlation between the elongation of the hind legs in adaptation
to saltatorial pmgrossion, and anpocial condition of the cervical vertcbrm and of certain elements of th '
temporal hone, Huch development of the hind legs being often associated with anchylimis of cervical
Tortebrn, and great iuHatiou of thu lH)ues of the ear. Diput and Dipodomyt iihistrato these couditions
very strongly.
i^^i^H'^'.
immtrnkk
SA(XX)MYir)iB— CIIARA0TER8 OP THE FAMILY, ETC.
493
OEOMYIUiE.
(Geomya and Tkomomyt.)
Sqnamosals rooflog most of cerebrnl cavity, from
roof of which mastoids are uxoluded.
TympauicB contracted, tabular.
Petrosals widely discrete.
Occipital brood, forming most of occipital plane,
bat not mounting on top of sknll.
Molars rootless.
LaT|;e, erect, falcate uoronoid overtopping condyle.
Lower jaw large and strong.
General form heavy, squat, clumsy — Arvicoline.
Fore limbs highly fossorial ; the claws much en-
larged, fitted for digging.
Eyes and ears minnte.
Tail much shorter than body.
Pelage usually soft, lustrous, mole-like.
Habits completely subterranean.
SACCOMYIDiE.
{Perognalhm, Cricetodipm, Dipodomyi.)
Squamosals mostly or wholly restricted to the
orbits ; mastoids roofing much of cerebral cavity.
Tympanies more or less inflated, vestibular.
Petrosals approximating or in actual contact at
their apices.
Occipital conti acted, scarcely or not entering
occipital plane, but mounting top of skull, to there
embrace interparietal between its forks.
Molars rooted (except in Dipodomys),
Small,slopiDg,prickle-like coronoid below condyle.
Lower jaw small and weak.
General form light, lithe, and graceful— Murine.
Hind limbs more or less saltatorial. Fore claws
not enlarged or specially fossorial.
Eyes and ears large.
Tail nearly as long as or longer than body.
Pelage usually coarse and hispid, even spiny.
Habits cxposMl.
I may next illustrate the points of resemblance between SaccomyidcB and
Geomyida as distinguished from other Rodents, thereby showing the charac-
ters of the "superfamily" Saccomyoidea as named, but not defined, by Gill — :
the former family Saccomyida of Baird, group Saccomyina of Waterhouse.
Saccomyid.* and Geomyid.*; = Saccomyoidea. — Mastoid bone inordi-
nately developed, occupying much of the occipital or superior surface of the
skull, or both. Occipital correspondingly reduced. No postorbital processes ;
no anteorbital foramen as such, — in its stead a perforation in the side of the
maxillary far forward and low down. Zygomatic process of maxillary an
expanded perforate plate. Molars (pm. and m.) f Root of under incisor
more or less protuberant posteriorly. Descending process of mandible an
obliquely twisted plate, projecting outward and upward. Large external fur-
lined cheek-pouches with special muscle ; upper lip densely hairy, not visibly
cleft ; feet pentadactylc ; fore claws longer than hinder ones. Pelage without
under fur.
It will be observed that the differences outweigh the resemblances, not-
withstanding the higher taxonomic value of somr of the latter.. The pecul-
iar state of the temporal bone, the position of the anteorbital foramen, the
shape of the jaw, and the presence of the pouches, are the main common
characters. In contrasting the two families, the very peculiar genus Dipodo-
mys offers the strongest points of difference ; but, when we come to consider
Perognathus and Cricetodipm, many of the expressions applicable to Dipodo-
lii'
494
MONOGUAPIIS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
^f
;;■•■'••'" '
ii'l '■:!*'
mys require modification. Perognathus is a link between the two families,
just as, in its own family, Cricetodipus is between Perognathus on the one
hand, and the extraordinarily modified Dipodomys on the other.
This brings us to the consideration of what, if any, <livision may be made
of the family Saccotnyidce into groups of more t'lau generic value. The genus
Dipodomys is so exaggerated in some of its peculiarities that, as it seems to
me, its characters may properly he set over against those whicli Perognathus
and Cricetodipus share together. The leading antitheses may be indicated in
the following manner: —
Subfamily PehdgnatiiidinjE.
(Perognalhm aud Cricetodiptii).)
Cervical vertebrte free (t).
Molars rooted,
Auterior molar with a lobe in addition to the
main prism.
Skull half as wide as long, and two-lbirds as
high as wide.
Mastoids moderately developed (for this family).
Tympanic little inflated.
Occipital plane not, or not much, omarginate.
Petrosals, though approximate, not in tontact
with each other, but with basi-occipital throughout.
Zygomatic plate of maxillary of ordinary Bodont
character.
Farietals pentangular.
Interparietal wider than long.
No pit on inner side of lower jaw near the molars-
Hind limbs little if any longer than the fore, not
very obviously saltatorial.
Inner hind digit well developed and low down.
Soles naked or sparsely pilous.
Pelage comparatively coarse and harsh.
Subfamily Dm>DUMVlNJS
(Dipodomys alone.)
2d, 3<1, and 4th cervical vertebrie anchylosed.
Molars rootless.
Ant«rior molar a simple prism.
SknU two-thirds as wide as long, and half as high
as wide.
Mastoids extraordinarily developed (even for this
family).
Tympanic completely bullous.
Occipital plane deeply emarginate.
Petrosals in mutual contact at their apices, and
Assured away from basi-occipital.
Zygomatic plate of maxillary roofing much of tho
orbit.
Farietals triangular.
Interparietal longer than wide.
A deep pit on inner side of lower Jaw near tho
molars.
Hind limbs elongated, Jerboa-like, highly salta-
torial.
Inner hind digit rudimentary and elevated.
Soles densely hairy, like a rabbit's.
Pelage comparatively soft (for this family).—
Having never seen a specimen of Heteromys, I am unable to say how
nearly this genus may coincide with the characters of Perognathidina as here
established ; Mr. Alston* seems to consider it closely related to Perognathus ;
80 does Hr. Peters ;t but it is my impression that it will prove to constitute
* See his characters of these genera, as quoted in foot-note on a foregoing (page 490.)
t Hr. W. Peters (loc. supra cit. p. 355), endorsing Waterhonse's and Baird's views of tho constitution
of the group, proposes to divide it as follows : —
a. Dlpodomyina, with rootless molars, grooved upper iDoisots, aud no spines in the pelage.
Dipodomys Gray = Maorocoliu Wagner.
b. Heteromyina, with rooted molars.
t Upper incisors grooved.
Perognalhut Maxim, and the subgenera Abromyt Gray and Cricelodipm Peale.
1 1 Upper incisors broad and smooth in front.
Jletcromya Desmarest and Saccomya Vr. Cuv.
In characterizing his new species of Hcleromyt, H. adipernu, Hr. Peters gives (loc. snpro oit, pp.
SACCOMYIDJE-BUDFA-MILY PEKOGNATUIDIN^.
495
a third sublamily. In such case, sonu: few of the characters of the three
would be as follows : —
DiPODOMYiN^. — Molars rootless ; upper incisors compressed, sulcate
Temporal region enormously inflated. Pelage comparatively soft.
PERCKiSATHiDiNA;. — Molars rooted ; upper incisors compressed, sulcate.
Temporal region moderately inflated. Pelage comparatively hispid.
Het£ROmyin.£. — Mohxrs rooted ; upper incisors broad, smooth. Tem-
poral region "not inflated". Pelage "mixed with flattened spines".
Subfamily PEllOGNATHIDTN^.
■= PerognaUat (g«tiDi>), of AL'TIIOItti.
s= PengMatkidima, Coce^, Proc. Pliilii. Acud. lt)7'>, S78.
The characters of the group having been already sufficiently elucidated,
it remains to note the two genera by which it is represented in North Amer-
357-359) a mote satisfactory accoDnt of the cburoctvr^of tho genus tbau I have seen elsewhere. As this
aoeoani fomisbe* importaot infurmation iiertinont to tho general sabjcct, I transcribe his diagnosis of
the geous, and give a version of those portions of the description of the species which tend to further
elucidate the generic characters.
" Deatfs iodiiiTi pagina antica laevigali exserti, molares ^ complicati radicati ; labrnm integmui;
rictus pefparros ; n»tmm prominens, rhinario undo ; sacculi buvcules externl piloai ; auriculae mediocres ;
Tellug aetcMam, setis lanceolatis, caualiculatis; pedes penta<lactyli ; cnudu annulata, brevipilosa. Os
ioterparietale latum, tempora non infiata.
" Habitos of Mtu. Tbamb prominent, with rounded nail, shorter than the other digits, which run
5tb, 2d, 4th, and 3d, the latter longest. Relative lengths of the digits of the bind foot as in lumnB ; Gth
but little longer than 1st, 3d longest ; claws rather longer than those of the fore foot, that of the 2d toe
longest, couTex on the inner side, flat on tho outer. Sules naked, with the usual tubercles. Incisors
compressed, the horizontal croxa-scction triangular, with rounded hinder ongle, and apparently broader
than long. Molar series parallel ; lost molur in oacb jaw smallest ; Sid and 3d upper molars of equal size
and notably sataller than the Ist ; anterior molar of lower jaw but little larger than the next two ....
** Inciaors yellow, the lower paler colored than the upper. Anterior superior molar with three
separate enamel-tubes — an anterior, longer and uarruwer, a posterior shorter and broader, and a third
mach smaller oral one on the inner side of the tooth in a recess where the other two stand apart ;
seeond upper molar with a deep internal and slight external emargination, or fold of enamel ; third with
a slight exterior emargination, which is either contionons with a transversely-elliptical interior island
of enamel, tbn« forming a deep enamel-fold, or else only just roaches this island without fasing with it ;
back upper molar with the enamel-pattoru like that of tho socoud ouo, but the posterior half of the
tooth ooDsiderably smaller than the anterior portion.
"Anterior inferior mjlar with two enamel-tubes, tho auterior of which, Humewhat smaller than
tjie other, is emarginate before and behind ; the three following teeth with a deep inner and alight outer
emargination, as on the upper teeth, which are cither separated or fused together, in which latter case
two separale enamel-tnbes result.
"Tbe rostral portion of tho skull in narrow ; the nasal bones and intermaxillaries project beyond
the iuciaan as in allied genera, and tho intermaxillaries form anteriorly a sharp perpendicular ridge.
The sttiictiire of the small incisive foramina, the shape of the lachrymal bones and infraorbital foramina
are quite as in Gtomf. The latter are wholly in the superior maxillary and are separate from the
naaal cavitjr. Since, however, the bony septum is in this case extremely thin , and easily mutilated, the
deceptive appearance of communication between the infraorbital foramina and the nasal passages may
be aceidenlally produced. The frontal boue,aH in Mu», formsa sharp supraorbital ridge, which continues
on to the parietal, thas forming with its fellow of tho opposite side the bonndnry of a level area, with
which the inltrparietal, twice as broad as long, is posteriorly continuous, whilst the temporal fossa is
excavated [a stioog character uf //c(«iomyiii<z— there is no such formation in Pirog«atk.dince. — ^Tii.]. 1 ho
lower jaw strongly resembles that of Perognalhu» in the form of the coronoid process and mandibular
angle; the deep pit which is fnu'id in Ommiie to the outer side of tho posterior molar is here waiitiug."
496
MONOGRAPnS OP NOIlTn AMBUICAN RODBNTIA.
ica. These may be readily distiiiguisliecl by much stronger characters than
any hitherto adduced by other writers: —
Geuns Perogiialhua.
Ocoipnt nearly plane, i. c, the mastoidH not pro-
jecting noticeably backof tbo occipital bouc.
Apices of polronals separated by the whole width
of tbo basisphcnuid.
Pnrietuls perfectly pentagonal, with nearly equal
sides.
luterpariotol elliptical, much broader than long,
embraced between narrow plates of occipital.
Ear with a dist iuct upright lobo of the antitragus,
and generally also a lobe of the tragus.
Sole nuked to the heel, at least along a central
stripe.
Size of Mu» mueculm, or much larger.
Qenaa CricetoJipm,
Occipnt with a broad omarginatiou, i. t,, the
mastoids bulging decidedly buck of the occipital
bone.
Apices of petrosals almost meeting beneath the
basispheuoid.
Parietals imperfectly pentagonal, iniequilateral.
Interparietal pentagonal, shiold-sbaped,embraced
between merit spurs of the occipital.
Ear with no vestige of a lobe either of antitragus
or tragus.
Solo entirely hairy on the posterior half.
Very diminative ; less in size than Miu miuculua.
The cranial characters above adduced, it may be observed, are all coor-
dinated with the single main feature of much greater development of the
mastoid in Cricelodipus than in Perognathus, the state of the parts in the
former being an evident approach to the peculiarities of Dipodomys itself.
The difference in the shape of the occiput is very striking when skulls of the
two genera are laid beside each other ; the part in Perognathus being quite
flat, as in most Rodents, while Cricelodipus shows an emargination, much shal-
lower and comparatively much broader than in Dipoilomys indeed, but still
well-marked. These cranial peculiarities, substantiating a genus Cricelodipus
distinct from Perognalhus, do hot appear to have been noted before the
appearance of my "Review". They arc correlated with the excellent and
readily appreciable external characters of the feet and ears presented by
Professor Baird.
Genus PEROGNATHUS, Maxim.
= Perognathus, Maxim., Nov. Act. Acad. Cies.-Loop. Carol, six, 1839, 369. (Type /'. /a»cio<u».)— Codes,
Proo. Pbila. Acad. 1875, !f79. (Excludes Cricelodipiu.)
< Perogiiatliiu, LeComtk, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, ^ii. (Includes CricetoiiijiiM.)— Baird, Hamm.
N. A. 1857, 416. (Includes CrieefodipiM.)— Alston, Proc. ZoOl. Soc. Lond. 1876, 88. (Inolndca
Cricetodipug.)
=:tAbr<m!it,' Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1868,202. (Type "A. lordi", sp. n. =P. nuniioolat.)
Having already indicated the generic characters of Perognathus, I need
only here give some further details respecting the skull and teeth, following with
* Auct. E. B. Alston, epitt. ined, Londini, 25 A^oti. 1876.— In penning my original account of this gronp
for Proc. Phila. Acad,, I was at a loss to know what to do with Abromys ; so I simply rxipied Qray's notice
into my text, stating that I could not make it ont at all, though I failed to see any difference between
"Alironiys " and Perognathus, and suspected "A. lordi " to be P. montioola. In this impression, it seems, I
umiiiTnii— iMwiwi
M
SACCOMYIDJi— PEUOGNATillDIN^— PEB0GNATHU8.
497
an analysis of the species. I have before me skulls of all the known valid
North American spejcies excepting P. fasc'uttux. They are so nearly similar
that (lescription of one will suffice for all, barring some slight ultimate details
of size, &c. I select that of P. peniciilatus for description, omitting gener-
alities already presented. The description may be compared with that of
Dipodotnys given beyond.
Although the temporal bone is largely developed in the mastoid element,
that lacks the enormous iiiHution seen in Dijtodomys, the general shape of the
skull being not dissimilar to that of several allied Rodents. Nevertheless, the
mastoid represents the postero-exterior aspect of the skull, anrf is large
enough to crowd the squamosal into the orbit, causing a slight protuber-
ance beyond the actual plane of the occipital bone But this is insufficient
to produce even the moderate emargination of this surface witnessed in Crke-
todipm, and is nothing at all like the regular clefl or chink seen in Dipodomys.
The ends of the petrosals are fairly separated by the width of the basisphe-
noid ; they lie in contact throughout with the basioccipital, and show a con-
spicuous foramen posteriorly on the inner side. The meatus auditorius
appears as a mere flange-like projection, intermediate in character between
the swollen vestibule of Dipodomys and the contracted tube of Geomyidee,
though nearest the latter. T! " occipital is broader than in any other genus
of the family; the forks whic. mbrace the inter])arielal being fairly laminae,
instead of mere linear spurs. The interparietal is much wider than long.
The parietals are almost perfectly pentangular. A slight spur of the squamo-
sal {pushes out toward the meatus, but does not extend as a long clasp over
the tympanic;* the squamosal is otherwise wholly orbital. The frontal is
quite flat on top, squarely and straightly truncate behind, serrate in front for
was right. I quote ftom Mr. Alston's letter some passages wbioh bear opon the case, and show, farther-
uiore, with what oaation ninst not Dr. Oraji'H statemonts be received : — " The type of Ahromgt lordi is in
ba4 oouditioD, the ears being hopelessly distorted, but it seems to mo lo be DDdonbtodly P. monticola.
P. bicolor Qray, (from Honduras,) appears to I>e a good species, bat has been onriously badly drscribed.
It is daric lirown above, not blacic, and tho' the thr is sparse and somewhat bamh.itis not iu the least
bristly I Qray aeeins to have had both this specimen and bis Heltromni mtla»olt»eu» in his bands when
be wrote and to have confused one with the other. H. ie»mare»iianH$ Or. and B. adipenu* Ptn. will
prove, I fancy, to be identical Dr. GUnther bas lately got a perfect spirit specimen of B. anoma-
itu Tbomps., so we may expect a full aoconnt. of its anatomy. As yon surmised, Oray's fonr other
species, B, melaiiol«Heit$, longicaudatiu, imratui, and alboUmhalM, seem to belong to one rather variable
species. . . , ."
* (n a specimen of CrioffodijiKt, I clearly see Ibat a long slender spur is sent ont from the squamosal,
like a clasp or hasp, lying above and reaching back of the meatus. Cf. what is said of an appar-
ently similar, but not well made out, appearance in Dipodamf, beyond. It is, in this case, a slender
remnant of sqnamosal bone, left in an ordinarj- place, after most of the bone has been shoved into the
orbit by the uncruachmont of the mastoid.
32 M
mmmmmmtm
\lWt
"1
498
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN Rt)DENTlA.
Ifir:: "
!i m<.i
t ;
articulation with tlie rostral bones, and with straight sides co'ivergent posteri-
orly.* There is a large lachrymal of very irregular shape, extensively scroll-
like, very delicate in texture, and loosely attached ; it closes a large aperture
lending into the nasal chamber. The orbit is also perforated behind by a
single very large foramen of exit of cranial nerves. It is bounded in front,
but not roofed over, by the zygomatic plate of the maxillary, not noticeable
in character. The extremely delicate malar sutures in front for a long dis-
tance, clasp-like, against the zygomatic process; behind, it simply abuts
against a slight heel of the squamosal, almost in relation with the tympanic.
The singularly displaced "anteorbital" foramen is a large rounded aperture
in the side of the snout, communicating directly with the nasal cavity. The
nasal bones are parallel-edged for most of their length, but widen a little and
become semitubular anteriorly where they project; they are truncate behind,
reaching opposite the middle of the jagged fronto-maxillary suture. The
sides of the rostrum are contracted below, leaving a very narrow bridge of
bone between molars and incisors ; the contracted incisive foramina are
bounded behind l)y the maxillaries, though they are chielly pierced in the
intermaxillaries. The intermolar portion of the palate is longer than wjde,
and a little convergent anteriorly ; the maxillo-palatine suture is opposite the
second molar; there is a pair of deep palatal pits opposite the last molars;
behind there is a pair of much larger vacuities bounded by palatals in front,
sphenoid behind, and pterygoids internally. The latter are simple, straight,
nearly parallel processes, bounding the contracted posterior nares, and abut-
ting against the petrosals. The orbital plate of the sphenoid is of moderate
extent, owing to the size and site of the squamosal.
The molars in this genus, as in others of the family excepting Dipodomys,
are all rooted. They have been said to have four roots, but such is not the
case in the specimens I have examined. In P. penicillatus, all the upper
molars have three roots apiece, and all the under molars have two roots
apiece, excepting the back upper one, which has but one. The front upper
molar has one root in advance, corresponding to the anterior lobe of this
tooth, and a pair of roots obliquely side by side behind. The next two upper
molars have each an exterior pair of roots, lengthwise, and a larger single root
'Neither this nor any other North American genus shows the ridge of the frontal, which in Htttromft,
asflgtired by Peters, makes a boss, or bead, along the margin nf the orbit, and thence extends into the
parietal region. This would seem to be a good character of Heteromjiina ; and the akuU of the latter is
peculiar iu other respecte — to Judge ih)iu Petera'a flgnre.
SACCOMYID^— PEltOGNATHIDINiE— PBROGNATHD8.
499
oil the interior side; the bnck upper molar is simply single-rooted. Tlie
under molars linve each n pair of roots, aligned lengthwise in a single series,
but the two roots of the back lower molar are imperfectly distinguished.
With these last exceptions, each root of ad the teetli has its own distinct
socket in the alveolus.
In the perfectly unworn state, the crowns of the molars are studded with
tubercles in regular transverse series. In the upper jaw, the anterior molar
has four,— an anterior, a posterior, an exterior, and an interior, with perhaps
another one part way up the anterior lobe. The second and third upper
molars have each six tubercles, in two straight transverse rows of three each,
these rows separated by a deep sulcus. The smaller cir-
cular back upper molar tends indistinctly to a similar state.
In the lower jaw, the tuberculation is very similar; but
the four tubercles of the first molar are in an anterior and
posterior pair, and on the last one the tubercles become
indistinct. The teeth present a very different aspect when
the tubercles are ground offwith wear. Each transverse
row of tubercles becomes converted into an island of
dentine, there being thus, on the intermediate molars at
any rate, a pair of such transverse dentine islands separated
by a double ridge of enamel partition, between which is
the bottom of the sulcus already mentioned. This enamel
fold makes in from the out«r side of the tooth nearly
to the inner side. The front molar shows a little isolated
island of dentine anteriorly, nearly circular, and a broad
transverse one posteriorly. The state of the under teeth
is substantially the same. ExpianaHon of fig,.-
The upper incisors are small, compressed, with a ^'* «""■• '■> »"«•' «»»«>
twice the natural size:
strong backward set. Their face is deeply channelled upper flg. r. moii<i<»/o;
with a longitudinal groove, and the exterior moiety is rab- "t^fxo^l^l^^cMMX-
beted down so that the groove is visible laterally as well pu* ./in""'-
as from the front. This is a prominent character (shared by Cricetodlyus and
Dijtodomys) in distinction from Heteromys. The under incisors are small
and simple.
Before leaving this portion of the subject, I may as well mention a curi-
ous circumstance : the ease with which tlie skulls of Perognathus and Crke-
ill
1 1 1 ■'
I
m
m
500
MONOGJiAPUH OF NOKTU AMEItlUAN liUUENTIA.
todipuH break npnrt across Ihe nii(l<llo. Tli'm seetns to be chiefly due to the
delicate state of tlie zygomata, wliich alFonl no stable connection between
tiie fore and aft parts. Tiie breait occurs at the l)asis|»lioiio-occipitaI, sijuaino-
niasloid, and t'ronto-parictal sutures; the parielals, temporals excepting Mjunm-
osals, witjj the occiptal, coming away from the rest of the skull.
There appears to be something peculiar, in the habits |)crhap8, rather
tiian in the scarcity, of Ihe species, which prevents the acquisition of largo
series of specimens in this family. While hundreds of examples of animals
no larger or more conspicuous than these are readily omassed, collections are
all deficient in Perognothus and Cricetodipun, and not very fiill in Dipodomys.
I have not been al)le to examine more than a hundred specimens altogether,
and of these more than half were Dipodomi/.t. Of Perognathus, I have, how-
ever, specimens of all the described North American species, including all
of Baird's types and considerable additional material. After protracted exam-
ination, I endorse the validity of all the species admitted by that author in
18.57, and find indications of the probable existence of one or two more. This
point is fully discussed beyond. The species that appear to be established
may be readily determined by the following analysis: —
Analgiii of Ihe Specie$ of I'kiioonatiius.
A. Notch of the ear bonnded iu front by n aliglit, though distinct, lobe of the tragns. Whole fore Ifg
white.
a. Toil peuicillute, crested nt the end, rather longer than the body and head. Sides with uo fulvona
stripe ; PENICILLATUS.
ft. Tail simple ; sides with a strong fulvons stripe.
1. Tail decidedly shorter than the body and hea<1. Length aboat 4 inches. Pelage niuderitely
stiff. Mixed saudy and blackish fasciatl's.
2. Tail not sliorter than head and body. Length about 3 inches. Pelage very hispid. Mixed
cinnamon and blackish : iiisPiDf j.
B. Notch of car formed in front directly by the edge of the conch. Fore leg mostly colored like the back.
Tail simple; lateral stripe obscure monticoiji,
■ PEROGNATHUS FASCIATUS, Maxim.
PerosniMiut fmeiatut, Maxim., N. Act. Akad. Leop.-Cies. Nat. Cnr. xiz, pt. i, 1839, 369, pi. 34 ; Reise Nord-
Am. i, ISSg, 449 ; Arch. f. Natnrg. 1861, p. — ; Verz. Heiso, 186i, 175, pi 4, f. 6, 7.— Wagn.,
Arcb. f. Naturg. 1841, 45 ; Snppl. Schreb. iii, 1843, 613.— Schinz, 8yn Mamm. ii, 1845, 859.—
LeC, Proo. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Pbiia. vi, 1853, 824.— Aud. &. Bacr., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 341 (com-
1 piled.— OiEBEL, Siingeth. 1855, 572 (compiled).— Bd., M. N. A. 1857, 421 (Chihnahna).— Bd.,
U. 8. Hex. Bound. Snrv. ii, pt. ii, 1859, Mamm. 42.— Scckl., P. R. R. Rep. xii, pt. ii, 1860, 101
(compiled).— Gray, P. / 3. 1868, SOI.— Coues, Proo. Phila. Acad. 1875, 284 (monographic).
Perognatut fasceatiit, LmCECtJM, Am. Nnt. vi, 1872, p. 369 (habits).
Prognathut faoeatut, Linoecum, Am. Sportsman, Feb. 23, 1874 (habits).
Diagnosis. — Largest of the genus ; considerably exceeding Hexperomys
leucopus, and approaching Tomias quadrivittatus, iii bise ; length four inches
'f&fi
aACCOMYII)^:— rRKOONATIIIDINili:— p. r'ASCIATUH.
501
or more; tailless; hind loot nboiit ono incili. 'J'nil dccidodly shorter than
head and hody, not penicillutc!. Kars Jiirffc; antitra/^im distinctly loljod.
Soles nuked to the heels, — at leiist lUoojj; a median strip. Above, niddish-yel-
low, elosely lined with blackish; below, includiug fore leg nil urouiid, while;
tli. e two colors separated by u conspicuous stripe of tiiwn-color or salmon-
red running the whole length of the body ; tail distinctly bicolor.
Haihtat. — United States, west of the Mississippi and east of the R(K'ky
Mountains, and northern portions of Mexico. (Originally described from the
mouth «»f the Yellowstone; redescribed from Chihuahua. Specimens exam-
ined by me from Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, and Chihuahua.)
I regret that the material before me includes no specimens in the flesh,
since I am thereby prevented from giving the size and form of the 8|)ecic8
with desirable precision ; fortunately, however, in this instance the characters
of the species are so strongly marked that lack of elaborate details of form
will result in no misunderstanding. The coloration, alone distinctive, can be
accurately given from several well-prepared skins before me.
This speciesi the type of the genus, exhibits very distinctly the two lead-
ing features of external anatomy which distinguish Perognathus proper from
Cricetodipus ; namely, the lobe of the nntitrugus and the nuked strip of the
sole extending quite to the heel. It is much the largest species of the genus
known to inhabit the United States, considerably exceeding P. penicMitus
(which about equals Hesperomijii leucopus in size), and, in fact, some speci-
mens are little if any smaller than lamias quadrkntlatm. For the reason
above given, the dimensions cannot be stated with precision; but the length
from nose to root of tail is obviously more than four inches in all but one of
the specimens before me; the tail is decidedly shorter than the head and
body (in all the other species treated in this paper it is as long or longer).
The vertebne of the tail of the only specimen before me in which these
bones remain in situ measure less than 4.00 inches, the length of the head
and body of the same specimen being about 4.50. Likewise, the hind feet
are* proportionally shorter than in any of the other species ; they average only
one inch in length, thus not exceeding those of P. jienicillalus, which is a
smaller animal, On the contrary, the ears are larger, both absolutely and
relatively, than those of any other species, standing about 0.40 high, meas-
ured from the notch; the ears thus project conspicuously above the fur of
the parts; the flap is suborbicular in outline; the antitragus develops a very
I; ''
'f
: ■ i
502
MONOGEAPHS OF NORTH AMEEICAN EODENTIA.
prominent lobe, boumiing tbe notch posteriorly ; and in front of the notch
there is also a little prominence, just behind the termination of the margin
of the car. The flattened portions of the auricle are sparsely pilous inside
and out, and a tuft of lengthened hairs springs from the front border of
the ear.
The attenuated and elongated muzzle is densely pilous, excepting a
small T-shaped nasal pad, divided by a median depression. The upper lip,
in particular, \s thickly covered with stiffish, flaring hairs, completely con-
cealing any median cletl which may exist, and forming a heavy fringe which
droops over and almost hides the incisors ; there is an antrorse tuft of bristly
hairs on the chin. The openings of t!ie cheek-pouches seem to have no
peculiar character, being much as in other species of the genus ; the cavity
admits the first joint of one's little finger. The whiskers are very numerous
and fine ; the shorter colorless ones seem like mere lengthening of the hairs of
the muzzle; otiiers, stifl'er and colored, reach rather beyond the head.
There are also some long special bristles over the eye, and others between
the eye and oar
The palm proper, and under surfaces of the digits, are perfectly naked,
though a considerable fringe of hairs falls down from the wrist. There is a
large and conspicuous smooth tubercle on the outer side, at the base of the
fifth digit; two others, one on each side, at the wrist, and oth^irs at the bases
of tlie intermediate digits ; the disposition of these smaller ones is not very
evident in the dried specimens. The thumb is rudimentary, a mere stamp,
bearing a flattened obtuse nail; the other digits are armed with ordinary
compressed, acute, and moderately curved claws ; the 3d is longest ; then
come 4th, 2d, and 5th in succession. Of the hind foot, the sole is perfectly
naked for its wliole length along a median strip, narrowed by encroachment
on either side of a fringe of hairs, On the outer side, about half-way from
heel to base of digits, is a small tubercle ; there is another near the base of
the 1st digit, and a much larger one near the base of the 5th digit, with others
still at the bases of the intermediate digits; but their precise disposition, and
the character of the naked sole, cannot be made out perfectly. The first digit
is very small, \vith a smooth buluous end and short blunt claw ; the other
claws are of a more ordinary character, but relatively shorter, blunter, less
compressed, and less curved than those of the hand ; they are excavated
underneath. ^
8ACCOMYID.D— PEROGNATHIDIN^— p. FASCIATUS.
503
The tail is completely hut rather thinly haired, and, especially toward
the end, the iiairs stand apart and are somewhat lengthened (as is usual in
the genus) ; still they do not develop into the decided comb or crest, or tuft
nt the end, which is characteristic of P. penicillatus.
The pelage of this species is coarse, iiarsh, and stiffish (as in other
species of typical Perognathus), but not to a degree whicii could bear the term
"spiny", or even "bristly"; it has been likened to fine-spun glass, though
such expression might be considered strong, unless excessively delicate glass
is meant. The fur has considerable gloss ; tliere is no under fur whatever.
The character seems to me to be much as in the Murine Sigmodon hispjAus,
and in fact the specimens before me have considerable superficial resemblance
to the young of that species A likeness to Zapus kudsonius is perhaps even
stronger. The color of the upper parts is a light sandy-yellowisii, closely
lined throughout with blackish, producing a fine grizzle. The greater part
of tile length of the individual hairs is the color of barely-tarnished cut lead ;
it is rather light, and unlike the heavier plumbeous of most Rodents. This
is succeeded by the sandy ends of the hairs ; a part of them are of this last
color to the very end, while others have the tips blackish, producing the
grizzle above mentioned. The line of demarcation of this color begins on
the side of the nose, and runs straight over the shoulder and sides of the
body, descending the hind limb to the heel. To this succeeds a strip of rich
reddish-yellow or salmon-color, beginning on the cheeks and following the
line already indicated to the heels, but also descending a little way on the
fore leg. This color is pure, the hairs being so colored to the roots, there
being no plumbeous basal portions and no blackened tips. The whole under
surface, together with the feet, most of the fore leg, and the inner aspect of
the hind leg, is white, and on these white areas the hairs are of this color to
the roots. The line of demarcation with the fawn-color is pretty sharp, but
less so in some cases than in others, sometimes the whole belly showing a
tawny shade. The tail is bicolor; a brown or dusky stripe runs the whole
length of the upper surface ; the sides and under surface being white or
tinged with rusty — the latter particularly when the white of the belly is simi-
larly tinged. Besides these s-^'^cial markings, there is decided indication of
a dusky stripe from the nose u.nder the eye and ear to the side of the neck,
produced by increase of the bluckenod tips of the hairs along the line. Some
of the whiskers are black, others being colorless. The poucho-s are whitt?
inside. The claws are colorless.
504
MONOGRAPHS-OP XOKTn AMERICAN RODENTFA.
iii]|i
ii^-»i,'^
My series of specimens does not suffice for n complete exposition of the
variation in color of this species. In all, the lateral stripe is conspicuous, and
the other characters ditTer little I note, however, a decidedly richer tone
in Mexican and Texan specimens than in those from Kansas and Nebraska.
It is probable tiiat the skull of this animal, when examined, will alFord some
specific characters, in size nt least, if not in details of conformation. The
veneral)le Dr. G. Lincecum, of Texas, lately deceased, lias given notes on the
habits of this species, in two special articles, below cited.*
. PEROGNATHUS PENICILLATUS, Woodh.
, • ' ■ Tuft-tailed Pooket-ir se.
Peroyiittlhut peneciUatm, WfiODri.,t Proc. Acod. Nut. Sii. Pbila. vi, 18.5:1,200 (San FriinciBco MU., Arizonn).
PerognalliHs pmicillatuttVfooDii., 8it|;r<avr»'K Rup. Kxpl. Znfli niiil Coi. K. IK^i^, 4!), pi. 3.— LkC, PriMi.
Acad. Nut. Sci. Pbilu. IK>\, 225 (iiiuro iiieiitioii).— Add. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1(^4, a08
(copiiMl from Wixidh.).— lll>., M. N. A. 1657, 41H, pi. EC, f. 5.— Giiav, P. Z. 8. IWW, aoi (wrong
locality assigned) t— ColiEs, Am. Nut. i, 1SC7, ;iU7 (Arizona) —CoUKS, Proc. Pbilu. Acnd.
ia75, 8M7 (nu.u(>;;rapbii;).— ColKs & Yaurow, Zuol. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 110.
Peroynalhtti parvus, LeContk, Pioc. Acul. Nat. 8i-i. Pbila vi, 1853, 826 (in part. Not Crieelodipua pairtu,
Peale.) (The npucinieu noticed from the Colorado Desert is now before me ; it ih apparently
» very youug azumple of i*. peniciUatun.)
DiAONOSis. — About the size of Hespfiomys leucopus. Tail vertehrse obvi-
ously longer than head and i)ody. Hind foot more 'han one-fourth the length
of head and body. Tail crested above toward the end, .mri with long term-
inui pencil of hairs. Soles <listinclly naked to the heels, at least along a
median .strip. Antitragus distinctly lobed, with a sharp teat-like projection,
opposite which is another smaller but distinct lobe of the tragus, the notch
of the ear being defined by these two prominent jioints, the edge of the ear
itself not bounding the notch at all. No appreciable fulvous stripe along the
sides, where the color of the upper parts meets the white of the under parts
without intervention of a third color. Aliove, "gray" — an intimate mixture of
■yellowish-gray with a dull gniyish-brown ; below, including whole fore leg,
fore and hind feet, and itiner aspect of thighs, white ; tail bicolor — dark al)ove,
white below. Length about 3.25 inches T" .,--3fiJ); tail vertebrm about
4.00 (ii.aO-iAO), with a tuft half an inch or more longer. Soles about 0.95
(0.90-1.00); ear above notch, 0 83 (0.30-0.35).
• Poncbe<l UaL < Ain. Nat. vi, Inli, pp. Hfi'J, 370.
y Tbe AuimulH of Texas. < Am«r. Sports .liin (newspaper) of Feb. 28, 1874.
) Special pnper : " Description of u new speciiis of Perngnatbns, Wied." < he. cit., pp. 200, 2C1
(TbuSan Francisco Mountains are several bnndred niibs from San I'^ancisco City, Calllbrnia,
Doorly in the middle of Arizona— formerl; a part of New Mexico. The locality appeani to pntr.lc soma
writers.
aACCOMYID^.— PEROONATniDIX^E— p. PENICILLATUS.
505
Habitat.— The Basin of the Colorado River. (The very few specimens
at present known to naturalists have all come from Arizona and the adjoining
border of Southern California.)
(Description from Wood house's type, which is mounted, and several
more recent specimens, dry and alcoholic.) In all the other species of Pero-
gnathus given on these page.*, the tail, whether longer than the body or decid-
edly shorter, is simply haired,, with the terminal hairs no longer than those
surrounding the tail. Tiie present species is tiierefore remarkably distin-
guished by the comb or crest of long hairs on the terminal third or more of
the ineml)er, produced by a gradual lengthening until those at the end are
half an inch or more in length, producing a penicillate brush proportionally
as long as that of some species of Tamias or even Sciurus. With this singu-
lar character others of equal tangibility are coordinated. The description to
be given will include some points common to the genus, as, with one excep-
tion, the present is the only species of Perognathus of which I have speci-
mens in the flesh.
The head is about one-third of the total length of head and body; broad
and full across the temporal and orbital regions, thence tapering ropiliy to
the produced but rather blunt snout. The muzzle is entirely and densely
pilous excepting a small nasal pad, with a median furrow ; tiie nostrils are
very small and irregular in contour. The long upper lip is heavily clothed
with stitfish hairs, forming a fringe which droops over and iiides the incisors.
The whiskers are numerous and very fine; besides the labial set, the longest
of which much exceed the head in length, there are others about the eye and
ear. The eye is of moderate size, and situated much nearer to the ear than
to the nose. The ear shows very conspicuously the prominent lobe of the
antitragus, which is the chief external peculiarity of tliis genus as compared
with Cricetodipus ; and opposite to it, on the other side of the notch, there is
a similar and smaller, but still very evident, tubercle just within the border
of the ear. Those two i)rominences together cause the notch of the ear to
be very strongly defined; and the margin of the external ear is altogether
excluded from the notch. The contour of the ear is broadly rounded. The
slit of the cheek-pouch is about half an inch long, beginning on the side of
the upper li|) and curving around with a free border to near the angle of tlie
jaw, there being but narrowly separated from its fellow.
The details of the palms and soles, as clearly made out from the material
506
MONOGRAPHS OF NOUTH AMBRIOAN RODENTIA,
;
before me, are probably applicable also to tbose other species of tlie genus
of which only dried skins are before me. The palm is entirely naked ; it
presents posteriorly a pair (inner and outer) of immense smooth tubercles,
reminding one of the state of the parts in Geomys. Anteriorly, there are three
smaller but still very conspicuous l)ulbs; one proper to the base of, respect-
ively, the '2d and 5th digits, and one common to' the base of the 3d and 4lh.
The palm is otherwise uniformly studded with small elevated graimlations,
and the digits are similarly roughened underneath. The minute thumb ends
club-shaped, bearing upon its back a flat nail, which, like that of the human
finger, does not project at all beyond the end of the digit. The whi>' thumb
is no more conspicuous than one of the palmar pads. The other dibits bear
ordinary claws ; the 3d is longest ; the 2d and 4th are subequal to each other
and but little shorter than the 3d ; the 5th is more abbreviated, but its claw-
tip etill falls beyond the base of the 4th claw.
As a consequence perhaps of the desert habitat of this species, the
nakedness of the soles, which is one of the secondary characters distinguish-
ing all the species of Perognathus from those of Crieetodipus, is here carried to
an extreme. The sole may be called naked without qualification ; for the
fringe of hairs which droops over its sides does not encroach in the least
upon the under surface except just at the side of the contracted posterior
part of the heel itself The whole sole is uniformly paved with minute gran-
ulations. Among these, one constantly larger than the rest is always observed
on the inner side about half-way down the metatarsus; and a similar one is
found at Ihe base of each of the digits. The digits are marked beneath with
transverse lines of impression, and end in smooth, slightly clubbed tips. The
first digit, though small, is perfectly formed, and iiears an ordinary claw,
tiie tip of which falls opposite the base of the second digit ; the longer 3d
digit but slightly exceeds the 2d and 4th, which are about equal to each other;
the end of the claw of the 5th digit falls opposite the middle of the 4th one.
In the development of the hind limbs of this and the next closely allied
species of Perognathus, there is more indication of a saltatorial tendency thun
appears in the case of /'. fasciatus, but the difference is not very striking; it
is no more than that which may be inferred on comparison of Crieetodipus
parvus with C. JUwus, and it falls far short of the state of the case exhibited
by Dipodomys. Still, the supposed saltatorial character is further borne out,
m
SACCOMYID^— PEUOGNATniDIN^— p. PENICILLATUS.
507
upon nnalojiy, by the peculiar character of the long penicillate (ail, already
fully described.
I fin«l it difficult to describe the color of the upper parts satisfactorily.
It was called by Baird "a light dull yellowish-brown or tawney, lined with
dark-brown". The prevailing tone is decidedly "gray'' in comparison with
the strong mixed yellowish and blackish of P. fascialus — somewhat the shade
of dilute coffee and milk. The lighter hairs are dull yellowish-gray, with
darker lining of hair brown. There is a general tinge of the palest possible
cinnamon. All the bases of the hairs are of the color of fresh-cut lend.
There is no appreciable lateral stripe of different color from the upper parts,
although, just along the line of junction with the white, the color lightens a
little for lack of the darker brown lining. The extreme tip of the snout, the
cheeks, the whole fore leg, the inner aspect of the hind leg, the feet, under
side of tail, and under parts generally, are white ; the line of demarca'ion
runs straight from nose to hind leg, where it drops down to the heel. The
upper surface of the tail and the brush at the end are hair-brown. Some of
the whiskers are black; others, like the claws, are colorless.
The external sexual characters of this and other species of the family
are readily recognizable. In consequence of the development of the os penis,
the prseputial sheath is a resisting prominence immediately in advance of the
anus. The same part in the female shows a conical flap depending from the
front of the vulva.
Having only about a dozen adult specimens of this species to examine,
the full range of variation can only be given with approximate accuracy.
Still the series is a very good one as far as it goes, and the number of alco-
holics afford reliable measurements. Dr. Woodhouse's type is much fiided by
twenty years' exposure to the light. The others agree perfectly in colora-
tion, and the differences in size are slight. I may here remark that, in Pro-
fessor Bnird's table of measurements the dimension (nose to tail) given from
the dried 8j)ecimen8 there enumerated is certainly over the mark. Thus,
Woodhouse's type is given as 4.12 long, whereas the original description of
the same specimen says 3.50.
■ilit
508
IMOSOOUAPnS OP NORTH AMKIIIO.AN UODBNTrA.
Tablk l.—Meaturemeiils of eleven apecimeiit o/PKnoGXATiius pknicillaivs.
•36;ri
1333
i.m
lin
8010
433 'a
tymb
4a34e
493«<i
4g34e
493 (/
LuoaUty.
San FranciMc MoiiDtaiiiB, Artx .
(lolonitlo Rlvor, Cal
Tori Yuma, Cal
Colorado Desert, Cal —
Camp Grant, Ariz
Mojnvo Village, Ariz
.ilo.
.do.
.do .
.do .
.do.
From tip of 11080 to—
O.SO
o.ca
0. C'l
(t. 53
0. D.-.
o.uo
0.63
0. 00
O.DO
O.OJ
1.00
0.00
0 01
0.03
0.03
0.00
1.00
1.10
,1 3J
1.10
1.10
l.SM
l.tO.
l.CO
3. CO
S.00
3 30
3. CO
3 00
2.00
3.50
3.00
Tail to end
of-
3.70
3.00
3.6J
3.19
3. SO
3.30
4.(0
4.33
4.30
4.41
3.00
4.13
4.00
4.00
4. 80
4.00
5.00
Lcugthof-
0.33
0.15
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
1.00
0.00
a OS
0.S5
i.no
0.03
o.co
0.05
1.00
1.00
a
•0
•s
e
p
m
'A
0.30
0.33
0.35
o.:io
0.33
0.33
0. 33
Mounted.
Diy.
...do.
Alcohnlio.
...do.
...do.
... do.
... do.
... do.
.. d...
... do
* MoaflnrameotA of length and of taiI'Vert«b' » f rom WtMxIhoiiHe. In ilN pre&ent Hlatr, the tall, att Wi?ll aa can Ik; JnilKed,
Im almat 4.50 long, oxoIumIvo of the terminal pencil, which id half an inch rooru. Tbu dry measnronionta arc not icllablo.
Taking the last, seven sets of measarements of tlie foregoing table (all
made from sexed specimens in the flesh, and taken by the same person,* so
that a source of error which lies in different methods of measurement is
avoided), we observe that the total length varies from 2.90 to 3.60 — a difl'er-
ence of 0.70 — a fair rate of variability for a species. The tail, as usual, varies
more than tiie body, or, in this instance, about an inch, whether the vertebrae
alone are considered, or the terminal pencil be taken into account. The
relatively shortest tail (vertebrae alone) is half an inch longer than the head*
and body, or, with the hairs, an inch longer. The relatively longest tail
(vertebrae alone) is an inch and a cjuarter longer than the head and body;
with the hairs, nearly two inches longer. Much as usual, the rate of relative
variability is greater than that of absolute difference in dimension. The soles
vary a tenth of an inch in length, or about %\ per cent, of their average length.
Other smaller measurements give corresponding results The rates of varia-
tion which are determined for the present species are doubtlees equally appli-
cable to others of the genus of which I have no alcoholic specimens.
Upon the supposition that the other allied species described in this paper
are really distinct from P. penicillatus, this has a remarkably restricted geo-
graphical distribution. So far as I am aware, there are no specimens extant
xvt\\\ beyond the limits of the Colorado Valley in that portion of its extent
*Ia tuuosuriug tails, I tuku as nearly 08 pu^^4iblo tho tiuo k'tiglb, by p1aoin|{ one le;; uf tlio com-
osses snugly above tho anus. The length to which .the tail projects beyond tbu.bcdy-iiaii'i, or ita ONlen-
rtiblo diinenaion, ia mnaldernbly less.
-^:i"'
.. .i.!kUi^'f'.^9&^l;Si:i.
SACCOMYIDyE— PEKOGNATUlDlNiE— p. MONTICOLA.
509
which e.nbraces Arizona and the contiguous part of California on ll>e oppo-
site side of the river. Specimens are rare ; there may be none whatever in
Eura|>e. Woodhoiise, LeConte, Bnird, and myself are possibly the only nat-
uralists who siieak of the species from autoptical examination.
The relationships of some allied species being considered under other
heads, the only \wuit here arising for discussion relates to the ^' Cricelodipus
pa/vus" of LeConte, /. c. The specimen upon which that writer based his
remarks is now before me It is not adult, as supposed, but very young and
ungrowD, as shown by the unworn state of the teeth ; although Ihe tail is not
crested, there arc indications tiiat it would have become so ; the relative pro-
portions and colomtion are exactly as in P. penicillatus, to which I have little
hesitation in referring it. In any event, it is a true Perognathus, and not
Cricelodipuf at all, as shown beyond question by the obviously naked soles'
and distinctly recognizable lobe of the antitragus.
PEROGNATHUS MONTICOLA, Baird.
Konntain Fooket-monse.
PcrayMfln utmllcoU, Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 423, pi. 51, figs. 3a-A (St. Mary's, Rocky Sloantains).—
Seen., P. R. R. Rep. xii, pt. ii, 1S60, 101 (notice of the same specimeD).— CouKfi, Proc.
Pbila. Acad. 1(475, 293 (described from another specimen from Fort Crook, Cal.). — TCoUES
& Tarrow, ZuuI. Exp], W. 100 Merid. 1H75, 110 (two si>ecimen8 donbtfnlly referred here).
PmfMiku wUipilfM*, CoCES, Proc. Acad. N.kt. Sci. Phila. 1875, 29<t (provisional appellation).
T Jtromf lonR,GtAX, P. Z. 8. 1468, 202. {Telle Ahtoii,epi»l.)
• Duoxosis (No. 7251, Mus. Smiths. Inst., ?, Fort Crook, Cal, J.
Feilner). — Size of Mm musculus. Tail, including hairs, an inch longer than
the head and body, the vertebrae alone over half an inch longer. Hind foot
nearly one-third as long as head and body ; naked strip on sole very narrow
jxwteriorly; antitragus with a great, flat, rounded, upright lob6, but no lobe
of tragus opposite, the notch being defined in front by the outer edge of the
ear itself. Tail not penicillate nor crested; rather thinly but nearly uniformly
haired throughout. Pelage very soft and smooth for this genus — much as in
Cricetodipus. Color of upper parts descending on the fore leg to the wrist
A fulvous lateral stripe, indistinct but evident; hairs of under parts pure
white to the roots ; tail bicolor. Above, yellowish-cinnamon lined with black-
ish, the latter predominating ; below, white.
DafENSioNS. — Lei h, 2 50; tail-vertebrae, 3.20; hind foot, 0.80.
Habitat. — St. Mary's Mission, west.of Ricky Mountains, to Otter Creek,
Utah, and Fort Crook, California.
^ism:
kiMk
m
(■ ;i
nt.
510
MONOGKAPH8 OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
The generalities of form of this nnitnal are much the same as those of
its nearest allies. In relative length, the tail nearly equals that of P. jnnicil-
latus, but it is uniformly haired throughout, without indication of crest or
penicilia'ion. The soles are v so extensively denuded as those of P. penicil-
iatus, owing to encroachir of hairs from the sides; still there is a fairly
naked strip to the extreme heel The tuberculution of the palms and soles,
and the proportions of all the digits, are substantially as in that species. The
animal is mucli smaller than any other species of the genus, not much exceed-
ing a Cricetodipus in size. But the most remarkable character is found in the
structure of the ear: it is singular how sharply distinguished some species
of tiie genus are in this respect. In P. penicillatus, a sharp leat-like pro-
jection of the antitragus defines the notch posteriorly, and opposite to it, on
the other side of the notch, there is a similar but smaller prominence of the
tragus bounding the notch anteriorly; thus the external edge of the ear itself
is altogether excluded from the formation of the notch. Now, in P montkola,
the lobe of the ar t.itragus is a broad, flat, upright flap, both relatively and
absolutely larger than that of P. penicillalus, but there is no corresponding
h)be of the tragus on the other side of the notch, the front border of the
notch being formed by th6 external edge of the ear itself This state of the
parts is an approach to the condition seen in Cricetodipus, and is a perfectlj'
distinctive mark of P. monticola in its own genus. This important distinction
escaped the describer of the species ; but it should be added that it is only '
fully appreciable upon examination of fresh or alcoholic specimens, and that
tlie type of the original description had been mounted when examined. Fur-
thermore, the ears of P. monticola are smaller than those of P. penicillatus,
and scarcely more than half the size of those of P. fasciatus.
Another good character of the species is found in the softness and fine-
ness of the fur. The pelage is not so stiff and firm as in P. penicillatus even,
and has nothing of the "spun-glass" character seen in P. fasciatus, and still
more noticeable in P. hispidus.
The coloration of the species is mainly distinctive in the circumstance
tliiit the dark color of the upper parts descends the fore leg to the wrist,
whereas on all the other species examined the whole fore leg is white. The
upper parts are an intimate mixture of tawny and blackish, much as in /'.
fasciatus. There is an evident but not very distinct lateral fulvous stripe.
The under parts, in the s|)ecimen described (No. 7251), arc light yellow, but
SACCOMS IDJS— PBROGNATHIDIN-S!— P. MONTICOLA.
511
tliia is undoubtedly the efiect of alcoholic discoloration, tiie parts being, no
doubt, white in life. The tail is biculor, to correspond with the body colors.
While there is no question whatever of the distinctness of the subject
of the present article from any others described in tills paper, tiiore are some
points to be considered respecting its reference to P. monticola of Baird. The
type of this species, now before me, has been mounted and exposed to the
light for about twenty years ; it is faded and otherwise in poor state, the end
of the tail and much of the fur being lost. The color is now a uniform dull
grayish-brown, much like the natural color of P. jjeidcillatus, instead ot
"mixed cinnamon and dusky", as originally described; and the tail is uni-
formly dingy white, instead of being "colored to correspond"; the hairs
below are all white instead of "plumbeous at base" ; and no lateral stripe is
now appreciable, though an "indistinct" one was mentioned. But the nuuu
peculiarit}' of the species as to coloration, namely, the descent of the dark
color down the fore leg to the wrist is still evident; and, in short, I find no
color-differences not explicable upon consideration of the comparative state
of the two specimens. We may therefore turn to the matter of size and pro-
|K)rtions. Professor Baird says, "tail rather shorter than head and body,"
giving the length of the former as 2.67 -{-, and of the latter as 3.00; whereas
my animal is but 2.50 long, and has a tail of 3.20. But the decided discrej)-
ancies in these stat«ments and measurements are readily reconciled upon tlie
simple consideration that the tail is defective and the body overstuffed in the
type of monticola. This brings about an agreement further borne out by the
other measurements. In the following table, the first line of measurements
is copied from Baird ; the other is taken from the Fort Crook specimen,
upon which this article is based, before skinning out of alcohol.
Tablb II. — Meatunmrntt of two apeoinuiit of Pekoonathus monticola.
i
Ml
TOSl
LoosUty.
8b Huy'a, Booky Mounbiiiw. .
Fort Crook, C«l
From tip of nose t
0.M
0,35
O.M
ass
i.oe
l.W
3.00
a. so
Tail to end
of—
a.87+
3. so
LeDgthof—
0.30
o.eo
0.80
0.95
0 iO
MouDtOfl.
AloolloHo.
The principal discrepancy being explicable as above, there is nothing
whatever in the foregoing table incompatible with specific identity. Moie-
;I,M
' ;•!
m
512
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTU AMERICAN RODENTIA.
over, it so Imppens tliiit (lie left ear of the type is in sufiiciently good preser-
vatitm to enable me to clearly recognize the pecnliar conformation whicli
distinguishes the present species from the others.
To this same species I am also inclined to refer two specimens recently
collected l)y Mr. H. W. llenshaw on Otter Creek, in Utah. These are appar-
ently young aninmis, hut, as they are not accompanied witii the skulls, the
iiict cannot be determined.* The tail of each has been skinned, and is now
so shrivelled tliat nothing can be predicated as to its length, cither relative or
absolute. The specimens are quite small ; they have been overstufled, meas-
uring now about 2J inches, but were probably not much, if any, ()ver 2, witb
a hind foot of 0.80 ; in fact, they might be taken at first sight for Criceiodipus.
But the soles are naked along a nariow strip quite to the heel; the autitragus
has a very prominent lobe; and even from the dried skins I detdrmine,-with
no appreciable chance of mistake, that the ear has the other peculiarity oi P.
monficola. Tlie pelage is remarkably sotl; (he coloration is different from
that of any other Perognathi I have seen, being plumbeous (like the plum-
bago-colored specimens of Geomys and Tliomomys), with little admixture of
lighter color; and the soles show a decided fulvous stripe. But these speci-
mens exhibit the fore leg colored quite to the wrist, and I am inclined to
attribute the dark color to their immaturity. I shall therefore assign them to
P. monticuln.
The four specimens noticed are the only ones which have come under
my observation. To sum the case in a few words, we have here an anitnal
unquestionably- distinct from any of the other species descrii)ed in this paper,
the only question being whether all the specimens referred to it are specifi-
cally identical. They ostensibly diflTer to a degree that might have caused
them to be described as distinct at the period when Professor Baird's work
was prepared. This question must await the reception of additional material
for its satisfactory solution. I can only say that I am at present unable to
see more than one species. Should the contrary be determined, the present
article is to be held as based upon the Fort Crook specimen, for which I
have suggested the name of P. mollipilosus as a provisional designation.
* Since tliis was writteu, Mr. Henabaw tells Die the animals are very yonnf; iudeetl— tbey bnd not
left tbe nest when captured. These nr» the speoiinens donbtfully noticed by Dr. Yarrow and myself, in
Wheeler's Report, «. o.
SAOCOMYIDiB— PEROONATniDINvE— p. niSPIDDS.
513
PEROQNATHUS HI8PIDU8, Baiid.
Hispid Fooket>monie.
PengnaihM Mtpidiu, BAinn.Hi N. A. 1857, M\, pi, 51, fl|;. 4a-j)i.— Baird, U. S. and Mex. B. giirv. ii, |it.
ii, IRSO, Hamni. 4J.— Quay, P. Z. 8. 1868, auj (compiled).— Coukh, Proe. Pbilii. Acad. 1H75,
806 (rt-diaciused, but wItbuDt msteriul addiliuual to (but in Baird'a buuds In 1857).
DiAQNOSis. — Ear smull, not projecting 'beyond the fur; its structure as
in P. fasciatus and penicillatus (tragus and antitragus both lobed). Soles
naked. Tail not penicillate, rather longer than head and body. Fur exceed-
ingly stiff and coarse. Above, yellowish-cinnamon, closely lined vvitii blackish,
the color not descending on the fore leg at all. Sides with a conspicuous
fulvous stripe. Tail bicolor.. Under parts, with hind feet and whole of fore
leg, white.
Length between 3.00 and 3.50 ; tail rather more. Sole of hind foot 0.90.
Habitat. — 'J'he only two specimens known of this species were procure*!
by Lieut. D. N. Couch at Charco Escondido and Matamoras, Tamaulipas.
Since the introduction of this species, as above, no additional specimens
have come to hand ; and as we have no further material for amplification or
verification of the original description, there is little more to be said about it
at present. The animal appears to be perfectly distinct from any other
described in this paper. With much the same size and proportions as those
of P. monticola, it is immediately distinguished by the radical difference in
the conformation of the ear, the stouter as well as rather longer feet, and the
whiteness of the whole fore leg. From penicillatus it differs in the much
shorter and not penicillate tail, less extensively denuded soles, and presence
of a strong lateral fulvous stripe. It is decidedly smaller than P. fasciatus,
with which it shbres the fulvous stripe, with a tail longer instead of shorter
than the body ; ears scarcely half as large, &c. From all these species, finally,
it differs in the extraordinarily harsh, stiff, coarse hair ; this is of great length
and devoid of under fur, as in other species, but represents, in an exagger-
ated degree, the pelage which is characteristic of the genus in distinction
both from Dipodomys and CricetoHpus.
The coloration of the species cannot be given with sufficient accuracy.
Both the specimens have been skinned out of alcohol, and the tints are prob-
ably Romew4mt modified. One of them has been so discolored by long immer-
sion in a dirty fluid as to be of a uniform dingy greenish-brown, in which the
33 H
il;
M4
MONOGUAPna OF SOUTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
i }
V.i-
origiiml colore cniiiiot be in llio least discovered. The oilier, in lictlcr state,
kIiows the characters pretty well. There is n strong fulvous or salmon-
colored stripe along the whole body, just as in P. fascidtun. The light color
of the iijiper parts is rntiier n pale cinnamon than the sandy yellowish of
P. fmcialiis. The hairs are light plumbeous at base, and many of them arc
lipped with Idack, giving the tiark surface-lining. The tail is sharply bicolor,
lo corrcsj)ond with the body. The under parts, including the whole fore leg
and the foot and inside of the hind leg, are white.
As in the case of /'. monticoln, further information rcs|>ecling tiiis species
is much to be de.<iired, particularly as there appear to be some Mexican ani-
mals of this gcnufi with which we are at present not well acquainted. The
following measurements are those given by Buird in his original notice : —
Tahlr III. — J/«uHreiiwiif(a/fi(«<j)gciin«iiai/PRRoo2iATii8 uisriDua.
i
a
g
a
••J
Locillty.
M
From lip of note to-
Tall to end
of-
Leogth of—
i
•8
1
•s
n
0
4!
k
1
i
1
1
i
1
577
S70
9
0.64
0.07
o.g-j
I.CO
1.33
1.33
3.19
3.M
0.49
0.45
0.84
o.g3
0.37
0.37
Aleuholio.
...Uo.
3.60
3.M
In my previous " Review '' of this family (Proc. Phila. Acad. 1876, 29H),
I quoted the original noti-.T* of "Abromys lordi" of Gray (P. Z. S. 1868, 202),
observing that "we may suppose the animal to be a Perognathus, from (he
general tenor of Dr. Gray's remarks, and his curiously mixed-up quotations ;
and it is perhaps P. monticola " This supposition is probably verified
r * Tko followiu); Is tbe origiual notice of tbo g<!iiai) and iipeaieH iu fnll : —
"3. ABKOMYS,Gray.
" Upper cutting teeth with a lonfjitudinal Rroovo ; far soft, abundant, nniform, long, and close.
Tiiil tapering, cylindrical, covered with abort hair almost biding tbe rings of scales.
" Perognathiu, sp., 8. Baiid, Hamm. N. A. 423.
"AflnoMYS i.i>i(Di. B. H.
" Fnr soft, abnndnnt, gray-woHbrd, with blackish tips ; chin and nndcr side of body whitish ; tail
tnporing, grny, with ft blackish-brown upper snrface and tip ; hair of tbe back dark lead-color, with a
short gray Irand and niinnte black tip.
" Perognathus inoiiticolor [sio], Lord, in B. H.
" f Perognathus monticola, S. Baird, Hamm. N. A, 48S, t. 51, f. 3 (skull).
"Hab. British Columbia (£ord).
"The l«eth destroyed. Length of body and bead 3 inches, of tail 3 inches. It differs from
Dipodoniys phillipsii and other species of that genua in having no white spot over tbe eye at tbe base
uf tbo ear, or white band ooroas the thigh."
>Mi
SACCOMYIDiB— rEUOGNATniDINVB-CltlCBTODIl'UB.
51 r>
by Mr. E. R. Alston, from exnminntion of thn originnl sppcimon, Uindly
inntlc nt my request, Mr. Alston writes : — " The typeof 'Abromys lordi' is
in bad condition, the ears being hopelessly distorted ; but it seems to me
to be undoubtedly P. monticolu."
PEROONATHUS HICOLOR, Gray.
Hondnrai Focket-monse.
rirognathiu Mcalor, Gray, P. Z, 8. 1866,803. (Hoiiiluriia. Dmcriptlon oonfiinml with that of a upeoios of
Iltitromf — fttto AUTtiN, epkt.)
Though not an inhabitant of North America as zoologically understood,
this species is introduced to complete an account of the genus, and to furnish
the occasion for correction of an important error into which the describer
was led. The original notice is subjoined.*
Mr. Alston writes me, afler examination of the type : — " P.bicolorOrny,
(from Honduras,) appears to be a good species, but has been curiously
badly described. It is dark brown above, not black, and tho' the fur is
sparse and somewhat harsh, it is not in the least bristly! Gray seems to
have hod both this specimen and his Heteromys melanoleucus in his hantls
when he wrote, and to have confused one with thq other."
Gekus CRICETODIPUS. Baird.
= T Crictiodipin, Tralk, U. 8. Expl. Expod. 1848, SB. (Type T)
= Crlc'eHptii, Baihd, H. N. A, 1858, 4 18. (Type Ptrugaalhu* fiaviu.)—Otixr, P. Z. 8. ISCS, 303.— CoDBS,
Proo. Phila. Acad. 1875, 300.
= OlognoiU, CouKS, Proo. Pbila. Aoail. 1875, 305. (ProvisloDal unme. Type Perognathm flaviu.)
In treating of this form as a subgenus of Perognalhus, Professor Baird
clearly showed its external peculiarities, namely, absence of lobation f)f the
antitragus, hairy soles, and diminutive size. To these points are to be added
the cranial peculiarities coincident with decidedly greater development of the
mastoid than that seen in Ptirognathus. The characters having already been
given (p. 496), it is needless to repeat them.
* " PbroonatIius bicolor, B. H.
" Ptroffnatkiu monUeola, OerMrd, Cat. Ronea B. H. (not Baird). Black; npper lip, lower edge of
the oboek-poocb, head, and ander side of body and ioner aide of limba white. Fur uniform bristly ;
bristles olungatu, slender, wiih a slender point, and intermixed with very slendrr elongated hairs. Tail
as long aa the body, with rings, sqnare scales, and short bristly hairs.
" Hob. Honduras (SalU).
" There is a 8piny Rat from Hoodnras * with a longer tail and smooth frontteeth, agreeing in color
with the above." Tho confusion of ideas intimated by Mr. Alston is here obvious.
* CbsruterlSMl on p. 904 of the P. Z. 8. for IMS m Btltntimt mtlanaUittiu, with " Ferofiuithiu muotieolor [slol,
Qemird, B. M not 8 B«ltd ", quoted m ■ Bynonym.
;:•;■:
niC)
MONOc.RAPna OP north American rodentia.
iiiui:
iilliiliii
As noticed i'liitlRT dii, tlio Cricetodipus parvus ^A' Pealo iti nn uiicertnin
animal. In erecting Cricetodipus into a genug, I take C. Jlavus of Bainl ns
the type, and follow tiiis author in distinguishing a second species, whicii latter
is prol)al)ly, hut not certainly, the C. parvus of Peale. The two appear to
(.onstantly differ in the* following characters: —
Tuil Dcarcely or not longer tlian tbe hcwl and body ; bind f(.ot Bcstoely or iiot one-third as long as head
nnd UHly. flavus.
Tail ducidcxlly longer than hood and body ; bind foot more than one-third oa long ns Ueati ond body,
PAUV'is (of Oaird).
CRICETODIPUS FLAVUS. Baird.
•'
•■
Tellow Fooket-monse.
Ptrognathtit flavui, Biikd, Proc. Aoad. Nat. 8ri. Phila. 1855, ."m.— Baihd, M. M. A. 1857, ii3, pi. 8, f. 3, pi. 2\
t.Sa-f (assigned to Ci'ioefo({i>«ii).— Baiiid,P. K. R. Rup. x, 1859, 'iunnison's and Beckwith'a
Rout«, Maniiu.p.8.— BAriiD,U.8. Mex. B. 8urv. ii, pt. ii, 1859, Mamm. 42.— SuCKL., P. U. B.
Rep. xii, pt. ii, 1860, 101 (Montana).— Hayd., Trans. Am. Phil. 8oc. zii, 1863, 147 (Lonp Fork of
Platte).— Allkn, Pioc. Bast. 8oc. N. H. xxii, 1874, 42 (Yellowstone River).
Crieeodiput flavut, Giiay, P. Z. 8. 1868, 203 (compiled ).—CouE8, Proo. Phila. Aoad. 1875, 300 (mouo-
gniphic).— CouES & Yar;iow, ZoOI. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 109.
Oloijiiotit JIaea, CoiiRs, Proc. Fill's. Acad. 1875, 305 (provisional name).
Diagnosis. — Much snialler than Mus musculm; head and body two
inches ; taU the same ; hind foot 0.65 ; ear small, not overti '^g the fur,
simple, without lobe of antitnigus or tragus. Soles entirely hairy on the pos-
terior half. Tail not decidedly longer than the head and body. Hind foot
scarcely or not one-third as long as head and. body. Above, pale buff, inti-
mately blended with blackish ; below, including whole fore leg, snowy white;
sides with a clear buff stripe; tail obscurely bicolor; white touches often
found about the ears. '
Habitat. — Rocky Mountain region of the United Staves and eastward in
the Middle Faunal Province, from the British Possessions (lat. 49°, Coues) to
Chihuahua, Mexico. (In the Pacific region replaced by C. parvus.)
(Dcscripiion from numerous alcoholic nnd dry specimens, including
Baird's types) — In general points of exterior conformation, this animal is so
similar to species of Perognathus already fully treated that the account of
theF-<; fentures may be abridged, ^he generic character of structuie of the
oar and hairiness of the sole, with the diminutive size, are the chief iwinls.
The ear is very small and simple, not overtopping the fur of the parts. It
is evenly rounded; there is no lobation whatever of either ant'tragus or
tragus, the slight notch w hich exists being formed in '"ront by the fol»L -over
edge of the ear itself, and behind by the antitrngal ridge. The head is full,
SACCOMYID^— PEltOGNATUIDINiB— C. FLAVUS.
517
especially in the frontiil regii)n, tapering to a l>]imtly conical snout, which is
densely hairy excepting n minute nasal pad; the upper lip is heavily pilous
with a fringe of hairs which droop over and hide the incisors. The eye is
rather small, and nearer to the ear than to the nose. The whiskers are verv
numerous and fine, the longest exceeding the head. On the i)alms are
observed posteriorly two great tubercles, of which the inner is much tlie
largest; there are others at the base of the 2d and 5th, and of the conjoined
3d and 4th digits, respectively ; otherwise the palm is studded with minute
granulations. The thumb is rudimentary, bearing a small Hat nail; the other
claws are of ordinary character ; 3d longest ; 4th little less; 2d shorter; 5th
still shorter. The hairiness of the soles posteriorly is a generic character in
comparison with Perognathus ; anteriorly they are granular, with a tubercle at
the base of each digit, and another on the outer side of the metatarsus u little
way up. The small size of the hind feet, however, is one of the most obvi-
ous distinctions from C. parvus. The longest hind foot measured in upward
of twenty cases is only 0.70 long, or barely one-third of the length of head
and body, while the average is much below this, and the minimum is otdy
about one-fourth of the length of the head and body. We may say simply
that the foot iii usually nearer one-fourth than one-third of this dimension.
Similarly, the shortness of the tail is a second character. In a large series,
the vertebrsB of the tail average exactly as long as the head and body ; in no
case does the tail exceed the body and head by more than 0.2.'j of an inch,
and this length is only exceptionally reached. In most cases, any difference
which may be oitserved is the other way, the tail being, if anything, a little
shorter than the head and body. The tail, as in other species of this genus
and of Perognathus (except /'. penicillatus), is closely, but not very thickly,
haired uniformly throughout ; the terminal pencil is about 0.10 of an inch long.
The pelage is extremely fine, soft, and glossy. The pattern of coloration
is the same as in other species of this genus and Perognathus, namely, c
ored above with blended lig'nt and dark tints, white below, with a clef..,
single-color stripe along the sides. The upper parts are an intimate mixture
of pale yellowish-buff with dark brown or blackish ; the hairs are clear lead-
color basally, then buff-ringed, then (most of them) dark-tipped. The result-
ing tone is nearly uniform over all the upper parts; but there are liable to
appear whitish or tawny touches about the ears and eyes, and an appearance
of a dark streak along tl.j side of the head. 'I'he fawn-coli id lateral stripe
h uninterrupted from nose to hee! ; the tint is rather brighter than the buff
618
MONOORArnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
m'
of tlie upprr parts, and piiif, being not mi.xed with any dusky, and the color
extending to tiie roots of" the linirs. The entire nn<ler parts, including tiie
whole fore leg, the hind (bet, and inner side of hind leg, are snowy white,
tin hairs having no basal color. The tail is obscurely bicolor, white below,
and liot very sharply colored above to correspond with the areas of the body.
Very young specimens, though nearly full grown and showing a sharp
lateral streak, are more simply colored above than the adults, being grayish,
with extremely faint buffy lining, instead of sharply blackish and buif. There
is also ol)servable, in the series before me, a tendency to exhibit two differ-
eit tones of coloration. Those from dry regions east of the mountains are
mixed grayish-brown and gruyish-buff, with the lateral pale buff stripe not
very conspicuous. In New Mexico, Southern Texas, and southward, the ani-
mal frequently assumes a ruddier shade oi the light color, mixed with much
less blackish ; in these, the lateral stripe is quite indistinct, because the upper
parts in general arc not very different. But the distinctions in these cases
are not strong enough to require anything further than this notice of the fact
The following table of measurements will illustrate the size and shape
of the species very fairly, and to some extent expose the range of varirtion : —
Table lV.—^fe<uuremenl»of
eighteen
ipecimeni of Cricrtodipus
FLAVU8.
1
1
o
MIS
i\tm
4331
3097
SOU
ig31
3-J34
7340
3090
4873
7343
«0
1041
1043
M33
3613
LocalHy.
H
From tip of noae to—
Tail to end
of—
I^ODgth of—
£
1
s
1
i
a.
^
5
JO
>
i
1
1
1
0.40
0.15
0.85
3.39
9.19
0.90
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.60
0.65
0.60
0.63
0.99
0.68
o.a>
a55
0.60
Alcobolio
Dry.
...do.
...do.
Alcobolio.
...do.
Dry.
AlooboUo.
Dry.
Alcobolio.
... do.
nrv.
Black Hills
0.99
0.89
3.00
3.40
1.89
3.30
S.S0
1.90
KeoFork, "Nub."
0.43
0.40
0.80
0.70
0.30
0.93
lU'publicau River, "Neb."
■■
do
?
9
0.49
0.40
0. 4.'i
0.40
0.4o
0.711
0. 7.-.
0. ■
0.80
0.85
0.8.1
0.05
O.ft".
0.»3
3. SO
2.39
3.10
3.19
1.63
1.90
3.00
3 30
I. 85
3.19
3.30
3.30
3.00
3.00
3.00
1.90
1.80
4 20
i.OO
3.40
Fort Bliss. N.Mcx
9
0.60|Alo<ibollo.
0.60 1 --. do.
do
0.35
0.30
0.35
0.65
0.60
n .1.1
...do.
...do.
... do.
... da
1
i
.San Antonio, Tei
0. 39 0. 63
0. 30 U. 03
0.43
0.74
0 <J0
3.07
3.06
BACCOMYID^— PEROGNATniDIN^-C. PARVUS.
510
CRICETODIPUS PARVUS. Buird (nn.l Pcalol).
Least Pocket-mouse.
f Cricttodipw parvus, Pkalb, U. 8. Expl. Exped. 1A18, 5.1, " pi. 13, f. 2 ".— Oikiikl, SiiuR. 1855, fiOO (compiled
from Peale).— Gray, P. Z. 8. 1808,203 (compilation of doulitfiil references).
t Ferognalhua (Cricetodipue) parvut, Aui>. & IIacii., Q. N. A. iil, 1854, 328 (copied from Peule).
Perognathiu parmu, Baiiid, M. N. A. 18^7, iH (bnsod on a Bpeoimon from Kln<;'H Kiver, Cal.. duubtfnlly re-
ferred to C. parvut. of Peale).— BAllin, P. R. R. Rep. x, 1659,Willlam8uu'8 liouto, 82 (Hnuio
specimen).
Cricelodipua parvus, CoUKS, Proc. Pliiln. Acad. 1875, 303 (monographic). ,
Otognoait longimembrii, CouES, Proc. PLilu. Acad. 1875, 305 (proviaioual name).
DiAONOSis. — Quite like C. Jtavus ; tail and feet longer. Hind foot 0.70
or more, one-third or more as long as head and body. Tail decidedly longer
than head and body; the vertebra; about 2.60 inches to a body of 2.00.
Habitat. — United States, west of the Rocky Mountains. California,
Utah (and ? Oregon, Peak).
Of this supposed species, I have two specimens additional to the
material in Professor Baird's hands in 1857. One of them, alcoholic, in good
preservation, enables me to give the dimensions with accuracy.
(No. 9856, Mus. Smiths. Inst. 9; Fort Tejon, Cal, J. Xantus.) Nose
to eye 0.45, to ear 0.70, to occiput 0.90, to tail 2.00; tail vertebrro 2.50, with
hairs 2.75; fore foot 0.25; hind foot 0.70; ear above notch 0.25.
Another specimen, from Utah (No. 439, Mus. Smiths. Inst., formerly
referred by Baird to CJlavus), seems to belong to C. parvus; \he hind feet
ar6 still longer — nearer 0.80 than 0.70 — and the tail at least as long as in
No. 9856.
A third specimen, recently collected by Mr. H. W. Henshaw in Califor-
nia, seems to be unquestionably referable to this species. These three are
all I have seen.
As well as can be judged from the insufficient material before me, this
species does not differ materially in color from CJlavus ; and in fact the only
diagnostic characters at present appreciable are the greater Icngtli of the hind
feet and tail. There is, however, a decided difference in these respects.
Further material will be required to confirm the specific distinctness here
accorded, or to show that the two supposed species inlergrade. Leaving this
matter, we may turn to the history of the species, some points of which call
for remark.
In the first place, it is not certain that the animal called pareus by Baird
520
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
in 1857, and l)y myself in the prescnl instance, is really the C. parvus of
Poiilc. Professor Baird spoke guardedly in the matter, although he did not
formally query his citations, as I have done, and I find myself equally in
donI)t. Nor do I see how the point is to be determined. For Peale's type,
iiaving been lost or mislaid, is not at hand to testify; and Peale's description,
tliongli elaborately detailed, will be found to consist entirely of supergeneric
characters, shared by all the species of Perognathus and Cricetodipus, except-
ing the jdirasc "color above sepia-brown", which is applicable to none of the
species known to me. The dimensions assigned agree exactly with those of
the animal defined in this article; but they are equally applicable to a very
young Perognathus. In fine, there is no proof that Peale's genus and species
were not based up(m a young Perognathus — possibly monticola. Therefore,
while glad to concede that the probabilities are the other way, I think it safest
to query the citation of Peale's animal and tlie compiled references that go
with it ; and I rest upon the Perognathus parvus of Baird, about which there
is no uncertainty. LeConte's P. parvus, as I have already shown, is doubt-
less based upon a very young example of P. penicillatus.
Baird's animal, from King's River, Cal., is very immature, as shown by
the state of the teeth, though nearly or quite full grown. It curiously resem-
bles a very young P. penicillatus (like LeConte's specimen for instance) ; and,
indeed. Professor Baird was led, by its immaturity and defective state of
preservation, to suggest that it n)ight not impossibly belong to P. penicillatus,
though he proceeded to m!,'e it the basis of his P. parvus. It is, however,
unquestionably a Cricetodipus, as I can affirm without qualitication from
inspection of the skull, which clearly shows the bulge of the mastoid back of
an occipital emargination and other cranial characters diagnostic of Cricetodi-
pus, to say nothing of the hairy soles and unlobed antitragus. I therefore
accept the species as first clearly defined by Baird, without necessarily involv-
ing the question by including the doubtful animal of Peale.
As already suggested, the chances are that Baird was right in identifying
his species with that of Peale, so that the name Cricetodipus parvus will prob-
ably stand. But should the contrary prove to bo the case, and Cricetodipus,
Peale, 1848, be conclusively shown to be a synonym of Perognathus, Maxim.,
1839, a new name, geno-ic and specific, will be required for the subject of
the present article. The name OrooNosis would be ai)propriatc, in allusion
to the facility vith which the species may be distinguished from those of
SACCOMYID^— DIPODOMYIN^— DIPOUOMYS.
521
Perognathus by the structure of the ear. Tlie present species may be called
O. longiinfrnhris, as the length of the hind limbs and tail is its specific char-
acter ill comparison with O.JUiva.
Subfamily D IPODOMYIN^. ,
= Dipodomyi (KcmiH), of AuTitoiiH.
= DipodomijiKW, Codes, Proc. Pbila. Acad. 1875, 877.
=iIacroa)lini, Brandt, Bvit. KcDut. Siiuf;. UubsI., viette Abb., Fortsoh. Qrapp. Nugor, 18&5, p. 831 aud
p. 311.
The characters upon which this group is based having been given on a
preceding page (p. 434), we may at once proceed to consider the single
genus by which it is represented.
Genus DIPODOMYS, Gray.
= I>0M(7omva, tORW, Ann. Mag, Nat Hist. Tii, 1811, 521. (Type D. phitlipii.) '' '
= Macrocolui, * Wao.nbii, Archiv fUr Vatnrg. 1846, Jld. i, 172. (Type M. haWcH$.)
Chars. — (a. Cranial.) — Skull light, thin, papery, depressed, broad behind
with swollen curves, tapering in front ; rostrum acuminate, produced beyond
i j'oors; no interorbital constriction; palate plane; occipital surface deeply
emarginate. Zygomata straight, thread-like, depressed to palatal plane ; abut-
ting against tympanies. Anteorbital foramina represented by a circular per-
foration of the front of the maxillaries. Large excavated lachrymals. Parietals
triangular; an elongate interparietal embraced between forks of occipital.
Squamosals reduced to small plates bounding the orbits posteriorly ; other
elements of the temporal bone extraordinarily developed, thin, and bladdery,
their sinuses of nearly as great capacity as the cerebral cavity ; the mastoids
especially enormous, conf?tituting nearly all the occipital and the greater part
of the superior (behind the parietals) surfaces of the skull ; the tympanies
proportionally inflated, with large non-tubular orifice of meatus ; the petrosals
bullous, their apices in contact across the median line be.ow the basisphenoid.
Tympanies, mastoids, and parietals entering orbits. Occipital singularly
reduced and narrowed, bent into three planes nt right angles; supra-occipital
bifurcate to inclose an interparietal ; paroccipitals narrow, flange-like ; basi-
* Tbree special pa^rars, substantially the same, differing in some particnlars, vi?..: —
"On a new Oenns of Mexican Olirine Haminalia." < Ann. Mag. N. H. vii, 1841, pp. 521, 522. (The
oriKiual notice ; genus 'lamed on p. 521 ; species D. phillipii, same page.)
" On a New Glirine Animal from Mexico.'' < Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Soi. foi 1841, 1842, Trans, of the Scc-
ons, p. 70. (8ii.;ie orthography of name.)
" On a ne>. Jlirine Animal from Mexico." < Araer. Jnuin, Sci. and Arts, xlil, 1^.2, pp. 334, 335. (Editorial
reprodnotion of the last ; name D. phillipsii on p. 335.)
I Special paper : —
"Macrocolns, cine ncuo Nagcruottiing ans dor Farnll'i der Springer." < Arcb. illr Natnrg., zwolfler
Jahrp;, Bd. i, 1846, pp. 1*2-17'^. (Speciee M. b..llicuB named, p. 176.)
(*
Y
< \'
' ! I? 1
Jl
wnMm.
M
I 5;
522
MONOGllAPDS OF NOKTO AMERICAN KODENTIA.
(iceipitiil seimrnted l)y a continuous fissure from petrosals. Mnndible small,
stout, witli u very slight coroiu)i(l. (Z> Dental.) — Superior incisors sulcate, con-
riivent, ])()iuting strongly backward ; deeper than wide. Molars (pm. and m.,
f4) simple, rootless, (c. External.) — General form Jerboa-like; hind legs very
long, sallatorial. Tail rather longer tluin head and body, penicillate. Soles
densely furry. Feet with 1st digit rudimentary, l)ut bearing a claw. Eyes
large and full. Ears large, orbicular. Snout produced, acute, pilous, except
the small nasal [md. Wiiiskers half as long as the wliole body. Ujjper lip not
cleft. Cheek-pouches ample. Pelage long and very soft. Pictura of body
and tail bicolor. Size of a half-grown rut {Mus decumanus).
The skull of Dipodomijs, whether taken as a whole or considered in
several of its details, is of extraordinary characters not nearly matched out-
side the family to which it belongs. Many of its features are shared, to a
greater or less extent, by Perognathus ; but the unusual characters are pushed
to an extreme in Dipodomys. The foregoing paragraph merely indicates the
more salient peculiarities ; the skull is described in full beyond. The enor-
mous developrhent of certain elements of the temporal bone, and the results
of this inflation upon the connections of the bone, and general configuration
of the skull, arc the leading characteristics. With this is co-ordinated the
reduction of the squamosal and occipital, and the curious shape of the latter,
as well as the anomalous abutment of the thread-like zygoma against the
tympanic, and the contact of i\\z petrosals with each other. In Geomyidce,
the temporals are of great size, but there is much less distortion of the topog-
raphy of the parts, both squamosal and occipital maintaining ordinary charac-
ters. The temporal sinuses together are scarcely less capacious than the
brain-cavity itself; the sense of liearing must be exquisitely acute, if co-ordi-
nated with the osseous state of the parts.
Notwithstanding the singular condition of the skull of Dijtodomys, result-
ing from the hypertrophy of certain parts and the reduction of others, the
relations with that of Geomyidce are both close and clear; while Perognathus
constitutes, in many respects, an excellent connecting link. Numerous coin-
cidences could be pointed out showing hov/ the hint afforded by the presence
in these two families of ample external cheek-pouches is borne out in more
essential features, notwithstanding the all but complete difference in general
outward appearance.
m
msm
SACCOMYID^— DIPODOMYlNiE— D1P0D0MY8.
523
Description of the xkull of Dipoihnnys. — As in other cases, it will lie ftMiiKJ
most convenient to consider tiie skull ns n whole First, and afterward to exam-
ine its individual hones. An imiriature specimen is preferable for the latter
purpose, though many or most of the sutures persist to extreme ol<l age.
In many respects, tlie skull of Perognatlius approaciit's or closely resem-
bles that of DiiHxlomys, hut the family peculiarities reach their extreme
development only in the latter. Comparative expressions used in the following
paragmphs arc tu be considered exclusive of Pcrognathus, unless the contrary
is stateil.
The skull is much depressed ; elongated and acuminate in front ; very
broad behind, where tiic width is nearly two-thirds of the total length ; and,
viewed from above, presents in general a triangular shape, with the lateral
angles completely rounded off, and a deep cmargination in the middle of the
base. Zygomatic arches scarcely come into this view at all ; the width of
the skull midway being much less than the intermastoid diameter. The out-
line of the zygomata is perfectly straight ; between the turgid mastoid region
and the expanded plate-like zygomatic process of the maxillary there str'?tches
the thread-like malar, depressed to the level of the palate. The outline of
the orbits is a quadrate notch between the saliences just mentioned. There
is DO interorbital constriction ; were it not for the laminar zygomatic expan-
sion of the maxillaries and the bullous mastoids, the space between the orbits
would be the broadest part of the skull. The attenuate acuminate rostrum
springs directly opposite the broad zygomatic part of the maxillaries, and
extends beyond the incisors; it is at least one-third of the total length of the
skulL The postero-Iateral aspects of the skull present enormous bulging
masses rounded and somewhat ovate — the extraordinarily developed mastoids.
The same swellings constitute also nearly all the occipital region, the median
line of which is a deep cmargination. This character is perhaps unique ;
nothing like it is seen even in Perognathus ; its peculiarity is on a par witii
the immense ro!,tral development in a walrus for example. The resulting
figure, as one author has aptly remarked, bears a ludicrously (dose resem-
blance to the buttocks of the squatting human figure, the mastoids being the
nates, the emargination being the cleft between, and the foramen magnum
having an obvious suggestiveness. The whole surface of the skull is smooth,
and gently convex in all directions. There are no ridges or roughnesses; the
W'^U
UMil
Mm
524
MONOGRAPHS OF NOBTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
Kuturcs persist plainly visible in adult life ; and nil the bones arc remarkably
thin and papery. - ]. ■ ' •'■.:../■
Viewed in profile, the skull showH notal)lc features. The highest point
is over the orbits, where the I'rontal and parictals are seen to be swollen;
thence Hie superior outline sweeps gently down to the occiput, and in the
otiicr direction proceeds in a nearly straight — if anything, slightly concave —
lino to the tip of the snout. The great projection of the nasals l)eyond tlio
intermaxillaries is well shown. The incisors in profile are seen to curve far
backward as well as downward. Tlie palatal outline is nearly straight, and
declivous from before backward. Behind the palate, a small pterygoid hook
is seen ; but beyond this the whole outline is the inflated portions of the tem-
l)oral bone hiding everything else. On the side of the rostrum midway, there
is a large circular foramen, low down, but little above the palatal level ; this
is tlie orifice corresponding to the "anteorbital" foramen, h'ere singularly dis-
placed. From its fellow of the opposite side, it is only separated by a very
thin vertical septum, apparently ethmoidal. This delicate partition, being
often broken tlirough in prepared skulls, has occasioned the statement of the
intercommunication of the two foramina. But I find the septum complete
and intact in some specimens, and nltliough a vacuity may very possibly nat-
urally occur, such does not appear to be the rule. The orbit appears as a
subcircular fossa, largely roofed over in front l)y the thin expanded zygomatic
plate of the maxillary, and bounded below by the malar. Independently of
its laminar maxillary portion, the zygoma is a slender, straight thread down
to the palatal level, and abutting behind against the tympanic. The actual
suture is squamosal, of course, but there is a curious appearance of connection
with one of the otic bones. In the general inflation of the posterior portion
of the skull appears the large orifice of the meatus auditorius — a simple cir-
cular opening in the bullous mass.
Viewed from below, the general contour is substantially the same as that
already noted from above ; but many special parts claim attention. So great
is the backward obliquity of tlie incisors that their faces show in this view
witii comparatively little foreshortening. The incisive foramina aie a pair of
contracted slits midway between the incisors and mohus. The palatal sur-
face in advance of the molars is mucii compressed ; that between these teeth
is broader and quite flat; its width posteriorly is little less than its length;
it contracts somewhat anteriorly, where it is niarked by a median ridge con-
SSsassaarsBBSBe*
SACUOMYIDiE-DIPODOMYIN^— DIPODOMYB.
52r»
I 'Si
tinuoa9 with the septum between the incisive rurnmina. That pnrt of the
palate constituted by the palatal bones is marked with several minute tbrainina.
The palate ends behind with a sharp median spur; on either side of this is
an emargination, and external to this a large fossa perforated with two fora-
mina anteriorly, and a third and much larger one behind. Beyond the palatals
themselves, the walls of the posterior nares are continued by the pterygoids,
which are small and hamulate, the hook abutting against the petrosals.
Betwean the ends of the pterygoids, and right across the middle line of the
skull, the apices of the petrosals meet each other, forming a bridge beneath
the basisphenoid. The posterior parts of the skull, behind those already
considered, are almost entirely occupied by the inflated elements of thp tem-
])oral bone, between which lies the reduced basioccipital ; this bone is nar-
rowly acuminate, and is separated from the petrosals for its whole length by
a continuous iissure, like that which, on the other side of the petrosals, sep-
aratf^s these bones from the alisphenoid and squamosal. The foramen magnum
appears partly in this view, flanked by the slight condyles, outside of which
are seen the small, distinct, flange like paroccipitals.
The posterior view of the skull shows little but the inflated mastoids,
with a cleft between, mostly occupied by the large foramen magnum, around
which the contracted occipital bone appears as little more than the rim of this
foramen.
All the bones of the skull, as well as those of the top already so described,
are thin and light ; and the base of the cranium is remarkable for its exten-
sive vacuities. Not only are the petrosals separated from their surrounding
by great fissures on either side, rendering it almost necessary to their stability
that they should abut against each other at their extremities; but there is also
a singular separation of the alveolar portion of the maxillaries from the super-
incumbent parts by a horizoiital fissure, so that the palate appears as a sort
of bridge between the fore and aft parts of the skull. Various peculiarities
will appear more clearly from the following descrip ions of individual bones.
The complex temporal "bone" will be first considered, since the prime
peculiarities of the skull result from the singular condition of hypertrophy
under which several of the elements of this bone exist. The topography of
the parts and the connections of the bone are curiously remodelled, as a con-
sequence of the enormous inflation of the various otic elements and corre-
sponding reduction of the squamosal. In the absence of investigations into
%
■V- ■''1
-*
1
52G
MONOOUAPnS OF NORTH AMEIUCAN KODENTIA.
I !
llifi (lovrlopmmit <»f Hid temporal l)oiio, T ciin only drsrribo it ns it nppcnrH in
the udult uiiiiiml, imiiff tlio toims "mastoid", "petrosal", and "tympniiic" in
thoir current acceptation, without reference to tlie primitive otic elements.
Respecting the scpiamosal, there is no difficulty; the petrosal a)>pears under
its usual condition of a bulla ossea. I regard as "tympanic" the inflated vesi-
cle in wiiich the meatus auditorius is pierced, which appears as a tui)ular pro-
longation of the bulla in the nearest allied family, Geomyidce. The rest of
the inflation, forming the greater part of the occipital surface and much of the
roof of the cerebral cavity, I shall simply designate as "mastoid".
The two temporal bones together are little less bulky than all the rest
of Hie skull. Excepting the reduced squamosal, all the elements arc sub-
jected to extraordinary inflation, as well as peripheral enlargement; they
appear as papery vesicles, light, thin, and siuooth, without ridges or angles,
inclosing extensive antra, the collective capacity of which is scarcely less than
that of the whole brain-case. These vaulted walls are supported by delicate
bony arches or trabecule within, and imperfectly partitioned into several
cavities by thin septa. The mastoid constitutes the greater part of tiicsc
bulging masses. Its backward protuberance occupies nearly oil the occipital
surface of the skull on each side, the occipital bone being reduced to a nar-
row margin of the foramen magnum, sunk in an emargination between the
mastoid and its fellow. On the top of the skull, the mastoid similarly expands,
tilling the whole of the area usually occupied by the squamosal, and forming
the greater part of the roof of the brain-case. Thus we have the curious
circumstances of extensive mastoideo-occipital suture on top of the skull, and
still more prolonged mastoideo-parietal suture — for the whole of the longest
side of tlie right-angled parietal articulates with the mos'toid; while so great
is the anterior prolongation of this same bone, that a small part of it fairly
enters the orbit at the back outer corner of the latter. This extensive line
of sutures with squamosol, parietal, and occipital bones, respectively, is dis-
tinct throughout ; but the boundaries of the mastoid with other otic elements
can only be inferred by certain lines of impression which appear to mark it
off from petrosal and tympanic. Another point is to be considered here : the
flattened and entirely superior jwrtion of the mastoid (that which lies in the
ordinary site of a squamosal) is incompletely distinguished from the occipital
portion of the same bone by a line of impression running straight across from
the margin of the meatus auditorius to the median line of the skull ; and this
SACCOMYIDiE— DIl'OUOMYINiE— DIl'ODOMYS.
r,*i
■)27
mnrk corresponds to n ncmrl)' complete bony wall williin tlu! hone, whicli piii-
titions off one sinus (Voin nnother. This tm\y he hc^realter lounii (o imlieate
the respective parts wiiicli certain primitive otic elements tiiiie in the rorinu-
tion of the "mastoid". .'.'•-•,
The petrosal, i. c, the bulla ossca, is less peculiar than the mastoid ; it
is not more inflated than in very many mammals, and is chiefly remarkable
for its contact with its fellow, and for the extensive uninterrupted fissures
which separate it itoth from basioccipital and alisphcnoid. In general shape
it is conoidal, moderately swollen, with the npex of the cone produced, and
curiously curved toward tlie median line of the skull, where it meets its fel-
low, forming a bony bridge beneath the basisphcnoid. The claw of tlie
hamular pterygoid rests against the end of the petrosal ; and close to this
there is an abutment of a piece of the sphenoid ; otherwise, there is a great
Assure betwixt it and the sphenoid. It is only in contact with occipital ele-
ments by means of the flange-like exoccipitals; the whole extent of the basi-
occipital being separated, as just said, by a large fissure. Posteriorly it is
confluent with the mastoid, with imperfect indication of the precise line of
union; exteriorly it is continuous, without appreciable indication of original
distinction with the special inflation in which the meatus is situated. This
papery vestibule I presume to be analogous with the tubular meatus cxt<ernuN
in QeomyidtB and elsewhere; the orifice is large, subcircular, and simply a
hole without raised brim, pierced in the back upper corner of the bulb. Ante
riorly the tympanic bulges so far as to form part of the orbit. Wliile this
special inflation is not otherwise distinguished from the general bulla ossea
than by a slight constriction, it is remarkably divided off, above and behind,
from the mastoid, by a strong line of impression, of which I shall say more
presently.
Coincidently with the hypertrophy of these otic elements of the tempo-
ral, the squamosal is peculiarly reduced in extent, and pushed into the orbit,
to which it is almost entirely restricted. It is simply a small irregularly
shaped plate of bone lining the back part of the orbit, with a slight spur just
exceeding the orbital brim in a little notch between corners of the frontal
and parietal bones. The squamosal remains long discrete from all its sur-
roundings. In full-grown though youngish animals, the squamo-sphenoidal
sutures may be readily traced^that with the alisphenoid just below the
glenoid cavity, that with orhito-sphenoid within the orbit. The zygomatic
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33 WIST MAIN STtKT
WIBSTIR.N.Y. 14SM
(716)S72-4S03
f
52S
MONOORAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
■m
process of the squamosal is of peculiar character; instead of a slender curved
epuv reaching around to grasp the malar, there is a short abrupt heel appresscd
against the tympanic, and to the roughened face of this heel the clubbed end
of the necdic-likc nminr is affixed. The relation of the part« is such that the
zygoma appears to articulate l)ehind with the tympanic — it actually has an
abutment ogninst that bone, though no real articulation with it
From tile lower back edge of the squamosa!, a curious thread of bone
starts off* and occupies the deep groove already mentioned as se|)arating the
tympanic from the mastoid. No break from the squamosal can be seen in
this thread, which curls around the orifice of the meatus, still in the groove
mentioned, and ends by a slightly enlarged extremity below and behind tlio
meatus, exactly in the position of an ordinary "mastoid process". I am
uncertain of the meaning of this. The end of this ligule or girdle of bone
thus encircling the tympanic is in the site of the iiostero-lateral angle of the
skull in Ofomtfida, in which such angle is formed by a corner of the squamo-
sal; and the inference is self-suggestive that this delicate bony strap may
rcully be squamosal — an edge of the squamosal persisting in situ after the rest
of that bone has been crowded down into the orbit by the encroachment of
the mastoid. Such a view, however, will bear further scrutiny. Even if a
slender spur of actual squamosal does run out into the tympano-mastoid
groove, it does not follow that the whole of the fold in this groove is squamo-
sal ; and certainly the enlarged extremity of this ridge, behind the meatus,
has every appearance of an ordinary mastoid process.
Next after the squamosal, the occipital bone suffers most from the
enlargement of the otic elements ; it is singularly restricted in extent, and
presents itself in unique shape, compressed between the swollen mastoids.
All the lateral occipital saturation is with the mastoid, excepting the basi-
occipitul. The occipital lies in three planes, nearly at right angles With each
other. The basioccipital is horizontal, as usual, upon the floor of the skull;
the exoccipitals, wi(h probably part of the supraoccipital, are per|)endicular
behind^ the rest of the bupraoccipital is horizontal again, on top of the skull.
The basioccipital is wedge-shaped, and offers nothing very peculiar, except-
ing its entire disconnection from the {letrosals, between which it lies; its
sphenoidal articulation is just behind the joined opices of the petrosals. ■
£xt)ccipit«l8 appear as a pair of flaring flange-like processes, just outside the
condyles, apprcdsed against the otic capsules. The foramen is very large,
mSU,
SACCOMYID^-DIPODOMTIN^— D1PODOMY8.
529
Buhcirculnr, an«l mostly in ilic perpendicular plane of tiio bone. ARer in-
closing this urifice, the bone rapidly contracts as it rises to tlie top of the
skull ; this jMirt is marked with a sharp perpendicular median ridge, and the
edges of tlio bone being affected in coming into apposition with the swelling
mastoids, there results a pair of deep narrow fossa: upon the fuccof the bono.
The portion of the supraoccipital which mounts the top of the skull to there
lie horizontal, almost immediately forks to embrace a small shield-shaped
interparietal bone between its prongs. The ends of these prongs touch
jtosterior comers of the parietals.
The sphenoid bone is of rather small extent, owing to the situation of
tlic squamosals in the orbit. It is wideiy fissured from the petrosids. The
alisphenoid is very short ; its termination may be seen in the jagged suture
with the squamosal; but short as it is, it only misses taking part in the
mandibular articulation, since it extends to the margin of the glenoid. The
orbi to-sphenoid is comparatively smaller still, the place it occupies in Geo-
myidtt for instance being here largely occupied by the squamosal. Tiie
spheno-palatal suture may be traced in young specimens with a zigzag but
still in general transverse course, from the side a little behind the maxillary
alveolus across the middle line of the skull. There is no vertical orbital
plate of the palatal bone ; it all lies flat, and extends forward on the palate,
wedge-shaped, but with square termination to a point opposite the first true
molar. A backward spur of this bone forms with its fellow a sharp median
process. There are various foramina already noted. The pterygoids are
small claw-hammers abutting at their extremity against the petrosals.
The parietals are nearly right-angled triangles, with one side of mutual
apposition along the median line of the skull, another transversely articulating
with the frontal, and the hypothenuse postero-exterior, for the mastoid suture.
The back curners meet the prongs of the occipital nnd slightly embrace the
interparietal. The outer corner is prolonged into a spur which attains the
brim of the orbit And here, the remarkable construction of the orbit by an
unusual number of bones, may be noted. Following the brim- of the orbit
around we find — zygomatic process of maxillary ; lachrymal ; frontal ; spur
of parietal ; back upper corner of squamosal ; front end of mastoid ; fore
bulge of tym|)anic ; zygomatic heel of squamosal ; whole of malar, and sc
back to maxillary.
The portion of the frontal which appears on the surface of the skull is
080
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMBRIGAN RODBNTIA.
Mi
(Ml
:ii! i
ko}-8tone-8hn|)ecl nnil strniglit, broad behind to articulate with both parietuls,
narrowing anteriorly with nearly straight edge, and in front irregularly trans-
verse to accoinmoduto its several rostral sutures. It sends a sharp spur on
either hand into a recess between the maxillary and intermaxillary, and each
intermaxillary causes a shorter, more 'obtuse re-cntrance; the middle part
articulating with the nasals is transverse. The orbital portion of the frontal
is a simple plate suturing behind with the orbito-sphenoid and squamosal, and
in front with maxillary and lachrymal. The latter is of considerable extent,
and much excavated ; its edge appears upon the surface of the skull, margin-
ing the back of the zygomatic process of the maxillary.
The mnlar is very peculiar. In allied Rodents, this bone is a stout arch,
ond very Hhort, in consequence of the close approximation of the ends of the
zygomatic processes of both maxillary and squamosal. But here there is, to
all intentt), no such squamosal process, and that of the maxillary ends abruptly ;
so the malar is a long bone, to complete the arch ; it is a straight rod, of
thread-like tenuity, with the fore end slightly elbowed and sharpened to lie
by oblique suture against the maxillary, on the inner side, and the hind end
slightly clubbed to suture by a roughened flat surface with the heel of the
squamosal ; and such are the relations of the parts that the malar seems to
run against the otic capsule. The depressed position of this bone, which lies
down on the level of the |)alate, has bcetualready noticed.
The maxillary bone, with a general shape and connections which scarcely
require notice, has two peculiarities ; one of these is the singular position of
the " ante-orbital" foramen — here a large circular perforation at the anterior
border of the side of the bone, altogether remote from the orbit. It lies
above and even in advance of the incisive foramina. Its fellow is onlysefNir'-
atcd by the width of the compressed muzzle ; there is a thin partition, proba-
bly ethmoidal, between them. The other peculiarity of the maxillary is the
unusually extended and vaulted zygomatic plate, which thus roofs over a con-
siderable part of the orbit. This inflated lamina suddenly comes to a point
where the malnr joins it. Its suture with the frontal, or the surface of the
skull, is a straight line.
The incisive foramina, in Qeomyida, are wholly in the intcrmaxillaries ;
in Dipodomys they are formed by both bones, the ii 'xxillaries Iwunding about
a third of their periphery. The nasal spur of the intermaxillary extends upon
the forehead a little way beyond the ends of the nasals ; while a sharp pro-
SACCOMYID^— DIPODOMYlNiE-DirODOMYS.
531
CC68 oftlic frontal separates it from the nmxillury. Tlie alvcolur imrtiun is
remarkably curved backward, to suit the trend of the incisors, and a strong
alveolar plute separates the teeth for about iiulf tlicir length.
The nasals are chiefly notable for their length and tenuity; they reach
fur beyond the incisors ; the buck half is linear and superficiul ; anterior to
this, wiiere the intermaxillaries bond down, the nasals become sonicwiuit
volute, prolonging a semi-tubular snout. Within, delicate turbinal scrolls arc
seen extending Ut the orifice. The nasals are supported, nearly to their ends,
by small intermaxillary spurs.
The mandible remains for consideration. This bone is remarkably smoll,
considering the size of the rest of the skull, and is further notable for its
slight elevation posteriorly, its short incomplete symphysis, and the thickness
of the body of the bone. The coronoid process is remarkably small, not
nearly attaining the level of the condyle, at the root of which it appears os a
minute, backward sloping, prickle-like spur. Tiic condyloid ramus itself is
small, compressed, and oblique. The principal feature of the bone is an im-
mense flaring lamina, which arises upon the back part of the lower border of
the body of the bone, and expands obliquely outward and upward, with a
peculiar twist. This plate-like process is longer than the condyloid ramus
itself, ond ends in an acute point, so that the back of the jaw appears two-
pronged. There is a deep pit between the alveolus and the root of the coro-
noid plate. The mental foramen is conspicuous upon the outside of the jaw
close to the incisors. The small size and lowness of the jaw is seen in the
peculiarly retreating chin of the species ; and it is probable, to judge especially
from the condition of the coronoid, that the biting power is comparatively
slight.
The vertebral formula of Dipodomys ordii is given by Baird as 7 cervical
(with anchyloses of ?d, ?a, and 4th), 12 dorsal, 9 lumbar, 4 sacral, and 28
caudal, = 60 ; tk'^re is doubtless an individual variability of several of the
caudal segments. There are five metacarpals and metatarsals, though the
inner one of each is reduced. There are perfect clavicles. The tibia and fibula
are united below.
Dentition of Dipodomyt. — The dentition of D^ndomya is simple. Of
the four grinding-teeth above and below, the anterior one is a premolar, being
preceded by a deciduous tooth, which, however, is long persistent. This one
is rooted and with a more complicated crown thnn the rest ; the molurs
.liiiiii
it'U'l
532
MONOORAPnS OF KORtH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
proper are rootless and pcrcnniul. In both jaws, tlic set of the inulnrs id ver/
oblique; in the upper, the anterior tooth bends strongly backward, andihe
])ustcrior one somewhat forward, thus bringing their crowns in close apposi-
tion, though their roots are divergent It is the same in the lower jaw, though
the greatest obliquity there is in the strong forward set of the ])osterior
tooth. The teeth are all simple, compressed prisms, broader in the trarisversn
than in the fore and aft direction. In the worn state, the crowns of the two
intermediate molars are simply elliptical; that of the anterior molar is rather
n spherical triangle, with convex posterior and two concave anterior sides ;
tlic back molar is small and subcircular. It is much the same in the lower
jaw. The crowns show simply the brim of enamel, with a depressed island
'uf dentine. In the unworn state, however — such as may be observed in spec-
imens with the milk-tooth still in position — there are some decided differ-
ences. The outer border of the two anterior teeth shows a deep nick, where
there is a re-entrant fold of the enamel; and the back molar has a similar
indentation of the inner side. This diminishes regularly with the continuous
growth of the incisors, until the crowns are ground down beyond the extent
of the infolding, when it ceases to appear and the plain elliptical form of the
crown is assumed.
The incisors are small and delicate in both jaws, contrasting with the
stout scalpels of Geomyidtt, The superior pair are much compressed, being
narrower than deep, and strongly curved. Their face is marked by a deep
median groove, and the outer portion is rabbeted away, so that the groove is
visible in a profile view. The teeth emerge from the sockets some distance
apart, separated by an intervening alveolar plate, but they are convergent, and
their tips are in close contact Ths under incisors, no larger than the upper
ones, are of much the same general character, but are not grooved, the smooth
faces being simply rounded off. Their roots make a slight protuberance at
the outside of the base of the condyloid ramus.
External characters of Dipodomyt. — ^The general configuration of this
animal is lithe and graceful, indicating agility and incessant activity. The
body is slender, the neck distinct ; the head large, with tapering muzzle ; the
eyes and ears are prominent; the fore limbs small and neat indicating pre-
dominance of prehensile over merely gressorial faculties; the hinder limbs
are of great size, as perfectly saltatorial as those of a Kangaroo or Jerboa ; and
the tail is longer than the body. Notwithstanding the saltatorial nature of
SAGGOMTID^— DIPOD0MYlMiE-DIPODOUY&
533
the nniiiml, there is none of that preponderance of organization of (he hinder
parts witnessed in the Kangaroo, with its massive baunclics and enormous tail ;
the whole body is equally slender, the leaping (mwer beinf( tnanifcstcd in tite
enlargement of the hind limbs alone ; the tail, too, is slender throughout.
The head is distinguished Tivm the body by a well-defined cervical con*
striction. The broad high occipital region dips suddenly down to the nape.
The upper corners of the head, upon which the ears rest, are elevated and
wide apart; the top of the head has in general a triangular shape, tapering
from each ear to the snout with but slight swelling in the orbital region, and
is quite flat across, with the most gentle longitudinal curve in the frontal
region, and nearly straight nasal profile. The muzzle is acuminate and much
produced, appearing longer still in consequence of tlic remarkably small
retreating chin. The muzzle is entirely hairy, excepting a small nasal pad ;
this shows a median depression, but there is no cleft of the upper lip, the
whole of which is thickly clothed with stout hairs, that form a dense fringe
drooping over and concealing the superior incisors. The lower lip is thick-
ened and densely hairy; and there is also a hairy commissure of the upper
lip behind the superior incisors, so that these teeth are shut out of the true
(mucous-lined) buccal cavity. For the rest, the lips seem to come together
vertically instead of horizontally, closing the oral aperture sideways, though
of course the buccal cavity or mouth proper shuts as in ordinary mammals.
All this is essentially the same as in the Oeomyidte; and further, as in these
last, there is a great pouch on each side of the bead, entirely disconnected
with the mouth, formed of a duplication of ordinary integument, hairy through-
out. These sacs will admit the first joint of one's little finger; they run the
whole length of the head, but not beyond to the shoulder. In relative
capacity, they about equal the least developed pouches of OeomyiAt — those
of Geomjft hupidua for instance. The opening is crescentic ; the inner limb
of the semiluno being the skin of the jaws, while the outer limb is a free
fold or border arising on the side of the snout half-way between nostrils and
incisors and a little back of both, and curving I'Msely around to the side ot
the under jaw near its middle.
The whiskers are extremely numerous, and some of them are very long.
A bunch of short fine ones springs from the extremity of the snout, on each
side, by insensible lengthening of the fringe of liairs that clothe the upper
li^k Others grow ia the usual site, and the longest of these usually exceed
534
MONtKJRAPUS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
!-;;ii
l''ii:l;i ,i!i
liiilf (he totnl length of tlic body. There are other long, sicntlcr, bristly liairn
ill wcnk clumps iibout the ryes and ears, and a bunch of short antrorsc bris-
tles springs rn)in the chin. The eyes arc large and prominent, in life remark-
nlily sod and exiircssive, in striking contrast to the small and inconspicuous
ryes of the Geomi/ida; in consequence of the production of the muzzle, they
are situate much nearer to the ears than to the nose, and rathi'ir above a lino
connecting the tvo. The ears, similarly, arc large and "leafy", appearing
the more prominent because they rest upon the most protuberant part of the
skull. When pressed out flat, the auricle is nearly orbicular. In the natunil
state, the fore border is lurgely folded over, the duplication extending from
(he extreme root to the highest point of the ear, and representing about one-
third of the width of the ear. This fold causes a slight pointing of the ear.
The posterior border is more rounded than the anterior; and within its base
is developed a large, conspicuous, obtusely-angular antitragus, so broad that
its inner edge is extensively overlapped l)y the fold of the onterior border of
the auricle ; a fringe of long hairs springing from the base of the anterior
fold is directed backward over the antitragus; otherwise the auricle is closely
and completely pilous on both sides, the hairy clothing of the open part of
the concavity being heavier than that on the buck of the ear.
The fore limbs are shortened, in sacrifice of locomotive ability to increase
of prehensile faculty. The arm and fore arm are stout ; the latter tapers
very abruptly and contracts to A delicate wrist and very small bond. There
are four perfect digits, and a rudimentory thumb ; the longer digits rather
exceed, even excluding their claws, the length of the hand pro|)er (meta-
carpus); the 3d and 4th ore approximately equal in length and longest; the
2d and 5th are successively reduced a little in length ; the 1st is a mere
stump; its claw is a knob; the other claws are well formed, slender, com-
pressed, acute, little curved, nearly as long as their respective digits. The
back of the whole hand is pilous, and longer hairs fringe the sides of the
digits; but the palm is naked, minutely tubercular throughout, these number-
less little elevations showing no recognizable special distribution. The hand
ends behind with an enormous smooth bulb, a little to the inner side, and
with a smaller external bulb, likewise smooth, separated from the main one
by a narrow hairy interval.
The hinder limbs offer the opposite degree of development. While the
fore, from the elbow outward, is only a fourth of the total length, the corre*
SACCOMYIDiE— DIPODOMYIN^— DIPODOMY8.
535
sponding measurement of the hind limb, that i8, from the knee ontwani, is
(hrcR-fiilhs or more of the whole length, and the hind foot ulone iH nhout one-
thinl of such dimension. There is no noticeable biilkincss of llic huunclios,
but the hams are massive, fluttencd-conoidai, suddenly contracting at the
lower third, where the crus is of much less calibre than the foot. Tlierc is
a prominent heel, and an obvious tendo Achillis. The metatarsus is subcylin-
drical, widening to a broad foot with strong digits. The whole foot reminds
one of a rabbit's ; a resemblance heightened by the dense furring of the whole
sole, excepting a small calcaneal tuberosity. There are four perfect digitH,
of which the 3d is the longest, the 4th and 2d are successively a little shorter,
and the 5th is much shorter still; while the 1st is a mere rudiment, entirely
removed from the z*^^, nearly lialf way up the foot. This bears a stumpy
claw; tlie other claws, though small, are well formed, stout at base, com-
pressed, little curved, and acute.
The tail exceeds the head and body in length, even without the peniciU
late tuft of hair<i at the end, which projects on inch or more beyond the ver-
tebrae. It is of somewhat quadrangular shape, the flattening being especially
appreciable on the under side, and is of nearly uniform calibre thmughout,
springing directly from the body without any basal enlargement, and but little
ta|>er at the end. It is closely and uniformly clothed with rather stiffish hairs
iur most of its length, the hairs gradually lengthening on the further half into
the well-formed terminal brush.
The pelage diflfers from that of the allied genus PerogneUhua in its soft-
ness, length, and fineness, and has a silky gloss in life. It also lies with
extreme smoothness on the colored areas of the body; the hairs are plumbe-
ous basally, as usual ; on the white parts they are unicolor to the roots.
In the male, during the rutting season, there is an immense perino^nl
enlargement, strictly circumscribed from neighboring parts, due to the turgid-
ity of the virile organs within. The anus presents in the centre of this
enlargement with the sheath of the penis just in front> quite prominent.
There is a comparatively large os penis. In the female, the anal and genital
orifices are in still closer relation ; the ostium vaginse is prolonged in front
into a dependent lobe, occupying the site of the peuial sheath of the male.
The pattern of coloration of Dipodomys is peculiar and diagnostic of the
genus — the striped tail and white band across the hips are not found eUc-
where. All the upper parts are fulvous or tawny-brown, closely lined with
I'! i;
53G
MONOORAFHS OF NORTH AHEBICAN BODBNTIA.
i-'i'
fuscous to a greater or less extent and intensity. Some specimens, yvitli the
least dusky, are very light colored — a pale ycHowish-cinnamon ; others
approach mouse-color, hut even in the darkest specimens the decided fulvous
Nhadc apiMsars at least upon the sides. All this colored (Mrtion is plumbeous
beneath, excepting a little space along the middle of the sides, where baolly
white hairs have the tawny tips. All the under surface of the animal is snow-
white to the roots of the hairs. The line of white begins on the side of the
muzzle and runs along the side of the head, including the pouch ; the entire
furc limb is white ; the stripe rises a little on the side of the belly, and tlience
runs along the middle of the outside of the hind limb from the knee to the
heel, sending a sharp white stripe from the knee across the haunches to the
root of the tail. The hind foot is white, with a dusky stripe along the sole.
The whiskers are partly black, partly colorless; their conjoined bases make a
conspicous black spot on each side of the muzzle. There is some wbitish-
ncss in most cases — sometimes altogether wanting — about the eye, and a white
patch just back of the ear. The front of tlie car is sometimes light The
tail is dusky-slaty, or sooty-brown, or even blackish, with a broad, firm, white
stripe on each side from base to near the tip. At the extreme base, the white
usually encircles the tail ; at the other end, the color of the tufl is altogether
indeterminate; sometimes the white lateral stripes give out before reaching
the end, leaving the tip entirely dark; sometimes the white extends to the
very end of the brush, cutting off the dark altogether; and, moreover, the
white may encroach upon the under side, cutting off the dark frbm more than
half tlietail; oftcner, the brush is mixed dusky and white. Thus the tail
may end either white or dark, or a mixture of both. It is as variable in this
respect as the tail of a skunk. The eyes are lustrous black ; the nose-pad
and palms flesh-colored ; the claws pale.
In old museum spccitnens, long exposed to the light, the above descrip-
tioii may not be verifiol'ie as regards any of the darker markings and shades
mentioned; for all the colored portions of the fur finally fade to a dull, pale
brownish-yellow, or even dingy yellowish-white. Under soch circumstances,
even the rich purplish-chestnut of a mink, for example, ends in dingy whitish.
Ditcusidon of the xpecies of Dipodomyt. — Having thus fully exposed the
characters of the animals of this genus, it remains to consider the mode in
which, and extent to which, tlm genus has become differentiated into recog-
nizable forms, if there bo more than one. Various species have been pro-
8A0GOHYIDJB— OIFODOMTIN^-DIPODOUYS.
r)37
posed and recognized. As they reat mnitdy upon site and pruirartiuns, thcao
pointa will bo Brat discussed.
The following tables of measurements of a series of Dijfodomi/s, frvnh
and alcoholic, will serve to show whether or not two species, commonly sup-
posed to bo distinguished by size and pmportioni), intcrgrado in these resiiects.
The specimens are arranged without reference to locality, according to tho
chief point in question, namely, leng(h of tail.
Tabls v.— JlMfi>r«n«ii>( cfmtnltm tptdwuni <\f DiroDOMTil.
nm
MM
4»T1
MM
TMO
rM4
mm
ions
rm
LoMUIy.
Caps Rl. Locu ,
Fort Wlli|>pl^ Aril.,
ClmamM, N.Mvs....
C«|MM.I.m*i
Fort Whipplo, Aril..
(Duknowii)
CapaSt. Looai
do
(Uakiuwn)
I>lau« Vallr;
rbrtnanllBg, .Cal..
"Uallliiiiib"...,
Mmtcray
Kict T^loii, Cal .
"IfawkyHta."..
Artnp.
Frai Up of BOM l»—
CM
1.00
kOO
OiN
tlM
0.M
aie
LM
i.w
AW
0.M
I.4S
LH
I.H
l.«
1.40
i.ae
1.43
k40
I. as
i.e
1. 00
LiO
I.4S
I.SS
I.M
I.7S
I.4S
I.SS
t.90
I.M
LSS
1.10
I.B
1.40
I.7S
1.80
1.70
l.«l
aso
4.n
4.W
aiao
cso
4. IS
xn
xn
xn
4.90
X»
&«s
&00
its
4.90
Tall to sad
€lf-
Laaglk of
MO
S.00
S.00
9. IS
xta
SiSO
9lTS
9.U
xn
S.7S
^1s
0.00
xw
xn
roo
7.00
fciO
9.7S
9i«S
XK
xn
xn
0.90
7.1V
7.10
7.7S
7.79
iLtO
9i70 t.H
I.SS
I.9S
I.SS
1.40
I.ae
1.10
1.40
1.40
L4S
LIO
I.SS
I.W
1. 10
1.10
1.10
1.70
1.70
Alaokoll*.
Pnab.
Alookolle.
...it.
rrrl*.
Alcobolle.
...ao.
...do.
...do.
...dc
...da.
The foregoing table of mensureroents of only 17 speAimens, all adult,
suffices to prove an uninterrupted gradation in size of every part of the body
and its members. There is no break whatever in any of the absolute dimen-
sions. The specimens range, by minute fractions of the inch, from 3.2.5 to
5.00 inches in length of head and body, averaging about 4.00. The tail vertebree
range from 5.00 to 7.00 inches, averaging about 5.75 ; with the hairs, the tail
is from 5.75 to 8.00 inches, averaging a little less than 7.00. The hind foot
runs from 1.95 to 1.70, settling at an average of 1.58. It will be observed
that the lengths of tail and feet bear no constant ratio to each other, some
sjiecimcns with relatively smallest feet having relatinftly the longest tails. It
will further be evident that absolute lengths of tail and feet arc not indicative
h !
538
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AUBBIOAN BODENTIA.
ui Kc^ogmpliicnl limitations; Cor the specimens which nrc nrrnnged in the
t;il)le with referoncc tu ul*Holuto Icnf^th of tuil vortebra; (with wliich iibHolutu
length of feet is uppnixiniotcly corrci)|M>ndcnt) sliuw complete intcrmixtiiro
of localities. Measurements of a hundred or a thousand specimens would,
of course, only tend to place these facts in stronger light. It may be safely
stated as a fact, then, that differences in absolute size, either of the body or
of any of its members, are not avalluldc for distinction of two s|)ecie8 ; and,
furthermore, that no set of absolute dimensions is correlated with geographi-
cal distribution.
Nevertheless, one cannot fail to be struck, in examining the table, with
the extraordinary discreimncy in relative length of the btnly and tail. In No.
4871, for example, the tail (vertebrst) is only half an inch longer thon the
lintid and body (4.50-5.00); that is to say, it is but one-ninth of the head and
bmly length longer. In No. 2626, the tuil is two and three-quarter inches
longer than the head and b<Mly; that is to sny, almost twice as long. It would
apiicur improbable that such unusual difference as this should not signify
something more than mere individual variability. In order to discover
whether or not the proportionate (as distinguished from absolute) dimensions
of body and tail may not lead to some tangible result, the following table is
constructed, in which the same specimens are arranged geographically. It is
necessary to exclude four of them, however — Nos. if478, 734!>, from unknown
localities, together with the two respectively marked "California" and "Rocky
Mts.", as I have reason to believe that these indications of locality are not
reliable.
Tablb VI.— jrMMrmnita ^ iUrtttn iftelment 1/ Dipodomyr.
NOCKT MUUnAW UOtOII.
ArlioDa
no
New Mexico...
l-l*U«Vall«7..
ATenigc*
12
4.1s
4.M
9.M
S.9S
i.as
I.M
LH
I.U
»aric com uoioii.
OHMSkLlKM..
do
4o
Fort Reidliii, 0*1..
do
Moatarey
Fort TrjoD.Cal....
HM
3.79
*,»
*.»
4.»
».»
II
«.«
&7S
t.1»
xm
■.w
«.7S
TOO
I
r
a
t.ia
I.M
I.M
I.M
l.tf
1.60
I.M
1. 10
1.10
„..,......._ MM. ijjpgjg
BACCOMYIDiK— DIPODOMYIN.H— DirOD()MY8.
This second tublc^aii far as it goes, leads to some tangible nnd itrnctical
results. Mure specimens would undoubtedly modify the exact figiircH, but
would, I think, only confirm the general statement, that there is r dccidi-d
diflcrenco in relative length of head and liwly and of toil between specimens
fmni the interior and those from the coast region— just as there is in the
genus CricetodipuB. This substantiates, in effect, the broad distinction estab-
lished by Baird in 1857, though the details given by that author rctiuire
qualification.*
In the animals from the interior, with an average length of nearly 4.50
inches, the tail is scarcely or not an inch longer than the body; that is to say,
it is about one-fi)urth as long again as the head and body.
In the coast region specimens, with an average length of less than 4
inches, the tail is about 2 inches longer than the iiead and body; that is to
say, it is, if anything, i.iore than half as long again as the body.
The feet do not r resent any very tangible characters. We find them of
all sizes, coupled with different extremes of tail length. Nevertheless, '. will
be observed that the Cape SL Lucas specimens alone of the coast scries |irc-
sent small feet, under 1.50; and that, without these, the coast scries would
show a length of foot of l.GO-l.TO, thus correlated with the greater length
of tail.
To these data may be added some others, tending to substantiate a dif-
ference between the two forms of the genus. The western animal averages
smaller and of more slender build, with larger ears and longer limbs, and
especially longer tail. It is darker in color, the prevailing tone being a mouse-
brown, overcast with tawny or fulvous. The animal from the interior is larger,
and noticeably more stoutly built, with smaller eare and shorter limbs, and
particularly shorter tail. It is lighter in color, ))revailing tone being the
• llanm. N. Am. 1857, p. 409.—" Whirtavar the nunber of qwcks, aU bilberto detoctad Id North
Amerin baloog to the two fullowinn aaotioM :—
** Saolfcm I. Hind foot not eioeadiog IJiO inohaa, nraally appreciably lew ; abont one-tbird tba
length of bead and body. Tall vartabna abont 1} tlnaa tba laogth of bead and body iu nature ; rarely
exoaedlng 6 Inohaa, never 6^. D. artUI.
" Seotkm II. Hind foot, IM inohaa, aoaetimea more ; a) waya eooaiderably ezoaading l/>0 ; almoat half
aa long aa bead and body In the Siat apeoimaoa. Tail Tertebna l| tlmea the length of bead and body,
alwaya exoeadtng 5} Inebaa ; oanally ftom 0 to 7 inebaa. D. pUtlippi, D. mfilU."
fbe propottlona of body and tall here laid down I Terlfy exactly, thongb the limits of extrami •
giveii rtqnira to be enlarged. On the oontrary, the atatementt made reapeetlng the feet do not buM,
npon examination of more material. In flwt, the Cape St Loeaa are the iborteat-footed animals of tba
whole eerier ; and In one very large Texaa apecimen (dry), not given in the table, tbo foot is almoat >
tncbea long.
A tUAI>i->I.^ .-iv-i^ r-
In'l
1 H
1
iS«
■jiii'l
t
\
U Ml
II! ir
540
MONOQBAPHS Oi NOBTH AMERICAN EODBSTIA.
peciiliar'tawny or fulvous of the genus, deepened somewhat on a dorsiil area
witli mouse-brown.
These ore simply observed matters of fact, not open to question. Cer-
tain differences which actually exist, as well as the insensible blending of these
differences, may '>»'*.h be fairly signalized by the following formulee of nomen-
#.l"*"re and descripticn, in which the various names wliich have been proposed
are relegated to their proper place, covering diagnosis of typical (». c. extreme)
characters, and indication of the region in wliich such form more especially
prevails : —
DIPODOMYS PHILLIPSI,* Gray.
Fhillipi'i Pooket-rat; "Kangaroo Bat".
Dipodomp pUnipii, Gray, Add. Mag. N. H. vii, 1841, Ml ; Rep. Brif . A««>r. Adv. Sci. for 1841, 1843, Trans,
of the SeotioDs, 70. Real del Monte, Mex. (Type of goon*.)— Waon., " Suppl. Scbnib. iii,
1H43,8U5."— LeC, Pruo. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philu. vi, 1853, i234. (Sacrameiito Vulloy, Cul.)— GlKU.,
Sung. 1855, 600. (Compiled.)— BAino, H. N. A. 1857, 41^2. (Califarnia, &c.)— Coor. & gucKi.,
P. B. R. Bep. zii, 18,'>0, Muiti.u. 100, 137.
VipodoMgtpliUUpirii, OnAY, Am. Joarn. Sci. xl)i, 1843, 335 ; List. Momm. Dr. Mns. 1843, liW.— GuiR., Cut.
Bones Ur. Mas. 1803, 173.— Gray, Proe. Zoul. Soc. 1868, 300.
Dipodomi)! pUlippi, ScniMZ, Syn. Maniiu. ii, 1845, 03. (Compiled from Gray.)
Dipadomsi pkilHppM, AuD. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 137, pi. 130. (From Gray's type.)
ViiKidumgii pkitlippii, Baiiid, P. R. R. Rep. x, 1850, Williamson's Route, Mauini. 83. (I'oea Creek, Cain.)
Dipoiomyi pkiUipii, CouES, Proo. Phila. Acad. 1875, :<85.
UaencotM kalUeu$, Waonkr, Ait:h. f. Natnrg. 1840, 176 ; "Abb. K. Baier. > Vad. xxii, 1848, 310, pi. vii "
OiKBKL, Sung. 1855, 599. (Compiled.)
Dipoiomjft agilit, Gahd., Proo. Acad. Nnt. Sci. Pbila. iv, 1848, 77.t (Los Angeles, Cal.)— Gamo., Ann. klag.
Nut. Hist, iii, 1849, 318 (Bame).-LKC., Proc. Acail. Nut. Sci. Pbila. vi, itSOS, 334.— AuD. &
Bach., Quad. N. A. iii, 1854, 3:19. (Compiled.)— Gikb., Sung. 1856, COO. (Compiled.)— Bl>.,
Proo. Aca<l. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1855, 334 (San Divgo, Cal.) ; M. N. A. 1857, 414, pi. 0, f. 1.— GuAV,
P.Z.S.1868,301.
TtipoioMft heerwianKi, LrC., Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185.3, 334. (Sierra Nevada.)
Dipodorngt keermannii, Baird, Mnmm. N. Am. 1857, 415. (Compiled.)
l>ipodomt> kermamnii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, 801. (Compiled.)
l>iliodomgtwagi>eri,t LkC, Proo. Acnd. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 334.— Bd., M. N. A. 1857, itf:. (Compileil.)—
Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, 301. (Compiled.)
Habitat. — PaciGc region at large, from Washington Territory to Capo
St. Lucas ; Nevad*' ; and portions of Mexico (Real del Monte, Phillipn).
Specimens examined from Fort Walla- Walla, Cupe St. Lucas, and numerous
localities nearly throughout Upper and Lower California.
* Tbis name is found rarinosly spelled by authors, as well as by Gray himself ; bat if, as stated by
Gray, the species was named nttor Juhu Phillips, the rendition here adopted appvnm to ho oorreot.
t Special paper : Description of Two New Califurnian Quadrnpeds [D. agilis and Mas califonil-
ons]. < lorn. cit. pp. 77, 78. (Also, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (am. df. pp. 318, 319, with aome literal modiHca-
tion of title.)
t The ascribed locality is nnqnestinnably erroueons. The label " Jimes Beed, South Carolina",
like that on some other spc mens of varioni: animals I have aeon, indicates the dooor and Ait rmUeooe,
'"'i''""-^'^'^^""
BACCOMTID^— DIPODOMTINJ?!— D. PHILLIPSI OBDI.
541
CiiABS. — Small: rather under than over 4 inches in length of head and
body, with slender 8hai)e, large ears, long limba, and especially long tail.
Tuil vertebrae 2 inches (more or less) longer than the head and body, bearing
a proportion of about (rather more than less) 1.50 to 1.00. Coloration heavy :
upper parts rather dark mouse-brown or even dusky in general tone, light-
ened, especially on the sides, with the peculiar tawny shade of the genus.
This animal served as the type of the gcnns described by Gray in 1840.
It figures in various treatises, mainly under compilation. Audubon guve an
excellent illustration, taken from the type-specimen. Miicrocolus halfkus of
Wagner,* described soon afterward, is undoubtedly, as suggested by both
Gray and Baird, the same animal, though no mention is made of the pouches.
Some other unquestionable synonyms are cited above.
DIPODOMYS PHILLIPSI ORDI. Woodh.
Ord'i Tookei-nt; "Kangtroo Bat".
Dipoiomf oniti, " Woodh.", L«C., Proe. Acad. Mat. Rci. PhUa.. vi, 1853, 9SU. (Notice of Woodhonae's
typa.)— Woodh., Proo.Aead. Nat Svi. Pbi)«. vi, ISSt, 835.— WooOB., Sitgr. Bep. Eipi. Znlli aud
Col. a lKi3, 60, pi. 4. (El Paao, Texaa.)— Auo. tt Bach., Q. M. A. iil, 1854, 317. (Compiled.)—
Bairo, H. M. a. 1867, 410, pi. 5, f . 1 ; pi. ill, f. 1 ; pi. 51, f. 1, 8.— Baird, P. R. R Rep. x, \«Ji,
OanniaoD'a and Bockwith's Ronte, Uamni. 8.— Bawd, P. R. R. Rep. x, 1850, Wbipple'a
BoDte, Ifamm. 14.— Hayd., Traoa. Amer. Phil. Boo. xii, 1808, 147. (Niobrara R.)— Gkiir.,
Cat. Bonea Br. Hoa. 1802, 176.-CouB8, Am. Nat. i, 1867, 396. (Uabita.)-aRAy , P Z. B. 1868,
Ml.— Allkn, Proo. Boat Boo. xvii, 1874, 43. (Txllowatone.)
Dipoitmt* Moatemu, Baird, Pioo. Aoad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 334.
il^MiMiytjykKHjMionK, CouES, Proo. Pbila. Acad. 1876, 386.— CouM 4k Tariiow, ZoSI. EzpL W. 100
Uerid. 1875, 109.
Habitat. — Rocky Mountain region at large, and somewhat eastward, from
the region of the Yellowstone into Mexico. Limit of southern extension not
precisely determined. Specimens examined from the Yellowstone, Powder,
Niobrara, Platte, and Arkansas Rivers ; from various localities in Texas, and
nearly throughout New Mexico and Arizona; from Sonora, Durango, and
Coahuila, Mexico.
Chars. — Larger : rather over than under 4 inches in length of head and
body, with (comparatively) stout sli«pe, small ears, short limbd, and short
tail. Tail vertebrse 1 inch (more or less') longer than the head and body,
bearing a proportion of about (rather less than mure) 1.25 to 1.00. Coloration
light : upper parts nearly uniform tawny-brown, of the shade peculiar to the
genus, darkened u little with mouse-brown on a dorsal area.
* Beitrt|(e lar Kenntotia dar SSagetbiere Amerikaa. < Abhandl. d. math. phy*. Claaae d. kSnigl.
bayiir. Akod. Mttocben, v, 1847-49, 319, p]. Tit (forming vol. zzil of tbe terlea of DeukKbriftan). [(Quoted
bom BaU:d.]
M
0
i:':|Pl
I T;ik.:.<jtiB 'miiiil
i"
i 'I'i-
t "tin?
■W'i
543
MONOGRAPHS OF NOBTH AMEBIOAN ItODE^tlA.
This form of the genus nppcars to have been first noted hy Dr. Wood-
house in 1 853. His specimens were from EI Pnso. The known limits of its
distribution were enlarged in 1857 to include the regit-n of the Platte ; while
specimens still more recently examined show that it extends northward to the
Yellowstone ot least, further east in Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas than was
formerly 8up|)osed, and even reaches to Arkansas, where specimens were
lately procured at Fort Cobb.
Note. — The special papers in which the Saccomyida have been treated
will be found quoted pamm in this article; these citations constituting that
portion of the bibliography of the family which I have compiled.
.S-lhLlism
.;_'f..^^_-U(.--::: J >i«:''.^i:„^i«".;^*^A
im.
3SSSS3ES8S8S
warn
,.k<*^
MONOGRAPHS
OF
NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
No. IX -HAPLODONTIDJ;.
By ELLIOTT OOUEB.
mm
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
Office op United States Geological amd
Geoobapbical Subvey of the Tebbitories,
Washington, D. C, December 1, 1876.
Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith, fur publication as one of
the series of "Monographs of North American Rodentia", a memoir on tho
family T'aplodontida;.
To the single species which constitutes this family, unusual interest
attaches, in the facts that its structure has remained very imperfectly known
up to the present time, and that its systematic position consequently has been
a matter of dispute. The anatomy of the species is herewith presented at
considerable length, from original dissections ; and a notice of its history and
habits follows the description of its structure.
Like my other menxirs of this series, the present is based upon the
material contained in the ^ 'ional Museum, for the opportunity of examining
which I am indebted to the liberal policy of the Smithsonian Institution.
I am. Sir, &c.,
ELLIOTT COUES,
Assistant S'urgeon United States Army,
Secretary and Naturalist of the Survey,
Vroi F. V. Haydem,
United States Geologist-in-charge.
35 u
ik:^ilJiiii^>^iK
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Family HAPLODONTIDA 643-555
deoni HjkPLODON ., 555-557
BapMUmnrfiu 557-599
» a. External oharaeten '. 657-56-^
h. Dental obaraoten 568-564
0. Skeletal Btrnotare 664-583
d. Tieceral (truotare 683-500
•. Hiatoiy and habita 590-598
/. Tablei of moaaanmeott, &e 596-509
M7
Family HAPLODONTID^.
= Gonns JploihmUa, Richardhon and Authors (we beyond).
< Soltirida or CtutorUa, of some Authoiw.
< Cailorina, Baird, Hamm. N. Am. 1H&7, 350 (nnitod with Cattor in a subfamily C<utori»a of SiAuHia).
= Jlaphodotiiida, Lilukdoro, Syit. Ofv. Onag. D&kh^IJ. 1806, 41 (oa family of tlie HyBtricomorph scries).
= naploodonlida, Qiix, Arrons. Fam. Hamm. 1S73, 22 (as family of a special series, Baploodontoidva).
== Baplodoniida, Alston, Proo. ZoCl. Soo. Lood. 1870, 78 (oa family of Uie Soiuromorpli series).
CBkUB.— Teeth: I.{^\; C.§£|; Pm.?^; M. |^=?4=U=22; all root-
less, prismatic, simple, of unique pattern of the molar crowns. Vertebra: C. 7 ;
D. 13; L. 6 ; S. 5 ; Cd. 11 = 42. Seventh cerctc/i/semicostiferous, without ver-
tebrarterial canal. Clavicles perfect. Scapula triangular, with prominent spine
and well-developed acromion and coracoid. Tibia and Jibula not anchylosed,
though closely apposed below. Ulna with long olecranon; radius perfect,
admitting of rotatory movements. Carpus and tarsus each with nine bones,
including an os intermedium. Humerus with well-developed greater and lesser
tuberosities, deltoid ridge, and tubercle ; the inner condyle perforate. Femur
with prominent greater and lesser trochanters, glutseal ridge and tubercle.
A large osseous patella. Pelvis straight and narrow ; ilia prismatic, project-
ing beyond the sacrum. Thorax capacious, contracted anteriorly, with 13
ribs, 7 sternal, the first borne partly upon the last cervical vertebra. Skull
with no trace of postorbital processes (so conspicuous in Sciurida), massive,
greatly depressed, very broad behind; zygomata widely separated behind,
chiefly constituted by the malars. Anteorbitai foramen low in position, small,
oval, oblique, transmitting a fascicle of the masseter. Lachrymal large, scale-
like. Nasals broad, not protrusive. Mandible massive, the descending ramus
broadly laminar, twisted into the horizontal plane; coronoid h\gh, falcate. A
large hyoid, connected with the skull by long osseous cornua. Right lung
quadrilobatp ; l^ lung bilobate. Salivary glands enormous (as in Castorida).
Stomach with the cardiac portion produced into a horn-like process. Liver
quadripartite, the led lobe with a long process, the Spigelian lobule bifid.
549
iV (
I I
!.^
m
N't-
r,
550
MCNOGKAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Intestines muny (nbout eleven) times ns long as the body. Ccccum very largfi
(as long as the body). Outlets oi genito-urinary and digestive organs distinct
from each other (compare Castorid^). Testes aiidominal. Os penis very
large, cleft at the end. Urethral glamts few and simple (no other pcrinseal
glands ?)
For other characters, derived from the external structure, and properly
to be considered as rather pertaining to the genus than to the tamily, see
under next head.
As may be gathered from the foregoing epitome of the more salient
anatomical characters, the present is a remarkably peculiar group, entitled
to full family rank, if not to still higher appreciation. Like the equally pecul-
iar Castorida, it has, as one author has remarked, long proved a stumbling-
block in the way of a systematic arrangement of the Rodents ; but for no
other reason, as it seems to me, than because authors long regarded the type
of structure as only significant of a genus, a place for which was to be
found perforce among the then established families, instead of recognizing its
claims to higher valuation. It would be idle to recount the various forced
associations to which the family considered as a genus has been subjected.*
The general tendency has been, however, of late years at any rate, to associ-
ate Haplodon more or less intimately with Castor, and to refer both genera to
the Sciurine series, if not to the Sciurida itself Thus, In 1858, Professor
Baird made Castor and ^'Aplodoniia^' together a subfamily Castorina of the
family Sciurida,\ inquiring pertinently whether the two were not typical of
as many distinct subfamilies, themselves forming a group of full family rank.
Professor Brandt had already, in 18.55, placed the genus next to Castor. In
1864, Herr W. Peters discussed the genus, comparing the skull with that of
Arctomys, and noting the strong resemblance observable in many respects ;
he is considered by Mr. Alston t to have "definitely established" the Sciurine
affinities of the genus. In 1866, Professor Lilljeborg (I. s. c.) first, as far as
I can ascertain, cleared the way for the required improvement in classification,
by raising the genus to the rank of a family, which he called Haploodontidx,
and placed next after Sciurida ; although, as Mr. Alston (/. i. c.) observes, he
* For examplu, in 1840, Schinz threw "Aplodoutia " into his VII ■• family " of Gttrai, " Cmleularia "
wliioh coDBisted of an odd Jamble of Baptodon, "Atcomj/i" (=OeoMj)<), Tkomomtt, SipkMiM, Clnomgt^
Spalax, and varlouB other burrowing Rodent* ; ua gacb, Iwing beneath eerions criticism.
t Baird's family Sdvrida, however, incloded the Uariue' family ifyoiMo, traated as a sabfamlly
MfoxiHa.
t P. Z. S. 1876, 66.
HAPLODONTIDJE— TAXONOMIO GONHIDEBATIONB.
551
"strangely relegated it" to the Hystricine series of Rodents. Dr. T. Gill
(/. t. c.) followed Lilljeborg in 1872 in recognizing a family ILiploodontida,
the taxonomic value of which he raised still higher by separating it from
other Oliret as the type and sole member of a " supcrfamily " Hoploodontoidea,
coming next after Castoridte; also made the basis of a superfnmily Outoroidea.
Lastly, in 1876, Mr. Alston (/. s. c.) endorsed u family Haplodontida, which
he placed next to Castorida among Sciuromorpha.
To waive for the moment the question of absolute rank of the type
Haplodon, nothing in the way of classifying the Rodents seems to me clearer
than that the affinities of Haplodon are with Castor, and that both these
genera appertain to the Sciurine "series", " superfamily ", or "line of develop-
ment"— at any rate, neither to the Murine nor to the Hystricine series ; the
next nearest relationship of Haplodon being with Arctomys, and so with the
Sciurida itself. The more or less complete agreement of such views with those
of the writers mentioned in the foregoing paragraph will he evident without
further comment ; the better informed authors have, in fact, differed less among
themselves respecting the immediate relationships of Haplodon and Castor than
in regard to the location of these forms in the general series of simplicidentate
Rodents ; Haplodon, at any rate, whether considered as genus or as family,
having been relegated successively to (1) the Sciurine, (2) the Murine, (3)
the Hystricine series, and (4) having formed the type of a different series
from any of these ; this, too, at the hands of those who are at one respecting
its immediate affinities.
This brings up the question of the absolute standing of Haplndon. Is
it referable to bne of the established series of Rodents, or is it to stand alone
as the represer .ative of a separate series! Regard for a very strict equiva-
lency of groups might urge the latter appreciation of the value of the pecul-
iarities of Haplodon ; and, in the sense that (he family Haplodontida differs
more from all other families of Rodents than those of the same series usually
do from each other. Dr. Gill's special superfaraily Haploodontoidea may be jus-
tified. But, practically, no exact equivalency of groups is attainable ; and, if
it were, I should not be satisfied of the necessity of considering Haplodon to
represent a separate series from the Sciuromorpha, in view of the closeness of
relationship which I insist is found between Haplodonlitke, Castorida, and
Sciurida.
In so stating, it becomes necessary to give my appreciation of the limits
552
MONOGRAPnS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
:i:i;l
ij ' '.
vl
h\ I ■ ^ i"'
(>r the Sciurino «cri(;s. lliiefl}', tlicn, I at present ncccpt n superiainily grouii
Sciuromorpfia in I lie sense lately attached to it by Mr. Alston,- as including
the genus Sciuruis and its unquestioned allies, as well as Haplodon, Castor, and
Anoma/uru*, with which latter I am acquainted only by descriptions. Since
Waterhouse, many years ago, foreshadowed n more refined classification of
the Rodents by his four families of Sciurida, Murida, Hystridda, and
Lejioridce, there has been a close general agreement among leading writers
that these groups, whatever their absolute rank, represent as many natural major
divisions of existing Kodcnts. The Lcporidtt, by nearly common consent, are
now considered as one of two primary divisions of recent Glires, as such
comparable in value to all the families of "sim])iicidentate'' Rodents com-
bined. The Sciurida, Murida, and Hystricida of Waterhouse, with whatever
modification in details, yet stand as indices of groups of Rodents, of whatever
value we may assign, the members of each of which are much more nearly
interrelated than any one of them is to any member of either of the other
groups. In the paper already several times cited, Mr. Alston seems to me to
have defined the three groups, which he calls simply "sections", in a very
satisfactory manner; and he certainly has given us an easy means of distin-
guishing them. "Even if it were not possible to separate the first three of
Watcrhouse's great families by |>erfectly constant characters," says Mr. Alston,
"they ought, as it appears to me, to be recognized as indicating three distinct
)ine8 of development. But by the help of the characters of the leg-bones,
pr'iited out by Professor Lilljeborp, the difficulty is overcome. In the few
cases in which the cranial diiferences fail us in separating the Sciurine rodents
from the Murine, and the latter from the Hystricine, the complete anchylosis
of the lower part of the tibia and fibula in the second group comes to our
ai<l The first and third groups, which agree with one another in this
point [distinction of fibula], are at once separated from each other by the form
of the mandible, as well as by the whole type of cranial structure
The first secion, Sciuromorphn, has for constant characters the combination
of a peculiar form of mandible with the persistence of the fibula as a distinct
bone throughout life. The former character at once separates it from the
Hystiicomorpha, the latter from the Myomorpha." This is the sense, then,
in which I am to be understood to accept the Sciuromorpha, in my present
reference of the Haplodonlida to that series as one of its component fiimilies.
DAPLODONTIDvE— DISCUSSION OF AFP1NITIK8.
553
coming between Caatorida nnd Sciuru/a, with close relntiunHliip on (lie one
liaiul with Castor, and on tlic otiicr with Arctomya.
My views of tiie |N>8ition in the Rodent series, nnd relative mnk in the
scale, of the Ilaplodont type rest upon an examination of the wiiole structure
of the animal. I do not find that any one has hitherto examined — at any rate,
given an account of — the viscera, or even the skeleton, excepting the skull and
leg-bones ; our knowledge having thus far rested \\\m\\ these |)ortions of the
bony frame-work, the teeth, and the external characters. I nin, consequently,
enabled to add many new particulars to substantiate the position here taken.
Detailed descriptions are ofTcicd beyond under head of the species ; here I
shall simply advert to some of the leading ])oints involved.
The skull of HaplodoHtid(t is strongly and unmistakably Sciuromorphic,
not only in its general structure, but in many ultimate details. In fact, it
resembles in superficial ospect the skull of certain typical Sciurines more
closely than some of these resemble each other. For example, no one who
compares the skull of Haplodon with that of Arctomya can fail to be struck,
as Dr. Peters was, with their close general resemblance. In comparison with
Sciurua, or even with such a Marmot-like form as Cynomys, the skull of Arc-
tomya is seen to be much more massive, much more depressed, broader behind,
and with a straightness and mutual perpendicularity of various planes, all of
which features wonld require little exaggeration to match those of Haplodon,
Even the shape of the angle of the mandible, peculiar to Haplodon, is really
approached in Arctomya, where further twisting of the already oblique plate
of the descending ramus would bring it into the nearly horizontal plane
which it occupies in Haplodon. The most prominent diiference is the totiil
absence of postorbital processes in Haplodon, and their full development in
Arctomya as in other Sciurvla. It may be fairly questioned, however, whether
the presence of these processes is more than a character of th" family Sciu-
ridce itself; for they are lacking* in the three other families referable i
Sciuromorpha. The preponderance of recent genera and species of Sciuridt
may have unconsciously led us to attach too great importance to this feature.
Obviously, the fact that the family Sciurida at present contains many genera,
while the other three Sciuromorph families have but one genus apiece, is no
argument for the making of postorbital processes a requisite for any scries of
Sciurines of higher value than a family. The argument is the other way, in
* Mr. Alston calls tbom " obsolote " iu Ammalurida.
554
MONOGBAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN EODENTIA.
view of the fact that out of four Sciurine families only one, Sciurida, possesses
these processes. , , ,,
I Tiight extend tliis comparison of Haplodon with Sciuromorpha into
many other points of structure, and enlarge upon various Marmot-like char-
ncterc ; but the indications afforded by the skull seem to me so unmistaka-
ble, that such course becomes unnecessary. I will only refer, further, to the
general mode of life, in which, as is well known, the Sewellel agrees with the
Marmot-squirrel section of Sciurida. It lives in communities in subterra-
nean burrows, exactly like the species of Cynomys and of Spernwphilus.
Various resemblances, in fact, have caused some authors to refer the species
to the genus Arctomys, and Rafinesque made it congeneric with Cynomys.
The condition of the molar teeth, whether rootless and prismatic, or rooted
and tubercular, usually gives good indications among Rodents. In this im-
portant respect, Haplodon agrees with Castor ; and although the dental for-
mulae are not identical, yet the only discrepancy is in the presence of a very
small upper anterior premolar in Haplodon, — a tooth functionally insigniGcant,
and, in fact, appearing as if it were far on the way toward suppression, lo
comparing Haplodon with Castor, we indeed find many discrepancies, even to
the presence in the latter of an additional rib and dorsal vertebra, common
outlet of genito-urinary and digestive systems, peculiarly developed perinaeal
glands, &c ; but we should not lose sight of the fact that the secondary or
adaptive modificativ..is of Castor, in fitting it for an aquatic life, are impressed
with unusual strength, and are consequently liable to obscure those points of
structure more valuable in indicating affinities. Even in some of its soft parts,
however, Haplodon shows special relationships with Castor, mch as the pres-
ence of a glandular collar formed by the enormous salivary organs.
I am inclined to consider the Haplodont type as probably the oldest
among existing Sciuromorphs, and as nearer the ancestral type from which
also diverged Castor, Anomalurus, and Sciurus with its numerous allies, — the
latter being the most specialized and diversified forms which have been
evolved from a primitive stock, and having become its largely predominant
representatives in the present epoch. This view is strengthened by the
remarkably restricted geographical distribution of the single known species,
and the numerical proportion of its individuals, — altogether inconsiderable in
comparison with the abundance of the typical Sciuridte. Tiie simple molars
of Haplodon, as the very djimc indicates, may be regarded as further evi-
HAPLODCNTID^— GENUS HAPLODON.
555
denceof an "early" or "generalized" type, in comparison with the highly com-
plicated teeth of many recent Rodents ; no simpler tooth than the anterior
upper premolar — a mere cylinder — can well be, while the other molars are
simply cylinders pinched into a fold on one side; being thus remotely removed
from such remarkably intricate and "specialized" aggregations of numerous
prisms as are shown by many recent Rodnnts.
Genus HAPLODON, (Rich.).
X Anisongx, gp., Rafinesqce, Amer. Month. Mog. )!, 1H17, 45 (genua based on a Bpocies of Cgnomyi, with a
epeoies of HaplodoH incladed).
■.=Apl3donUa, Bichabdsok,* Zool. Journ, iv, 18S9, 334 (original cbaraoterization).— Rich., Fn, Uur.-
Am. i, 1839, 210 |,anbRtantialIy tbo same).— Audubon Sc Bachman, Quad. N. Am. iii, 1853,
98 (copied from Rtcbardson).— Baird, Mamm. N. Amer. 1857, 350 (elaborately recharacter-
ized).
= ApUdontia, Fisciibr, &;q. Hamm. 1829, 598 (" 398 " by err. of pagination).
z=Haplodon, Waglkb, Syat. Amphib. 1831, 23.— WAOysB, "Sappl. Sohreb. iii, 1843,395".— Fitters,
Monatab. Akad. Berlin, 16S4, 177 (discuaBion of afflnitiea).- AuiTON, Proo, ZoSl. Boo. 1876, 78
(claaaificatory).
• ApUiodontia, Siohabi>80H, Sixth Ann. K..p. Brit. Aaaoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 150, 157.
~ Baplooion, or Bapludm, Brandt, " Beit. Kennt. Siing. Bne^l. 1655, 160".
= Saploodm, Lilusboro, Syat. Ofvera. Onag. Diigg^j. 1866, 48.
(Other forma of the word are donbtleaa to be fonnd.)
Chabs. — Form stout, heavy, low ; body cylindrical ; limbs short, of pro-
portionate lengths before and behind ; no appreciable neck ; head broad, flat,
somewhat triangular, with blunt muzzle, hairy, except the margin of tlie
nostrils and cleft of the upper lip. Tail very short, terete, hirsute. Whisk-
ers very long, bristly. No cheek-pouches. Eyes diminutive. Ears of
moderate size, rounded above, lobate below, with antitragal fold. Fore and
hind feet pentadactyle, hairy on top ; palms and soles naked ; former 5-tuber-
culate, latter 6-tuberculate ; digits of hind feet not webbed; fore claws much
longer and stouter than the hinder, fitted for digging. Pelage of two kinds, —
long bristly bairs and woolly under fur. Progression apparehtly plantigrade.
Habits terrestrial, fossorial, gregarious. Regimen exclusively vcgctariun.
Voice shrill.
To the structural characters already given, being those upon which a
family Haplodontida is established, may be added the foregoing, derived from
* Special paper : On Aplodontia, a new genns of the order Rodentia, constituted for the reception
or tbo Sewellel, a burrowing animal which inliabita the north-westeru coast of America. < Op. torn. cil.
pp. 333-337.
On a second described species of Haplodm, c(, Peters, Ueber nene Arteu <!<jr Siiugethiergattungen
Geomys, Haplodou uud Uosypus. < Monutsb. Akad. Wiaa. Berlin, 1864, pp. 177-180.
A third special paper is : The Hnntiog Fie'da of the Paoiflo C< tst, Oregon. Capturing the ShowtL
By J. H, Uorpby. < " Bod and Gnu " (newa^per) of Hay 20, 1876. [Popular.]
' 'i
ilii
!il«
1'
556
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
consideration of external form, upon which a genus Haplodon may be
properly based. In the account of the species which is to follow, much of
ti>e structure of the animal is given in detail, without reference to the sys-
tematic significance of any of the features described.
The genus "Aplodoniia" was established by Richardson in 1829, and,
with varying orthography, has since been universally employed. Nor is it
necessary to supersede it by Anisonyx of Rafinesque, 1817. This generic
term, besides arising in a misunderstanding, was based upon the "Burrowing
Squirrel " of Lewis and Clarke, and is equivalent to Cynomys, of same author
and date. It therefore becomes a synonym of Cynomys, as the type species,
"Anijsonyx brachiura^', also is of Cynomys columbianus (Ord). Rafinesque,
however, added to his genus Anisonyx a second species, A. ru/us, based ex-
clusively upon the Sewellel of Lewis and Clarke, which causes Anisonyx to
be partly synonymous with the subsequent "Aphdontia^' of Ricbardson.
The construction of the generic word has apparently given trouble,
though there need have been none, had the rules for the formation of com-
pounds from the Greek been duly considered. While some latitude is allow-
able in such cases, unwarrantable liberties have been taken with this word
The etymology is an-Aoof (contr. dnXovi), simplex, simple, and oSovi, dens,
tooth The original form, Aplodontia, is clearly wrong in ignoring the aspi-
ration of the initial Alpha, and is further modified arbitrarily by the suffixed
syllables. As to the mode of joining the two words, in which three Omicrons
come together, it may be observed : that the latter o in d/rXooi would, of
course, suffer elision before the initial vowel of (dovi; and then the former
o, still coming before a vowel, would either be separated by a diaeresis over
the second o, or else be contracted with it into ov; so that the word might
be written, with propriety, Haplciidon or Haphudon, the latter perhaps
being preferable, especially in view of the contracted form dnXovi, in
which the original is also found. But euphony lias rightly so much to
do with these formations that the former o in drrXooi, as well as the
latter, may be struck out before the d of oSovi (just as the latter o may
be omitted before a consonant, contrary to general rule, as in dirXort]?,
compounded of d7TX6o<; and the abstract termination rt}?, or in djrXoatp^-
/(coy), and tlu; word be properly written Haplodon, the form I have
adopted. In any event, Apludontia and Apluodontia are inadmissible,
and liapludon is objectionable from excessive contraction. In strictness,
'■*mm
■wmf*
gggg
nAPLODONTID^— SYNONYMY OP HAPLODON RUFUS.
557
we should rather write HaploiJdus, Haplodus, or Haploudus ; but the form of
iSov?, in which the stein odovr- is preserved, is so firmly established by
precedent and custom, that it would be finical to insist upon the purer
orthography.
HAPI-ODON RUFUS, (Raf.) Coues
The Sewellel.
Stmllel,' Lewis & Clares, Trav. lat Am. od. in 2 vols. 8vo, ti, 1814, 176 (Isl EngliBh ed. in 1 vol. 4to,
1814, 470; 2d EngliBb ed. in 3 vols. 8vo, 181.5, iii, 39). (Original description.)— CouES, Bull.
U. S. Geol. & Oeogr. Snrv. Terr. 8d ser. no. 6, 1876, 437.
^HiMtiyx n^fa, Rafinesque, Amer. Month. Hag. ii, 1817, 45 (aotnally baaed entirely npon the Sewellol ot
Lewis and Clarke).— Dbsh., Mamm. ii, 1822, 330.— Less. Man. 1827, 240, no. 647.
Aretomyt nfa, Haiu.aii, Fn. Amer. 1825, 308.-18. Obofpr., " Diet Claaeiqae, z, p. 186 ".— GRiFFint,
An. Kingd. V, 1827, 245, no. 636 (compiled).
Aplodontia Uporina, BicnAKOSON, Zo51. Jonrn. iv, 1829, 335, no. 15.— Richardson, Fn. Bor.-Amer. i, 1829,
211, pi. zviii C, figs. 7-14 (sknll).— SciiiNZ, Syn. Mamm. .i, 1.340, 138 (description, &o.).—
Pealr, Ham. & Birds U. 8. Expl. Exped. 1848, 66, 'pi. av", fig. on p. 57 (sknll).- Auuubon
&. Bacbman, Qnad. N. Amer. ill, 1853, 99, pi. cxxiii (animal). (Description and acconnt of
habits, mostly fVom Lewis and Clarke, and from Richardson.)— Newberry, Poc. R. R. Rep. vi,
1857, Zoology, 58 (habits, &o.).— Baird, Mamm. N. Amer. 1857, 353, pi. xx, flgs. 4 a-d (details
of external form), and pi. xlix, figs. 2a-« (sknll and teeth). — Cooper, Pacific R. R. Rap.
xii, pt. ii, 1860, 82 (bobits).-8ucKLRY, Poc. R. R. Rep. xii, pt. ii, 1860, lOO (habits, &c.).—
8CCKLBY &. OiBBS, Pac. R. R. Rep. xii, pt ii, 1860, 124 (description, habits, &c.).
AplnSontia hpoHna, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 1829, 598 (" 398 " by error of pagination).
JptuodoKiia leporiim, Rich., Sixth Ann. Rop. Brit. Assoc, for 18.16, 1837, 157.
Haplodon Iqforinum, Waonbr, " Zool. Jonrn. 1829, — ".
IlapMon /«i)ori»iM, Waoleh, " Syst. Amphib. 1830, — ".—Wagner, "Sappl. Schr&b. iii, 1843,396".—
OlEDEL, SSag. 1855, 527.
(f) Haplodon liKioriniM var. caUfbrniout, Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin, 17. MSrz 1864, 179 ("Qoblrgen
Califomiens ").
Chaes. — About as large as a Muskrat. Length, a foot (more or less) ;
head, 3.00 inches; tail-vertebrae, 1.00; tail with hairs about half as much
again; fore foot, 1.7fi; hind foot, 2.10; longest fore claw, 0.50-0.60, Color
brownish, mixed with more or less black, lighter and more grayish below ;
basal portions of the pelage mostly plumbeous. Whiskers, claws, and upper
surface of foot colorless, or nearly so ; incisors yellow.
Habitat. — Washington and Oregon Territories from the Rocky Mount-
ains to the Pacific ; upper portions of California, and probably also southern
portions of British Columbia.
A. — DESCRIPTION OF EXTERNAL CHABACTEB8.
The Sewellel approaches the Maskrnt in size; and in some superficial
aspects is not very dissimilar to that well known animal. The general form
is stout and clumsy ; the body is of large calibre in comparison with its
length ; the trunk is nearly cylindrical, broadly rounded ofi!* behind, in front
* See beyond in this memoir for other forms o( this Indian word, and its moaning.
558
MONOGRAPI
WRTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
ii'!
' t
without appreciable constricnon of tlie neck, upon which the shoulders seem
to encroach ; the head is especially broad, the width across the occiput being,
if anything, greater than the breadth across the shoulders ; the limbs are
short, of approximately equal lengths, massive above the wrist and ankle ;
the tail is very short; the muzzle is thick and blunt; the whiskers are long
and stiff; the ears are of moderate size; the pelage is soft. The whole organ-
ization, viewed externally, indicates terrestrial and highly fossorial habits. In
moving, the animal carries the body low, almost sweeping the ground ; at rest,
the back is arched.
The head is broad and massive, much compressed in the horizontal
plane (being wider than deep), and especially noticeable for the flat expanse
of its upper surface, which is continuous with that of the shoulders without
depression of the nape, and with scarcely any constriction of the sides of the
neck behind the ears. Viewed from above, the sides of the head taper
gradually, in nearly straight lines, from the broadest point (at the ears) to the
snout, which is extremely obtuse. The profile of the forehead is likewise
nearly straight. The chin is retreating ; its under surface is nearly flat ;
the end is broadly convex, like the rest of the obtuse muzzle. The opening
of the mouth appears contracted from the thickness of the swollen fleshy
lips. The .upper incisors are probably always exposed. The peculiar shape
of the head as a whole is correlated with the remarkable preponderance of
planes and right lines which the skull shows.'
The thick lips are entirely hairy, the upper lip especially being clothed
with short, stiffish, antrorse, adpressed hairs for some distance within the
apparent buccal orifice, and there being a special brush of similar hairs
directed inward, near the commissure of the lips. There is a narrow naked
muffle, cleft with a well-marked vertical line of impression ; a naked pad
projects from this to the interspace between the upper incisors ; a narrow
margin around each nostril is also naked ; othe'rwise the snout is entirely
hairy. The whiskers are numerous, very long, and extremely stiff — more
like hog's bristles than the whiskers of most Rodents. The longest ones,
when laid backward, reach entirely beyond the shoulders. These bristles
are mostly colorless; some of the shorter upper ones, however, are brownish.
Besides the labial set proper, there are other long bristles, also mostly color-
less, in tufts over the eyes, and scattered about the ears ; both lips are thickly
fringed with similarly colorless, short, but still stiff, bristly hairs, in addition
'■<«i1iW
nAPLODONTIDiE— EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF n. RUFDS. 559
to the pelage proper of the parts; while there is a scattering patch of the
same on the chin. The countenance of the animal literally " bristles"; anil,
as we shall see, similar long colorless bristles occur on other parts of the
body.
The eyes are situated in a line between the extremity of the snout and
the middle of the ear, about half-way, but rather nearer the ear. They are
remarkably small, the diameter between the canthi being only about a quarter
of an inch, and appear somewhat sunken and inexpressive, from the tumidity
of the lids. The ear, it has been said, " strongly resembles the human one in
form", and may be conceded to be not strongly dissimilar in some respects, the
auricle being rounded above, with a folded-over anterior edge, having a
thickened projection near the base in front to represent the human antitragus,
and a fleshy dependent part opposite, in the place of the human lobe. The
ear is situated upon the most prominent postero-superior aspect of the head,
and rises about as high as the fur of the surrounding parts ; an anterior
fourth of the auricle is folded over ; when pressed out flat, the contour of the
auricle is nearly semicircular. The antitragal prominence continues far into
the cavity, forming a fold which bounds the meatus above; the lower bound-
ary of the external meatus is the large thick fleshy lobe already alluded to ;
it seems to be mobile, and is probably capable of closing the orifice by its
apposition with the antitragal ridge. The ear is clothed uniformly with short
soft hairs ; there are some longer ones cm the concavity which overtop the
auricle, thus forming a decided frinfr , and other long ones in tufls on the
borders ot the ear near its base. '''. nese longer hairs are colored ; the very
short ones on the back of the ear, and others on the fleshy lobe, are colorless.
The fore limbs are close to the head ; the outline from the head down
the front leg is a continuous curve, and the point of the shoulder seems
scarcely half an inch from the back lower corner of the skull. The massive-
ness and muscularity of the upper portions of the limb, no less than the
structure of the hand, indicate great fossorial powers, reminding one of the
condition of the parts in Geomyida.* From the stout shoulder and prominent
elbow, the fore limb becomes conoidal, tapering rapidly to the contracted
wrist, where the ordinary long pelage of the body ceases. The back of the
* If A opIoiiM pimcMed external ponohes, ito inperfleial Appenranoe— the atout, eqnst, lampy
flgare, the large heitd, apparent abeenoe of neck, short legs, highly fossorial fore feet, with enorinous
fore olaws and great tnberclea at the wrist— wonld more strongly resemble Otvmy than any other
animals of this oonntry.
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500
MONOGRAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
hand is rather thinly but uniformly clothed to the ends of the fingers with
i»hort adpressed hairs like those on the concavity of the ear. The palms and
under surfaces of the fingers are perfectly naked. The hand is large, measur-
ing in length from the wrist to end of the claws but little less than the dis-
tance from wrist to elbow. There are five perfect digits. Of these, the Ist,
or thumb, is very short, its tip falling far short of the base of the 2d digit ;
its axis is very oblique to the line of the other digits, from which it stands
apart quite as much as the human thumb does from the fingers ; nor can it
be readily pressed into line with the other digits, on account of its intimate
connection with the inner one of two great palmar tuberosities, to be
presently noticed. The thumb bears a small, stumpy, obtuse claw, com-
pressed nevertheless, and a true claw, not a flat nail, as is so frequently
witnessed in Rodents when the thumb is very short or rudimentary. The
thumb in this case, though relatively very short, is functionally developed
beyond doubt, and its curious opposition to the other digits almost indicates
true prehensile or grasping powers of the hand. The remaining digits are
long and well formed ; the 3d is longest ; the 4th and ■2d successively shorten
in nearly constant ratio ; the 5th is relatively shorter, the tip of its claw
falling but little in advance of the base of the 4th claw. The clav/s are all
nearly or quite as long as their respective digits, reaching about the develop-
ment witnessed in Geomyidce. They are little curved, and much compressed ;
for most of tiieir length underneath their sides come together in a single
ridge, leaving but a slight scooped-out portion toward the ends. The tuber-
culation of the naked palms is conspicuous. Near the wrist, opposite the
thumb, are two immense prominences, side by side (inner and outer) ; the
ulnar, or outer one, about in the site of the human pisiform bone, is smaller,
and more compressed than the radial tubercle, at the base of the thumb,
which attains the size of a pea, and is irregularly nodular, with a tendency
to lateral compression and the formation of a decided lengthwise keel. These
wrist-tubercles have almost the development seen in Geomys. At the bases
of the digits are three large, smooth, flattened tubercles, one common to the
3d and 4th digits, the others respectively proper to the 2d and 5th. The
ends of the digits are somewhat callous. For the rest, the palm is smooth,
with an irregular network of lines of impression, and the under surfaces of
tlic digits arc strongly annulate with similar transverse lines.
The hind limbs correspond in length with the fore. The massive thigh
BBI
HAPLODONTIDiB— EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF H. RUFUS. 561
is entirely enclosed in the comnaon integument of the body, which even de-
scends a little below the knee. The bulging, compressed crus tnpers rapidly
to the ankle, where the ordinary pelage of the body is arrested, the instep
and tops of the toes being clothed with very short, adprcssed, colorless hnirs,
and hence appearing almost naked, as, indeed, they have sometimes been
described. But the clothing is uniform and complete, and nearly as heavy
as that on the back of the hands. Tlie foot is rather longer than the hand,
even including the claws, which are so highly developed on the fore limb.
The axis of the foot appears to be nearly at right angles with that of the leg
in ordinary postures of the animal ; the heel is prominent, and the whole
sole is evidently applied to the ground in walking. Such plantigrade char-
acter of the bind feet is indicated by the strong flattening of the sole to the
very heel, and ts complete nakedness The sole is perfectly smooth, with
a moderate number of irregular lines of impression, more numerous anteriorly
than toward the heel. There are six prominent tubercles on the sole ; four
at the bases of the digits, and two, side by side, about half-way to the heel.
Of the anterior tubercles, one is common to the .Sd and 4th digits, and three
others are respectively proper to the 1st, 2d, and 5th digits. Of the posterior
pair of tubercles, a larger one, conical and very prominent, is situated on the
inner side of the sole ; the other, much less conspicuous, is also further re-
moved from the edge of the foot There are five perfect digits, with nearly
parallel axes, though the lateral opes, and especially the inner one, stand a
little away from the line of the other three. These lost are much the longest,
and of approximately equal lengths. The end of the claw of the 5th only
attains the base of the 4th claw ; that of the Ist does not quite reach the
base of the 2d. The claws of all the digits are much alike, and peculiar in
no respect.
The tail is a mere stump, shorter than the foot ; it is cylindrical, thickly
clothed with pelage like that of the body, and the terminal pencil of hairs
equals in length that portion of the vertebrse which projects beyond the but-
tocks. Short as this member is, it is not "concealed" in any of the specimens
betbre me. It is much more conspicuous than that of Lagomys princtps.
The general pelage has been likened to that of a rabbit when out of
season ; it seems, however, to be coarser, owing to the number of long, stiff,
almost bristly hairs which are mixed with the dense, soft, woolly under fur.
These staring hairs are specially noticeable on the limbs and under parts gen-
36 M
,;;■«
f^
66d
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
erally. Some of them are colorless, like the hairs upon the face ; and, indeed,
there is upon the bacU of the fore arm n special tuft of long colorless bristles,
quite like the shorter whiskers. The long scattered hairs of the upper parts
are black, giving a darker tone to the reddish-brown or chestnut of these parts ;
on the under parts, the cast is more grayish. The basal portion of the pelage
is dark plumbeous above, paler or grayiaii below. I have not sufficient mute-
rial to indicate the range of individual color-variation. Some specimens are
said to be quite blackish. None of those examined show a pure white thront-
patch, spoken of by some writers ; but it is indicated in some cases by a few
white hairs. The hands, feet, and ears appear whitish, at least in contrast
with the general dark body colors ; and the short pelage of the lips, anus,
and priEputial sheath is usually more or less whitened. The claws are nearly
colorless; the incisors are yellow.
The anus is situate a considerable distance from the root of the tail. In
the male, owing to the size of the os penis, the sheath of the penis forms a
large conical projection immediately in front of the anus, and is directed more
or less backward i it is hairy, with a long, slender, terminal pencil. The penis
may be readily protruded in alcoholic specimens. There is no appearance of
a glans. The bone extends to the end of the member; it is elsewhere
described. I have seen no female specimens. There are said by Richardson
to be six mammBC, tiie position of which is indicated by brown circular marks,
the anterior pair being situated between the tore legs.
B. — DE8CBIPTI0N OP TIIE TEETH.
The incisors offer nothing specially noteworthy. They are very stout
for the size of the animal, their anterior faces perfectly smooth, convex in
both directions, the sides much bevelled. The under, as usual, protrude
farther than the upper, and also incline farther forward as they ascend, the
upper being perpendicular. The upper are separated from each other at base
by a considerable alveolar interval, but incline toward each other, their points
being in contact ; the under are more nearly parallel.
The molar series occupies a more posterior position than may be
usual in Rodents, the anterior true molar being opposite the middle of
the skull. The whole series is about one-fourth as long as the skull. The
inner alveolar border is parallel with its fellow; the outer is slightly
divergent, owing to increase in size of the teeth from behind forward, — from
u,ii4i
HAPLODONTID^— TEETH OP HAPLODON RUFUS.
563
the last to the next to the first in the upper jow, from last to first in the lower.
In the upper jaw, the crenate border of the teeth is interior, the straight
spurred border exterior ; in the lower jaw the reverse. All the molars are
rootless and prismatic, as in Cattor, but not in other Sciuromorphs. The
dental formula is as usual in Sciurula {\^\), but not as in Castor. The pattern
of the molar crowns is simple, not complicated, as in (all?) other Sciuromorphs.
In the upper jaw, the anterior premolar is very small, and otherwise different
from the rest of the teeth ; the other premolar resembles the true molars. In
the lower jaw, all the teeth are similar to each other.
The anterior upper premolar is a small simple cylinder, lying very
obliquely against the antero-interior corner of the succeeding tooth ; an oblique
bevelling of its face remedies the obliquity of the shall, causing the plane of
the crown to coincide nearly with that of the other teeth. The other pre-
molar and the three molars proper may be most conveniently described
together, afterward noting a slight peculiarity of the former. These teeth
are set witli strong obliquity outward ; they regularly decrease in size
from before backward ; the shape of the crowns is substantially the same,
and presents a pattern probably unique. The horizontal section of each
tooth gives a half-elliptical or semicircular figure, with a prominent spur pro-
jecting from the straight side. The spur is exterior, the convexity of the
half-ellipse interior; so that the molar series, taken together, presents a
crenate inner margin, and a straight outer margin with four equidistant
projections. The hindmost tooth is semicircular; the increasing width of
preceding teeth changes this into the semi-elliptical shape, the anterior tooth
being further modified by a slight emargination where the small anterior pre-
molar abuts against it, and further by a slight concavity of the straight outer
border on each side of the spur. In some specimens, the regularity of the
semicircular or elliptical curves is interfered with ; and the back premolar
may show, in addition to the emarginations just noted, an emargination of the
antero-exterior corner.
The lower series of molars substantially repeats the figures of the upper
in the reverse direction, the spurs and straight edges being interior, the con-
vexities exterior. For the rest, the four teeth (1 Pm., 3 M.) differ less in
size among themselves than those of the upi>er series do ; the spurs are much
less prominent, and the sides of the teeth from which they spring are not so
straight ; the regularity of the convexity of each tooth suffers from an emar-
i' ii::'
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l! .iii. ,,>!i
564
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
gination anterior to the middle of the tooth, which is so strongly pronounced
on the anterior one as to produce a decided lobation. For the rest, the under
teeth are smaller than the upper, and especially narrower ; though the lengths
of the two series (excluding the small upper premolar) are the same.
There is no involution of the enamel sheet, nor any other complication
of the molar crowns, the island of dentine being surrounded with a wall of
enamel with the contour just described.
C. — DESCRIPTION OF TIIK SKELETON.
Skull. — The skull of Haplodon is remarkable for its flatness or great
depression, its average depth (jaw and molars excluded) or dimension per-
pendicular to the horizontal longitudinal plane being little over one-fourth of
its length ; for its great width, especially behind the interzygomatic dimension,
being between three-fourths and four-fiflhs of its length ; and for the prepon-
derance, as Baird has remarked, "of horizontal planes and straight lines per-
pendicular to the three coordinate planes. Thus the plane of the occiput is
vertical and perpendicular to that of the base of the skull, which itself, as
nearly as may be, is horizontal. The general outline of the top of the head
is parallel with that of the bottom ; the lower edge of the occiput is horizontal,
and perpendicular to the horizontal [longitudinal] axis of the skull. The
lower edge of the zygoma is nearly rectilinear and parallel with the plane of
the palate. In the lower jaw, a vertical plane would be tangent to the con-
dyles and the nearly horizontal posterior edgo of the inferior ramus. The
planes of the broad coronoid processes are vertical, though inclined to each
other." Great as is the zygomatic width relatively to the length of the skull,
such width but little surpasses that of the occiput, owing to the great lateral
production of the mastoid and auditory bullae, the latter in some cases
extending beyond the mastoids. The skull is further remarkable among Sci-
uromorpha forms for the total lack* of iwstorbital processes, the interorbilal
constriction being much narrower than the rostrum, ns in Arvicola, Geomys,
and many other Myomorpha. Aside from tiie absence of these processes, so
strongly characteristic of the Sciuromorph skull, the skull of Haplodon bears
a decided general resemblance to that of some Sciurines, as Arctomys, for
example ; a resemblance so close, that much the same descriptive terras of
contour, &c., would apply to both, and the comparison might be pushed to
'Shared, however, by Cottar ; in AfkonMlwnt$, these proceaaes are said to be "obsolete".
DAPLODONTIDiE— SKULL OP HAPLODON ItUFUS.
565
include many details, deinonstratiog the really cluso relationships of the ani-
mal to the Sciurida. The interorbital foramen (u8iially a considerable index
of affinity in Rod^ntia), however, is little like thotof Sciuromorphs generally,
v\ nile it is not at all like that typical of Myomorphs.
Viewed from above, without taking the rostrum into consideration, tiie
general contour of the skull represents a nearly equilateral triangle with
rounded-ofT |K>8tero-lateral angles, somewhat convex sides, and sinuous base.
There is a very deep notch or cmargination just behind the zygomata, some-
times almost converted into a foramen by apposition of the posterior angle of
the zygoma against the wall of the produced auditory bulla. Within this
triangular contour are a pair of triangular vacuities — the conjoined orbital and
temporal fossa;. The posterior extremities of the zygomata arc much further
apart than a distance equal to their extreme length. The rostral portion of
the skull forms rather more than a fourth of the total length ; the rostrum is
stout, its width being contained only about 4^ times in the total length ; it is
approximately cyliDdrica), with nearly parallel sides converging anteriorly,
and tumid nasal portion. The nasal bones are truncate anteriorly, and do not
project beyond the plane of the incisive alveoli. From the base of the ros-
trum on each side^ the zygomata suddenly stand oiT, overshadowing the ante-
orbital foramina, which are therefore not visible in this view. Thence the
zygomata curve gently outward and backward, then rather suddenly contract,
the point at which they are farthest apart being but little in advance of their
posterior ends. Behind their ends is the deep emargination, as seen also in
Arctomys, Castor, and other Sciuromorphs, but in this case narrower for its
depth, appearing almost like a fissure. This separates the zygomatic arch
from the prominent angular postero-lateral corner of the skull, formed by the
mastoid and auditory bullae. The posterior outline, on the whole exactly
transverse, is sinuous, like the human lip or "Cupid's bow''; for the promi-
nent sharp occipital ridge which defines the occipital plane from that on top
the skull, curves backward at first from the corner of the skull and then more
strongly forward to the median line, this latter anterior convexity sufficing to
throw some of the occipital surface into view from above. The roof of the
brain-case is strongly convex and sloping ou the sides, though little arched
longitudinally ; it then spreads more horizontally to form the occipital flanges.
This surface is marked lengthwise with a pair of raised lines, indicating the
boundaries of the temporal foesse ; at the back border of the orbit, just within
^|!|'-
! : )
I ■■(I:
; i.
566
MONO0RAPH8 OF NOUTH AMERICAN ItODKNTIA.
tlin posterior root of tlin zy^ornn, tlieru in n (l(!ciHcil tlnproxsioii. Another
superiiciiil depression of considoraltle size is silu( led hctwcen the orhits, just
in ailvane<! of the point of greutost conslriclion. This iwtiiit of greatest con-
strielion lies considerably licliind the nii(hlle of the skull; the width is there
nuieh less than tiie width of the rostrum. The shape of the opening repre-
senting the (;onjoined oriiital and temporal fos^e is that of tin ino(piilateral
triangle, with tho shortcsl side an<ero-internal, the next postero-inlernal ; the
longest, formed hy the malar, being antero-cxternal. In adults, all the sutures
of the top of the skull arc obliterated, excepting he naso-mnxillary.
The profde view of the skull, the lower jaw being removed, exhibits the
remarkable flatness and approximate straightness, horizontality, and parallelism
of the upper and under outlines, to which the planes of the occiput and of n
tangent to the incisors and ends of nasals are both perpendicular. Along the
top of the skull there is n slight bulge in the outline of the i>arietal8, and
an equally slight depression over the orbits, whepce (he profile of the rostrum
slopes slightly downward to the end of the nasals. The occiput is perpen-
dicular, and appears nearly straight, though the condyles and paroccipital pro-
cesses project a little backward, and the end of the occipital crest curves a
little forward. The outline of the palate is nearly a continuous straight hori-
zontal line from incisors to ends of pterygoids; behind these, the buUse
ouditoriER project a little downward from the general plane. The antcorbital
foramen is not visible from the side, being hidden witliin the anterior projec-
tion of the zygomotic process of the maxillary. Both anterior and posterior
roots of the zygoma dip nearly or quite down to the level of the palate; in
its continuity, the malar rises with a gentle arch.
Seen from below, the skull presents, of course, substantially the same
contour as from above; so we may at once proceed to notice the details.
It is only in this one of the three views here described that the anteorbitol
foramina appear. These are small, simple, oval apertures not prolonged into
canals, circumscribed by the two roots of the zygomatic process of the max-
illary ; they are oblique to all three coordinate planes of the skull, their long
axes being directed upward, forward, and outward. Notwithstanding their
small size and seemingly inconvenient position, they transmit, as usual, along
wilh the nerve, a little fascicle of the masseter muscle. The incisive fora-
mina, of moderate length, but narrow, reach nearly or quite to the maxilla'
ries, but their sides are entirely bounded by the intermaxillaries. The septum
•■liU
HAPLODONTlDiB— SKULL OF IIAPLODON UUFU8.
r)67
dividing them seems to be constantly formed l)y a piiir of plates not com-
pletely fuHcd; nnd, just in advance of the main fommina, there is it Hiiigle
medinn nzygos foramen lending into the nnsnl cavity. This singular opening
appears to be conntnnt, and it is of notable size. The palate anterior to the
intermolar iN)rtion has its sides rapidly sloping upward from the middle line,
the actually flat and horizontal portion being extremely narrow, and boun<led
by a pair of ridges leading from the outer borders of ."ie incisive foramen,
with some sulcation between. The intermolar portion of tne palate is per-
fectly flat as well as horizontal, and also rectangular, the lines of the molar
series being parallel ; this portion equals in length the portion anterior to the
molars, and reaches back of the molars for a distance equal to the width of a
molar, ending behind with a simple concave edge. There are two pairs of
small fommina respectively opposite the last and the penultimate molars, while
behind and n little to the inner side of the last molar, on each side, is the
larger palatine foramen proper. The portion of the palate anterior to the
molars, that between the molars, and the post-pn'atal remainder of the base
of the skull, are all of approximately equal lengths. The pterygoids are,
unfortunately, defective in all the specimens before me ; they appear, to judge
by what is left of them, to have been simple laminse, probably hamulatc or
falcate, and approximately parallel with each other. The large foramina
appear external to their ends, as in other Sciuromorphs. The interpterygoid
space is directly continuous with the basioccipital, though with some down-
ward trend. The basioccipital, in consequence of the approximation of the
ends of the auditory bullae, rapidly narrows in front, having a general trian-
gular shape, bounded behind by the condyles and paroccipital processes, on
the sides by the bullae, in front by the narrow basisphenoid ; its surface shows
lateral paired depressions separated by a median lengthwise ridge. The audi-
tory bullae are of large size, and horizontal as well as nearly transverse in
position, their long axes being nearly coincident ; in shape they are somewhat
flask-like, being regularly hemispherical at base, then contracting beyond the
swollen part, with a tubular prolongation, which extends outward to or some-
times even beyond the extremity of the mastoids, and ends with a simple
circular orifice of large calibre, with very thin walls. Their boundaries may
be traced in the adult, which is the case with few of the bones of the skull.
Behind the bullae appear the paroccipitals and mastoids. The glenoid fossae
are of large size, especially long antero-posteriorly, broad ood shallow, nearly
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568
MONOOIiAPHS OF NORTH AMEBIOAN BODENTIA.
plane lengthwise, but much arched in the opposite direction. To the outer
side of the glenoid fossae, the zygomata form a broad flat expansion or horizontal
plate, which widely separates the ends of the malars from each other,
and largely increases the zygomatic width of the skull, so conspicuous in
this species. Nothing of the sort is seen in Arctomys, Sciurus, etc., where
the zygomatic process of the squamosal bends downward from the outer
border of the glenoid ; while, in Haplodon, it forms a broad horizontal shelf
for articulation to the malar (f). At any rate, the broad plate is there, but
how much of it is squamosal and how niuch is malar, the obliterutiun of the
suture prevents me from determining. .
The occipital view of the skull is flat, more or less perpendicular, though,
especially in younger skulls with decided forward-upward obliquity, two or
more times as wide as high, with the general contour of a low isosceles triangle.
The straightness of the basal line is chiefly broken by the downward projec-
tion of well-developed paroccipital processes; the upper outline curves as
already described, in speaking of the superior view of the skulls. The general
surface is a|>proximately plane as well as perpendicular, though appearing
depressed at the sides, owing to the projecting of the flange-like occipital
ridge. A considerable portion of the back walls of the bullae auditorise appears
upon this plane of the skull, as irregularly quadrilateral plates bounded
exteriorly by the mastoids, interiorly by the paroccipitals, and them^lves
forming a part of the superior border of the occipital plane on each side. The
foramen magnum appears mostly in the plane of the occiput, its lower margin
merely making a shallow emargination of the base of the skull (more con-
spicuous in youngish than in old skulls). Tiic perpendicular portion of the
orifice is subcirrnlar, but somewhat broader than high ; its upper semicir-
cumference is thin-edged, the rest being occupied by the condyles, the
articular surfaces of which arc remarkably narrow for their length, and
closely approximate to each other inferiorly.
As well as can be judged without actual measurement, the capacity of
the cranium is decidedly smaller, in com|>arison with the rest of the skull,
than ii Sciurus proper, or even such a form as Cynomys; nevertheless, there
does not appear to be much difference in this respect between the cranium
of Haplodon and that of Arctomys. Viewed from the inside, the walls of the
brain-cavity show a decided impression for the cerebellum, distinguished by
un arched ridge from the cerebral impressions, while the petrosals oiTer a
larg'j 8ul>circular prominence with two conspicuous perforations.
■jjj,;-
HAPLODONTID^— SKULL OP HAPLODOK RUFDS.
569
The lower jaw, as Richardsoa originally observed, is altogether heavier
Uian usual among Roden s ; and it is peculiar in the condition of the descend-
ing process, which in this case is a b'oad, flat plate, so far twisted around that
it is horizontal, and its back edge is a straight transverse line. When the
two halves of the jaw are separated, each will stand alone upright ujXin the
table, supported by this broad plate, which has twice the width of any other
part of the jaw. When the two halves of the jaw are in situ, the distance
across from tip to tip of these plates equals the distance from each of them
to the ends of the incisors; so that the three extreme points of the whole
jaw represent the angles of an equilateral triangle ; while the imier corners
of these plates arc only separated by a distance equal to the molar interspace.
From the back outer corner of this plate, which is knobbed, and represents
the angle of the jaw proper, there sweeps up to the condyle with gentle
concavity the edge of a thin plate, which trends strongly obliquely inward
and forward as well as upward, so far is the angle of the jaw carried out from
the general axis of the bone. The inner end of this plate rounds off to the
body of the bone ; it projects so far inward that it is separated from its fellow
by a distance only equal to the intermolar space. The condylar process is
rather low, rising upward vertically in one plane, but with strong backward
ol)liquity (about 45° from the plane of the molar crowns). The articular
head is nodular, with some posterior prolongation, excepting which latter it
is rather broader across than in the longitudinal direction. The coronoid
process is very conspicuous, reaching far abore the condyle ; it is a thin
vertical lamina, broadly falciform, with the ape:(, which is not as high as the
convex edge anterior to it, twisted somewhat outward. The anterior border
of this plate forms a letter S, very convex above where it curves almost semi-
circularly over to the apex, less strongly concave below where it sinks into
the body of the bone. Similarly, the emargination between the condyle and
apex of the coronoid is nearly semicircular. The body of the jaw, on the
outer side, opposite the middleof the molar series, shows a strong oblique ridge,
indicating the limit of the muscular impression. There is a large foramen
at the base of the condylar process on the inner sidei the mental foramen
is situated on the outer side, midway betweeti the molars and the incisors.
It is to be regretted that the maturity of all the specimens (5 in number)
examined prevents recognition of most of the individual bones of the skull,
most of the sutures being already obliterated. The part taken by the malar
570
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
>■'"'■■' ■:
ill tire formation of the zygoma, vvhicli often affords, especially by its anterior
connections with maxillary or lachrymal, or both, valuable indications of
affinity among Rodents, remains unknown. I can discern no trace of the
sutures. I conjecture, however, from the line of fracture of an accrdentully
broken specimen, that the malar is anteriorly wedged ))etween two (anterior
and posterior) zygomatic processes of the maxillary, and extends nearly or
quite up to the lachrymal, — a supposition strengthened by the observed state
of the parts in Cynomys and Arctomys, tor example. Similarly, I am of
opinion that posteriorly the end of the malar will be found to represent the
prominent angle or corner of the zygomatic arch, being splinted underneath
a horizontal forward spur of the squamosal. The malar helps to define the
brim of the bony orbit by a small projection from its upper edge near the
fore end ; this is better marked in younger skulls, being obsolete or nearly so
in very old ones. With only aged skulls before him, Baird recognized a
lachrymal in a tubercle at the fore upper corner of the orbit ; in a younger
specimen, I sec nearly the whole contour of a large lachrymal, lying mostly
within the orbit, as a thin scale, thickening only at the ed^je to form the
nodule just mentioned ; it has a conspicuous canal. The suture of the
palatal plates of the maxillnries and palatines will probably be found opposite
the interspace between the last and penultimate molars. Anteriorly, the
maxillo-premaxiliary and fronto-maxillary sutures are preserved in one speci-
men ; the former encircling the rostrum below and laterally, then trending
obliquely backward as it mounts toward the forehead ; the latter being a short
backward-outward suture opposite the site of the lachrymal. Owing to the
narrowness of the nasals posteriorly, the premaxillaries gain the top of the
skull in a considerable area ; their suture with the frontal is a straight trans-
verse line continuous with the similar naso-frontal suture. Thus the frontal
bone ends squarely in a straight line across the forehead, with prominent lateral
angles for!i.<id by the fronto-maxillary sutures. The nasals, like the pre-
nuixillarios, arc perfectly distinct all around ; their shape has been already
noted. For the rest, the auditory bullae are the oiily other bones whose
whole periphery can be observed in the specimens before me; their remarkable
tubular prolongation from a globular base has been sufficiently described
above.
Vertebral co/«/«».~Formula :— C. 7; D. 13; L. 6 ; 8.6; Cd. 11 = 42
vertei)r8e. In life, in a usual position, the backbone from atlas to end of
HAPLODONTID^— VERTEBRA OF HAPLODON RUPUS.
571
sacrum presents the usual sinuate S-shape ; but the arch of the back and hips
is a long, gradual convexity, while the reverse convexity of the fore part of
the column, from about the midway dorsal point to the head, is abrupt and
strong, the column sinking deeply between the shoulders and then rising
almost perpendicularly, as if the animal habitually carried its head thrown up.
This great dip of the anterior dorsal and posterior cervical vertebrae, how-
ever, is not visible in Ihe external contour of the animal, owing to the bulk
of the cervical muscles, which completely fill up the depression between the
shoulders and the occiput. The several divisions of the spinal column are
well marked by various easily recognized characters.
The cervical vertebrae are seven in number, as usual in Mammals ; of
these, only the intermediate three are quite similar to each other, the first two
and the last two having each their peculiar features. The centra of the 3d
to 7th vertebrae are equally short, much shorter than the body of the 2d
(axis) ; they increase regularly from 3d to 6th, the 7th being abruptly nar-
rower (about as broad as the 4th) ; they are all strongly flattened underneath.
The spinous processes of the 3d to 6th are simple, and regularly graduated in
length, decreasing from before backward ; the spine of the 7th is abruptly
hmger, and more like one of the dorsal spines ; all these cervical spines are
much slenderer, and all but the 7th are much shorter than the great stout nod-
ular and ridged spinous process of the 2d (axis). The "oblique" articular
processes (zygapophyses) of all the cervical vertebrae, excepting the atlas, are
substantially alike. The "transverse" (here supposed to be conjoined di- and
pleur-apophyses) processes of the axis and four succeeding (2d to 6th) ver-
tebrae are substantially alike, being slender, horizontal, back', ardly-pn -ecting.
their two roots enclosing the vertebrarterial canal; but the iasi, such process,
on the 6th bone, is transverse instead of oblique to the axis of the column,
and moreover develops from the under side of its root a special process pro-
jecting obliquely downward and backward, no trace of which is seen on any
other vertebra. The atiaii is a simple ring of ordinary characters ; slenderest
in front, in the position of the centrum of other vertebrae ; deeply impressed
anteriorly with the articular facets for the occipital condyles, bearing on the
other side the flatter but miore prominent and more strongly margined facets
for the axis ; the impression of the odontoid process of the lattei upon the
middle of the ring is scarcely perceptible. A slight eminence upon t\:° back
of the ring stands in place of the spinous processes of the other cervioals.
572
MONOGRAPHS OF KOBTH AMERICAN BOD&NTIA.
f^sV' i
There are broad flange-like lateral plates or processes, perforate, as usual, for
arterial canals. The axis d'.s Rlops a stout, erect spine, overtopping that of
any other cervical excepting tiie 7th ; it is compressed, prominently and
sharply ridged anteriorly ; ridged, but less sharply and prominently, behind ;
and its apex is tuberculate. The centrum is small and much flattened ; the
odontoid is well marked, and all the front of the body of the bone, including
tlie inferior aspect of the odontoid, presents a continuous articular surface for
the atlas. The articular facets for the 3d cervical scarcely represent processes,
being simply borne upon the bases of the neural laminee. The delicate
"transverse" processes are largely fenestrate with the circular vertebrarterial
foramina. The aixik cervical is peculiar in the points mentioned above. The
seventh cervical, as in human anatomy, is a "vertebra prominens", its spine
being abruptly longer than that of the preceding bone ; it is more than half
as long as that of the first dorsal, which, in general appearance, it resembles
closely. In other points, this last cervical foreshadows the dorsal series, lis
transverse process stands straight out from the axis of the column, like that
of the 6th cervical, instead of obliquely backward, as in the rest of the cer-
vical series, and is notably longer than any antecedent one. The centrum is
abruptly narrower than the body of the 6th cervical, beginning that com-
pression and cylindricity which marks the dorsal and lumbar series. Further-
more, and chiefly, this lost cervical vertebra is "dorsal" in character, in (a)
possessing no vertebrarterial canal, and (6) in bearing on the posterior border
of its centrum a demi-facet which takes equal share with that of the Ist dorsal
in the articulation of the 1st rib.
Of the thirteen dorsals, the 1st is mainly discriminated from the last
cervical by the presence on the apex of the transverse process of a cupped
facet for the articulation of the tubercle of the 1st rib ; for we have just seen
how closely the last cervical simulates characters of a dorsal, even to taking
its share in bearing a rib. Its spine is, however, abruptly still longer ; its
transverse process is altogether stouter (besides bearing a facet) ; and its
body is narrower, longer, and more nearly cylindrical. The last (13th) dorsal
is distinguished from the Ist lumbar by presence of the facet for the last rib,
and by total lack of a small anterior prolongation or point of the "transverse"
process, wliich is readily recognizable upon the anterior lumbar, and becomes
very conspicuous on succeeding bones of that series. The centra of the dor-
sals grow longer, narrower, and more protuberant inferiorly from the Ist to
HAPLODONTID-ffl— VERTEBRiB OF HAPLODON RUFUS.
57?
about the middle of the series, when, with still increasing length, they also
widen again and gradually assume the slight hourglass-like contraction, which
is more ;;onspicuous in the lumbar series. The centra all bear costiferous
demi facets, one at each end, to the 9th, which has only one such demi-facet
on the fore end, and none on the other (as well as can be determined in the
dried state of the bones examined) ; the last four (10th to 13th) have full
facets upon their fore ends. The spinous processes of the anterior half-
dozen dorsals are long, slender, compressed, tapering to a knobbed point,
excepting the 1st one, which ends acute, and is abruptly shorter than the
next ; the 2d to 6th are subequal and longest ; all these slender acute spines
incline strongly backward, and are packed closely in the concavity of this part
of the spinal column. On the 7th vertebra, the character of the spinous
processes begins to change ; they shorten rapidly in vertical length, and at the
same time lengthen horizontally, becoming erect and laminar instead of
acuminate, thus merging insensibly into the vertically short, horizontally long,
rectangular, plate- like spines of the lumbar region.
The " transverse " processes of the dorso-lumbar vertebrae offer a means
of distinguishing between the two series as readily as does the presence of
true ribs in one and their absence in the other, whether we pay attention
to the homologies of the various elemer/ .s of which these processes are re-
spectively composed, or simply regard their physical appearance. The dt)rsal
diapophysis proper, by which I mean that portion of the complex " trans-
verse '' process whicb bears a facet for articulation with the tubercle of a rib,
is most projecting on the 1st dorsal, and bears a cupped facet; this process
regularly diminishes in length, and in the concavity (soon lost) of its facet,
to the 10th vertebra, and is entirely wanting, to all appearance, on the lith to
13^h vertebrae, with which the corresponding ribs have no connection except
by means of the respective centra. From the upper surfaces of these
diapophyses, excepting the 1st one, springs another series of processes, which
begins with the 2d dorsal as a simple spur, directed backward, upward, and
outward ; these rapid^, increase in size with successive vertebree, and with
the 6th acquire a new character, becoming expanded and plate-like, and
developing an anterior spur as well as retaining the original posterior one.
The formation grows more distinct on succeeding vertebree to the 10th. A
decided excavation of circular shape lies on the under side of this plate ; the
anterior corner overlies (he pre-zygapophysis of its own vertebra, and the post-
0
II -..i.
FiM
674
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
zygapophysis of any preceding vertebra is thus received in the recess between
pre-zygapophysis and its overarching process. I r.tn uncertain of the lioinology
of this process tlius surmounting the true diapophysis ; but it may he sup-
posed to include both anapophysial and metapophysial elements. Owen says
(Anat. Vert, ii, 365) that in Rodentia " the met- and un-apophyses commence
by a common tubercle at the fore part of the dorsal series : the anapophysis
begins to be distinct at the back part of the series, and the metapophyses to
project from above the anterior zygapophysis ; botli processes are usually
well developed in the posterior dorsal and lumbar vertebrae ; the diapophysis
subsides in the posterior dorsals, and is lengthened in the lumbars by a coal-
esced riblet (pieurapoj)hysis) ". Whatever the theoretical homologies may
be in this case, the actual formation is as above given ; the structure changes
suddenly on the 11th dorsal, from which point backward on the 12th and
13th dorsals, and several succeeding lumbars, both anapophyses and meta-
pophyses may be recognized, separate from each other and distinct from the
probably di-pleur-apophyses of the lumbars, which, with the anapophyses,
constitute the so-called transverse processes of the lumbar series. On the
11th dorsal, the last vestige of a true dia|)ophysis has disappeared, and with
it has gone (he above-described plate of bone, which surmounted it in the
antecedent dorsals. The side of the bone becomes smooth and erect ; a long,
pointed anapophysis projects from the hinder border of the bone, lying
parallel with the axis of the spinal column. A small, though undoubted
metapophysis is given off from the pre-zygapophysis, and such metapophysis
and pre-zygapophysis are together locked in between the anapophysis and
post-zygapophysis of the antecedent vertebra. Coincidently with tliis modi-
fication, the planes of the articular faces of the zygapophyses change from
nearly horizontal to nearly vertical; rendering the sum of the differences
between tlio 10th and 11th dorsals greater than that subsisting between the
last dorsal acid the first lumbar, even taking into consideration the different
formation of the transverse processes of the lumbar series. Such formation
continues through the remainder of the dorsal series.
In the lumbar series, we directly meet, on the 1st lumbar, with a differ-
ently constituted " transverse" process. The ribs having ended witii the last
dorsal, the lumbars develop at once a lateral plate-like " transverse " process,
which may be theoretically regarded as a di-pleur-apophysis. This plate
increases in size with successive lumbars, projects with each one more and
HAPLODONTIDiB— VEBTBBBiB OF HAPLODON KUFUS.
575
more obliquely forward, becomes more and more horizontal, and narrows in
the fore-and-afl direction coincidently with its increase in lateral projection.
Metapophyses, as distinct as those of the posterior dorsals, continue unchanged
in appearance part way through the lumbar series. The long acute nnti-
pophyses which continue to be given off from the posterior extremities of the
" transverse" processes gradually shorten to the 4th lumbar, and are abruptly
suppressed on the 5th and 6th, where the " transverse " process appears as a
simple, &lcate, acute process, projecting horizontally outward with strong
forward obliquity. For the rest, the centra of the lumbars are stouter, with
more hour-glass constriction than those of the dorsal vertebrse, and the pinch-
ing of their sides develops a lengthwise median ridge on the under side.
The spinous processes maintain their laminar character throughout ; they
increase both in length and height to the middle of tite series, then decrease
in length, but continue to increase in height throughout the series ; the
anterior ones are perpendicular, as on the last dorsals ; there is a gradually
increasing backward obliquity to the end of the series. The zygapophyses,
both pre- and post-, rise higher and higher with successive lumbars. TJie
last lumbar is entirely embraced between the anteriorly projecting ilia.
The sacrum consists of five vertebrae, perfectly anchylosed, yet retaining
evident traces of its composition. The two anterior vertebrse are mucli
larger than the other three, which abruptly decrease in size. The former
alone join the ilia ; their lateral elements are completely fused with each
other and with the centra, forming an indistinguishable mass, the outer
roughened surface of which constil 'estbe sacro-iliac synchondrosis. Their
spinous processes are, however, distinct from each other, and from those of
the smaller succeeding vertebne ; the spines of which latter are, on the other
hand, fused into a continuous ridge, as is also the case with their lateral pro-
cesses. There are five pairs of intervertebral foramina on the face of the
sacrum, the anterior pair much the largest, the posterior lying between the
last sacral and first caudal ; the corresponding apertures upon the convexity
of the sacrum are less conspicuous, though still discernible. The osseous
ridge denoting the line of fused zygapophyses is plainly traceable ; the pre-
zygapophysis of the 6rst sacral bears a distinct facet, for movable articulation
with the last lumbar. The sacrum is less than one and a half inches long, even
measuring the produced pre-zygapophyses, and therefore much shorter than
the ilia, which project far in front of it; it ends opposite the posterior margin
576
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
.a
of the acetabulum. The axis of the neural canal, like that of the spinous
processes, is gently convex ; but such is the disparity in size between the
two anterior and three succeeding centra that the face of the bone is strongly
concave.
The caudal vertebne ore eleven in number, of which the first six are per-
forate with a neural canal, the remainder being imperforate. The series meas-
ures one and three-fourths inches, only about half of which length projects
from the body to constitute the tail-measurement of zoologists. There is no
trace of spinous processes on any of these coccygeals, the superior median
line being formed by the neural arches, apparently bifid in front, where the
forking pre-zygapophyses embrace the less-produced post-zygapophyses ; with
the subsidence of these formations on the 7th caudal, the vertebrae articulate
by their centra alone. The transverse processes, of undetermined homology,
are all distinct from each other as far as they occur at all ; they are largest on
the 2d caudal, whore they form thin horizontal plates as long as the body of
the bone, triangular in outline, the prominent angle posterior. The centra
successively decrease in size in every dimension, from first to last ; no pro-
cesses of any sort are fairly recognizable after the 9th vertebra,and the terminal
one is a minute, conical, acute bone about one-tenth of an inch long.
Thorax. — ^This is strongly conical, much contracted anteriorly, dilated
and capacious posteriorly in that portion which lies behind the sternum, cov-
ering abdominal organs. The sternum is about two inches long and very nar--
row, except at the top. It consists of six sternebers of nearly the same width
(excepting the manubrium), but successively graduated in length. The inter-
mediate pieces are similar to each other in their somewhat hourglass-shape,
being constricted in the continuity, expanded at each end ; the outer surface
has a more or less conspicuous longitudinal median ridge ; the inner surface
is flat. The last sterneber, or xiphoid, ends with a flat rounded extremity,
supplemented by a very slight cartilage, if any. The manubrium is much the
largest of the sternebers, with the best marked longitudinal ridge on its
exterior face, and much the strongest lateral processes for articulation with
the first pair of ribs, the bone being here more than two-thirds as broad as
long. There is a distinct episternal process, like a flat, oval disk, sessile on
top of the manubrium, bearing lateral facets for articulation with the clavicles,
which is eifected with the interposition of well-marked inter-articular fibro-
cartilages.
nAPLODONTID^— THOUAX OF HAPLODON RUFUS.
r)77
There are thirteen pairs of ribs. Tlic first ten ribs articulate (loubly
with the spinal culumn by both head and tubercle ; the last three by the head
alone, there being no processes for articulation with a tubercle on the last
three dorsal vertebrie. The first nine ribs articulate l)y domi-facets at the
ends of the centra of two contiguous vertebrre, the first dcnii-fucel being upon
the seventh cermcul; the last four ribs articulate by full facets upon tlje ante-
rior margin of the corresponding last four dorsals. Seven ribs join the
sternum by means of their respective costal cartilages ; the first articulating p,t
the top of the manubrium with the apices of the lateral process, the second
to sixth at the successive nodes between two sternebers, while the end of the
seventh reaches the sternum at the same point as the sixth, perhaps without
true articulation, and certainly having no separate place of jointure. The
eighth falls but little short of the sternum ; the rest rapidly shorten. All
the ribs bear costal cartilages, excepting, possibly, the thirteenth (last) one,
which appears destitute of one. Taken either with or without their respect-
ive cartilages, the ribs rapidly increase in length from the first to the seventh
or eighth, and then less rapidly decrease again, though the last, apparently a
mere spicule without a cartilage, is obruptly shorter than the twelfth. Their
curvature decreases continuously from first to last, and, in the same ratio, dis-
tinctness of parts, including obliquity of neck to main shaft, diminishes; their
tenuity increases from ,st t<i last. The bony part of the first rib is only
half an inch long; the cartilaginous part is half as much more; these together
complete about a semicircle. The bony part of the eighth is over two inches
long; its cartilage is about one and three-fourths inches. On the anterior ribs,
the neck stands very obliquely away from the shaft, the capitulum and tuber-
cle being both well marked. On the succeeding ribs which join the sternum,
the neck simply continues the general curve of the shaft, here very consider-
able. On the floating ribs, the neck similarly continues straight from the
shaft, but the curvature is very slight. The under surface of most of the
ribs shows the groove for the vessels ; the posterior border is sharp ; the
anterior rounded ; the sternal extremity expands and flattens (especially on the
more posterior ribs) for the ariiculation of the respective cartilages.
Scapular arch. — The clavicle, about 1.10 long, is perfect, with articula-
tion at each end ; it is somewhat /-shaped in one profile, considerably curved,
ns well as flattened, at the ocromial end, which terminates with oblique artic-
ular face— the flattened part a little convex on one side and flat on the other —
37 M
\"
j'%1
\r
578
MONOORAPlia OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA.
and knobbed at the sternal extremity, where the cross-section would be
decidedly triangular.
The scapula is about 1.75 inches long by 0.90 broad at the widest part,
and presents numerous well-marked features. The general contour is that of
an inequilateral triangle with the postero-superior corner rounded off, and the
anterior angle pro(?uced into a neck. The lower border, which is much the
longest, is nearly straight ; the jwsterior curves gently upward and forward,
and is as long as the superior, which, at first convex, then curves with con-
cave outline to the superior border of the glenoid. The ventral surface is
uneven, being marked by a median line of impression, indicating the root of
the spine on the opposite face, and by two radiating ridges on either side of the
median line ; while there are also two other ridges, one running the whole
length of the superior border, the other marking a small part of the inferior
border near the postero-inferior angle. Thus the l)ed of the subscapularis
muscle is divided by these four ridges into three compartments. The dorsum
of the blade is quite smooth and nearly flat ; the very prominent spine, run-
ning the whole length of the bone, divides this surface into an upper, broader
but shorter, and an under, longer but narrow, portion for the supraspinatus
and infraspinatus muscles respectively. The plate of the spine is perpendic-
ular to the body of the bone ; its free edge is strongly convex throughout, the
height of the spine at its middle being nearly as great as at its acromial end,
and somewhat sinuous from deflection of the plane of the spine out of the
perpendicular; tlie greatest height is about 0..50, or more than half the
greatest width of the bone. At its fore end, the spine develops a well
marked prominent acromial process, reaching forward and upward, the plane
of which is twisted nearly at right angles with that of the rest of the spine.
The fore edge of the spine is a strongly concave line running from the neck
of the scapula to the apex of the acromion. The neck of the bone is well
marked ; the lower part of the shallow glenoid fossa is nearly circular, but
tiic articular surface is much produced above, giving a somewhat pyriform
shape to the outline of the whole cavity. There is a conspicuous coracoid,
projecting hook-like from the supero-interior corner of the glenoid.
Bones of the fore limb. — The humerus, about 1.75 long, is a stout bone,
straight on the whole, but with numerous salient points and ridges. The
articular head, rather less than hemispherical, and not circular in section,
being longer than wide, is sunken between prominent greater and lesser
)^^m:-:.
nArLODONTIDiS-LIMB BONES OF nAPLODON RUFD8.
579
trochanteric tuberosities, without appreciable neck. There is a strong dolloid
ridge, running down from the greater or external tul)crosity, and terminating in
a stout, prominent, roughened tubercle just above the middle of the shaft, from
which a slighter ridge runs down to the inner side of the ulnar articular
facet. Below, the bone flattens and widens laterally to a breadth of O.CO.
From tho external condyle, a sharp ridge curves backward and upward to
subside on the shaft at the middle of the latter; the inner condyle project-
ing laterally much farther from the articular facet than the outer one, though
no such condylar ridge is prolonged up the shaft of the bone. This condyle
is perforated with a large canal, oval in section, formed by a bony trabecule
thrown acrosis in front. The ulnar portion of the articular facet, lying in the
main axis of the bone, constitutes, as usual, a simple ginglymoid joint, being
very convex antero-posteriorly, concave in the opposite direction ; its inner
edge is ridged, its outer continuous with the radial articular surface, which
latter is convex in all directions, just above the joint, at the back of the
bone, there is the usual pit for the reception of a process of the ulna ; but
the bone is not here perforate, though very thin. The position of the articular
surfaces allows strong flexion of the forearm, but scarcely jjcrmits complete
extension.
The ulna, two inches or more long, presents a strong olecranon extend-
ing back of the joint to a distance greater than the length of the articular
surface. The latter is a semicircular nick, very oblique in position with refer-
ence to the axis of the bone ; the facet for the articulation of the radios is
distinct. On its inner face, the shaft is deeply grooved for the reception of
the radius, which lies in close ap|K)sition with the ulna for the m hole of its
own length ; but the ulnar groove contmues up beyond the head oi the radius.
On the inner face of the bone, a somewhat similar groove runs from the side
of the olecranon past the joint, but soon becomes obsolete. The ulna ends
below with a simple conical extremity, which takes but little share in the
formation of the wrist-joint.
The radius, about 1.60 long, lies close to the ulna its whole length ; the
shaft is much bent outward ; the head is oval in section, with a cupped
facet for humeral articulation, and smooth, convex, lateral facet for the ulnar
joint. The tubercle for insertion of the biceps is recognizable. The lower
extremity is enlarged, bearing an ovul facet, the outer corner of which is
produced as a slight process. Notwithstanding the restriction of motion
^ll II
i 1'
I? ■■
S 1
r)80
MONOOItAPnS OF NORTH AMICUIOAN ItODKNTIA.
wliich tlie close apposition of the iilnn and radius would indicate, the rela-
tions of thoir various articular surfiices arc tlie same as those in cases where
pronation and supination are perfect, and such movements are doubtless con-
siderable in extent.
Manus. — The carpah are nine in number, in two rows, four in the proximal
and five in the distal series. The first bone of the proximal series, on the
radial side, develops a large, flat, falcate process as long as the Ist meta-
carpal, against which it lies ; this process supports the outer one of the two
large palmar tubercles at the radial side of the hand.* The second bone of
this series, lunare if not scapholunure, is also of great size, irregularly semi-
lunar in shape, with an oval convex facet, which forms most of the radio-
carpal articulation. The outer two bones are much smaller. In the distal
row, one of the five bones is probably an "os intermedium "; this and three of
the others are extremely small; the remaining larger bone is somewhat
uncinate.
There are five metacarpals, of which the 1st is much shorter than the rest,
and directed obliquely away from them ; the others are approximately parallel ;
the ratio of their lengths is 3d, 4th, 2d, 5th, the last shortest. There is the
normal number of j)kalanges — two in the pollex, three in each of the other
digits.
Pelvis. — The sacral portion of the pelvis has already been described
with the vertebrsE. The^/t'/« is rather long, narrow, and parallel-sided, about
two and a half inches long from apex of ilia to the opposite extremity. The
general axis of each innominate bone is straight. The ilia project about one-
fourth of their length in advance of the sae.um (which terminates oJ)po8ite the
posterior border of the iicetabula) ; their anterior prolongations embrace the
whole of the last lumbar vertebra. The ilia are narrow trihedral bones.curving
anteriorly outward, and somewhat clubbed at the extremity ; tlie edges are
all sharp, but the superior border is especially prominent ; the outer surface
is concave; the other two faces of the bone are flatter, the internal being
roughened for the sacro-iliac synchondrosis. The shaft of the bone is con-
stricted just above the acetabulum, though still markedly triangular in section.
The acetabula are deeply cupped, surrounded by a prominent rim, except
posteriorly, where the lip of the cup sinks into a deep notch. The ischial
™* In the Beaver, there is said to be a liage " accessory " cvpal ossicle. It may be tbat the bona
hero (lescribi!!) is the lioniologons osKiulo of HaplodM, which, if siilistuntiatud, wonld furnish additional
evidence of aflinity lietweeu this genns and Cantor.
llAPLOUONTIDiE— LIMB DONES OF nAPM)I)ON KDFU8. 581
nnd i>ul)ic rnmi ciicIubc a very lnrg(M>l)tiirnt()r foraiiu-ii, of i<iil)triungiilnrHhnpo,
but with all the corners rounded olF. 'JMie " liorizoiit'ir' ami "descending",
in this case nearly anterior and posterior, rami of the pubis, are about equally
slender, notably more bo than the ischium ; tlie descending ramus is at a right
angle with the ischium. There is a well-developed tuberosity of the ischium,
but no notch in the bone above it. The pubic symphysis is short, and the
connection of the iiones slight.
Bones of the hind limb. — The femur is a stout straight bone about two
inches long, the shaft: much flattened, the distinction of parts at cither extrem-
ity well marked. The globular head represents more than a hemisphere ; it
stands oiT from the shafit at an angle of about 45°, upon a constricted but
short neck. It bears a well-marked pit, denoting the insertion of the liga-
nientum teres. The trochanter major is very prominent, rising as high as the
head of the bone, a deep notch intervening; there is a conspicuous fossa on
its posterior face, while from its outer as|>ect a prominent "glula-al" ridge
runs nearly half way down the shaft of the bone, like the corresponding
"deltoid" ridge of the humerus. There is a strongly marked lesser trochanter —
a tubercle on the postero-interna! aspect of the shaft, just below the neck of
the bone, prolonged downward as a sharp ridge. No third trochanter is
recognizable. The condyles are well formed ; the inner is larger than the
outer, reaching farther down, especially farther back, and being decidedly
thicker across; its articular surface is, however, narrower. Behind, the con-
dyles are separated by a deep notch; in front, a trochlear surface (l)road
groove) for the play of the patella reaches far above the portion of tlie joint
which entera-into the tibial articulation proper.
There is a large sesamoid bone in the knee-joint, i\\G patella being one-
third of an inch long, of conico-triangular shape, with smooth concavo-con-
vex posterior face for articulation with the femond trochlear groove which
surmounts the condyles in front.
Of the two bones of tlie crus, the tibia alone enters into, the construction
of the knee-joint, the head of the fibula being much below the articulation.
The tibia, as long as the femur or slightly exceeding it in length, is straight
when viewed from the front, but from the side shows a decided /-shape,
having an anterior convexity above and corresponding posterior bend below.
The lower half of the shaft is smooth and cylindrical, but the upper develops
two large crests, one anterior, like the '.'spine" of the human shin-bone, the
r I-
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Ill
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m.m^
I
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582
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
other directly posterior ; the latter shorter than the former, but tliinner and
sharper-edged. The inner expanded surface of the bone between these two
crests is smooth and convex ; tiie opposite side presents two hollowed surfaces
(the posterior one especially excavated) divided by a ridge which runs out to
the point of tibio-tibular articulation. The head of the bone on top is trian-
gular, the anterior angle represented by the tuberosity for attachment of the
extensor tendon. The great part of this space is occupied by the articular
facets, of oval shape, the cuter one rather larger than the inner, the two being
separated almost entirely by an intervening non-articular groove. The most
])roiuberant outer corner of the head of the bone bears a small cupped oval
facet, entirely separate from the knee-joint, for the articulation of the fibula.
The enlarged lower extremity has its articular face divided antero-posteriorly
by a ridge into two principal facets ; similarly, the inner malleolus is emargin-
ate, presenting two (an anterior and posterior) bony prominences instead of
a single directly lateral nodule of bone.
The Jlbula, so important a bone for purposes of classification among
Rodents, is here perfect and entirely free from bony connection with the tibia.
Nevertheless, in its lower fourth or third it is closely apposed to the tibia
(that portien of the tibia which bends outward and backward) and firmly
bound in such position, apparently capable of little, if any, independent move-
ment. I have not taken occasion to examine for myself the state of the parts
in Castor; but in that animal, in which the fibula is apparently described with
l>ropriety as "perfect" and "free", bony union is said to sometimes occur
in old individuals; and I should not be surprised if such were the case with
Haplodon also. But, in any event, such superimposed, or, so to speak, fortui-
tous and progressive consolidation, is not to be confounded with the complete
true anchylosis which is characteristic of the Myomorpha. The fibula is a
perfectly straight bone (excepting a slight inclination toward ihe tibia below),
with very slender shaft, less than two inches long, with an enlarged narrowly
ovai liead, only a small part of which is articular, and with a well-formed,
irregularly triangular malleolus, the inner aspect of which forms part of the
ankle-joint. A small extent of the shaft is roughened for ligamentous connec-
ti(m with the tibia opposite a similar and more extensive roughened space on
the latter bone.
Pes. — There are eight true tarsal bones, besides a supplementary ossicle
which I do not recognize. The larg^ calcaneum reaches far back; the
HAPLODONTID^—VISCERA OF HAPLODON BUFUS.
583
anterior extremity is somewhat three-pronged ; the inner anterior corner
forms a broad shelf, upon which the inner half of the astragalus is imposed.
The astragalus has a well-marked trochlear surface for the tibia, and a large
forward projection, or plate-like process, upon the convex oval extremity of
which the lenticular naviculare is articulated by a cupped facet. A large os
intermedium or centrale is wedged in between the naviculare and the row of
cuneiform bones. The latter are three in number, side by side, bearing upon
their proximal faces the centrale, and supporting at their distal ends the 1st,
2d, and 3d metatarsals. An irregularly nodular cuboid supports the 4tli and
5th metatarsals. On the inner side of the inner cuneif<»-me, and at the base
of the 1st metatarsal, may be observed a small flattened p.nd somewliat semi-
lunar ossicle close-pressed to the side of the foot
There are five metatarsals ; the three intermediate ones are of approxi-
mately equal lengths ; the 5th is a little shorter, the 1st shorter still, but not
so much reduced as the 1st metacarpal. The head of the 2d metatarsal is
lucked in a recess between the two lateral cuneiform bones.
There are fourteen phalangeal bones, disposed as in the band ; two to the
hallux, three apiece to the other digits.
The "s hyoides and os penis are described in speaking of the soft parts
of the organs to which they respectively pertain.
D. — DESCRIPTION OF THE VISCERA.
Heart. — The heart is an inch long, not peculiar in shape. Both auricles
arc very distinct, standing flap-like away from the ventricles, or only con-
nected by a constricted pedicellate base, especially the left one. In the state
observed, they were engorged with blood-clot ; the ventricles were empty.
The right ventricle is much thinner-walled than the left ; the aorta arches to
the left over the pulmonary artery, wh'ch •; *irst is directed to the left., and
then backward beneath the arch of the aorta, a^., ' which it divides to right
and left, proceeding to the lungs.
Respiratory organs. — There is a well-developed larynx, u, which the
principal parts are completely cartilaginous. The thyroid is the largest of
thece, somewhat semilunar in general outline, but with a median superior
projection, median inferior emargination, and rather long, slender postero-
inferior corners, which are firmly attached to the lower border of tiie
cricoid at each side of the latter. The cricoid is large, stout, and completely
i •
584
MONOGRAPHS OF NOUTU AMUBICAN UODEHTIA.
cartilaginous, — tlie only cartilage that entirely surrounds the wind-pipe. It is
infundibuliform, the diameter of the ring being considerably greater above
than below ; and it is not so high in front as behind, where it bears the ary-
tenoids. These are well developed, entirely cartilaginous, and of an irregular
shape, impossible to describe concisely; when in mutual apposition, they
reach nearly half way ncioss the top of the cricoid ring.
The ttachea is flattened, especially behind, and diminishes somewhat in
calibre as it passes down, ending in the bronchia with a simple bifurcation.
None of the tracheal rings are cartilaginous posteriorly, the membranous por-
tion being nearly the semi-circumference. These half-rings are about thirty
in number; of tlie similar bronchial half-rings, there are five or six to the
first bifurcation. The tracheal cartilages are not regular, either in position,
size, or shape ; some are not directly transverse to the axis of the tube ; some
are thicker than other::; and some are partially divided into two on this or
that side. The tube is about two inches long. The left bronchus is rather
longer than the right.
The lungx appear to be very small in comparison with the size of the ani-
mal. In the collapsed state observed, and with the lobes placed as nearly as
possible in the natural position, the lefl lung was less than one and a half inches
long ; the right was a little more. The two differ remarkably in their lobation
(at least ii. the specimen examined). The lefl lung consists of only two lobes,
the lower much larger than the upper ; they are almost completely sepcrated,
only connected l)y a thin band of parenchymatous tissue ; each receives a fork
of the bronchus. The right lung is n:uch more complicoted, being divided
into four very di Mnct lobes, each of which receives its own branch of the
I)ronchu8 ; as in the case of the lort lung, the parenchymatous connection of
the lobes is slight. The third lobe counting from above is the principal one,
representing more than a moiety of the lung. Above and to the front of this
main lobe, overlying it much as the auricles of a heart rest upon the ventricles,
are two small narrow and thin lobes, side by side, of about equal size and
similar shape. The fourth lobe lies on the inner back side of the main one,
and eqtmls it in length ; but it is very thin and " straggling ", having about the
same capacity as one of the small upper lobes. This lobe has but the slightest
parenchymatous connection with the main lobe, and is furthermore itself
lol)ulate<l.
Digestive organs. — Within the apparent edges of the lips short fine
HAPLODONTIDiE— VISCEKA OF UAPLODON RDFUS.
585
hair extends some distance, upon modified papillate integument, well defined
from the smooth naked mucous membrane proper. Near the angle of the
mouth, on the upper lip, there is a curious patch of hair growing upon an
island of papillate modified integument like that of the edges of the lips, but
entirely separated by a strait of smooth raucous membrane. The roof of the
mouth presents a singular series of elevations and depressions,' very unlike the
regular transverse ridges and lines of impression seen in many mammals.
There is a smooth pad-like eminence just behind the superior incisors, con-
stricted across the middle by an emargination on each side. Behind this
is another larger prominence, constricted across the middle, with regular con-
vex termination posteriorly, and jagged edges anteriorly, joined with the first
pad by a narrow furrowed isthmus, but separated behind from succeeding
elevations by a deep sulcus. These formations are all anterior to the molars ;
the molar interspace, with a short interval anterior to these teeth, is wholly
occupied by a series of paired prominences, or two rows of flattened oval
])apilla3 of large size, five or six pairs. These pads rise nearly to the level
of the molar crowns.*
The tongue is thick and fleshy, rounded at the end. Only a small por-
tion is visible from the front, but the member is about two inches long, measured
from tip to the epiglottis ; it is nearly pamllel-sided, and about one-third of an
inch in breadth, the f-^D portion, however, widening to half an inch or more.
The dorsum of the tongue is thickly covered with papillie of different kinds.
Anteriorly, the papill»e are villous and innumerable; behind, these gradually
change into flattened tubercle-like projections. The villous portion of the
tongue shows a large number of "conical" papillse, irregularly scattered, while
posteriorly there are a few large and distinct "circum vallate" papillse. The
phorynx is much contracted. A well-formed but soft and rather narrowly
semilunar epiglottis guards the laryngeol orifice, more complete closure
during deglutition being apparently effected by a forward movement of the
opi)08ite side of the aperture. The rima glottidis is posteriorly a simple
cleil, or chink, between the apposed arytenoids.
There is a large hyoid bone, entirely osseous, excepting the glosso-hyal,
which extends forward into the substAnce of the tongue as a gristly rod. The
basi-hyal is broadly V-shaped, with an anterior protuberance beyond the
angle of the V. There is no uro-hyal. A slender bony style, over half an inch
• * I do not know how mncli these appearanoea may be due to immeraion in alcohol.
•pecimoD, Ibo iwaterior part of the roof of the mouth is quite amooth.
In another
586
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAK RODBNTIA.
ii?! ii
h-ii
long, suspends the hyoid from the back part of the skull j and there are other
shorter, but still well-developed, "cornua".
The salivary glands are of enormous size.* On removal of the skin,
tliesc glands present most conspicuously as a great mass across the throat,
completely filling the space between the jaw and the thorax, and between
the corner of the skull and point of the shoulder to the general contour of
the body at this part, and dipping deep behind and above the angle of the
skull, where it lies against the base of the skull. It is this glandular mass
that largely contributes to lack of distinction of neck observable in life, and to
the rendering of the circumferential measurement of the head behind the
ears as great as that of the body behind the shoulders f The two lateral
glands, which meet, but do not fuse, on the middle line of the throat, are the
parotids. Excluding the deep-seated portion beneath the mastoid and audi-
tory bullae, the glands form a flattened mass of irregular shape, the posterior
border adapted to the contour of the shoulder and thorax, the anterior simi-
larly fitted to the jaw. The duct proceeds from the anterior border, from a
point opposite the angle of the jaw, and lies superficial upon the masseter,
running forward along the middle of the mandibular part of this muscle, to
empty in the mouth near the commissure of the lips. Lying deep-seated,
covered by the mass just described, is found another pair of salivary glands,
jjcrfectly distinct, about three quarters of an inch long, of a flattened amyg-
daloid sliape. These are the submaxillaries ; they are in relation with the
muscles of the root of the tongue and inner border of the jaw, and the duct
appears to open on the side of the tongue near its base.J
The wsophagus, measuring about five inches in length, is a simple tube,
of uniform small calibre, peculiar in no respect; it pierces the stomach at a
point midway between the pyloric and cardiac ends.
The stomach, undistended and lying smoothly, flat on its side, appears
like a thick V, or still more like the conventijnal heart (on a pack of playing
cards for example"), though with gently rounded anglc,and with longer upper
ends and deeper eniargiuation than those of the figure just suggested. The
* Apparently niuoh aa in tbe Boaver, and further iuOicntiuK affinity between Baplod«» and Catlor.
Tbe salivary glandu " ore enormons in the E«aver, extending from before tbe ear* forward and downward
to contact with the sabmaxillaries, wbiob are alwat one-twontieth their size ; the whole forming a sort
of glandular cnllar".— (Owen, Comp. Anat. and Pbys. Vert, iii, 399.)
t The large mass of nuchal niusclei on the bock of the neck make the line from tbe occipital crest
to tbe Bhouldorn straight.
(There in a large Incbrynuil glnnd. Tbo eye-ball is very diminativo, about an eighth of an Inch in
diuuiuior— it could easily be inserted into tbo meatus of the oar.
rikil
lilk
HAPLODOlTriD^— VISCERA OF HAPLODON RUFDS.
587
oesophagus enters at the notch. On inflating the or«[an, the elongated taper-
ing cardiac extremity curls like a horn around to the right, and comes in
apposition with the pyloric end, when the stomach appears doubled on itself;
in fact, the two ends pass each other for an inch or more. The greater
curvature of the stomach is then nearly circular, the line of the short upper
border being a spiral. The cardiac end tapers gradually to a blunt, rounded
extremity, the pyloric portion is much shorter; there is a well-marked
pyloric constriction near the end. The organ may be distended to measure
about eleven inches around the greater curvature, with a maximum diameter
of three inches and a depth of two. The pyloric portion of the stomach is
thicker- walled than the cardiac prolongation, and, as well as can be deter-
mined with a hand-lens of low power, much more highly glandular; the
lining of the cardiac compartment being similar apparently to that of the
oesophagus. I observe no fold of membrane to constitute a pyloric valve,
though there is a constriction of the whole organ, apparent from the outside,
close by the pyloric end.
When the convolutions of the small intestines are straightened out
without undue stretching, and the bowel is moderately distended, this
portion of the digestive tract measures about six feet in length, with a
uniform calibre of half an inch or more. There is no distinction of duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum. The ducts of the pancreatic and hepatic secretion
pierce the intestine close to the stomach ; the latter duct about an inch from
the pylorus. The ileum pierces the colon at a right angle. A circular fold
of mucous membrane forms a valve to guard the entrance.
There is an '-nmense cacum, at least a foot long, and very capacious.
In its most dilated portions, about the middle, a section of it equal to the
stomach in length would contain quite as much as the latter. The extremity
tapers, ending bluntly, without a vermiform appendage (very naturally).
This portion of the alimentary canal makes several convolutions when in
situ; it is sacculated throughout, or with alternate constrictions and dilata-
tions, like the human colon.
The length of the remainder of the digestive tube is about five feet,*
measured as already said. This portion of the canal presents no distinction
of colon and rectum. It is of uniform calibre throughout, or nearly so, and
not much more capacious than the small intestine — perhaps half as mucli
* Making Ibe total lungth of tbe intMtliial tract abont ninveii feet. Tbe animal being about A
foot long,' it followa tbat tbe into«liuM are nboat eleven tinioe an long aa the body.
'I
I
&m
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN EODENTIA.
m^
Is
i!)
ngaiii in diameter; and it further resembles the foregoing portion of the tract
in the total absence of sacculation. I ftnd nothing answering to a " sigmoid
flexure"; but, for much of its length (two feet or more), the gut doubles on
itself when in situ, being closely bound by a fold of mesentery not broader
than the diameter of the intestine itself In the specimen examined, the -
contents of the bowel had begun to sepante into faecal pellets about two feet
from tile anus, these masses finally assuming an ovoidal shape.
The i>ancreas is a small organ, and very slender ; it lies in the usual
site, and its duct empties near that of the liver.
The liver, of moderate size, is quadrilobate ; the four lobes being as
distinctly marked as those of the lungs, already described. The principal
or cystic lobe is superior, and much the largest one ; it is about 2^ inches
across (side to side of the animal) by \\ in the opposite direction, and irregu-
larly oval, or rather trapezoidal, in shape, with a decided cmargination of the
front border near (to the left of) the gall-bladder. It is rather flat and thin
for its length ; the superior surface is smoothly convex, apposed to the dia-
phragm; the under is irregularly llattened, being moulded upon the sub-
ciimbcnt lobes. About the middle of the right half of this lobe lies the gall-
bladder, of large size (about that of a small almond) ; its fundus reaches the
fore border of tiie lobe. Beneath this main lobe, on cither side, and partly
covered by it, lie the two next largest lateral lobes, right and left, having
very little ccmnection by hepatic substance with each other or with the main
lobe. The right one is the smaller of the two, very flat, and irregularly
circular; the other is likewise subcircular in most of its outline, but it sends
off a long tapering process, which reaches over into the left hypochondrium.
The remaining. Spigelian division of the liver might in fact be described as
two, since it consists of two "tails", or processes, of hepatic substance, nn
inch or more in length ; one, much larger than the other, and is itself bilobate;
the smaller one, an extremely delicate process, about an inch long, lies, when
in situ, in relation with (behind) the pyloric portion of the stomach. The
cystic and hepatic ducts unite in a short (about half an inch) ductus communis
clioledochus, which empties in the duodenum an inch from the pylorus.
Genito-urinary organs. — The kidneys are rather oval than of the shape
most familiar to the human anatomist, and which the name "kidney" is used
to suggest in other connections; they are about an inch long by two-thirds '
as broiid. The right kidney lies rather higher up than the left, its apex being
nAPLODONTTI)^— VISCKRA OP TIAPLODON RITFUS.
rm
noarly opposite Iho Inst. rib. The ureters pursue tlic usual-coursc, to open nt
the side, near the base, of the urinary bladder, which is of large size. Tlic
kidneys are capped by well -developed adrenals, which arc slender bodies,
about half an inch long.
In the condition observed, the (estes are abdominal, lying in tile large
inguinal canal, not bulging beyond the general plone of the obliquus externus
muscle, and consequently causing no visible swelling of external parts. There
is no proper scrotal dilatation of the integument; though in the periodical
increase in size, which the organs doubtless undergo, and their presumed
descent some way through the inguinal ring, it is supposed the organs may
cause some turgidity of the exterior contour. The testes are enveloped in a
conspicuous muscular funic, an incompleted cremaster, given off from the
tronsversalis abdominis. The body proper, in the state observed, is less than
an inch' in length, of narrowly oval shape, invested with a firm whitish
tunica albuginea; but the organ has a long tapering prolongation upward,
while at the lower extremity is the small mass of the epididymis. The vas
deferens ascends the border of the testes part way before leaving the organ to
pursue a nearly straight course to the urethra, where it empties close to
its fellow, at the middle line of the large transverse gland, which embraces
the base of the urethra posteriorly.
The muscular crura of the penis are plainly traceable to the tuberosity
of the ischium, fibres arising most of the way along the pubic as well as
ischiatic ramus. The preputial sheath of the penis is freely movable along
the whole length of the os penis. This is of large size, and in the inactive
state of the member is directed backward, causing the tegumentary invest-
ment of the organ to project conspicuously, as already noted in describing the
external parts of the animal. The bone is about an inch long (0.80 in
the specimen examined), straight and flattened, widening regularly and gradu-
ally from base to tip, where it is enlarged, with a clubbed and deeply bifid
extremity ; this end of the bone suggesting the condyles of a femur, though
its cleft is much deeper. The dorsum is smoothly convex from side to side ;
the urethral surface of the bone is sulcate; the basal extremity is emargin-
ate. The bone appears to continue to the very end of the organ, no glans
penis being evident.
Muscles. — I add notes on a few of the muscles, as incidentally observed
during the examination of the viscera.
' Sffliew^fta^ '
I I'i.' li
lii
noo
MONOGRAPHS OF NOBTO AMERICAN RODENTIA.
The temporal muscle is of moilernte bulk, the fossa being comparalively
shallow. The masseteric and pterygoid masses are of great size. The mas-
seter forms a bulging mass on the outside of the jaw, completely filling the
great fossa formed by the outward twist of the angle of the juw, and defined
in front by an oblique ridge already described in speaking of the bone. A
special stout tendon arises from the zygomatic process of the maxillary, just
below the anteorbital foramen, which latter opening, notwithstanding its small
size and apparently inconvenient relations, transmits a small fascicle of the
niasseter along with the superior maxillary nerve.
The muscles acting upon the hyoid bone, both from the thorax and from
the jaw, are well developed. A pair of stout fusiform muscles connect tiie
liyoid with the back of the skull. I find no trace of direct muscular connec-
tion between the hyoid and the scapula (omo-hyoid). Sterno-mastuid and
cleido-mastoid are well developed, and distinct from each other for nearly, if
not quite, all of their extent, though their thoracic insertions are very near
together.
The diaphragm is very thin, even its most muscular portions, and a large
port of it is simply membranous. There is a large, well-defined, central
"tendon", as broad as the muscular portion on either hand. This is of oval
shape ill most of its extent, but with two posterior prolongations, one on each
side, separated by the fleshy "pillars" which arise from the vert«brjB, and pro-
ceed to embrace the oesophageal orifice. Muscular fibres are scarcely or not
developed laterally behind, where simple membrane may be traced to the
insertion of the organ along the floating rib. The radiating muscular portion
of the diaphragm, then, is a single set of fibres arranged in fan-shape around
the anterior oval portion of the central tendon ; these fibres are continuous
on the median line in front. The aortic opening, as usual, is close to the ver-
tebrae ; the oesophageal aperture is removed from the spinal column by the
whole length of the muscular pillars. From the middle line of the diaphragm
depends a broad peritoneal fold, suspending the liver, to which, more posteri-
orly, it is closely adapted.
E. — HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE SPECIES.
To render the account of this remarkably interesting animal more com-
plete, I shall, in tracing its history, include some notices of its habits. I have
already presented those considerations which bear upon the history of the
genus and family.
nAPLODONTII)^— niSTOHY AND HABITS OF U. RUFUS. 591
The Sewellel was discovered* in 1805 or 1806 by the I'amous travellei-8
Lewis and Claike, whose account first appeared iii 1814, in the Biddle-Alien
narrative of their expedition (2 vols., 8vo, Philadelphia, Bradford and Ins-
keep), and nearly simultaneously in the Rees English edition of the same date
(1 vol., 4to, Londonf). The notice by these authors runs as follows : —
" Sewellel is a name given by the natives to a small animal found in the
timbered country on this [«'. e. Pacific] coast. It is more abundant in the
neighbourhood of the great Falls and rapids of the Columbia, than on the coast,
which we inhabit.
"The natives make great use of the skins of this animal in forming their
robes, which they dress with the fur on, and attach them together with sinews
of the elk or deer: the skin, when dressed, is from fourteen to eighteen
inches long and from seven to nine in width; the tail is always separated
from the skin by the natives in making their robes.^ This animal mounts a
tree,§ and burrows in the ground, precisely like a squirrel :|| [Description
here follows.] .... Captain Lewis offered considerable rewards to the
Indians, but was never able to procure one of these animals alive." (Quoted
from text of the London 4(o ed.)
Upon the Sewellel of Lewis and Clarke was actually and entirely based
the Anisonyx rvfa of Rafinesque, who alsr fave names to others of the species
first described under vernacular names these travellers. I have already
discussed the bearing of the term Anisonyx, and need not repeat that it is
a synonym of Cynomys, Raf , whose ^^ Anisonyx brachiura " was based upon
the "Burrowing Squirrel" of Lewis and Clarke, as "Anisonyx rufa " was upon
their Sewellel. Notwithstanding that the term was invented ujwn an errone-
ous interpretation of the meaning of Lewis and Clarke, and was applied to
two animals of widely different genera (Cynomys and Haplodon), it seems
that Rafinesque's si)eciGc term rufa, being based exclusively upon the Sew-
*Sir John Ricbardsou is inclined to think that a poasiifte in a inucii earlier work (Mackenzie's
Voy. to the Paoillo, &.C., p. 314) refers to the Sewellel. " Sir Alexander Mackenzie saw ninny animals,
wbioh he terms 'moles', on the banks of a small stream near the sources of the Colombia; but as we are
led to infer, from the way in which he speaks of them, that they were in numbers above giouud, I oin
inclined to think that they were sewellels, belonging to (he gennsnplodontia . . . "—(Ph. Bor.-Am. i,
iwa,p. It.)
t For "An acconnt of the varions publications relating to tlio Travels of Lewis and Clarke, with
a commentary on the Zoolofjicnl Results of their Expedition ", prepared by the present writer, see Bull.
U. S. Geological and Ouographlcal Survey of the Territories, No. 6, M ser., pp. 417-444 (tivo, Washing-
ton, Oovernment Printing Office, Febmaiy 8, 187G).
t But </. Sir John Richardson, as quoted beyond.
) Doubtless an erroneous statement, as supposed by Audubon and Bavhman, and later by Gibba
and Buckley.
II The " burrowing squirrel " of Lewis and Clarke was a Cfntmyt.
^ }
im
P
;^ill
dili ^INl ^
*!» , ' I Mill
1:1 :tS
r)92
MONOORAPnS OP NOUTn AMERICAN RODRXTIA.
cllel, slioiild he retuincd; for, however IhuUy the cliaracterization of the
genus may have been, this in no way invnlidiites (he specific designation.
The name rufa, in fact, lias been adopted by at least two writers, Harlan, in
1825, and Griffith (1827), who transferred the animal to the genus Arctoinys.
Professor Baird* uses the following language respecting this matter: —
" It is j)orhaps a question whether the true name of ihis species be not
Aplodontia rufa, after Ilafinesquc. Although his description is incorrect, it
was based on the Sewellel of Lewis and Clarke, wliich is unquestionably thfl
Aplodontia leporitta of Richardson. As, however, Rafinesque asserts posi-
tively that certain characters apply to liis Anisomjx rufa, which really do not
exist in Aplodontia kporina, we may be warranted in avoiding the use of \m
specific name for Richardson's animal. It may, perhaps, be well to repeat
that Rafinesque bases his description entirely upon a partly erroneous inter-
pretation of the article of Lewis and Clarke."
Although this is perfectly just criticism, it should neverthelesft be borne
in mind that Anisonyx rufa has a definite and well known basis, whatever the
inapplicability, insufficiency, or other fault of the accompanying diagnosis may
be ; and, consequently, a rigid constructionist cannot well avoid the use of
the specific term rvfa. Naturalists constantly adopt and retain scientific
names given upon a known basis, even when such names are unqualified
by diagnosis ; and it seems to me that the admitted flaws of Rafinesque's
description are scarcely valid cause for the rejection of his name. Anisonyx
itself is to be thrown out rather upon consideration of the fact that it is
chiefly a synonym of the same author's Cynomys than on account of its own
intrinsic demerits.
The second period in the history of the species began in 1829, upon the
introduction of the Aplodontia leporine of Richardson, characterized in the
Zoological Journal, and the same year more fully described, with figures of
the skull and teeth, in the Fauna Boreali-Americana. These were the first
full and accurate accounts of the genus and species under a scientific designa-
tion, and long remained the source of inspiration to the cortipilers and other
second-hand writers. Sir John Richardson's material was received, like
mtmy other specimens of mammals and birds described by him, from Mr.
David Douglass (or Douglas — I find the name thus diflcrently spelled), and
is supposed to be that upon which Audubon's subsequent description and
* Mamm. N. Ainer. 1857, 354.
!«.■
HAPLODONTID^— HISTOEY AND HABITS OF H. RUFD8.
593
figure were based. In concluding a lengthy nnd elaborate description, botli
of the genus and species, Richardson alluded to the possible existence of a
second species* in the following terms: —
"Amongst Mr. Douglas's specimens, there is a >iung one, with more
white hairu interspersed through its fur, and some differences in the form of
its scull, which seem to point it out as a second species. The breadth of its
frontal bone, between the orbits, where least, is six lines, being twice the
breadth of the same bone in A. leporina. Its nasal bones are as broad as in
the latter, but are three *!8 shorter. Tiie dentition is perfectly the sam-* in
both, but in the young specimen there is a new set of grinders in the lower
jaw, which have destroyed the bodies of tiie old grinders, leaving merely a
long process before, another bebind, in each socket, resembling fangs. The
specimen is not sufficiently perfect to enable me to give its characters as a
distinct species, but I have little doubt of its being so."
It is scarcely necessary to state that the supposed existence of a second
species has never been verified. While there is something in this account
t
of the inferior molars not readily intelligible, the cranial differences noted
may be ascribed to the immaturity of the specimen or its individual variabil-
ity. The author continued with an account of some color-variation observed
in the skins of a robe, leading him again to the inference that there were two
species of Sewellel: —
"Since the account of this, species was published in the Zoological
Journal, Mr. Douglas has placed in my hands an Indian blanket or robe,
formed by sewing the skins of the sewellel together. The robe contains
twenty-seven skins, which have been selected when the fur was in prime
order. In all of them the long hairs are so numerous as to hide the wool or
down at their roots, and their points have a very high lustre. The general
colourof the surface of the fur is between chestnut and umber browns, lighter,
ond with raoi-e lustre on the sides. Some of the skins, which are in the best
order, have the longer hairs on the back of the head, and between the shoul-
ders almost block. It is probable, however, that these arc the skins of two
species of sewellels, in the robe, and that one of them wants the white mark
on the throat. The down of all the skins of the robe has a shining blackish-
gray colour."
The color-variation noted by Richardson may be com|>ared witli that
38 H
* Sv« alao bvyond : Or. P,.ten'ii ebunicterizatioD of n now vuiety.
594
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMBRIOAN RODENTIA.
{ 1;
)• r
■i',
indicated by some of the Inter authors, as quoted beyond. From the time of
Richardson's account, I am not aware that other notices of the species, based
upon original observation or any new mnterinl, appeared until 1848, when Mr.
T. R. Peale, a naturalist of the United States Exploring Expedition, gave
another contribution to the history of the animal, based on his ov/n experi-
ences and collections. We may therefore pass over various compiled accounts
as not material to the present history, and take up Mr. Peale's article, above
cited in the synonymalic list. This consists of a ilescription and measure-
ments, with remarks on the abuntlance of the species at Pugel's Sound, and on
the peculiar form of the skull, which is figured on page 57. This figure,
tliough only a slight woodcut showing little detail, well represents the general
contour of the skull, and is notable as being the tirst representation of the
whole cranium, Richardson's specimen figured having been very defective.
Shortly afterward, in 1853, appeared the general account of the genus
and species, by Audubon and Bachman, as above cited. Their figure of the
species was the first colored illustration of the animal, and it may be the
only one extant, though the skull and teeth have been figured by Rich-
ardson, Peale, and Baird. The drawing was made by his son, J. W.
Audubon, "from a fine specimen in London", presumedly one of Richard-
son's types. These authors' notice consisted of a copy direct of Richardson's
characterization of the genus, an elaborate description of the species, a
quotation of Lewis and Clarke's account, a summary notice of the robe
described by Richardson, and a few general remarks, chiefly historical. They
alluded to two specimens then or lately extant in the Patent Office at Wash-
ington, being those collected by Peale, and which, they say, they were "po-
litely refused" permission to examine.* The collection to which the authors
referred was shortly aflerward (1858) removed to the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, where it now (1877) forms part of the National Museum. One of Peale's
specimens (that catalogued by Baird in 1857) remains at this dale, and has
been examined in the preparation of the present article; the otherf I have
never seen, nor was more than one of them noticed by Baird.
* Hence Pruressor Bair<l'4iitat<'nieDt,inadein 18S7, reqiiiroaqDaliUcation. "Tbiaauimal," lie aays,
"thoaf{h not rare in the vicinity of Pnget'a Sound, ia yet very little known to UBtnraliata, though the
materiala al our command ore richer now tl.»a a few yeara ago, when Audobon and Bachmnn were una-
ble to find a apeoimen in any muaenm of the United Statea." — (Uamm, N. Amer. 1H57, 363.)
tPealu (op. oi(. >»pri) apeaka of hia "apecimeot", leaving the impreiaion that he procured more
than one. Two of hia sknlla ore in the BniitiMoniao. On apeaking to tbia venerable natnraliat aboal it,
the other day, Mr. Peale told me he did not remember that he aeeored more than two gpecimena; Iheae,
howuver, bu recojiecled perfectly, and he gave me aonie delightful gonip alK>nt the grievance which ao
rtfflleil Auduhon'a temper.
.'I
m
SSSK
-,>^.; ^^
'^$ffi':^^40^pl!fi
It:
nAPLODONTIDiE— F1I8TORY AND nABITS OF U. UUFUS.
595
The last period in tlie histor)' of llio animal l)C(^ins in ISA?, witii llie
elaboration hy ProfeBsor Uairil of the material galncrcd l)y the natiiriiliNts of
the Pacific Railroad Explorations and Surveys, and the field-notes of the nat-
nralists themselves, published in the vi., viii., ahd xii. volumes of the reports
pertaining thereto. Besides Bainl's elabt)rate article and figures, we were
given copi is notes on tlie distribution, habits, &c., by Newberry, Cooper,
Suckley, and Gibbs.
In 1857, the genus and species were fully treated by Professor Baird, as
far as the technical aspects of the cose were concerned ; his characterization,
especially of the cranial and dental characters, being even more elaborate
than that given by Richardson. The skull, teeth, and some points of external
structure, were refigured in several views. Professor Baird's material con-
sisted of an Exploring Expedition specimen collected by Peale, then as now
mounted, and from which his account of the species was mainly derived ; of
three skins secured by Dr. G. Suckley at Steilacoom, Wash. Ter.; and an addi-
tional skin taken by Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge at Astoria, Oreg., together with
two skulls from Puget's Sound, appertaining to Mr. Peole's specimens.
Dr. J. S. Newberry's note, published in the zoological jM)rtion of the
vi. volume of the Reports in 1857, ran as follows: —
"This singular animal, called by Richardson [after Lewis and Clarke]
the Sewellet, seems limited to a narrow district when compared with most of
those which, with it, inhabit the region it occupies. In Washington Terri-
tory it is found from the coast to the Rocky Mountains. It is doubtful
whether it will be found south of the Columbia,* either on the coast range,
in the Willamette Valley, or on the Cascades. Eastward, however, toward the
base of the Rocky Mountains, it may occur. I have seen two specimens, one
taken near Shoal water Bay, Washington Territory, by Dr. J. G. Cooper, t and
the other obtained near the base of the Rocky mountains, which were abso-
lutely black, presenting a striking difference in color from those obtained by
Lewis and Clark, Douglas, and others, which were brown, and of nearly the
shade of the muskrat."
*ADdDboD and Bochuian fay, witbont qnaliflcatioD, tbot it bu "been procared in CBlifornla";
and Baird remarks, " I bave beard of an Aplodouiia from tbe monotoioe of California, probably the rame
gpeolee, bat have not Men a (peoiniea " — poaaibly allodtDg to the statement of Andnbon and Bachman,
Just quoted, or to lome earlier ooconnt, which may have occasioned tbo remarks of both Iheau anthont.
t There is some misapprehension here ; for (see beyond) we find Dr. Cooper saying, in ISfiO, tbnt be
never procured n specimen. The actual reference la probably to Dr. Suckley, who collected extensively,
and was a oolUborator of Dr. Cooper's.
'■1 ; v
51)6
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
Dr. J. G. Cooper's notice, in the second part of the xii. volume of the
Pacific Ilnilroad Reports,* was as follows: —
"The 'Seweliel' of Lewis & Clark, appears to be an abundant animal
in some districts west of the Cascade mountains, but from various causes I
never conld obtain a specimen. At the time, of their visit to the country the '
Indians used the skins as clothing, and as it required a large number of skins
to make nn ordinary sized blanket, the numbers of the animals caught must
have been great. It was caught by stone fall-traps, but with what bait I do
not know, probably some root. The Indians assured me that none were found
nearer to the coast than the Cowlitz valley, but as they have been obtained
at Astoria, the statement was not altogether correct. They seem to prefer
the soft alluvial river bottoms, where they are said to burrow, and probably
thus follow down the Columbia. Now they are rarely caught by the Indians,
as their skins are not bought by the Hudson's Bay Company, except when
passed off on a 'green' clerk as muskrat skins. Of their habits I could learn
little. An old Indian hunter, who is row a shepherd in the employ of Dr.
Tolmie at Puget's Sound, told iiim that he had frequently seen them rumiing
over the snow in the Nisqually Valley, so that they probably do not hyber-
nate. A young man who had kept scliool at Astoria told me that the children
sometimes caught them about the schoolhouse, where they burrowed, and
that they could be caught by running after Ihem, as they did not lun fast.
When taken they did not offer to bite, and ale vegetable food readily. The
specimen sent from there was found drowned in a tanner's vat."
The same volume from which Dr. Cooper's above-quoted observation*)
were extracted contained a variety of further information, contributed by
T)r. George Suckley, well known for his natural-iiistory studies of Oregon and
Washington, and b]^ George Gibbs, Esq., the distinguished ethnographer and
philologist. Among other items of their respective accounts may be specially
noted Mr. Gibbs's determination of the inapplicability of the name "Sewellel"
to this animal, and his observation of its curious habit of laying out its pro-
visions to dry. Mr. Gibbs, as quoted by Dr. Suckley (p. 100 of the volume
referred to), said : —
"The specimen I send you was obtained at Seattle, where it was killed
in a garden. Its name, in the Nisqually language, is Showt'l. (Showfiurll,\
' RepubUsbiKl as the " Nntaral History uf WasbiDdtim Territory ".
\" 8hDWk»rll" — ths, Id tbe original, wbicb I suppooe to be » typograpbioal error for an intended
SiotckurU. •
HAPLODONTlD-aj— HISTORY AND HABITS OF H. RUFU8. 597
Suckley.) .... This animal burrows extensively in the ground. It chiefly
frequents spring heads in rich moist places, and is found as far up as the
dividing ridge of the Cascade mountains, and on both sides of the divide. I •
noticed tlieir burrows in 1853 at the top of the main Yakima pass. Near their
abodes were small bundles of some herb or plant cut with nicety and laid out on
logs to dry or wilt* The Indians trap them, and value their meat very much
as food."
On subsequent {Miges of the same volume (pp. 124-126), Mr. Gibbs
continued : —
"I noticed burrows of the show'tl in 1853, at the top of the main Yakima
Pass, in the Cascade mountains, at an elevation of 3,500 feet, and again in
1854, at the Nahchess Pass in the same mountains. . . . • The Yakima
Indians call it Sqtmllah. Its range in the Territory is quite extensive, from
high mountain elevations to near the salt water. Colonel Simmons, one of
the earliest settlers in Washington Territory, confirms the statement of the
Indians that the show'tl, like the prairie dog, lives in companies. He has
frequently seen them sitting at the entrances of their burrows early in the
morning, and whistling something in the manner of the prairie dog. Lewis
and Clark say that this animal ' mounts a tree and burrows like a squirrel.'
The statement that it ' mounts a tree' is probably an error I find
the [sic — lege that] Lewis and Clark's name of Sewellel for A. leporina is an
error. The Chinook name for the animal itself is o-gwool-lal. She-wal-lal
{Sewellel, corrupt) is their name for the robe made of its skins."
Said Dr. Suckley, at the last-quoted pages of the same volume : —
" .... It is probable that the Aplodontia, like many other rcdents, has
several litters of young during the seasotr. The Nisqually Indians, in their
mythological traditions and obscure stories concerning the creation, say that
the show'tl was the first animal created with life. I cannot find out whether
they undergo a regular torpid hybernation.f The natives say that they move
about a little during the winter, but do not become decidedly active until late in
the spring. They live in burrows, in small companies of a dozen or more,
and subsist on roots, berries, &c. The Indians say that the show'tl of the
Cowlitz river has a white breast and belly. Those at Nisqually, having the
under parts dark, are said to retain the same coloration throughout the year.
'The imnage I likve ilBlicized— it wm iu Roman in tho oriKinal — in, I think, the 6rat inilioatioo
of tbo ourinu* hsbit iu qurstion.
I The probitbilit; secins to b<j that thvy do not.
II
•fi!
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
.... Tliey are considered by the Indians to possess liigh gastronomic qual-
ities. To ascertain this I had one roasted secundum artetn. I found it
excellent "
Dr. Suckley gave some measurements, derived from examination of three
fresh specimens, as follows: —
"MeaiuremenU of ipeclaenf.
' From tip of noBO to base of tail
' VuitcbrsBof tail
'From InaeOf tail to tip of hair
' From occipllal protubcranco to tip of nooe
* DiHtanco ItntwcvD eara
' Holglit of (.'Hrs pnstpriurly, about
'Easy Kirtb of boail, measDrcd around the ean
* OlfvraDOD to wrist
' Midillo nail of fore paw, about '.
' From wrUt to end of loujcrat nail
' EsMy Rirlh behind Rhoulders
' Extcut from moat projecting toe nail of bind foot to ditto of fo» foot, extreme atietflh .
' From he*'l to end of middle too nail
' LoDgeat vhinkera, about
NaW,*
rf.
No.»3,<f.
t9.73t
I.M
8.37
a. 00
.75
7.30
3.M
.90
1.00
7.1S
U.00
13.00
l.SO
l.ilSt
3.00{
Ko.04, $.
18.35
1.50
3.85
3.75{||
.75
1.87
7.75
laoo
3.85
3.00'
*Cultector'8 numbers. t Incbef and d(%lma1a. t Obvious misprint for 8 85. $" Nearly." jj Meant for 8.751
A few years later, in 1864, Professor Peters {I. s. c.) described specimens
from Calif'>rnia as constituting a new variety, to which he applied the name
of Haplodon leporimis var. californicus. I havfi seen no specimens from that
region, nor is the material available at present sufficient to enable us to come
to final conclusions respecting the normal rate of susceptibility to individual
variation. The few s])eciinens, however, indicate tliat the nito is at least as
high as Ihat which lias been established for various mammals more or less
closely allied ; and, should such provu really the case, there would be no impro-
priety in considering var. cal{fornicus as strictly synonymous.
F. — TABLKS OF MEASCBEMENT8.
Tablk 1
. — tleiumremt»1$
of Ihrm alcoholic aped
tun*
}f IUP'
t BUrUB.
1
D
a
o
Locality.
1
From tip of nose to-
•■■ail to end
of-
Uogthof-
8
1
2
1
1
a
i
•s 1
n
j
1
1
"S
l.CO
8.40
i
aoo
1
11.00
i
1.00
1.75
i
i
t79
1
a
113.10
Olynipla,W. T.
1180
8.89
3 90
0 79
4.90
0.55
Alcoholic.
IVOA
...do
rf
1.(10
3.70
3.30
I'lOO
l.OP
1. 15
3.10
8.00
8.90
0.80
4.79
U.50
....do.
1I.T57
..do
tf
1.90
8.50
3.00
11.00
1.10
8.00
1.00
3.10
8.10
3.40
0.75
4.00
ato
....do.
HAPLODONTID^— HAPLODON RUFUS— TABLES.
599
Tablk II. — Me<uurement$ cf three skulU of HAVLODOii rufus.
DlnenaionB.
XoUl leDKth(ond of nauU to occipital protaberanoe)
Greateet width (across Eygoraata posteriorly)
Next greatest with (soroBS oodpat)
Least width (at interorbital conatrtction)
Width across poat^leuold notches
Width of rostnim Jnst tn front of sygomata
Depth of skoll at middle, exolndlngmolara
Length of bony palate
Length of naaal bones
Greatestwldth of nasal bones
Length of aygoma ((h>m anteorbltal foramen to most posterior point . .
Distance across enter mai^n of glenoid fossn
Length of auditory balls
length of upper molar serios
Width of intennolar portion of palate, about
Length of inciaiTO foramina
Horlaontal diameter of foramen macnnm (the vertical aboat 0.05 less) .
Length of exposed poriiwi of superior inolsora
Jaw, total length, ends of incisors to back of condyles
Jaw, total length, ends of Incisorfi to apex of oornnold
Jaw, totallength, ends of Incisors to end of deaoending prooeas
Length of inferior molar series
Lengthof exposed portion of inferior inolsora
Width of the flattened pUto at angle of Jaw
1
a
■z&
o »
Sib
d
S.00
ass
a. 10
0.40
1.S0
0.68
0.75
1.6S
0.53
1.43
1.46
0.90
0.T0
0.x
aas
0.4S
1.15
1.P5
O.TO
0.70
-Oj
3.80
3.18
a33
1.40
0.08
0.70
1.65
0.45
1.40
1.43
0.70
0.35
0.5.-)
3.18
1.85
3.30
0.65
0.80
0.90
0.0)
0.70
1.65
1.08
0.48
1.40
0.S0
308
1.85
310
0.05
0.65
ago
fonrth.
Length of ■knll to ita grwtMt width, 3.00 : 3.05 : : 1 : 0,77, or width between t'iiree.fanrtlu >nd fonr-flftha of length.
Length of eknll to lu depth (withont Jaw), 9.U0 i 0.7S til: 0.80, or depth not two-flftha of length—little over one.
Tablr III.— £<«< </<p«o<m«ii< examined of Haplodon rufus.
Xat
Una. No.
Locality.
Soaroe whence re-
ceived.
Collected by—
Katnre of apecimen and remarka.
an
m}
3801
3476
11398
11354
11397*
11355
113.16
Pnget'a Bound . .
... do
...do
01yuipl»,W.T...
....do
V.S.RxpI.]Izpd..
...do
T.RPeale
....do
it, mounted, with detached aknll uccompaojing.
Skull belonging to Mo, 4047 -, figured, pL tL
Skull 1 original of Balrd'a plate, if not alao of Foale'a
Broken aknll. [woodcut.
cf.alcobollo, Inthefleab.
J, alcoholic, in tbe fleab.
cT, alcoliolio, in the Arab (ainoe diaaected).
(f, alcoholic; akin and akuU.
— , alcoholic. In the fieab.
...do
....do
George Snokley...
KCVIngaid
....do
George Snckley...
E.C.Wlngard ....
....do
.. do
do
.do
....do
...do
....do
....do
....do
....do
* Na 113ST was dlaa«ct«d fbr anatomical dotaila, the disarticnlatad skeleton preserved, and (he skin remains In con.
dititm for mountiDg. Two or thrss stafM aklns, soppoaed to be atlU in the National Mnseum were not found.
■' i
^Hn
1
i
1
i
i
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF T1U3 TEUKITOKIEfl.
HAPLODONl'ID^, PLATE VI.
■ ', ;!fj|
i-r
I!
H
■kmll »t HAPI^ODON BVVI/S. Nal. •!■•. (}g|f)
fH
■-,1
wm
ft?^ ■!-■■
'si
id ^ '
mm
m
H ilii
jH
■'^
MONOGRAPHS
NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
No. X.-GEOMYIDiE.
I III
1 \4
Mi
By ELLIOTT OOUES.
601
:^'ii
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
Office of United States Geological and
Geoobaiuical Subvey of the Tesritobies,
Washinglon, D. C, January 1, 1877.
S)B: I transmit herewith, for publicrition with the series of "Monographs
of North American Rodentia", a summnry statement of the family Gcomijida,
which completes my labors in this connection.
A word of explanation is here required. I finished my investigation of
this family of North American Mammals, and prepared a memoir on the sub-
ject, before the present series of Monographs of the Rodents was projected.
A very brief article, entitled " The Cranial and Dental Characters of
Gcomyidte", was published by you in the " Bulletin" of the Survey (2d ser.
no. 2, pp. 83-90, May 11,1875); p, preliminary " Synopsis of the Geomyidse ''
appeared in the " Proceedings " jf the Philadelphia Academy for 1875 (pp.
130-138); while the extended memoir itself formed " Part III. — Zoology"
(pp. 215-285) of Powell's "Exploration of the Colorado of the West", and
was also reissued as a separate pamphlet, with a modification of the title.
Under these circumstances, it becomes inadmissible, upon considerations of
economy in the expenditure of funds, to duplicate the memoir at the public
expense. Yet it is considered in the last degree undesirable and inexpedient
to leave the present ceries of Monographs incomplete. I have accordingly
prepared a short article, which, omitting all details of description and criti-
cism not necessary to the integrity of the paper, gives the gist of the subject ;
for the rest, I must refer you to the original memoir. I should add, however,
that the present paper contains no little new matter, derived from study of
specimens additional to those in hand in 1875, and serving to check the results
previously reached.
I am, Sir, &c.,
ELLIOTT COUES,
Assistant Surgeon U. S. A.,
Secretary of the Survey.
Dr. F. V. Hayden,
U. S. Geologist-in-charge, &v., Sec.
G03
■Mi
"f!^ ■
ii
'jMifflaii.
i
1
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i^li^P'
1
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lifK :
1
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^ ' llil
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.fjyi ■■
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Vtftt.
PRBUMINAaV CONSIDMUTIOMB 607-609
Family OEOHriD^B 609-Ull
OennsOKOHYS 611-018
Oeom;* bnnoriiM U12-014
taut 015-010
ciutanoiM 616-617
meziesniu 617-010
hlipidna 019-021
Ocnna Thomomys esi-6i{3
Thomomystalpoides OKt-OSS
balbWonu......
ambriniu i
eloaioa 639-010
606
I' I
I (
- W f
in
i.'ft- ;■
m
Family GEOMYID^.
The group to be here treated corresponds to the Sciurospalacoide* of
Brandt, the subfamily Geomyina of Baird, the family Geomyuia of Gill,
including only the two genera Geotnys of Rafinesque and Thomomys of Maxi-
milian. Of the former, five species hove been estahhshcd ; of tiie hitter, two.
These animals are confined to the cold-temperate and warmer portions of
continental America, from portions of British to Central America ; their
centre of distribution being the United States from the Mississippi Valley to
the Pacific Ocean.
By all late authors, so far as I know, excepting Brandt, Gill, aiid myisclf,
these animals have been united with Dijiodomyn, Perognathus, and Heteromys,
in a single family, usually called Saccomyida, a leading character of which is
possession, unique among Mammals, of external fur-lined pouches on the sides
of the head, not directly connected with the mouth, nntl thus of entirely
different construction and relations from the ordinary cheek-pouches of vari-
ous Rodents. The classification afforded by these singular organs, which
are present in two groups of animals widely different iii general aspect, is
undoubtedly n safe clue to natural affinities, since it is borne out by the gen-
eral structural relationships of the animals ; these being so close, that, after all,
no great violence would be done by embracing the two groups under a single
family. Yet their respective peculiarities seem sufficient to justify, if not to
require, the recognition of two separate families.
The characters in question need not be here discussed nor even formally
presented, as those which arc shared by the two groups (being the basis of
the superfamily Sacromyoidea of Gill), as well as those in which the two
groups differ, have been presented on foregoing pages of this work, where
the general bearings of the case are further discussed.
The history of the family begins at a very early (pre-Linnsean) period,
though nearly everything relating to it is of much later date. The "Tucan"
of Hernandez appears to ba/e been the animal long afterward first technically
607
608
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
named Ascomys mexiravns hy Licliteiisteiii, and his account, may be the earli-
est literature of tim suiijeet. We have no Linm -m name iu this fiiniily.
Bartrani noted the Floridan animal in 1791 ; but the first "species" pre-
sented in technical nomenclature appears to be the Mus hurmrius of Shaw
(1800). The earliest generic names are Geomys and Dijdoxtoma, imposed by
Rafinesque in 1817. Various circumstances conspired not only to a vague
understanding of the generic characters, but also to long delay in allocation of
the genera under major heads. Richardson, who, in 1829, handled various
species more effectively than his predecessors had done, merely adopted
Rafinesque's genera, falling into a misunderstanding respecting the character
of the pouches. So far as I am aware, ailer the period when "Mus" and
"Cricetus" vyere current appellations of these animals, the first attempt to
dispose of them in a formal classification was made by W.ierhouse in 1839,
when he treat J of Geomys, the only genus recognized by him, as a Muroid, and
as a member of his "family" ArvicoKdee. The same year (1839), Maximilian
established the second valid genus, Thomomyn, the various generic names
before proposed having been synonyms of Geomys. In 1848, Waterbf^xse
made the first decided step toward a correct appreciation of the subject, ^
bringing Geomys into relation with Dipodomys, and by proposing the group
Saccomyina to contain them both. Gervais is said to have established or
recognized at the same time a family Pseudostomidce, equivalent to Water-
house's Saccomyina. Soon aftdrward, in 1855, Brandt* established the first
super-generic name Sciurospalacoides for these animals exclusively, relegat-
ing the Saccomyinc forms elsewhere. GeomyincB of Baird, Altton, and
others, and Geomyida of Gill and Coues, are other terms of exclusive
pertinence to this group, which certainly belongs to the Myomorphic series of
Rodents, as originally sketched by Waterhouse and more fully developed by
Alston, tiiough the question of its exact position among Myomorpfia, aside
from its obvious aftinities with Sacconiyidce, perhaps remains open. Its
Murine affpiltles may perhaps prove to hpvc l)een indicated by the name
Brandt applied, but its Sciurine relationships are not so clear.
* 1855— BiiANUT (J. I''.). Bfitriigo znr uiihcru KunnliiitiH dor SUugetbivTe KuwIaudH. Vicrto
J nndlung. Bliuko auf dio ulliiialigeu ITortschritto in dci Griipplrnnf; dor Wa<;ur niit speciollor UoKic-
bnii); anf dio Gesc'oi hte dor Gattuiig Custur, beBoudcm der altwoltlicbun Uilwr. 4to. St. I'otcrHbnri;.
1855. )>ii. >0-3o0, pi. i-xi (AuH don Mdui. Mutli. ttc. du I'Acnd. Imp. d.'B BiionccR, ton.j v I, bcHoiidorH
nliged'iH'kt.)
[SciuTotpa^ soidiis, p. 'MO. Kuliitoil fcrou[i8 cwlnVlialinl In ttilH paper are Hicrocallul {=:DipodotnyB), p Q.I1 unit {i.
ail, an<l PeroQiMtht fi*u 2' Tea n^iurtupataevid^, p. 305..
it?!
OEOMYID^E-SYNONYMY AND BlULIOGltAI'nY.
Family GEOMYID^.
ouy
m
i
SYNONYMY.
< Sacoomyina, Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mamm. ii, 1848, 8, (As a group of iluridm. lucliuled tlie Sao-
comyidw, now made u separate family. Equivalout to tlio suporfaiuily Sacnmnoidea of
Gill, 1872.)
< i'«euifo«f(mi<I(F,GKiiVAl8, "Diet. Univ. (I'Hist. Nat. xi, 1848". (Family. Equivalent to (.be .Saccofflj^M of
Waterhouse.)
< Saccomyidcc, Lii.ijkuoro, Syst. (Efv. Gnai;. DUggtlJ. l^GO. (Family Equivalent to Saocomyina of
Waterhouse.)
= iSe<uroii|ia(acot(Je», Brandt, Dull. 8e. Acad. St. Pdtersb. 18I>4, t. xiii, no. 7; Mdlang. Biol, ii, i;i8; Bcitr.
Kennt. SUug. Russlands, 1855, 18d. (Group composed of the geueru Ucomyi aud Thamomyn.)
= SciurotpaUuiHi, Giebel, AUg. Ziml. i.
~ Ucomyinw, Baird, Mamm. N. A. 1857, 3C6. (Subfamily of Saccomyida ; the group of this name with
this author being equivalent to Saocomyina, Waterhouse.)
=:G(!0»ii/ii!a!, Gnx, Arrang. Fam, Mamm. 1S72, 71. (Family.)
= Geamyida, Coues, Proe. Acad. Phila. 1875, 130. (Family.)
:— Genera Geomye {= Diploatoma, Sactophorui, Paeudmtomn, Aioonyi) nnd Tliomomyi of AuTUORS. — Codes,
Powell's Kep. Expl. Colorado River, 1875, 217.
!■■ '!!
^ff
SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPUT.
1800— SflAW (G.). Description of the Mus borsarins [etc.]. < Trans. Linn. Soo. v, 1800, pp. 227 .
1802— MiTCHilx (S. L.). Undeseribed Little Qnadrupe<l of Georgia. < N. Y. Med. Repos. v. 1602, p.
89, ag.
[yoTE.— Not named ; described by J. Mllledpo.]
1817 — Rapinesqde (C. S.). Descriptions of seven new genera of North American QnadrupodK.
< Amer. Mouth. Mag. ii, 1817, pp. 44-40.
fNoTB, — Masama, Bfploatonia, p. H \ Ocotnya, Cynomys. Mynomcs, p. 45- LjDX, p. 46.]
1819— Dksmarest ( — ). [Hamster de Virginie.] < Jonrn. de Physique. Ixxxix, 1819, p. 159.
1821 — MrrcHiu. (8. L.). Desnrip^.ou of t wo nmmmiferons Animals of North America [Sciurns trido-
cem-lineatns, Mus saocatu.?]. < N. Y. Med. Repos. xxi, 1821, pp. 248-250.
[Note.— With the sabbead, "The Gopher, or Pouohod Bat of North Amerioa, (Una boraariai.)"]
1822 — MiTCUlu.(S. L.). Detection of mistake iuto which naturalists have been led in relation to the
Mus bnrsarins or Pouched Rat of Canada. < Amer. Journ. Sci. iv, 1823, p. 183.
162.'! — LiCBTENSTEiN (K. W. H.). Ueber iiusst^re Baokeutosohen an Nagetbiereu. < Kongl. Akod. Wiss.
Berlin, Abb. der pbys. Clagse (1822-23), 11:25.
1839 — Maximilian ( — ). Ueber oinigo Nager mit iiusseren Backentaschen aus dem wntlicbcn Nord.
Amerika [Thomomys und Perogiiuthue, geun. nn.]. < Nov. Act. Acad. Cffis.-Leop. Nat-
Cur, xix, i, 1839, pp. 3«ft-384.
1841— CnARLE8WORTH(E,). [On Habits of Ascomysmex'oanuB.] < Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend, ix, 184l,p. CO.
1847-49 — W.iONER (A.). Beitriige zur Kenntuiaa der Siiugethiero Amerika's. < Abhandl. math.-phys.
C'asse, Kongl. bayer. Akad. Wiss. v, 1847-49, p. 405. [Ober Ascomys canadensis.]
ISoii— LkConte (J. L.). An attempt at a synopsis of t'lo genus Geomys [iucl. Thomomys]. < I'roc.
Phila. Acad. 1852, pp. l.W-.
1808 — ^WooDHousE (S. W.). Description of a new species of Pouched Rat of the genus Geomys [O.
fulvus]. < I'roc. Phila. Acad. 1852, p. 201.
I806— Baird (8. P.). Characters of snuio now spociesof North American Mammalia, etc. [Geomys clarkii],
< Proe. Phila. Acad. 1855, 333.
^^'55— Farvin (J. B.). On the habits of the Gopher of Illinois (Geomys bnrsarins). < Ann. Rep. Smiths,
Inst, for 1854, ia'-|5, pp. 293-294.
IHOl— Oesnkh (W.). Ou the habits of "10 Pouched Rat, or Salimandor, (Geomys pineti,) of Georgia,
< Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst, for :S80, 1861, pp. 431-43.3.
1804~P"TEiis (W,). Ueber none Artcu der SUu.ethiergattungen Geomys [bt.arodus], Huplodo;i und
Dasypus. < Monutsb. Akad. (Viss. Uerliu, 1864, pp. 177 181.
1867— Li 'J.) [On a skull of Geomys bursarius from the loess of the Missouri,] < Proc, Acad.
lila. 18C7, p. 99.
39 M
ft
m
.u|
m
.Jm
I
III"?
'■■rr^rBR
i-
;io
MONOGUAl'IlS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
187G— CoL'KS (!•;.)• ConriTniiiK '• I'ockct" (iopliprH. < Aiiicricnn Sportsman of Juno 5, 1875,
[NCTE.~A popular iiccnutit (f (fcoiuymu'. I
IH/f)— CoUKs (K.). TIk^ cranial mill (liMitttl cliarnpterB of Gtwinjiilm. < Ilnll. II. 8. (ieol. & Oeogr. Snrv.
Terr. 2(1 Mcr. nii. U, \>\i. ril-DU, May U, IWrj. [Koiirintcil, with hohio modilicutioii, ua Addeuiluni
A of llio memoir bt'low cited.]
1«75— CoiJi'.s (E.). Sjuopsis of tbo Gconijidu). < Troo. I'hilo. Acad. 1875^ pp. 130-13a. [A brief
abHtraci of tbo u>onioir next below cited.]
1^75— Ci>ui:k (E.). Exploration of the Colorado River of tlie Wost and its tributaries. Explored iu
lH(i<.), 1H70, 1871, and 1872, under tlie direction of tbo Secretary of the Smitbsonian Inxtitn-
ti<m. Wuxbinjjton : Government Priuting Ofilce. 1875. Part III. — Zoiilogy. By Elliott
Couen. Chapter XII. — AbHtroct of resultH of a stiuly of tbo genera Geoniys and TbomoniyH,
pp. 215-385, tig. 80. ( Reissued an separate pamphlet with tbo title "Abstract of results of a
study of the Kciiera Geoniys and Tboniomys, with addenda on the osteology of Geomyida)
and on the habits of Geoniys tiiza". The reissue only diffura from the original in the title.)
1875— GOODE (G.B.). Notes on tho "Salamander" of Florida (Geomys tuza). < Powell's Rep. Colorado
R. 1875, pp. 281-285.
t N'OTR.— On tho liablu of tho spociua ; beiug Addendnm B of the article but cited.]
For cliaractcis, especially in comparibon and contrast with those of Snc-
comyidcp., sec antea, pp. 402, 493. - -
The cranial and dental* characters are very fully presented in my paper
in the Bulletin of the Survey, above cited.
The external characters are detailed at length in the descriptions of the
leading species of tiic two fenera, Geomys hursarius and Thomomys talpoidm,
in the zoological portion of Powell's Report, above cited.
The two genera are readily distinguished by the profoundly suicatc inci-
sors, enormously developed fore claws, and rudimentary ears of Geomys, con-
trasted with the smooth incisors, moderately fossorial claws, and distinct
though very small cars of Thomomys. There are also many cranial charac-
ters, as given beyond. The two genera offer the further curious difference,
that in Geomys a number of species appear to have been firmly established,
while the differentiation of Thomomys has not progressed so far. There is
probably a difference in the number of maminw in the two genera ; Thomomys
usually liaving six pairs, while in no Geomys have I recognized more than
three pairs. The pouchcsf are substantially the same in the two genera.
* Tho dental forninia may he rendered more precisely, as follows : —
I.?-|;C.''-'!:P.!-liM.»-='
0-0. p 1-1.
5-6^10^^»
5—5 10 * ■
1—1' 0—0' 1— I'. ;i— 3
t "The ponchos . . . —at first supposed to he pendulous hags hanging from tlio mouth, then with
some correction found to ho not penilnlous, yet believed to open into the mouth from witliin — are wholly
cxteriial, ami have no more connection with the buccal cavity than thj belly -p<iuch of a Ksngr.roo or
Opos.suni has to do with the genital organs. These sacs are simply a purse-shaped duplicature of tbo
loose skin of the side of the head and neck. The free margin of the pouch arises from the side of tho
upper jaw, about half-way from noso to rye, just underneath the wh.riker-pateh, and curves loosely
around the siile of the bead to the angle of the jaw. The general ontliuo of tho orifice is semicircular
(or rather semipyrifuriii, si.ico the broadest p- •» ■' 'vu a little); the inner border being the proper
iutegumeut of the sido of tho head. Tbo linin,^ aoo in ordinary integnment, of rather moru deU-
d:i.^
GEOMYID.E— OEOMYS.
Gil
Tlio species of hotli are subject to a ciirioiis dichroniatism, being soiiiotimcs
found in a certain melanotic condition, in which liic pelage is dark pluml)ag()-
colored, or even l)lack, like anthracite. This appears too frequent not to be
something more than the purely fortuitous melanism liable to occur as an indi-
vidual peculiarity in any animal ; and yet this state has not been traced to
any special conditions of age, sex, or season.
' ,,
Genus GEOMYS (eniewrf. ea; Raf.).
Mtn, ip. Shaw, et al, I c. infrd.
Criceiut, tp. Drsm., et al, I. o. infrA. • > .
Oeomyi, Raf., Am. Mouth. Mag. ii, 1817, 45.— Baird, Hnmm. N. A. 1857, 30d.— CouES, Proc. Phlln. Acul.
Iri75, 130 (moiioKraiihio Bketcb) ; Powell's Rep. Colorado R, 187r>, !»0 (monograpli) ; Bull.
U. S. Geol. Surv. 3d oer. no. ii, 1876, pp. 81 seqq. (craniiU ohiirnotorB}.
Diplmtoma, Rap., op. et locoit.
Saccophorui, Kvni., Ovitr. l»JO, Gb. ■>■• '
PKudottomo., Sat, Long's Exp. R. Mta. i, 1823, AOr,.
Atcomyt, Licnr., Ablinnd. Berl. Acnd. 1822-2:1, 1825, 20.
Generic characters.* — Superior incisors deeply channeled along the
middle, with or without a fine marginal groove. Crowns of intermediate molars
truly elliptical. Root of inferior incisor but little protuberant on outside of base
of condylar ramus ; end of mandible thus only two-pronged, with a knob
between. Zygomata widest across anteriorly, thence contracting; the width
behind little, if any, greater than the intermastoid diameter of the skull.
Parietals ridged along their line of union with each other. Interparietal tri-
angular. Nasals approximately parallel-edged part way, then suddenly widen-
ing. Superficies of mastoid bone occupying nearly half the occipital surface
of the skull on each side. BuUje osseae less inflated, quite acute anteriorly.
Basi-occipital, in the middle, about as broad as the width of the bulla at the
same point. A pair of broad dee;.' pits on the palate behind, extending for-
ward to opposite the penultimate molars. External ears usually a mere rim of
integument around the auditory orifice. Fore claws enormously developed.
Containing the largest species of the genus. Geographical distribution
from portions of British America to Central America, east of the Rocky
Mountains, but not the Eastern and Middle States.
cnle texture. It is clothed with fine fnr. On the side next the bead, the ordinary fur of the parts
nmkes directly into the pouch ; on the outside, the floe tar continues to the brim, where it is met by tlie
ortliuury external {wlage. Between the two layers of skin rests a ihin bed of muscular flores (pcrliaps
a uiodifled pliityHma myoides), serving for such contractile mnvemeuts as the receptacle may be snscep-
tibia of. But the connection between the folds of skiu is so slight and louse tbit tlie pouch may, witli
liltio force, be tamed completely inside out, though it does not appear that this ever occurs in life. A
rull-si7.cd pouch will admit thiee Angers as far as the first Joint." — (Quoted from the original metHOir.)
'The characters are drawn up with special reference to antithesis with those of Thomomyi,
beyond.
' H
1:
( '
; 'J'
iii
ft
!
Bi^
012
MONOOllAPUS OP NOUTH AMERICAN RODEKTIA.
ANALYSIS OP species; ' ,"' 'v"
A. Superior inciHors liisiilfute ; furo nliiws and pouclieH at a iiiaxiiiiiim.
a. IiiciHura almost exactly bi»cctr(l by the main groove, tlio flue marginal groovo
tlintinet; tail and feet Imiry BunSARlUB.
(. IiiclsorB iineqnally divided by the main groovo into larger inner ami Huiallur outer
jmrtion, IliO line marginal groove fuiut or obsolete; tail uud feet nearly
naked (South Atlantic and Gulf StateH) tuza,
I). Superior inuiaorH uuiHulcato ; fore clawB and pouches moderate.
a. Incixors exactly bixccted by the grnovo; fur soft; tail and feet hairy.
a'. Smaller; yellowiHh-browu, below whitish (Unito<l States) CASTAKors.
b'. Larger; dark reddlHh-brown, below iduniboous (Mexico) mexicamb.
b. Incisors unc'i|iuilly divided by tho groove into a small inner and large outer
portion; pelage very hispid; tail and feet nearly naked UISPIDUS.
GEOMYS BURSARIUS, (Shaw) Rich.
Common Pocbct Gopher.
Jfiu burmrius, RiiAW, Linn. Trans, v, 1800, 227, fig. 8 ; Gen. Zool. ii, 1801, ICO, pi. 138 (tho plate clearly,
shows the grooved incisors ; tho pouches are everted). — MlTClliLL, Am. Journ. Sci. iv, 1H22, 183
(relating to tho pouches).
rricehM buraariuK, Dr,s.M., " Nonv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv, , 177 ; Ency. M£th. Snppl. pi. 10, f. 4" ; Mamm.
ii, 1H2J, p. 312 ("6«r8oreu«")-— F. Cuv., "Diet. Sc. Nat. xx, , 2.J7".— Desmoul., "Diet.
Class, viii, , 37".— GisiFK., "Anim. Kingd. iii, 1827, i:i8, pi. — "; v, 1827, 2;15, no. C12.
Saceo})hor«f bursariiie, Kuril,, Boitriigo, 1820, G5. — Fiscii., Synop. 1827, 304.
J'acudosloma bursariiiB, Say, Lung's Exp. Ii. Mts. i, 1823, 406 ('btirsaria"). — Harlak, Fn. Amer. 1825,
153.— Lkss., Man. 1627, 25'J.-G<)DMan, Am. Nat. Hist, ii, 1831, 90 ("jKrjorium").- DbKay,
N. Y. Fn. i, 1842, 92.— Al'I>. & lUciI., Q. N. A. i, 184U, 332, pi. 44.
Gcomxpt biirmrUia, liicil., F. B. A. i, 1829, 203.
Cwmya buranriuH, Kicii., Sixth Ann. Kop. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1830, 1837, 150. — WooDli., Sitgr. Rep.
Zufii and Col. K. IHTiS, HO (Indiau Territory).— Pahvin, Ann. Eep. Smiths. Inst, for 18,'>4, lWi5,
293 (habits).- Kenn., Trans, llliuois Agric. Soc. for ia')3-r)4, 18.'u, 580.— Bd., M. N. A. 1K>7,
372, pi. 22, f. 1 a-h, and pi. 50, f. 2 a-ff— Maxim., Arch. Noturg. 18G1, ; Verz. Reiso
N.-Anj. Siing. 1802, 147.— Gkhh., Cat. Bones Br. Mus. 1862, 223.— Leidv, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1807, 97 (skull from loess of Missouri). — Ames, Bull. Acad. Minnesota, i, 1874,
70. — Coues, Proc. Phiia. Acad. 1875, ul ; Powell's Ki^p. Colorado Ii. 1875, 221 (monographic).
Aacomyt iursarius, Evn. & Gehv., Voj . Favorite, v, 18.J9, 23.-Sci!is!Z, 3yn. ii, 1845, 132.— Gii:ii.,.Odou-
tog. 53, pi. 23, f. 8.
Geomyg (Saccoi)horii») bursariua, GiEn., Siiug. 1855, ,'i29.
f Miia ludovicicnun, OiiD, " Gutlirie's Gcog. 2d Am. cd. ii, 1815, 292. (Not determinable.) "
r DiploHloma fu8ca, Raf., Am. Month. Mag. ii, 1817,44.— Desm., Momm. ii, 1822, 315.— Less., Man 1827,801.
t Viplosloma alba, Rai'., Am. Month. Mug. ii, 1817, 44 (albino).— Desm., Mamm. 11, 18i2, 315. — Less., Mud.
1827, 201.
Kaccophonia t ulbus, Fiscii., Synnj!. 1827, 30r,.
f llii>m\j» ciiierciia, Rai'., Ant. Month. Mag. ii, 1817, 45.
Mua saccatuD, Mncii., N. Y. Med. Repos. xxi (new ser. vol. vi), 1821, 249 (from Lake Superior. "Tho Go-
jilicr, or Pouched Rat of North America, {itus hnraariua.) ")
Afcomyt canaihnsia, LiciiT., Abh. Acad. Wiss. Berl. 1823, 13, (Ig — Uisants, Mnizen, 1827, 24. — Waon.
" Sui>pl. .Schreb. iii, 1843, :\!':) ; Abh. K. Ho:; r. Al;ad. MUuoh. xxii, 1846, 327, fig. (skeleton) ".
fltomyH rannrfrnoid, LeC, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliiia. vi, 18.')2, 158.
(Ivomys (Inimmondii, Rich., Sixth Ann. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836, 1H37, 157 (Texas. A npecles with donblo-
griiovcd inelsorn, apparently exactly eipial to what was afterward called brcvicepa by Bainl).
..lamnij/s (frHiiiHionrfii, Wagneh, "Suppl. Scbrebcr".
(Icomya oregonfimn, Li:C., Proc. Acad. Nat. t-ci. Phila. vi, 1852, 100 (no probability that the assigned locality
is correct).
Gcomya brevU-eps, l!i>., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 18.')5, 334 ; M. N. A. 1857, ;)78, pi. 52, f. 2 a-,j (Texas).—
(iEllli., Cat. Itmie;, Br. Mus. 1802, 2'J3.
Canada Unt, Xnwv, II. cc.
Canada I'ouclud Hat, Riciiardbom, I. c— Aui). &. Bach., f. c.
ttb
1 GEOMYID45-GEOMY3 BUKSAllIUS. 0J3
Ilamster du Canada, Desm., I. c
PneudoHtome a bonne, Lkh8., I, c.
DiploKtome hrmi, 1). blanche, Dehm., Lkss., (/. co.
Canadian flamtter, GliIKK., 1. c.
Qoffer, TuHchenmans, ScilINZ, I. c. •'
PoHclied Hat, Sand Rat, Camat Hat, Pnckut Gopher, Snhnandrr, Viil^o.
Uon/noT Gauffrt, French (wUorice EngliHh " ({"plier ", and Ot>riiiiiii "gnffer")-
Diagnosis. — Superior incisors bisulcatc, with a fine siiiu|) groove along t lie
inner margin, and another, much larger, i)isccting the remiiining plane sur-
iiifc. Check-pouches ample, extending to the sliou!d(!rs. Hands, including
claws, longer than feet. Tail and feet hairy. Pelage soft, sleek, mole-like.
Color dull reddish-brown, muddy -gray or hoary beneath, the basal portion of
the fur plumbeous throughout (general color sometimes blackish-gray) ; feet
and tail, for the most part, white or colorless. Average dimensions of adult,
7 to 8 inches, but ranging from &.hQ to 9.00 at least ; tail, 2 or 3 inches ; fore
foo', including longest fore claw, about IJ inches; iiiiid foot, including claw,
about \\ inches; longest fore claw, about 0.75 inch, but very variable — from
little over 0.50 to 1.25.
Habitat -•'^alley of the Mississippi and its tributaries in a broad sense,
and somewhiit beyond to the northward. "Canada." Not known to occur in the
United States west of the Kocky Mountains. Specimens examined from the
whole immediate valley of the Mississippi, from the State of that name to Min-
nesota and Dakota ; also from Texas ; from the Platte, Washita, and Niobrara
Rivers, &c.; and from the eastern foot-hills of the Kocky Mountains of Colorado.
In the female, there are three pairs of teats — two inguinal, near together
along the inside of the thighs; and another pair, pectoral, at a considerable
distance. I have not been able to discover any more ; and as the same num-
ber and position have been found to hold in G. tuza, mexicanus, and hh-pulus,
such is probably the normal case in this genus; though in species of T/wmo-
mys I have distinctly recognized six pairs.
The character of the infclsors demands special notice, as it is diagnostic
of the species. Two grooves upon each upper incisor always persist distinctly.
One of these is a sharp, fine line of impression, running along the inner
margin of the tooth, about the distance of its own width from the edge. Tiie
other is a much larger, more profound, and wider sulcu.':, which fairly bisects
the remaining surface, leaving an equal plane area on either side, exclusive
of the small portion v.ut ofT by the fine marginal groove. This main groove
viries a good deal in depth and width in different specimens, and, moreover,
is itself sometimes sulcate ; that is to say, this excavati.,n iomrtimes presents.
e i.
614
MONOOllArUS OF NORTH AMERICAN ItODENTIA.
MM
(111 the outer side, a fine ridge, which marks ofT a secondary groove within the
first. The same thing occurs in the einglc-groovcd species — castanops, mexi-
canus, and hbpidus. But this carination of the main groove is not always
perceptible, and is generally so fine as to be liable to be overlooked. When
most strongly marked, this supplementary groove is just like the inner marginal
groove itself; and each tooth then seems to consist of two similar halves.
Tablk I. — McMwrementH of forty tpeclMvi»,fre»h and atoohoUc, of Geomys DunSARlcg.
I
1.127
1:1^4
a:)3n
351
SKU
'nat
■M33
1175
•J03O'
II
S
3
i
5
0
1
8
II
10
II
li
13
H
IS
16
11
18
19
31
33
34
33
3<
31
33
33
38
40
43
Looality.
Niobrara River ..
KAusas
Iowa
do
SAlnt LoulA, Mo. .
do
do ,
Illinois
VernillloD River ...
LoulslaDa
Fort Slasetna, Dak .
do ,
.do.
.do.
.do .
.do.
.do.
.do .
..do .
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do .
.do .
.do.
, do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
do.
.do.
.do.
..do.
.do .
.do.
From tip of aoBO to —
o.es
0.9S
1.13
I.3S
1.03
1.90
1.00
0.15
0.S0
1.11
1.30
1.13
0.98
1.00
1.10
am
1.09
1.35
0.94
0.91
a 93
0.90
1.10
1.33
0.80
0.81
1.05
0.95
0.M
a83
1.13
1.03
0.93
0.6]
0.71
0.91
0.96
0.17
1.09
1.40
1.63
1.10
3.10
1.13
1.85
1.43
1.73
1.45
2.08
9.04
1.94
1.51
1.61
1.>S
1.60
1.73
1.84
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.35
1.71
3.13
1.57
1.33
1.81
1.56
1.71
1.50
1.99
1.63
1.34
1.13
1.33
1.47
1.33
1.19
1.54
1.90
3.00
3.90
360
1.90
3.35
3.49
3.45
3.03
305
300
336
3.06
3. If.
3.45
305
1.97
L97
1.07
3.90
3 47
300
303
330
306
303
1.90
350
330
313
1.63
1.63
3 00
1.93
3 10
9.90
6.15
6.30
8.00
a 00
7.00
7.."i0
5.75
8.00
n.oo
8.00
9.00
1.90
7.90
8.50
6.30
aso
9.33
1.50
1.00
7.30
7.45
9.00
9.33
a 00
aoo
9.95
aoo
a 95
1.50
g.oo
7.85
1.13
6.00
6.60
a 35
1.00
o.ne
a50
Length of—
9.30
.3.00
3.13
3.30
aoo
a 15
3.35
363
1.15
3.08
3.01
360
9.60
3.96
3 37
363
a 13
348
3 43
330
319
365
a 03
316
3 61
3 77
3 67
aoo
383
an
1.30
1.50
1.35
1.60
1.30
1.35
1.50
1.75
1.90
377
3 67
395
9.68
3 66
393
3. '.5
a 03
1.80
1.60
1.47
1.66
1.50
1.64
1.70
1.60
1.4u
1.55
1.60
1.89
1. .-8
1.63
1.60
1.83
1.6tj
1.69
1.57
1.16
1.68
1.55
1.37
1.35
1.65
1.04
1.55
1.89
1.35
1.35
1.30
1.45
1.33
1.33
1.35
1.13
1.23
1.03
1.37
1.97
1.03
1.35
1.90
1.91
1.30
1.18
1.14
1.39
1.21
1.35
1.40
1.33
1.91
1.45
1.21
1.38
1.18
1.43
1.33
1.28
1.14
1.93
1.33
1.35
1.96
1.31
0.70
0.10
0.68
0.80
0.55
0.63
0.10
0.65
0.15
0.55
1.35
1.03
0.93
0.11
0.69
0.81
0.10
0.80
0.84
0.80
0.15
0.67
0.09
0.83
o.ei
0. 15
0.14
0.89
0.13
0. 75
0.60
n.M
0.81
0.06
0.47
0. f)7
0.\0
0.10
0.64
o.r.
Alcoholic.
..do.
...do.
Fresb.
:..do.
Alcoholic.
...do.
...do.
Fi««h.
Alooholio.
Freah.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
....do.
...do.
....do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
....do.
....do.
..do.
..do.
...do.
..do.
...do.
.. do.
..do.
...do.
do.
... do.
...do.
...do.
... do.
...do.
* A typo of 6r«n'oepf.
I Xos. 1-49 (orig noft.) wen* mpaanred In the fle«h by t'le coMt ctor, Pr. C T. McChegney, U. 3. A., whose cure In this
matter Rroatly increawd (lie value of au important col'ectioa of Uanimala raade by bini In the locality nanicd. " Fort Bis*
set4in" waa formerly Fort Wadawortb, Dakota.
■« i
1^ n
GEOM YI 1M5— ( J KOM YS TUZA.
615
\, GEOMYS TUZA, (Ord) Coues.
The Salamander, ur Florida Pocket Gopher.
Grovnd-ral, Bahtram, Trav. Fin., Dublin r.il. 17i):i, 7.
Uvdencrihed tillle qiuidnipcd of Cliorgia, Mitciiii.l, N. Y. Mm). Kcpos. v, IHOi!, 80 (not tochnically named ;
artiolo wlitorial, ooverinK a description of the animal by J. Mlllwlgp, Con|{ri-iwiuuii from
Ueorgiu).
Hamtler of Georgia (MiTCUlt.i,!)," Duwick's Hist. Quod. Ist Am. od. ISftl, Wr."; 2d Amor. '(from Hth
Lond.) ud. [n. d.], adduuda, p. '.fiii, Avonil-ciit (nrticlc probably propiired b" H. li. Mituliill).
ifnt liiza, Old), Outbrio's Onoj;. 8d Am. ed. ii, I81.'i, aihj. (Hiiii«d on Milrbill'H iininntl.)
Gwmtjs tiiza, CoiiKH, Proc. Pbilik. Acad. 187.'>, VS'i. — Cuukh, I'owoH'h K«p. C'olonido K. 1HT5, 3!t0 (mono-
grapb).— C!<H>|>K, ibid, '.iiii (babitn).
llfnmgi pineliH, Rak., Am. Month. Mag. ii, 1H17, 4r>(GBorKia).— IIhant.s, Mui»)n, IH."?, ITM.— Di'.nm., Maniin.
ii, 18!K, ;!M (note).— Litm., Man. 1827, 2(W.— Kicii., Sixth Ann. linp. Brit. Amkoo. lor IKIti,
18;i7, l.')0.— Haiiii), M. N. a. 1S)7, 380, pi. 22, f. 11 a- e.— Gksnkii, Ann. Uup. Smiths. Inst, for
t8(i0, 18H1, 4:tl (hnbiu).
Succopkonu t pineti, ri»ciiKH, Syn. 1820, 305.
Oeomyi pineli, LeC, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1852, l.'')0.— Ai.i.kn, Bnll. Muu. Comp. Zool. ii, 1871, 17H.
PnudqilovM floridana, Aud. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 242, pi. 150, f. I. , ^
Hanuterdv Arginie, Dehm., Jonrn. do Phys. Ixxxix, 1810, 1.50.
Southern Pouched Hat, Ann. & Bach., I. o.
Oeomya de» pint, Desm., Less., II. oc.
Gopher ; Salamander, VtJLO.
Diagnosis. — Superior incisors with n main groove dividing tlic tootli in(<i
two unequal portions; the outer obviously the smaller; the inner, largerinoiety
marked by an extremely fine marginal groove, faint, obscure, or perliaps
sometimes obsolete. Tail and hind feet in adult life naked, or nearly so.
Otherwise like G. bursarius.
Habitat. — Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.
Authors speak of the upper incisors as single-grooved. But in nil (ho
numerous specimens examined, the upper incisors arc double-grooved, as in
G. bursarius, the fine second groove being perceptible as a delicate line of
impression along the inner margin of the tooth. It is perfectly distinct, as a
rule ; and in no case have I failed to recognize clearly at least a trace of it,
though in some instances it is faint, and liable to be overlooked if not closely
examined. Baird says that this groove becomes ol)solete in old age, implying
that such is the rule ; but, while not doubting that this may occur, I must
consider it exceptional. G. tuza, therefore, has double-grooved incisors, like
G. bursarius. The point of dental discrepancy liiis elsewhere. In bursarius,
'Abititnry | of { Qnadrnpeds: | Euibollishod with npwards of | 340 en);raving8, { chittlj' copied |
from the original of T. Bewick | by | A.Anderson, | — | Second Americ.in, from theEigbth London i^dllion.
I — I Also, an Addenda, with some animals not | hitherto described. | — | [Vignette.] | New York: I T.
W. Strong, I 84 Nussan Street. | n. d. 1 tv)^ 12m». pp. i-ii; 5 IKK), niony icoorf-ec.
[ I have seen no earlier Amer. c<l. The " Addenda ", in this ed. (and probably in the earlier one),
pp. 323-3:20, pre«nmu<l to be by S. L. Mitchill, consist of Grizzly Bear, p. 323, Hamster of Georgia, p. 320,
Mammoth of New York, p. 327, and Viviparous Shn'k of Long Island, p. 328.J
I .,(1
1
■:i|
616
MONOGUAPIIS OF NORTH AMKUIOAN RODENTIA.
i)^
llid inniii groove bisects what is Icfl of tiio face of the tooth, nflcr subtnicting
tiio portion cut ofT by the inner marginal groove; and this hitter is always
distinct. In G. tuza, the main groove divides what is left of the face of the
tooth, after subtracting the portion cut off by the inner groove, into two
unccpial portions, whereof the exterior is the smaller; and the inner groove,
always slight, may be faint, obscure, or perhaps sometimes obsolete. The
only other character of G. tuza I can appreciate is the nakedness of the tail
and 'eet — especially the former. The species corresponds with G. hvipklus
in this respect. In the best-marked cases, the tail is perfectly naked beyond
the enlarged hairy base. The hind feet share this nakedness, but not to the
same extent ; the instep is nearly bare, but the toes are sparsely pilous with
short colorless bristles ; the back of the fore feet is in much the same con-
dition. The depilation of the members is not always complete ; younger
specimens, in the plumbago state of pelage, show as hairy tail and feet as
average samples of G. hursarius. The animal does not differ at all from G.
bursarius in size or shape. Under these circumstances, it might be held
that the present is merely a localized race of G. bursarius.
GEOMYS CASTANOPS, (Bd.) LeC.
The Fecos, or Chestnut Pocket Gopher.
r^eudoaloma autanopi, Baird, Stansbnry'i) Bep. Great Salt Lake, 1S69, 313 (uear Benl'H Fort, N. Mex.). —
Add. & lUcn., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 304.
Geomyt cajtanops, LeC, Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 185-2, 163.— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, '.181.— Baird, F. R.
B. Bep. X, 1859, Oannison anil Beckwith's Boate, Mamin. 8, pi. 10, f. 2. — CouES, Proo. Phila.
Acad. 1875, 133 ; Powell's Bep. Colorado B. 1875, i233 (mono^aphic). — CouES & Yarrow,
Wheeler's Bep. Expl. W. 100th Merid. v, " 1875" (= 1876), 111.
Gcomys clarkii, Baird, Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhila. 1855, 332 (Texas).— Baird, M. N. A. 1857, 383, pi. 50,
f. 1 a-ff.— Kennerly, p. R. B. Rep. x, 1859, Whipple's Route, Mamm. 1.3.— Baird, U. S.
Mex. Bound Survey, ii, pt. ii, 18ii9, Mamm. 41.— Gerk., (^at. Bones Br. Mas. 1862, 222.
Chcsinut-fnccd and Pccot Gopher, Baird, U. cc
Diagnosis. — Superior incisors with a single median groove bisecting the
face exactly. Fore feet shorter, or not longer, than hind feet. Feet and tail
sparsely pilous. Color pale yellowish-brown above, inclining more or less to
dull chestnut about the head ; whitish below. Size of G. bursarius, or rather
less. Fur soft, as usual in the genus.
Habitat. — Texas and New Jlexico. (The few specimens known to
naturalists are all from this limited area.)
(Described from Baird's types of G. castanops and G. "ciarkii", and other
specimens.) Distinguished l)y the comi)ination of a single median groove of
the incisors, pale light color, and small size. In the first-named particular,
if
Oi:0MYUM':-(JI::()MY8 MEXICASUB
(517
bill ncitlicr in size luir color, it agrees witii U. nte.ricatiu.i; in both lliesn
Hpecics, the single groove is central, bisecting the snrfaci;. so that, viewed
from the front, tlierc appear to be four incisors. This separates it from G.
burxariu.i, with which it agrees in size, averaging about the same ns G. bur-
sarins, though no specimens before me arc ns large as the largest of the latter.
Length, full grown, about 8 inches, rather less than more. Tail, 2.J to 3
inches. A notable peculiarity of form, in comparison with G. bursarius, lies
in the relative ])roportions of the fore and hind feet, which are much as in
GG. mexicanus and hisp'idus ; the palm, claws included, being shorter, or no
longer, than the sole and cluws; (he latter measuring about IJ incites, the
former only about 1 \ inches. External ears obsolete. Hairiness of tail and
hind feet much as in average G. bursnrius or G. mexicanus — they are thiidy
clothed indeed, but more hairy than in G. luza or G. hispidus. »
Coloration dull, pale chestnut, or almost fawn-color, shaded with the
plumbeous basal portions of the fur. This tawny or fulvous tone is highly
characteristic in comparifion with the deeper and warmer chocolate or mahog-
any or muddy-brown of G. bursarius and G. mexicanus. On the under parts,
though the plumbeous basal portion of the fur shows considerably, the general
tint is whitish — quite white in comparison with the muddy-gray of the same
parts of G. bursarius. Whiskers mostly colorless, or fine and numerous, the
longest about equaling the head. Claws pale horn-color; palms and soles
variously discolored. Incisors orange.
Notwithstanding the difference in size and color, the affinities of this
si>ecie8 are decidedly with G. mexicanus rather than with G. bursarius.
GEOMYS MEXICANUS, (Licht.) Rich.
The Tucan, or Uextcan Pocket Gopher.
A»comyii mexicantu, LicnT., Ablioud. K. Acau. Wiaa. Borl. 1827, 113. — Bhants, Miiizen, 1S27, 27. — Waon.,
Siippl. Schrob. ill, 1S43, 3»1 ; W, pi. aOO A.— Chaklebw., P. Z. 8. ix, IS41, 60 (habits).—
SCHINZ, Synop. ii, 1845, 13:1.
Saccophorus mrakoHiM, Fison., Synop. 1829, 305 Eyd. & Gkrv., " Gn(!rin'9 Mng. vi, ISHfi, 23, pi. 21, f. .I,
0; Voy. Favorite, v, 1839, 23, pi. 8, f. 5, 6".— Ghay, List Mnuim. Br. Mue. 1843, 150.— Geuh.
Cat. Bones Br. Mns. I8fia, 223.
Geamys mcxictinua, KiCH., Sixth Aun. Kcp. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Soi. for 1836, 1837, ICC— LkC, Proc. Acad,
Nat. Spi. Phila. 1852, 160.— Baibd, M. N. A. 1857, 387.— CoUES, Proo. Phila. Acad. IWh, 133;
Powell's Bop. Colorado B. 1H75, 2M (monograph).
Pseudoalmna {Geomyt) mexicatia, At:D. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1854, 309.
(icomya (Saccophoriu)) mexicanua, Gieb., Sting. ISiV), 529.
Tucan of IIkrnandez. — Tufa or Tnjsa, Mexican.- Tiijaii opud GuRR., I e.
Mexlcatiwche Taichenmaus, German.
Diagnosis. — Superior incisors bisected by a single median furrow (as in
•m
1
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li
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1
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MONO(JI{Al'll8 OF NOUTII AMERICAN ROOEXTIA.
G. rtintdnoj.H, wliidi is very difrcrciit in siz(! niid color). Colorntion aiul gcncrnl
appcaninco of (1. hurmriun (wiiitli lias two distinfit grooves on (Ik; iipjuT
incisors). Fur so(t, slcok (ms in other species of the genus, excepting G. his-
pldiis, in which it is extremely coarse and harsh). Averaging much larger
than any United States species (nearly equaling G. hixpidiis), with propor-
tionally smaller pouches and hands, and weaker claws (these jmrts being as
in (J. hi,s])iiiu.s). Tail and feet clothed (as usual in the genus), not naked as
in G. hisjiitliM ivn\ (J. tuzd. Length, 10-11 inches; tail, about 3; sole, |K!r-
haps 1.50; hand, rather less. Mamma;, three pairs, as in other species.
Habitat. — Mexico. (Limits of distribution unknown. Not known to
occur north of Mexico.)
Shares wilh G, castanops the single median* furrow of the upjier inci-
sors, but is much larger and different in color. The well-prepared speciniiinf
here described is only equalled in a large series of G. hursarius by a single
much over-stuffed example. The pouches, as well as can be judged from the
skin, are smaller proportionally than those of the United Slates species; in
this respect being like those of G. hinpiduis. These two Mexican species
further agree in the relative smallness of the hands and less enormous devel-
opment of the claws ; the fore member being shorter or, at most, not longer
than the hinder one. The orifice of the external ear presents, in the dried
stale, a mere rim, around which no flap can be fairly recognized. In color,
the specimen is not decidedly different from bursarius, though there is a
purity of the chestnut-brown which contrasts with the muddy-brown (in
some cases almost a glaucous shade or "bloom") commonly seen in bursarius.
The fur is deep plumbeous basally, pointed with the warm brown on the
u|)per parts, and only partia'ly hidden below by muddy-gray and hoary ends
of the hairs. Auricular region darkened. Hind feet and tail mostly whitish.
There is some whitishness about the lower jaw, and a small white abdominal
and anal patch ; these last being of indeterminate character. The plumbago
or "anthracite" variation of pelage occurs in this as in other species of this
family.
* Q. hinpiduB hON been described oh having a Riiigle niiMliao fnrrow ; tho ompbnsis bere, howevnr, is
ii)ion "siiiKlo", in uutitboHis to tbe double furrow of G. hurmriuu, witbont reference to exact poxition. 0.
i,iza is said to have n "single" furrow; but the proper implication is merely obsoleteness of tbe fine
inner second fnrrow naunlly seen. In R. macicanus, as in O. eatlanopa, tbe farrow is truly «injle nnd
midiitn ; in G. HnpUlm, single nn<l internal ; in G. tiita, npi^nreiitly single and externnl.
tNo. '.KM, Mus. Suiitbs. Inst., Xiilapii, Mexico, Dc Oca,
, ' GEOMYIIUC-OKOMYS lilSriDUW. 010
;,. GEOMYS HISPIDUS, LcC.
,, ,„, 1,^ The Quarhll, or Central Amcrlran Porkct Uophpr. i
Saooophorm quaMI, Oiiay, V. Z. 8. xl, 164:1, 70, cz Cobon, Vem Taz, dncr. nulla!— Okhr., Cat. lioniM Dr.
Mils. ISti'i, !»:i.
Oeomyi hitpidui, LkC, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. ia"2, 158 (ilimcr. orlR.) — IUini>, M. N. A. IWIT, ;tflfi, pi.
•^■i, {. 4 fl-d.— CoiiKH, Troo. I'blla.Acnd. 1H7&, l:U.— C'()i!i':i*, t'owull'a Hep, Coloruilu It, 1H75,
'£n) (iiionnKnipli).
riiiidoittoma ((leomy») hinpMum, AuD. & Pach., Q. N. A. Hi, 1R54, .KXi.
Oeomiif hiieroilut, rKTKim,* Moiialab. Akal. Wiw. Il«rlin, IHn4, 177 (Cmtn KIcn).
Gomiya " hinului", Col'Eh, Proc. Pbi1». Acad. 1H75, 131 (by slip of imjii for hitpidiu).
Diagnosis. — Superior incisors witii a sini^U? strong deep furrow, lying
wholly in the inner hull" of the tooth.f Tail and hind feet naked, or iicurly so ;
fore feet sparsely hirsute. Fore feet, including claws, decidedly shorter than the
hind feet. Pouches moderate, scarcely or not reaching beyond the head.
Pelage stiflT, hispid, and almost lustreless. Color uiii(()rm dull chocolate-
brown, merely paler, grayer, or smoky-brown below ; all the hairs one-colored
from base to tip. Of largest size; nearly or about a foot long; girth some
9 inches; tail s'.iort, about 3 inches or rather less from extreme base, its
naked part only about 2 inches; sole, 1§-1^; palm, including longest claw,
less than this. 9 with only 3 pairs of mammae determined, 2 pairs inguinal,
1 pair pectoral.
Habitat. — Mexico and Central America. (Xalapa, Mexico (Dc Oca) ;
Nccostla, Mexico (iSi!/«jicAras<); Costa Rica (.Zeferfon and Canniol); Guatemala
Q\iy {Van Patten))
The most notable external feature is the nakedness of the tail and feet.
The tail, in extreme cases, is absolutely bare ; the hind feet, from the tarso-
metatarsal joint outward, are nearly bare, though a few bristly hairs may be
observed, especially on the toes. The hands share the same nakedness, but
in less degree. Specimens vary in these respects ; in some, delicate bristles
'Special pnpor: „Ueber nene Arten dor Siingethiergattunf^en Qoomys, Haplodon und Uoaypng."
< Loc. at. pp. 177-181.
t lu the earlier uoticen by LcConto and Baird, the character of the upper incisors wns not fully
indicated, owing to dofeet of the specimens. These teeth ore nnisulcate, as in nuxfranua, but the poaition
of the groove constitutes n {lerfect specific character. In Meztca*u», a single profunud groove bwectii the
tooth ; in Aitjridus, a similar single groove lies on the i»ner half of the tooth. In some specimens, indeed,
where the groove is widest, it may encroach slightly upon the median line ; but it asnnlly lies altogether
to one side, the outer plane surface of the tooth being alone as wide as the groove plu» the inner plane
surface. This character is unique among the species described in this paper ; and it is the basis of O.
heterodui, us I find upon examining Prof. Peters's paper, which I was not able to consult in tlu. proparatiuD
of my previous articles upon this family, Prof Puteni alludes to the original 5. i;uac/«i{ of Gray, but seems
to buvu overlooked Dr. LeCunte's description of G. hitpidus.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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MONOOUAPU8 OF NOllTn AMERICAN KODENTIA.
arc scattered over the tail, and more evident ones clothe the instep ; but the
parts always present a peculiar skinny appearance. Tail less than one-fburtii
as long as the head and l)ody; han<lsnot as long ns the feet; smaller and weaker
than in tiie burmrhis group; ciieek-|)ouche8 arc not so liighly dcvelo|)ed. As
well as can be judged from prepared skins, the sacs do not reach to tiio
siioulder; their capacity, in an individual nearly a foot long, seems no greater
iliun that of specimcus of G. bursarius not more limn half as bulky. The
external meatus of the car has a small flap. The hisjnd pelage is a remark-
able feature, being coarse and harsli, almost entirely lustreless, longer than
usual, and interspersed witli still h)ngerand almost bristly hairs; and the color
is uniform to the roots of the hairs. It is clmmctcristic of all the soft-haired
species of Geomys to have plumbeous-colored fur at base, pointed with the
particidar l)rown, fulvous, or other shade which determines the appearance to
the eye. In G. hUpidux, the hairs are unicolor from base to tip; dark mahog-
any-bfovvn, or rather chocolate, <i little lighter or 'ir'vcr according to age or
season, or fortuitously, but uniform over all the upper parts and sides. Under-
neath, the color is paler, like cafe au hit ; sometimes quite smoky-gray or
muddy-brown. The under parts frequently show indeterminate patches of
wTiite. It is probable that plumbago-colored individuals occur, but I have
seen none such. The naked parts appear to have been reddish or flesh-colored ;
claws horn-color; incisors faced with red.
• Note on a skull.
In preparing the original memoir, I regretted that I had no skull of
either of tiiu Mexican s,)ecies to describe. Since thcti I have found a defective
specimen in tlie collection of the National Museum, marked "hispidus — Mex."
It is much larger than any United States specimen I have seen, measuring in
total length (from occipital crest to incisive alveoli) 2.70 inches, with a width of
1.85 across the wjdest part of the zygomatic arches. (A good-sized speci-
men of G. burxarius measures in the same dimensions 2.25 X 1 ••'>0.) Greatest
depthof skull.without jaw, 1.18(op|)osite premolars; the eorres|H)nding dimen-
sion of G. hurmrim is only 0.70). Width across occiput, 1.65. Length of
lower jaw .(condyle to incisive alveolus), 1.80 (in G. bursarius, 1.45) ; great-
est divergence of rami of the jaw (at the exflected angles), 1.80. The enor-
mous under incisors protrude more than an inch — 1.25 ; the upper incisors
arc cxserted for 0.G5. Tlie zygomalic width is increased by a well-marked
U i:()M YI 1)^-TI10M0M Y8
02 1
flitnge-like expansion of (he mnlur anteriorly, where, at the point of grcaU'st
width, the bone is 0.35 in breadth; the process extends obliquely downward
and ontward, with rounded contour. Nothing equalling this special expansion
of the malar is seen in any of the United States species, skulls of which
have been exatnined, though the bone is usually thicker in (he corresponding
portion of its course than elsewhere ; and, in G. castanops particularly, is some-
what laminar at the corresiwnding point. The skull as a whole is " rugged "with
the several ridges and angles highly developed ; the jaw is specially massive.
There seems to be a peculiarity in the "set" of the lower incisors, apparently
determined by their great protrusion. In O. buraariun, holding the jaw hori-
zontal, i. e. with the crowns of the molars on a level, the incisor-tips still
incline strongly obliquely forward. In the present species, when the jaw is
similarly viewed, the ends of the incisors are vertical, so great is their curva-
ture. Various peculiarities of the skull might be noted, but they may be
considered covered by the statement of its great massiveness, roughness, and
angularity. The ]Hittern of the molar crowns seems to be much the same.
Genus THOMOMYS, Maxim.
JMptoiioma, Richards, Fu. Bor.-Am. i, 18S9, 300 («uc Raf.).
Ortclomf, pt. Eyd. dc Okhv , Msg. Zool. vi, ItKW, 83.
Tliomomg; Haxim., M. Act. Aoad. Com. Leop. xix, 1839, 383.— BikiRD, H. N. A. 1857, 388.— Codes, Proc. Pbita.
Ac«d. 1H75, 134 (iiioDographio sketcb). — CouES, Powell'a Sep. Colorado R. lH7r>, ii43 (mono-
graph).— CoUKS, Bull. U. S. OeoL Snrv. 'Ml aer. no. ii, ltf7&, pp. 81 leqq. (crauial characters).
Ibmomg; Bramdt, BoiL Kennt. SUug. Ruasl. 185.5, 187.
(In addition to the foregoing, all the syDonyms of Oemiyi, g. v., haio been applied to this genos.)
Generic charb. — Superior incisors without median sulcus, but with a
fine marginal groove (sometimes obsolete). Crowns of intermediate molars
acute-edged exteriorly. Root of inferior incisors causing a protuberance on
outside of base of condylar ramus nearly as high as c^idylo itself; end of
mandible thus sijgularly three-pronged. Zygomata regularly convex out-
ward, with a sweeping curve ; their breadth across jwsterioi'ly decidedly
greater than the intermastoid diameter of the skull. Parietals ridged exter-
nally near the squaino-parietal suture. Interparietal rather pentagonal.
Nasals widening uniformly from behind forward. Superficies of mastoid
bono restricted to less than a fourth of the occipital surface on each side.
Buliue. osscaj more inflated, quite obtuse ar.voriorly. Basi-occipital, in the mid-
dle, much narrower than the bulla at the same point. A pair of slight pits
on the pulutti behind, not extending beyond the ultimate molars. £xtcrr.ul
G22
MONOGUArUS OF NOKTU AMBItlCAN UODKNTIA.
MM
ears, though very smnll, provided with a distinct auricle. Fore claws mod-
erately developed. Containing the smaller species of the family. Distributed
from British America to Mexico, from the valley of the Mississippi to the
Pacific.
Readily distinguished from Geotnys by the characters given in the fore-
going paragraph, the expressions used being antithetical to those of the diag-
nosis of Geotnyx on p. 611.
The numerous species of this genus described by Richardson, LeContc,
Baird, and others are reducible to one, with three geographical races. The
following schedule cxliibits the relations of the several forms us treated by
the two latest systematic writers on this genus : —
Baibd, 1SS7. CouKS, 1876,
1. Tyomomf Mbivont .. °\ (
3. Tlumomyt latictpi I i'aaifia oowt ragloD < bdlbivorus
3. TkomomfdtmgUuM...} \
4. TkoMonyt IhmtaUi...^ (
5. TtoMomyant/ivanf ... VNortbern Interior ^ talpoidks..
0. nomimy$ " lalpoldei". j I
7. Thomomyi timtriiiiM . . . "k
S. Tkomomf fulvut . '
> Sootbem Interior and Lower Calif orni«.
. < UMBRINUB .
mi
. 3 .5 g
For a full discussion of the subject, reference may be made to the orig-
inal memoir. The following is an epitome of the results attained in the dis-
crimination of the three forms; —
Size. — The Northern Interior form and the Pacific Coast form are of
the same size ; the Southern Interior form averages an inch or two less in
total length than the other; but large specimens of the latter, and small
examples of the two former, overlap each other in stature.
Form — ^The Northern Interior race and the Northern styles of the Pacific
Coast race have larger fore claws than the Southern style of the Pac'^^c Coast
race or than the Southern Interior race. The difference is sufficient to make
the whole hand of the former about equal to the foot, while, in the latter, the
hand is usually shorter than the foot. But this is only true as a rule ; there
are many exceptions. In all three of the forms, the tail, measured from its
true base, ranges from one-third to one-half the t^tal length of head and-bo«ly,
though only rarely reaching either of these extremes. Nothing can be pred-
icated on this score.
Color. — ^The Northern Interior race is a rat-colored animal, Jioary-gray
underncatli, with white tail and feet, much white about the mouth, and no
GEOMYIOvE— TIIOMOMYH TALl'OIDES.
f.ooty-l)Inckis!i llierc. The Pacific Coast race \s a rich ilnrk-l)rowri uniinal,
mu(l(ly-i)cllie<1, with dusky tail and foot, wholly or in part, nnd souty nliuiit
the mouth. The Southern Interior race is usually a rich tawny or fulvous
animal, with partly dark tail or feet, or both, sooty mouth-parts, and white
pouches. This race is particularly variable in color; ond, in every respect of
color, all the races show much variation, and, moreover, intcrgmdc completely.
The various forms under which the genus Thomomys is exhibited may
bo discriminated by the following characters: —
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES AND VASIETIE8.
A. I^rgo. Hiud foot an Inch nr mora long. Tall st least one-tbird m long tm liewl
and body. Above brown, reddinb, &o. Btdow gray, brown, reddlab, lie. (nut
wbitv)' Earn In a blockUh area well developed 1. talpoipks.
«. Six to rifjbt incbea long; fore clawn highly developed (0.45 to 0.S3 long), making
the liand about as long as the foot. Color of the house-rat, with white tail and
feet, and nsunlly white abont the month and throat; no oontrasts of dark color
about the montb. (Kortbem Interior) a. (a/jwidra.
h. Seven to nine inches long; fore claws less developed, usually under 0.50, leaving
the hand shorter than the foot. Reddish-brown, the belly muddy-brownish,
feet and tail usually not entirely white ; mouth-parts dark, oontraating with
white of the ponob-liniog. (PociAo Coast) b. t«/6hx>nu.
e. Snisller on an average i usually six to seven inches long. Fore claws abont 0.40
or less, leaving the hand decidedly shorter than the foot. Rich fulvons, or even
fawn-color, the same lieiow bnt paler, variously obscured on the Iwck with
dusky; tail and feet usually dark; face and month-parts aooty-blaokish.sbarply
contrasting with white pouch-lining. (Soathem Interior and Lower Cali-
fornia) e. asitriaas.
B. Small ; decidedly less tbac six inches loug. Hind foot about 0.75 ; fore foot still
less. Tail scarcely one-fonrth as long as the bead and body. Above, pallid
yellowish-gray, with a shade of light brown ; below, entirely white ; feet and
tail white. Ears minute, not in a blockish area. Nose blackish. (Bridger's
Paaa, Rooky Mountains) it. CLuaivit.
THOMOMYS TALPOIDES, (Rich.) Baird.*
Mortbern Pocket Gopher
Orieetiu latpoUe$, Bicn., Zool. Joum. ill. No. 19, Jan.-Apr. 1828, 518. (Plambago-oolored.)
atomfi lalpoidn, Rich., V. B.A. i, 18it9, 804 ; Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 183A, vi, 1S»7, ISO, 156. (Same astbe pre-
ceding, bnt " Florida " assigned wrongly as a locality.)— DrKav, N. Y. Fn. 184it, Vi. (Com-
piled (Voni Richardson.)— SciliNZ, Synop. Hamm. ti, 1645, 137. (Compiled from Rich-
ardson.)—LkContk, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Pbila. vi, 185S, 163. (Compiled from Richardson.)
Saenglianii lalpoUm, Fihcii., Synop. Homm. 1830, 588 (marked •' 388 "). (Compiled from Richardson.)
.4«»i»y< lalpoida, Waon., Suppl. Schreb. iii, 1843, 390. (Compiled from Richardson.)
i>M«dM(0iia lalpoida, AuD. &. Dacr., Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 43, pi. 110. (Compiled from Richardson ; Bgnro
from t^e type-specimen,)
Cnmys (Tkoaiosiyt) lalpM<<»,OnBKL, Siing. 1855, 630. (Compiled fknm Richardson.)
Tliomomf$ lalpoUf, Daiiid, U. N. A. 1857, 403. (Compiled from Richardson.)— CouK8, Proo. Pbl!a. Acad.
1875, 135.— CoDU, Powell's Rep. Colorado It. 1875, iffiO (monographic ; Dicbardson's species
identified, de«eril>ed, and disonssed).
*8peoi*l paper: "Short cbaracten of a few Qnadrnpeds pr^urod.on Capt. Franklin's lata Expe-
dition." < The Zoological Jonmal, iii, Mo. 18, jBn.-Apr. 1838, pp. 516-500.
G24
MONOGltAPIIS OF NOUTFI AMEllIOAN UODRNTIA.
I .
t !■:
:.■ ■
Gcomgi horraU; Ricil., Rrp. Ilrit. Ansae, for IS30, vl, IBHT, US, donorllMxl on p. 1&7. (■■ Baakatchewan.'')—
IIaciim., J4>iiiii. Aciiil. Nat. 8cl. I'liilu. IKtl), 1U3. (OrlKiiinlly ilcMrlbod fmm RichnnliHiii'ii
type, " Coliiiiilila It.," inarkeil " PtudoHoma bonali; Kioli.")— UkKay, N. Y. Fii. HH'i,
Vi. (ConipilcU fn)in Uuclimaii.)— BciiiNZ, Hynuii, Uaniiu. U, lti4ri, 1%. (Cunipilod from
Uncliniaii.)
Aiamyt torrafto, Waon., Suppl. 8ubrob. iii, 1843, 391, (CoDipilei].)
Saccophortitborcalia, Okay, Lint Ilr. Mim. I«i43, 149 (" Canudn ;" incro mrntion, with aomo wranfi ayno-
nyiiiH).— MuiiiE, P. Z. 8. ItffO, HO (as boatof (Ettru$).
ritudotloma boreall; " Rich. M^8."— Ai:d. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, l«a, lOH, pi. 143. (Doacription and Hg-
nro apparently from tliu ortKioal apocimons.)
Thomomyi bortalit, HaiiiIi, Maniui. N. A. 1807, 3110, pi. 23, Og*. ia-r. (Account from (ypcaof "borealia"
and " towntendii ", in Muii. Philo. Acad., with T7liieb n Calirornian R|iooimen ia conniderrd
)irobably Identical.) — Nkwb., P. R. It. Rep. vl, 1807, &U (reata on the Califoruian apecinieu
Just mentioned),
Geomgi ioitmiendil, " nwii. U88."— Bachm., Jonm, Acad. Nat, Sci, Philo. 1839, 105. ("CnlnmliiaR."
Oeacribed as distinct from " borvalis", with much bositation, entirely in deference to Rich-
ardson.)—Rich., Zfiul. Voy. Blosaom, 1839, p. IU'.-DkKay, N. Y. Fn. 1842, 93. (Compiled
from Bacbnian.) — 8CIIIKZ, Synop. Uanim. 11, 184&, 137. (Compiled.)
Mcomyt lomieium, Waq.n., Suppl. Hchreli. ill, 1843, 391.
Oeornut u>iifulcalti$, Gray, " Br. Uns."— Oeay, {. e.
Tkomomf n^fttcm; Maxim., Nov. Act. Acad. Ciu.-Lcop. xlx, pt. 1, 1839, 383 ; Arch. f. Natnrg. 1841, pt. 11,
At ; Hid. 1801, — ; Verz. «iag. N.-Am. Roiae, 1802, 140, pi. 4, f. 5 (penis-bone). (In the lost
qnotation, thn generic name is apelled "Tomomys".) (Hisaouri region. )—SciliNZ, By nop.
Hamm. 11, l^ft, 134 (oxclusivo of the synonym Orgclomy botia, Eyd. A. Oerv.). (Compiled
from Haxiinillan ; California erroneously asslguel as the locality.) — Baikd, Proo. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Pbila. vii, 18u5, 335 ; M. N. A. 1857, 397. (Itetloscription of specimens from
•• Nebraska", i. «., Dakota ; ForU Pierre, Randall, and Uuion.)— Baikd, P. R. R. Rep. x, 18:i0,
Ounniron's ond Beckwith's Routes, Mamm. p. 8, pi. 10, f. 1 (the same). — Strvkmson, U. 8.
Oeol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 402 (Wyoming).— Amiw, Bull. Hinn. Acad, i, 1874, 70 (cato-
logned upon presumption of its occurrence in Miunesota). — Allen, Proo. Host. Boa xvli,
1874, 43 (Yellowstone River); Bull. Ess. lust, vi, 1874,00, 01, 00 (rather suppoaed than
known to be this species).
Onmf rufactnt, LkConte, Proo. Acad. Nat. Bel. Pbila. vi, 1852, 101. (Reileacrlbed from typesof " bore-
alls" and " townscndii ", in Philadelphia Academy, marktd "Columbia River".)
Aicomy rtifacent, Waon., Suppl. Schreb. Iii, 1843, 387.
nnmya (Thomomy) m/eacnis, Gikbel, Siiug. 1855, 530.
rAononyt "fulvui ", Meiiii., Ann. Rep. U. B. Oeol. Surv. Terr, for 1873, 187:1, 065. {Seo Woodb.)
Diagnosis. — Coloration almost exactly that of the house-rat (Mus decu-
manus) — sometimes assuming a more reddish phase, occasionally blackish-
plumbeous ; tail and feet white, and much of the chin, throat, and breast
white in irregular patches, where the fur is white to the base. No sooty-
lihickish about the mouth-parts; no obvious distinction in color between the
pouch and its surroundings ; no strongly-pronounced reddish-brown on the
under parts ; general tone of coloration never decidedly tawny. Ears set in
a small blackish area. Length, 6 to 8 inches ; tail, 3 inches or less, decidedly
less tlian half the length of head and body ; fore and liind feet (claws included)
airproximately equal to each o\her, 1.10 to 1.25 ; longest fore claw little less
tli'in the length of the rest of the hand, about 0.50. Mamma;, 6 pairs — 2 pairs
inguinal, pectoral, and axillary, respectively. In some specimens, however,
one or two pairs a])parcntly fail to develop, generally the axillary ones.
GEOMTID^— TnOMOHTS TALP0IDE8.
625
Habitat. — Supposed to occur in the Interior of North Americn, from
"Hudson's Boy" to the "Columbia River", and to occupy about the northern
half of the United States west of the Mississippi, exclusive of the Pacific
Coast region ; being replaced, to the west, by T. bulbivorut, and, to the south,
by T. umbrinus. (Undoubted specimens seen from Selkirk Settlement, British
America; from Minnesota westward through Dakota and Montana to the
Rocky Mountains; and from Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada.)
Tail* II.— JfeatwmMal* i/«<fkl frmk fielwtau *f Thomomtk taltoiobh.
1
LaMllCy.
ConeHar.
Jl
rnullpa(MMt»-
i
ii
LMfUior-
1
1
1
1
1
1
h
i
!
i
1
1
3
1
■ IMS
IISI1
lINt
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IIMi
1
1
BourU RItw, Dtkoto. . . .
I>r.K.CoaMtD.aA..
4s
X
»
i
<s
V
I.M
«.»
•iN
An
•.S4
I.M
1.10
L«
LM
I.M
LM
LM
LM
1.7*
t.M
LM
LM
LM
L«T
LSI
•.M
I.M
r»
T.M
<.M
I.M
rM
I.H
ftM
nn
ftM
LM
LtT
I.W
LH
LM
LM
LM
LM
LM
LIT
LIS
LM
LH
LM
LH
LM
LM
LIT
LIS
0.59
CSS
•.90
Oltf
0l9S
OiM
0l4T
Pmh.
...do.
...do.
...da
...do.
....do.
...ilk
....da
dft
4o
4*
.... tn
da
4s
nrt8lMMw,IXik«to..
<* rt
Or.C.K.M«CkMM]r.
U.S. A.
4s
Is
4s
Hon.— Ths ant a** fonfotan (pMliMM, ill alall, takoa Ike ••■• mmm (Jim to SoplMbar, im), wm Mratally
«n«wr«d la tko aaok hj >7Mlt Otliir ttnkmna, tnm Ik* mm» ngloa.aot ■uMrad la tin Sook, wiry tka llnHi of lat(|
|g!gtfc ftwa akoat 0 to «k— t » lukoa, wllk » »iitrM|i«a*lai raafo o( nilatloa la olkor fart*. Tk* UU U IskoafroBll*
tnwkoao— H*fP**nakoalk*iriclxk>kott*rlatkoditado«ala. TkowalfMof tkoMtfaalMaaiaagoalVaaiO taTouBOMi,
Tkoflrtkof tkookMrtUakNtJIaskooief tk* koUj.OJM. XallMT, 9,kMi II loali-* pain aiUUr;, • pain pM«onl,t
pain laiaUul. WkM taUjr dlalradod, la Ik* ft«k ilaia, Ik* wUtk acn** tk* •k**k-poaek** t* tk* (natoot dUawtor of Ik*
kodj. Moa.L«M«ric.a*a.l,alladall,w*n nnaand la tk*a**kkrlk««*a«ilar,Ilr. Cl.lloCkMa*j,U.&A. Tk*
■Miiiwiti «f UU «»«■ to kan k*«a takaa ky kha tnm It* appanat hwa
The most northern specimen I have seen is from the Assiniboine River;
the species is supposed to range from Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains
in British America (northern limit unknown). In the United States, I have
specimens from Minnesota, Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Nebraska, Wyoming,
Nevada, and Utah. The southern limit is inferred to be somewhere along
the middle of the United States. Its range may not inosculate with that of
T. umbrinus ; at any rate, I have seen no intermediate specimens from any-
where in the Interior, the approach io umbrinui seeming to be made in the
Pacific province, through bulbivorut. True taipoidei exists fuirly westward
of the main chains of the Rocky Mountains ; but no Thomomyi of this style
is known from immediate Pacific slopes. It meets and inosculates with the
Northern style of bulbtoonu ("douglasi") in the Columbia River region.
This animal is elaborately described, and it« synonymy fully discussed
in the original memoir.
40 M
\''\'
m
H.
626 MONOOKAPnS of KORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
THOMOMYS TALPOIDES BULBIVORUS, (Rich.) Coues.
ricllc Pocket flopher.
DiplMl<m*t »ii»iiior«ii, Rial., F. B. A. I, 1890, 300, pi. IB D (lettoed ioMgtaiU by miitake).— RiCll., ZoOI.
Voy. Blouom, IKIO, pp. 9 and 13*.
acomf hunitarut, Rich., Add. Rep. Brit. Amoo. for 1H30, tI, 1R37, ino.— DbKat, N. Y. Fn. 184S, M.
(Compiled trom Richardion.)— Bciiinz, Syn. Ifamm. ti, 1H46, ISTi. (Compiled; qaotaa D,
" butUferum"; gives wrong locklity.)— LbConte, Proo. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Philo. IS&i, 101. (Com-
piled from RiobardioD.)
AKorngt hulhivonu, Waon., Suppl. Bobreb. Hi, 1843, 387. (Compiled.)
rtadfloma MUvonm, AVD. & Bacr., Q. N. A. iii, I8S4, 337. (Compiled from Riobardion.)
(leowtf ( r*Mio«yi) tiilWtxinM, OlCB., BUdk. 18SC, (i30. (Compiled ftwn Riohordwa.)
nmomf htlMMfiu, Bkanot, Beli. Kennt BliuK. RomI. 16a&, 188, pi. 5, ff. 1-9 ((koll and teeth).
Themtmf tolMwrM, Baird, U. N. A. 18&7, 389, pi. SO, f. 3 a-f, and pi. SS, f. 1 o-f . (IdcDtlBee tbe oom-
mon Collibmian animal with tbi* (pecies of Ricbardion'e, and minntely deaeribea It.) —
Baud, P. R. R. Rep. x, 1869, WilllamMin'a Ronte, Hamm. SO. (Port Tejon, Cul.)— Kkn-
HERLT, P. R. R. Rep. z, 18G9, Whipple's Ronte, Mamm. 13, pi. 11. (California.)— Obrr.,
Cat. Bone* Brit Uus. 1809, ns. (California.)
Tkomomf talpoida hulbtvon; CoCBS, Proc Acad. Phila. 1670, 136.— Couis, Powell's Rep. Coloroda R.
1875, iiS8 (monotp'sph).
Orgclom^ {SQonpkonu) boUa, Etd. & Orrv., Mag. deZool. tI, 1636,33, pi. ill, f. 4 (teeth); Voy.FaTorlta
T. 1M39, «l, pi. 8, f. 4 (same).
nomomy boUa, Lus., Monv. Uan. R. Anim. 1849, 119. (Compiled.)— Daiiid, Pnw. Acad. Nat. Sol. PhiU.
1855, 335. (anbaeqnently iilentlBed tbe some with haHirtnu.)
(irmnyf /k(ifisom(, SCBINZ, Syn. Mamm. 11,1845,136. (Based on doufdui; name altered fornognod
reason.)
Thomamf UHerpi, Baird, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 335 ; M. N. A. 1857, 399. (Hnmboldt Bay.)—
Kksn., P. R. R. Rep. X, 1H50, Whipple's Boate, Mamm. 13, pi. 19, f. 1 (by error marked " 9 "
in text). (8»me as the foreRoiog.)
Ommf dontlMit, RiCB., F. U. A. i, 1890, 900, pi. 18 C, ff. 1-6 (skull) ; ZoSI. Toy. Blossom, 1839, 0. (N«nr
month of Columbia; Fort VoneonTer.)— Rich., Add. Rep. Brit. Assoe. for 1836, vi, 1837,
150.— LcCoHTR, Proc. Acad. Nal. Sei. Phila. 1H59, 169. (Compiled from Riohordaoo.)
Ottrnf domtlati, DiKat, N. Y. Fn. 1849, 99. (Compiled (h>m Richardson.)
J»oomf ioaglatii, Waon., Bappl. Hcbreb. iii, 1843, 309. (Compiled.)
P$euiMl)ma ioufUuU, AuD. & Bach., Q. N. A. iii, 1853, 94, pi. 106(aItogeUMr toobrigbUy eolond). (Moinl/
compiled from Richanlaon.)
OeoMjrs ( Itomomf) dougl—i, OixBRi., SSng. 1835, 531. (Compiled.)
TkoMastji* ieyglauii, Baimd, M. N. A. 1857, 394. (Minute description of specimens from Washington and
Oregon Territories.)— BvcKl., P. R. R. Rep. xii, 1860, pt. li, pp. 100, 196.
VABIF4TAL CHARS. — Coloration heavier than in the foregoing ; general cast
reddish-brown, lined with dusky on the back ; the head usually darker than
the rest of the upper parts; on the sides, the color giving way to a clearer
tawny-brown, ^vhich occupies the belly also, there overlying the plumbeous
roots of the fur as a strong wash. Face and mouth-parts dusky, or even
sooty -blackish, contrasting with the white lining of the pouches. No pure
white on the under parts. Tail and feet usually incompletely whitish, or
quite dusky. If anything, averaging rather larger than true ta/paidet. Hand
rather shorter than the foot, owing to less development of the claws, which
are only about 0.40 long.
'^^
GROUTIDiS-THOHOMTS TALPOIDES DULBIVORUS.
C27
Habitat. — Pacific coast and 8lo{M!8 of the United StatcB, from Wa»liing-
ton Territory to Southern California.
There is no decided dificrcnce in sisse or shape between this form and
the last^ except on average less development of (lie fore claws. Tiie extreme
of the bulbivorua branch of this species is readily recognized by a warmtli
and intensity of coloration not known to occur in specimens from the North-
ern Interior; the color varies a great deal, but is never the clear mouse-gray
of tfifpoidet, being an intimate mixture of yellowish-brown and dark brown
or blackish. Above, the pointing of the fur conceals the plumbeous bases of
the hairs ; below, this plumbeous shows, overlaid with a strong wash of tawny
or muddy-brown, unlike the hoary-)|piiy of the same parts of laljwukt. The
under surface is not known to be varied with patches of white,* nor is there
any white about the mouth, excepting the immediate border of the lips ; the
niouth-|)art8 being sooty or dusky, contrasting with the white which lines the
cheek-pouches. This is very much as in umbriitut, and quite different from
tafpoidct. The furc claws avei'age about 0.40 — ratlier less than more. Such
typical manifestation of this form I have only seen from California; it changes
insensibly into both talpoidea and vmhrinui. Proceeding irp the Pacific coast,
we find an animal still like bulbivonu in general tone of coiorotion, but in
which the mouth-parts have nearly or entirely lost their sootiness; the fore
claws also enlarge somewhat, and from this state it is but a step to true tal-
poidet, which meets "douglnsi^ in the interior of Oregon ami Washington.
In the interior of California, the opposite modification begins, tending to
vmbrinut, which becomes established in Arizona and New Mexico. Here
the dark mouth-parts are intensified, but the color grows richer till a decidedly
tawny or fulvous cost results. Specimens from Fort Crook and Fort Tejon,
Cal, and from Provo, Utah, are ambiguous, exhibiting much variation. Some
of the browner ones are inseparable from bulhivoru*, while the ruddiness of
others matches that of typical umbrinut. The intergradation of the two forms
in this region is complete. Some other specimens from Fort Crook are iden-
tical with Steilacoom ones in color; the only difference being the weaker
claws. To the southward, on the coast, the same intergradation occurs,
becomiiig established about San Diego. In Lower California, pure umbrintu
prevails.
* A Ban FniDeiwui ■peeiman to • paifeot albliio— ■oow-wbile all over.
IH
638 MONOOBAPHS OF KORTn AMEBIOAN BODENTIA.
TIIOMOMYS TALPOIDES UMBRINUS, (Rich.) Coue*
Boathera Fockel fi«M«r>
Ocomf umMnut, Ricn., F. B. A. i, 1830, 909; Bap. BriL Aaoe. for 1836, vi. 1KI7, IM). (<• CMUdaRaliw,
Bouthweatern LaninisuB"— mora likeljr Tezu or New Mexloo.)— WikTKHii., Charleaw. Hug.
N. II. ill, IKIO, I^, r. 71 (tkull).— DbKat, N. T. Fu. 1849, 09. (VomplM (Vam KioliMtUon.)—
BciiiKZ, Byn. Hamm. il, IfUti, 137. (Compiled from Rlobardaon.)— LbC., !*«». Aoiid. Nat.
Sol. Pbila. laat. Ifri. (Compiled from Rlobudaoo.)
Jieomf MiMaM, Waon., Suppl. Hcbrob. iii, 1843, 380. (Compiled.)
i'tuiiHloma umMnu, AuD. A. Bach., iii, 18M, 307. (Compiled from BlobiurdaoD.)
OroMft ( nomamt*) tmtrtmmt, OiKB., Sling. ISOK, 530. (Complied from Biohardaoo.)
T/koMOMyt miMaiM, Baird, U. N. A. 18Ei7, 309 (redeaoribed fknm Dnmeroua New MexioMi apeoimena). —
Bairu, U. B. Hex. B. Survey, ii, pt. il, ISTiO, Uamm. 41.— Oihr., Cat. Boaea Br. Mna. 1809,998.
Tkoaioaiy* latpoUt$ umtriuat, Cocu, Proo. Ptaiia. Aead. 1875, 137.— CouRa, Powoll'a Rep. Colomdo R.
1875, 961 (monognpb).-CouRa A. Yarrow, Wbeeler'a B«p. Ezpl.W.lOO Uerid. "187I>"
(=. 1876), 111 (New Hexioo, Arizona, &o.).
Onmya /Wlvtu, Wiiodii., Pruc. Acad. Nat. Ho). Pbila. 1859, 901 (Ban Franoiaco UoantaiDa, Ariiooa) ; Bep.
Expi. ZiiOi and Colorado R. 18S3, Al, pi. G (tbe same).
rtudotloma (Omrngt) fnhtu, AuD. &, Dach., Q. N. A. Iii, 18S4, 300. (Copied ttom Woodboaaa.)
nomamf /Wfr«>, Baird, M. N. A. 18S7, 409. (Deacribea Woodbonae'a type, and olber apeclmeii*, from
Calir»rDia.)-BAiRO, U. 8. Hex. Bonnd. Snrv. 11, pt. 11, 1H&9, Momm. 41.— Krnm., P. R. K. Rep.
X, 18r.O, Whipple'* Ronte, Hamm. 14, pi. 19, f. 9.— CouES, Am. Nat. 1, 18li7, 3!M (bablU).—
COUKS, Proo. Acad. Nat. Boi. PblU. 18G7, 135 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).
Varietal chabb.-'— Averaging decidedly emaller than either of the fore-
going. Length of head and bo<1y about six inches, rarely seven. Fore feet
averaging decidedly less than the hind feet ; longest cluw oilencr under than
over 0.40. Color variable, from a nearly uniform rich fawn-color, all over, or
even intense reddish-chestnut, to various tawny-brown shades, with or with-
out a blackish dorsal area ; belly merely a paler shade of the color of the
upper parts, or much as described under bulbivorus. (Occasionally quite
gray, much as in typical talpoidet; sometimes lustrous coal-black all over.)
Mouth-parts, and often whole face, blackish, except sometimes immediately
around the lips, strongly contrasting with the white lining of the pouch.
Tail usually more or less like the body.
Habitat. — Southern Colorado, Southern Utah and Southern Nevada,
Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Lower California to Cape Saint
Lucas. Southward extension into Mexico undetermined.
No other form of the genus varies so much in color as this one. Tlie
known variations are all given in the original memoir, and Drs. Coues and
Yarrow have carefully described the normal or usual style of coloration in the
Keport above cited. \
GEO&lYlD^-TnOMOMYB CLUSIUS.
G20
THOMOMYS CLU8IUS, Coucs.
lockr HaMtala Focket doiker.
nomomft ehiiiw, Coiim, Proa. Pbits. Acad. 1875, 138 (ilMcr. orig. Brldger** Pun, Rnoliy MnnntniiM).—
Cooks, Powall'i Rep. Colorado R. 187&, SM>3, f.SO (nma ■peoimun rodeMribe<l nod llgurnd).
Diagnosis. — SmalleBt known species of the genus. Length (9, adult)
about 5 inches. Feet remarkably small ; sole of hind foot, 0.75 ; palm of
hand, including longest claw, 0.65. Fore claws small, weak, little curved, tiic
longest under 0.30. Incisors as usual in the genus. Muzzle almost entirely
hairy, with a very small naked pad confined between the nostrils. Pouches
ample, about 1.75 deep (measured from the beginning of the fold of skin at
the side of the snout). Tail extremely short; under 1.50 in length from the
true base, and little over 1.00 from the end of the conical enlargement at
base ; the thinly-haired portion being thus less than one-fourth the total length
of head and body. Ears minute. Color above pale yellowish-gray, with a
slight light-brown shade ; the fur plumbeous at base, as usual. Below, nearly
pure white, the fur being mostly of this color to the very base. No dark
auricular area. Feet and tail white. Extremity of snout blackish. Claws
and whiskers colorless. Incisors faced with orange. Mammeei 6 pairs.
Habitat. — The single specimen of the species at present known, No.
805l, Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, was taken at Bridger's Pass,
Rocky Mountains, July 28, 1857, by Dr. W. A. Hammond.
rg'l^^J^-^'J\: ■■-■-■^-..■.
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MONOGRAPHS
or
NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
No. XI -SCIURIDi!.
Bv J. JL. ALLEN
631
Ili'^
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
Museum of Cohparatite Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass., March 15, 1K77.
Sir: I transmit herewith for publication my memoir on the North Ameri-
can Sciurida, As only two genera of the Sciurida of the New World are
represented south of the southern boundary of the United States, and one of
these by only a single species not found north of that sine, I have thought it
best to include all of the New World forms in t}ie present memoir, thereby
making it a "Monograph of the American Sciuridee". The extralimital species
belong, with a single exception, to the genus Sciurus, which has its centre of
development in Mexico and Central America. It hac, however, represent-
atives throughout the greater part of both Americas.
As ill the case of previous monographs of this series which I have
had the pleasure of transmitting to you for publication, the present memoir
is based mainly on the material contained in the National Museum at Wash-
ington, including all tliat has been collected either by yourself personally or
under your immediate direction and auspices. In addition to this, I have
been able to use a large amount of material contained in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., without access to which my me-
moir would have been ikr more incomplete than it is at present In this con-
nection, I beg leave to express my gratitude to the officers of both these
institutions for their kindness in allowing me the freest access to these nlag-
nificcnt collections, embracing upward of two thousand specimens of the
American Sciurida.
I am, Sir, very respectfully, yours,
J. A. ALLEN.
Dr. F. V. Hayden,
United States Geologist, etc., etc, Washington, D. C.
n.
mm
if i:
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Family 8CIURIDA G31-940
Obnbril considbratiohs G37-4MO
8VNOP8I80r THKOemtRA 640-043
OEOORAPniCAL DISTRIBDTIOIf AMD VARIATION „ 643-633
Ounua Seiunpttnu 6&.'Mi.'i4
adarofUnu rofnoella 0!i5-«li0
vofiMelto 666-Gm
AadiraiM 6&!i-0'j6
OenatSeiiinu 665-678
iManu JhuboniiM 673-700
kmdtoHiml 674-677
riekardtoni 677-678
imiiluui 67eMJ79
firtmmti 670-6IU
CaraliiMiui* 700-717
kiiaXi* 701-704
eunlinimtlt 704-705
ywwteiMMi* 705-706
lri5«r 717-731
einemu 718-719
nigtr 7I9-7!.'0
(iid»cMa»M 780-721
fouur 731-734
mt$rH 73.'i-7:«7
collioi 738-740
lM<Ma 741-745
kjiNiryrrkaM 740-750
aiini<f«fcr 700-753
IraooiM 753-7M1
••(IMUM 766-703
Ofdum* 757-758
r^oniter 7B8-750
teplint9$ltr , 763-765
fmura ■. 766-708
tarUmU 768-773
(nDdetermiiied upaotaa) 773-770
GanmlhmiM 779-782
Taw^uitriatn 783-703
tubUkt 783-810
tormli* 704-796
gwMlrivMtohu 795-795
paUidnt 795-790
l<i«M»<H : 796-796
donalii 796-797
karrUi 810-813
UUenlii 814-819
Ctoiins SffrmafkUut 819-800
m%%\
••i I
i 1 ;
aii a
G36 MONOOEAras of kobth amekiuan bodestia.
Family HCIUKID^-Continncd.
Oonna SpormdplkiliM— Continned, rign
• Spirmopkiltu grammurM 83&-ti:iH
j;niinmiirti« 887-620
btedieyi esa-SO
iouglatH K9-ifJ0
mpetn : SO-eM
empetra 83t>-«40
todiaomn* . 640-640
erythroiUkn* e41-«41
HcAaniMiii (M8-(IG0
rickardxmi H9-ea0
Unmtndi 860-851
MoHii 860-86*
<«r«/ioaiHliu 8tt3-«64
tpilonma 864-86G
obuMut 866-868
mtxioanui 868-871
tridtcemliiualiii 871-881
tHdeotmlinrattu 87S-87:(
pallidM 873-874
frmkUnl 881-886
annulatut 88ft-88I>
0«DnB Cgnomy 880-801
Cj/Homyt ludovicianu$ 808-U0!2
<w(iimiruii<Nf 903-900
0«nu8 Arctomgi 000-011
Arolmnjit mntax 011-OiW
flavivenler 9S1-984
pruimmu 0^4-0^0
KXTfNCT AMKKICAN SCIURIDJI OSO-OSO
Soiunu ealgeinut 031-933
pamoUiu 933-932
reliettu 933-9:»
IViiHuu (treutriif 93S-93Si
Arnlomfi vettu 933-933
Paramy* roftNfhM 934-934
deKcudM 9H-9M
Itptodiu 934-934
delioalior 034-935
delicaHuimM 935-03r>
SdHratmi nitidtt OSA-OSK
widaiM 93!>-93r>
jHirmifeita 936-936
! .^ 936-036
IteUtcomxi vel -^ 936-036
Mjitopf fratennu 037-037
miimdu 037-037
ColoKgmfi oeler , 038-038
Taxymyt lucarit 038-OM
Hllomyne»ex 988-9:19
parrui 93O-930
■ \ Wi
Family SCIURID^.
The family Sciurida, as now commonly restricted, may be chnracterized
as follows: Dental formula; I. }^; Pm. f^l or JE^; M. |^J = iJ or R
Grinding-teeth rooted, with, during youth, tuberculated crowns ; the tubercles
soon becoming much modified or obliterated by attrition, generally giving
rise for a time to transverse ridges. The first upper premolar, when two are
present, is often minute, and is generally much smaller than the second. In
strictly congeneric species, in Sciurus and Tamiat, the premolars may be
either two or one. Occasionally two are present in species that have usually
only one. In species having a single premolar, a second deciduous premolar
is generally assumed to have been present during early life, but to this there
are frequent exceptions. The first upper premolar, when two are present,
is always single-rooted, with a simple pointed crown, and is often so minute as
to be apparently functionless. The other upper grinding-teeth are triple-
rooted. The lower premolar is double-rooted, the last lower molar generally
triple-rooted, and the others quadruple-roc':,ed.
The skull varies considerably in form, from the short, broad skull of the
arboreal Squirrels to the narrow, very much nlongr.ted skull of some of the
Spermophiles. There is a well developed postorbitul process, which may be
either short, pointed, and triangular, or long, slender, and much decurved.
The infraorbital foramen is small, and placed considerably in advance of the
zygomatic process of the maxillary (usually about midway between the ante-
rior premolar and the maxillo-intermaxillary suture), and varies from a nar-
row Tertioal slit to an oval or triangular opening. The palate is very broad
and flat, and extends posteriorly considerably beyond the last molar (except
in some exotic species), and forms a continuous uniform plane. Molar series
parallel. Feet scansorial or fossorial. Tail long or short, terete and slender
or bushy and distichous, always well haired. Body generally elongate,
637
I ■ ;
G38
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
it
i!
' I
of>cti slcntlcr and dclicntc, but sometimes thick, squnt, and clumsy. Hind
limbs never disproportionately developed. In one group, there is a broad
densely furred intertnembrul membrane.
The SciuridcB i^hare, in common with the other Sciuromorphs (Sciuromor-
j)ha Alston = Sciuromorpha Brandt, emend.), the possession of perfect clavi-
cles ; a nearly perfectly free fibula ; small incisive foramina, not extending
into the maxillary ; the obsolescence of the outer wall of the pterygoid fossie,
nnd the absence of an interpterygoid fissure ; a small, naked muffle and a
cleft upper lip. The zygomatic arch is formed mainly by the malar, and the
angular portion of the mandible springs "from the lower edge of the bony
covering of the lower incisor" {Ahton).
The Sciurida arc distinguished from the other families of the Sciuro-
morphs by the following characters : — The Anomalurida differ from the Set'
urula by the absence of postorbital processes, and in possessing a large ante-
orbital foramen, a narrower palate, which is contracted anteriorly and deeply
emarginate behind, and in having the molars non-tuberculate, flat-crowned,
nnd with loops of enamel. The Ischyromyida differ from the Sciurida in
having large anteorbital foramina, a sagittal crest, and no postorbital process.
The HnplodontidcB have the grinding-teeth "rootless, simple, and prismatic",
nnd postorbital ])rocesses are absent, etc. The Castorida (taking CaMor as
the type) differ from the Sciurida in lacking the postorbital processes; in
the molars being semi-rooted, with involutions of the enamel border; in the
form of the descending ramus of the lower jaw, the disproportionately large
hind limbs, fully webbed hind feet, flat, naked tail, etc. While in Caxtor the
anteorbital portion of the skull is Sciurine, all close resemblance to the Sci-
vrida here ceases. The Castoroidida differ from the Sciurida through the
rootless, compound nature of the grinding-teeth, in the possession of several
Cnstorine features, and the structure of the pterygoid process, etc.
The family Sciurida embraces a considerable variety of forms, but they
so insensibly intergrade that it is almost impossible to separate them into
characterizable subfamilies, the differences being wholly adaptative, and of no
great importance. The passage from the one extreme of Sciuropterus to the
other of Arctomys is by very gradual steps. The lithe, graceful, arboreal iSfci-
uri differ but little from Xerus and Tamias, forms still partially arboreal,
while Tamicu and Spennophilua so intergrade that some species arc doubt-
fully referable to the one rather than the othor. The passage from Spfr-
\n
ml
B0inRID.S^-OENERAL CONSIDBBATIONS.
639
mophilui to Cynomys is almost ogain without hiatus. Arctomys is again not
greatly diiTercnt from Cynomys and some of the larger species of Spermophi-
lus. Wiiatever character is taken, whether the general form, the dentition,
the size of the ear, the character of the tail, the presence or absence of cheek-
pouches, or even habits, and especially if all are taken collectively, no strong
lines of demarcation can anywhere he drawn, and even the question of the
number of properly recognizable genera is one of not easy solution. The
division of the group into subfamilies, or "tribes", is generally mode between
Tamias and Spermophilut, the former being associated with Xerus, Sciurus,
Pteromys, and Sciuropterus to form a group Sciurina, or "True Squirrels",
.and the latter (with its subdivisions) with Cynomys and Arctomys to form
the subfamily, or ^^iT\hel'\ ArcUmyina, or "Burrowing Squirrels". I find,
liowever, that here no line of separation can be drawn, Tamias and Spermo-
vhilus so thoroughly intergrading that no feature serves to trenchantly separate
them. A much better hiatus occurs between Cynomys and Spermophilus, or
even between Cynomys and Arctomys, or again between Sciuropterus and
Sciurus.
Between Pteromys, Sciuropterus, and Sciurus, the chief difference con-
sists in the presence, in the two former, of a narrow, flying membrane con-
necting the fore and hind limbs, supported by fascia articulating with the
carpus. Neither the dentition, the skull, nor the general osteology exhibits
any important differences. Xerus differs from Sciurus in certain modifica-
tions of the pelage, which is sparser and harsher, and in having shorter ears
and tail, and in being more terrestrial in its habits. Tamias still greatly
resembles Sciurus, but has shorter ears, internal cheek-pouches, with more
fossorial feet, and also differs in being more terrestrial. On the other hand,
Tamias and Spermophilus arc scarcely generically separable. In Spcrmophi'
lua, two premolars are constantly present, the first variable in size, but usually
functionally developed ; the dentition is stronger and the grinding-teeth are
more firmly implanted. The species vary in having the ear large or rudimentary ;
the tail long or short, terete or distichous ; the skull long and narrow, espe-
cially the facial portion, and the zygomatic arches moderately expanded, or
broader and relatively shorter, with heavier and more widely expanded zygo-
mata, etc. ; the general size varies from those of the size of Tamias to those
nearly equaling Cynomys, and in form from extreme slenderness to species
nearly or quite as thick-set as either Cynomys or Arctomys ; yet no single set
C40
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA,
h 'M
of characters, or even any combination of characters, will serve for the subdi-
vision of Spermophilua into distinct generic groups, or even satisfactorily de-
finable subgenera. In the large, slender-bodied, bushy-tnilcd forms, there is
an approach even to Sciurus, not only in general form but in the proportions
of the skull and in the small size of the first premolar ; on the other hand,
the large, thick-bodied, short-tailed forms differ little either in general form
or in cranial details from Cynomys. Arctomys, again, is little more than an
exaggerated SpermopMlus,
Genetically, Arctomys may be considered as the point of departure in
the development of the family, as it is geologically one of the earliest forms
of tiie group. Arctomys leads readily into SpermophUus, and SpermopMlus
into Cynomys. On the one hand, the larger, slender-bodied, bushy-tailed
species of SpermophUus show a tendency toward Sciurus proper, os some of
the other large forms lead toward Arctomys and Cynomys; some of the
smaller species, with large ears, long, flat, bushy tails, small first premolar,
and general Sciurine form, grade insensibly into Tamias, while Xerus may
liave come off from Ihe short-eared, terete-tailed phase of the same rather
heterogeneous group. The hiatus between some of the forms of Tamias
and the more arboreal Sciuri is by no means striking, while Pteromys and
Sciuropterus seem to be only more specialized types of the strictly
Sciurine form, in which the already highly specialized arboreal adaptation is
carried still further through the addition of a supporting membrane, enabling
Ihem to assume an imperfect mode of aerial locomotion. It hence follows
tliat in Arctomys we find the most generalized type of the family ; in Pte-
romys and Sciuropterus, the most specialized. Through Arctomys, also, we get
a distant affiliation with other types of the Sciuromorphs, especially with
Casloridte and Haplodontuke, while Anomalurus may be a still further special-
ized offshoot in the direction of Pteromys,
BYN0FHI8 OF TUK QENEBA.
I. Sknil and deDtition eaiientlMUy as in 5ciiirii< ; nppxr premolara two, the Ant minate ; llmba notlcd
by a furred membrane, gnpported anteriorly by a alender bone artionlating with the carpna ;
eara large, gpaiaely forred ; no oheek-ponchea ; nail of poUex nidinientary ; pelage rery toft and
furry; tail very broad ; size imall Sotunplent.
II. Similar in external obaraoter to the preceding, but with important differeucea in dentition, in
Tespeottothe relative sixe of the griuding-teeth and their atrootnre; the poeterior pivn.olar
and the lost molar lieing much amaller than the first and aeooud true molan, iuetead of nearly
equulliDgthem in size, and the triturating anrfaceof the molara having a moieoomplex ayatem of
tubercle* and ridgea; sixe large Ptennni.
SCIDKID^— SYNOPSIS OF GENEUA.
041
III. Skoll kborl, broad, and ronndail ; pootorbltal prnrcKWii well dovclnpcd, Hicnder, dirpoted dowmrnrd
and backward ; lygoinatio arobM niually slendi<i . t he malar cxpuiidrd In a nearly vertical plane,
•oinetlmcs turned sIlBhtly oatward doraally ; aiitcoiliital foramen a narrow alii, untt'rior to Ibu
xyK0iK*tic proceaa of the maxillary ; npper premolara eltber (wo or one (two an n rule) ; when
two are preMDt.tbe flnt iaalwaya aniall and aomutiuiva deciduous; cam uiuderuto, well clotbcd,
and lometimca coupicuoualy tutted ; no clieek-poncbca ; nail of pollex rudimentary ; pelagn
Henerally ooft, bat occaiiooally coarse and more or leu rigid ; tail broad, witb tbe baira mostly
directed laterally Sciurti:
TV. Skull, in general form, intermediate between tbat of Soiarat and Tamiat ; iMwtorbital proceaaea
smaller, and tbe nasal bones narrower (at least Iban in Seitirv); no cbeek-poncbea ; ears very
omall or rndlmeniarjr ; tail abort, but sligblly flattened; pelage barsb, consiatiDg of flattrned,
grooved spines and coarse bristly bairs, witb little under fur Xerut.
V Skull narrowed anteriorly ; postorbital procetses very slender, directed downward and backward ;
lygonwtie arobes more expanded and depressed anteriorly, and tbe plane of expansion of tbe
molar more obllqnt; anteorbltal foramen oval, situated In tbe bsseof tbe zygomatic process
of the maxillary ; upper premolars either two or one ; when two are present, tbe first is gener-
ally minnte ; large intemitl cheek-poncbrs ; ears of mi dinm size, well clothed, but never tufted ;
poliaz with ■ well developed nail ; tail rather broad, but shorter and much narrower than
in aetartu and joiwopfems; pelage soft ; dorsal surface witb longitudinal stripes; sizo rather
■mall Tamia*.
Vt. Skull variable in form, being either narrow ?nd elongate or short and broad, much as in Sciurtu ;
poatorbital prooessea gunerally triangular, strong, and directed downward ; zygomatic process
of the maxillary depressed and expanded ; plane of tbe malar bone turned outward, sometimes
expanded nearly horizontally; zygomatie arches spreading; auteorbital foramina placed
more anteriorly than in Taaii«(, much as in Beiurui, but rather larger and more circular,
with a strongly developed tubercle at the outer lower border; npper premolars always two
tbe first variable in size, but always Isrger than in the preceding genera, in some species rela-
tively nearly as large as in <'|f»osiys ; grinding-teeth in some species nearly as in Sdarat, in<
ereasing in size in other species till nearly as strong ss in Cgnomni; cheek-pouches well devel-
oped ; body slender or thick-set ; tail long, moderate, or short ; ears large, medlnm, or mdiiuent-
ary, never tufted ; nail of pollex generally rudimentary ; character of the pelage and pattern of
ooloration variable Spermopkiliu,
VII. Skull atroDg and massive, rather short and broad ; zygomatic arches widely expanded ; malar
rather slight, Its plane oblique ; mnzzio narrow ; postorbital processes long, strong, and directed
downward ; anteorbltal foramina rather large, snbtriangnlar, thrown outward basally, and
placed well forward ; npper premolars two, tbe first large, of the same breadth antero-posteri-
orly as the other grinding-teetb ; dentition very heavy, tbe grindiug-teelb witb the trausverae
breadth twice tbe antero-poaterior, tbe last molar much larger than tbe others, and snbtriangn-
lar ; the molar series strongly convergent posteriorly; body heavy, thick-set; cheek-pouches
not large; tail short ; ears radimentsry i oall of po'lex well developed ; pelage short and rather
harsh Cyaomyn.
VIII. Sknil with the dorsal outline nearly straight ; trontiU region flat or depressed ; in other res|iects
the form is much as In Cpumjft, but with heavier: postorbital processes, not (or but slightly)
deenrved, mnoh weaker dentition, and the molar varies parallel ; interparietal and occipital
crests much more strongly developed than in tbe ov'ier genera; size large; body stout, broad,
depressed ; oheek-ponehes absent or small ; tail short, bushy ; ears small ; nail of pollex broad,
flat; pelage coarse, heavy... ^ Aniomii:
In the first fire genera, the skull is more or less convex above, being in
tbe first three highly arched, but generally much less so in Spermophilus, and
still less in Cynomys, while in Arctomys it is nearly straight. The postorb-
ital processes become much heavier in Cynomys than in the preceding genera,
but reach still greater development in Arctomys. The skull is generally des-
titute of ridges for muscular attachment, but such ridges are generally trace-
able in aged individuals, even in Sciurus, in which, however, they are- widely
separated, converging posteriorly. In most of the Spermophiles, they are more
4111
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G42
MOKOOKArnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
strongly dcvelopcii tlinn in Sciurui, aro placeil higher up on the skull, and
unite more antcriurly to form a short interparietal crest ; in Cynomyt, these
ridges meet in very old individuals at only a short distance behind the post-
orbital processes, and form thence posteriorly a slight interparietal crest.
Thougii present in even comparatively young specimens, this crest has a less
niitcrior extension. In Arctomyg, the interparietal and occipital crests are, in
the adults, strongly developed. The an tcro- posterior thickness of the incisors
varies with the general form of the skull and with the nature of the food.
In the arboreal Squirrels, which feed largely upon hard nuts, the antero-
posterior diameter at the base is two to three times greater than the trans-
verse ; in Tamias and the most Sciurinc Spermophiles (as 8p. grammurut), the
antcro-posterior diameter is only twice the transverse or less ; in the more
slender Spermophiles, with elongate skulls, which feed on herbaceous vegeta-
tion, the two diameters are more nearly equal, and the teeth relatively much
smaller and comparatively slender. The outer edges are also rounded, while
in the arboreal Squirrels, and those with strong incisors, the outer side is flat
OEOORAPniCAL DISTBIBDTION AND VARIATION.
Representatives of the Sdvridee are found throughout all the continental
lands of the globe except Australia, but they are by far the most numerous
in the Northern Hemisphere. Sciurug, with the exception named, is nearly
cosmopolitan ; Cynomys, on the other hand, is restricted to a comparatively
small portion of North America. Arctomys, Tamias, Spermophilut, and Sci'
vropterus arc found throughout the temperate and cold-temperate portions of
the Northern Hemisphere, Spermophilus reaching its greatest numerical devel-
opment in North America. Pteromys occurs only in the tropical portions of
Asia, and Xerua is limited to Africa. The Sdurida are represented in South
America by only the single genus Sciurus, and by comparatively few species,
whicli are generally not numerously represented in individuala Passing
northward, the Sciuri are much more abundant in Central America and Mex-
ico, the genus being represented in Southern Mexico by more species than
elsewhere, in any equal area, in the New World. In the United States,
rarely more than three species occur anywhere together, while north of the
United States the genus is represented by only a single species. Europe
has likewise only a single species, but a considerable number occur in Asia
and others in Africa.
SOIDRlD^-GROOUAPniGAL DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. G43
Owing to the great tondcncy to variation exhibited l)y tlie Rquirrelii
everywhere, both indiviilually and geographically, especially among Uie Sciuri,
it i» difficult, with our present inexact knowledge of the sulijcct, to compare
Rutigfactoriiy one geographical region with another in respect to the number
of species actually existing in difi lent parts of the world. The species
occurring in North America north of Mexico have been studied more care-
fully, and with far better facilities in the way of material, than those of any
other equal area, with the result of greatly reducing the number of species
formerly recognized. During the last twenty-five years, the number of sup-
posed North American Sciuri has been reduced from twenty-seven species to
six, with six or seven additional geographical races, or subspecies. It is but
fair to suppose that those of Mexico, of Asia, and of Africa, when equally
well known, will be similarly reduced, especially those of Asia, where authors
have evidently excessively multiplied synonyms.* Professor Baird, in 1857, in
elaborating the large amount of material then at his disp ^^al, found it neces-
sary to reducu the number of North American Sciuri (exclusive of those of
Mexico), from the twenty-seven previously supposed to exist to twelve,t
while the subsequent great increase of available material now renders it appa-
rent that the number of non-intergrading forms is one-half less than he felt
authorized in retaining.
In respect to the subject of individual and geographical variation among
our Squirrels,! cannot refrain from quoting Professor Baird's judicious observa-
tions, especially since be was the first to call attention to the great variability
of the North American Sciuri. In his great work on the Mammals of North
America, published in 1857, ho says: —
"The determination of the species of Squirrels of North America has
always been a matter of great difficulty, owing to many different reasoDi.
The species themselves exhibit an unusual tendency to run into varieties of
color, among which red, gray, and black t ~ ^,he predominating ones, with oil
* Dr. Oisy, in 1867 (aee Add. aad Ha^;. Nftt Hist. 0.1 ler. vol. zx), recognixed /ortji-thn» ■peciee
of JWari (= IfaemI >ud Miiri Gray) from Aiin, tea tra.n Africa, BDd /or(^ from Amerioa, nearly half of
Um Uttar beiiiK daaeribed by him (to a aingle p>p«r) M nr" (be«idM many " yarietiea"), all ftom ths
WMBMr parU of the two America*, while a large proportion of the name* previoosly given by other
antbori to tba Mart of Ueiico and Central and Bonth America were left anidentifled. A single species
{SoUmu rul§ari$), qnito variable in color, he properly allowed to represent tbegennsin Enropv; while, in
raa|.«e( to tlM> rpeeies of North America, he wisely accepted the reduetions made by Professor Baird.
Wit J • lai§a aOicant of material before me, I am nnabie to recognize more than foorteen species, with a few
additional varieties, and believe that this nnmber will have to be >tUl farther rednced as additional
maUtitl bae— «a aroiaslble.
t Two of ihcae were doobtfolly admitted.
G44
MONOGEAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
V'K
possible intermediate shades ; these varieties are sometimes more or less con-
stant in particular localities, sometimes changing with every litter. I am not
aware that there is any material difference of color at different seasons or ages
in the same animal.
"Another source of perplexity to the naturalist is the alteration in over-
age size with the latitude. Many of our animals become smaller as we pro-
ccc'l southward, until, on the seacoast of Georgia, Florida, and the G ulf they
reach their minimum. This is very strikingly seen in the common Deer
[^Cariacus virgiriMnus], wiiich on the sea islands of Georgia is so sn)all as to
lie readily lifted and thrown across a horse with perfect ease by a man of
ordinary strength. It is in the Sciurida that, next to the Deer, we find tliis
law to prevail most' decidedly. Nearly all the species of extensive north and
south range will be found, on careful examination, to substantiate this position.
"A similar variation in color to that of the Squirrels is seen in the Foxes
and Wolves, [*] most strikingly in the former. It is now well known that the
lied, Cross, and Black Foxes are identical in species, the same litter fre-
quently embracing all the colors, and t'.iat some of these varieties again are
more or less permanent, while the more boreal the locality the greater the
tendency to black. This is tiie case also with the Squirrels, where the smaller
species assume the black pelage to the greatest extent in the more northern
portions of the Unite.^. States.
"As a general rule it may be stated that when a Squirrel exhibits any
annulations of the fur on the throat or belly it is a variety of some species,
typical specimens of which have the under parts either uniformly white »tr
reddish to the roots, which, however, are sometimes plumbeous. In every
such instance that has come under my examination! have had no difficulty in
tracing it to its proper type. Such annulation is usually accompanied by a
duskier color of the pelage. The tendency to annulation below is strongest
in the Squirrels of the Mississippi Valley, and applies both to gray and fox-
colored species. No such instances of annulation have yet come under my
notice among the Squirrels west of the Rooky Mountains. As a general
rule the bones of the entire skeleton of the lox Squirrels, or those with rusty
bellies, are red, while the white-bellied varieties have them white.
"After carefully examining a large number of American Squirrels I
* See also on this poiat Ball. U. 8. Oeol. >nd Qeogr. BnrTeys of the Territories, vol. ti, pp. 313-%il,
Jaly, 1676.
Mf4
SCIURID^-GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION ASD VARIATION. 645
have reluctantly come to the conclusion that very man}' of tlie species borne
oi> the scientific records must be dropped, or reduced to the position of teni-
l)()rary or local varieties. I hope to be relieved from the imputation of wanton
and unnecessary reduction in the number of species when I state that the spe-
cies already published as new by myself have in nearly every case shared the
fate of others of older date. The nominal species have usually been based on
varying size or different colors of different specimens. The dusky varieties
and those with the hairs of the under parts annulated have in nearly every
instance been raised to the rank of a distinct species.
"In the following pages it will be seen that I recognize only twelve
species of Squirrels [Sciurt] as satisfactorily proved to belong to the United
States, and should S. limilis and caslanonolus prove to be nominal ones, as it
is not at all unlikely [and as has been found to be the case], the number will
be reduced to ten from the twenty-four given by Audubon and Bachman."*
As already stated, a great increase of material has shown that not only
was the reduction in the number of species of North American Sciuri, made
by Professor Baird in 1S57, made with good reason, but that a still further
reduction was necessary. In 1874, in a preliminary paper on the North
American Sciitridce,\ I felt authorized in reducing the number of Sciuri from
the twelve recognized by Professor Baird to five distinct and definable species
and about seven additional subspecies or intergrading geograpiiical varieties.
Owing to the large amount of variation with locality, obviously resulting from
climatic and geographical causes', the number of properly recognizable or
namable varieties is in a measure a matter of opinion or individual prefer-
ence ; and, though aware that others might deem a larger number of nam-
able varieties admissible, I do not judge it necessary to depart much from
the number adopted in my synopsis of the group published three years ago.
From that paper, in which I referred somewhat at length to the general sub-
ject of geogtaphical variation among the North American Sciuridte, I quote
the following, with wme slight verbal alteration : —
"Among the Squirrels, this increase [in intensity of color from the north
southward] i^ finely illustrated in Sciurux hudsonius and in Tamias striatus,
representatives of which from the southern parts of New York and Pennsyl-
vania are much more highly colored than are those from Northern New Eng-
■ HuuMl* of Mor^h Ami rios, pp. 844, 845.
( Proo. Boat Soo. Nat, Hiat. vol. xvi, pp. 876-894, Feb. W*. By iDadT«rtenc«, tbe li«t of apecies iru
Mid t« inolode lU tb« apeoiet fbaud " Borth of the lathnoa of Panama ", tnataad of ntrtk «f ItKAat.
' ' :■ 3. '
Li),
'I < I
Lisi
64G
MONOOEAPflS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
land and the British Provinces. Sciurus caroUnensU is perhaps a still more
marked example, in which the color varies from the light pure gray of the
upper parts in New England specimens, with a restricted pale yellowish-
brown dorsal area, to the rusty-gray dorsal surface of the Florida type, in
which the whole upper surface is usually strongly yellowish-rusty. This
increase of color southward is, however, still more strongly marked in the
Fox Squirrels of the Mississippi Basin — the so-called Sciurus 'ludovicianus'. '
In specimens from Ohio, Northern lUinois, Southern Michigan, Wisconsin,
and Iowa, the lower parts are pale fulvous, varying in some specimens to
nearly white. In Southern Illinois, and at St. Louis, Mo., the color increases
to a strong bright fulvous, while in specimens fron Lower Louisiana the
color is reddish-fulvous or deep orange. At the same time, the color of the
dorsal surface becomes proportionally darker at the southward, through the
greater breadth of the black annulations at the tips of the hairs, the dorsal
surface in Louisiana specimens being mony shades darker than in those from
the Upper Mississippi. This variety olso finely illustrates the variotion in
color seen in specimens from comparotively dry and moist regions, its habitat
extending up the Missouri and its western tributaries to a point considerably
above Sioux City. Beginning with Ohio specimen." and passing westward,
we find an increase of color in those from Northern Illinois, Wisconsin, and
Iowa, west of which point the color rapidly decreases in intensity, Nebraska
[and Dakota] specimens being much paler than those taken on the same
parallel near the Mississippi River. Specimens from the Indian Territory
are also very much paler than those from St. Louis, as are Texas ones than
those from Louisiona. Even between specimens from the prairies of North-
western Louisiana and others from the lowlands of the same State, near the
Mississippi River, the difference in color is very strikingly marked.''
In addition to the variation in color with latitude referred to above, there
is, OS is now well known, an equally well marked, if not even still greater,
variation in color between representatives of the same species in respect to
longitude, in not only the Squirrels, but among both Mammals and Birds that
range across the continent. In respect to this variation in tiie Squirrels, I
have alreody spoken, in the above-cited pai)er, substantially as follows: —
" But few specific forms, however, have a suflRciently wide range to
illustrate the variations that obtain along a given parallel across the whole
breadth of the continent, the Sciurus hudaoniua group being the only instance
SCIDUID^— GEOGEAPHIOAL DISTRIBUTION AND VABIATION. 647
among the Squirrels. Others, however, show the transition that obtains in
passing from the moist, fertile prairies of the Mississippi Valley to the dry
plains, or from the deserts and mo;'qtainoii8 districts of the interior to the
moist region bordering (he Pacific coast north of the piirallel of 40°
Spermophilm tridecem-lineatus furnishes a good illustration of the dilTerenccs
in color that occur between representatives of the same species living on the
moist, fertile prairies and those inhabiting the dry, barren plains, those from
Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa being much darker than those from
Western Nebraska, Western Kansas, and Colorado. Even specimens from
Eastern Kansas are much darker than those from the middle and western
]H)rtion8 of the same State. In this species, the color is varied, in passing
from the prairief^ to thti plains, not only by the lighter shade of the dark
grquud-color, but by this considerably greater breadth of the light spots and
stripes in the specimens from the plains. The Spermophilus grammurus
group (composed of the S. grammurus, S. Iteecheyi, 8. douglassi, etc., of
authors) illustrates not only a similar variation in intensity of color between
tlie inhabitants of dry and moist regions, but also a somewhat changed style
of coloration. Beginning with the nearly uniformly gray or grizzled type of
Texas and Southeastern New Mexico, we pass to the more rufous or reddish
phase of the central portions of the Rocky Mountains (in Colorado), which
also has an increased amount of hoariness on the sides of the neck and
shoulders, to the form west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, typically repre-
senting the Spermophilus beecheyi, in which the hoariness forms broad lateral
bands separated by a narrow brown medial stripe. This form in Northern
California passes into the so-called Spermophilus dougltissi, which diflfers chiefly
from S. beecheyi in having the medial stripe darker, or nearly black.
" Two of the most instructive and interesting groups of the Sciurida, in
this connection, are those of the common Sciurus hudsonius and Tamias
guadrivitlatus, [•] the former n>.nging over the northern half of * ^ continent,
and the latter extending over the western half of North Amei ■ Eastern
Asia. In the Sciurus hutlsonius group, we have at the east ^. all-known
Chickaree (S. hudsonius), extending westward to the Plains and northwest-
ward to Alaska, with Its brighter and smaller southern form in the Eastern
Atlantic States. On the arid plains of the Platte and Upper Missouri Rivers,
it presents a markedly paler or more fulvous phase, well illustrated by speci-
' Timiai tiUMau of the preieut nwuuoir. See potlti, tbo acooar<t of the geuaa TnstiM.
^^11,
Ji
I'll
\ ■ I
^
I 1
Ji!b
648
MONOGUAPnS or KORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA,
mens from the Black Hills. This form becomes even still pnlcr and more
fulvous at the eastern base of the main chain of the Eocky Mountains, be-
tween latitude 43° and 47°, where it begins to pass by insensible stages of
gradation into the so-called Sciurus rkhardsoni of the Rocky Mountains
north of 45°, and the so-called Sciurus fremonli of the Rocky Mountains
soulh of about the same parallel. In the collections made in Western
Wyoming, near the Yellowstone Lake, occur many specimens which are so
exactly intermediate between the three forms {8. hudsonius, S. rich'ardsoni,
and S.fremonti), whose habitats here meet, that it is impossible to soy which
of the three they most resemble. At the same time, specimens can be
selected which will form a series of minute gradations from the pale form of
hudsonius from the Plains, on the one hand, to the ricnc-dsoni and fremonti
forms on the other. To the southward of this district we soon pass into tlie
region of the typical //•cwjowii, and to the westward and northward into the
liabitat of the richardsoni type. Even the country about the sources of the
Gros Ventres Fork of the Snake River is already within the range of the
true richardsoni* The habitat of S. richardsoni extends from tlie main
chain of the Rocky Mountains, north of latitude 44°, to the Cascade Range.
Here it becomes mixed with S. douglassi, which scarcely differs from S.
richardsoni, except in being a little darker above, and in having the ventral
surface more or less strongly tinged with buff, varying in different specimens
from cinereous to pure buff. This form prevails from the Cascade Range to
the Pacific coast, southward to Northern California, and northward probably
to Sitka. In Northern California, the S. douglassi meets the range of (he
irne S. fremonti, between which two forms there is here the most gradual
and intimate intergradation. In this group, we have hence four forms, which
in their extreme phases of mutual divergence, appear as diverse as four good
congeneric species need to, but which, at points where their respective hab-
itats join, pass into eich other as gradually as do the physical conditions of
the localities at which their extreme phases are developed.
" The Tamias quadrivittatus groupf presents an equally, or even more,
striking range of variation in color, and also varies to an unusual degree in
"'While the prevailiog color above in 8.\»dtonl»t if) light yelloviab-brown, varylog to bright fer-
rnginous along the middle of the back, in <S. rickardtinti it is dull rnsty or dark cheatnut-browD, and ia
S.fremonti pale brownish-gray. The prevailing color of the tail in 8. \»iioniiu ii nsnally yellowisli-
rnsty, varying to dark ferruginous, with broad annnlatioos of black ; in 8. riokardsoai, it is black, varied
more or less with rusty ; in S.fremooli, block, varied with gray." ''
"\TanUu gNadricUlalM, r.jiallati, T. Uncnunii, and T. iorialii of American aotbon."
SCIDEIDiE— GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. 649
size. Beginning at the northward, we find that specimens from as far goulli
as Pembina, and thence northward, are quite undistinguishable from speci-
mens from Northeastern Asia, or the so-called Tatnias 'pallasi ' ( T. pallasi
Baird = T. striatus of most European authors). This form is found to only
a limited extent south of the northern boundary of the United States, where,
on the plains t>f the Upper Missouri, it passes into the blanched, pallid form
of T. quadrivittatus ( T. quadrivittatus var. pallidas nobis, — see beyond), and
further westward into the true T. quadrivittatus of the Rocky Mountains, and
still further westward into the so-called T. townsendi of tiie Pacific coast.
In this group, the greatest pallor is reached on the plains of the Yellowstone,
and in the deserts of Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. In the central portions of
the Rocky Mountains (Colorado and portions of New Mexico), a form is devel-
oped, distinguished by its generally bright, strong colors, but especially for
the rich fulvous tints of the sides of the body, to which there is but a sliglit
tendency either in the northern form or the pallid form of the plains. Both,
however, very gradually pass into the rufous-sided type, the pallid form
wherever the plains approach the mountains (as along the eastern base of
the Rocky Mountains, the Uintah, Sierra Nevada, and others of the more
southern ranges), gradually becoming fulvous, while the darker northern form
grades into the larger fulvous race of the more northern portions of the Rocky
Mountains in Montana and Idaho. This larger fulvous race west of the main
divide soon begins to assume a duller, more fuscous shade, deepening finally
into t^ i very fuscous form {T. toionsendi) of the region between the Cascade
Rr .ge and the Pacific coast. In this form, the general color increases so
much in depth ns to become dusky yellowish-brown, and both the light and
the dark stripes become obscure, and occasionally almost entirely obsolete,
through tlie gradual accession of color. Between the extreme phase of this
fuscous type and the extreme phase of the pallid type of the Ploins, in which
the stripes are sometimes again partially obsolete, through the extreme light-
ness of the general color, the differences are very great indeed. Yet in
placing the scores of specimens I have had the opportunity of examining in
a geographical series, or arranging them simply according to their localities,
a most 'thorough and minute intergradation becomes at once apparent. The
difference in size, too, between northern and southern specimens, is also
unusually great; the pale, southern form of the Plains, and Iho extremely
bright, fulvous form of Colorado and New Mexico, being very much smaller
I I
il
:ils
■if!
V
660
MONOGEAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
IU:\
-^^«:
than the northern, darker form, or than the fuscous type of the northwest
coust.
" As corroborative evidence that these varied types of coloration are but
geographical races, it becomes interesting to observe that the light and dark
and the fulvous and rufous forms, respectively, of the different species, occur
over the same areas. With the fuscous type of Tamias quadrivittatiu occur
tlie dark types of Sciurus hudsonius, and the dark-backed form of Spermo-
philus grammurus, and also a peculiar dusky form of Arctomys and of Lepus,
and a dark form of Spermophiius rkhardsoni. On the Plains occur pallid
forms of Sciurus ^udovicianus\ Sciurus hudsonius, Tamias quadrivittatus, and
Spermophiius richardsoni. With the fulvous type of Tamias quadrivittatus
occurs a rufous form of Spermophiius grammurus; but the form of Sciurus
hudsonius, occurring over the same area, presents the exceptional condition
of a minimum amount of rufous."
"In addition to the tendency to change of color with locality, there is
another phase of color variation that requires, in this connection, a passing
notice, — namely, melanism. It is now well known that almost every species
of Mammal may be expected to present melanistic individuals, instances of
its occurrence in the majority of the North American species being now well
established. Indeed, the very fact of a melanistic phase of coloration may
be looked upon as almost a priori evidence that the individuals presenting it
belong to a melanistic race of some species whose normal color is some other
lint than black, as Professor Buird long since remarked in respect to the
American Squirrels. It has been supposed that the tendency to melanism is
more prevalent at the northward ; but such does not appear to be necessarily
the case. Among the Sciurida, for instance, a group rather remarkable for
a tendency to melanistic varieties, the black and dusky forms are as oflen
southern as northern. In some species, melanistic individuals are as rare as
are the cases of albinism, as in Sciurus hudsonius, the species of Tamias, and
in many,of the SpermophUi, while in others they are sometimes the common,
if not the prevalent, form over a considerable area, as occurs in Sciurus caro-
linensis and Sciurus cinereus. Melanism is also of frequent occurrence in
Sciurus aberti [*] and in Spermophiius grammurus ; the latter presents a melan-
istic form both in Texas and Lower California. Spermophiius parryi has also
a black race along the Yukon River, and frequent instances of melanism are
['Melanism of III is speciea largely predominate* ovor (he normal coluratiou in Colorado.]
BCIURID^— GEOGRAPHICAL DISTUIBUTIOIJ A!JD VARIATIOTiT. 051
well known in all the species of Arctomys. In numerous instanccR, these
inelunistic individuals nnd meianistic forms have been described as distinct
species, while in reality they are generally so sporadic in their occurrence us
to render them hardly worthy of recognition, even as varieties.
"The gradual increase of our knowledge in respect to the character of
these meianistic forms, and especially in regard to the extent and character
of geographical variation, necessarily leads to the modification of our views
in respect to the status of many forms that have formerly passed current
as more or less well-established species, and also to consequent changes
in nomenclature. The representatives of few groups are more variable in
respect to color, even among individuals of the same species inhabiting the
same locality, than the arboreal Squvrrels. Add to this the considerable
amount of geographical variation that obtains among them, and the very con-
siderable changes attendant upon season in respect to the character of the
pelpge, and we shall no longer feel surprised at the profusion of synonyms
tiiat attach to many of the species." •
In several species of North American Sciuri, a tendency to fulvous- or
rufous-bellied forms is noticeable. This is commonly developed at the south-
ward, but in one instance occurs in the moist region of the Pacific coast,
north of the fortieth parallel, namely, in Sciurus hudsonius var. douglam.
It also prevails to a marked degree in all three of the varieties of Sciurus
niger (including the S. "cinerem'\ S. "vulpinus", and 8. "Iwlovicianus"), but
especially in that (var. ludovicianus) inhabiting the Mississippi Valley, where,
as already noted, there is a marked increase in the intensity of the rufous of
the ventral surface in passing southward from the Great Lakes to the Gulf.
S. colliai, which ranges northward to Arizona, also runs into a rufous-bellied
phase in Mexico, while all of the other species found south of the United
States are either always orange or dark rufous below, or present this colora-
tion OS the prevalent or normol one; white- or grayish-bellied specimens
of any species from the warmer parts of the two Americas being exceptional.
Not only, also, is there a greater tendency to redness on the ventral surface,
but this color oilen involves the outer (as well as the inner) surface of the
limbs, and frequently extends high up on the sides of the body, especially
anteriorly. The dorsal surface is also quite generally suflTused with either
bright fulvous or rufous, while the middle of the lower surface of the tail is,
" Proo. Boat. Boo. N>(. Uisk vol. zvi, 1S74, pp. UTt-'Ha, 384, 285.
'I ^'l
ill • ■
( i
III
Is
li
\
iH
!!
Ill
:l I
Ji
652
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
as a rule, deep fulvous or rufous, unless displaced by melanism. In Southern
Mexico and the States of Central America and Northern South America, the
whole pclffge often becomes wholly red,* or red varied with block. The S.
eesluans of Brazil also runs into ferruginous phases in the Central American
States. In Mexico and Central America, the Sciuri exhibit a strong tendency
to melanism, dusky or wholly black phases of coloration occurring with
greater or less frequency in all of the species from this region known to me.
The difficulty of distinguishing the species, especially merely by the
study of museum specimens, is hence very great. While the Sciuri of North
America have presented perplexing phases of coloration, thoseof the warmer
parts of the continent do so to a far greater degree, several of the species
presenting variations of color at one and the same locality greater even than
does tlie highly variable Fox Squirrel of our Southern Atlantic and Gulf
States. Of some of the species, no two specimens in series of large extent,
from nearly the same locality, can be found that do not more or less widely
differ in color. The widely distributed Sciurus astuans of South America
is, however, remarkably constant in its coloration over a very extensive area,
differing much less even than does the eastern form of Sciun^ hutbonius, or
any of the North American Sciuri, excepting perhaps S./ossor. Under these
circumstances, it is surprising that more synonyms have not arisen.
In addition to the purely geographical va^'iation in color that the Squirrels,
in common with other Mammals, present, tiiere are other variations dependent
upon season and age. Among the first are the presence or absence of ear-
tufts in some of the Sciuri^ the length and softness of the pelage, the variable
degree of hairiness of the soles of the feet, and, in some species, differences
of coloration. With differences of age occur differences in dentition, in the
size, and even in respect to the presence of cranial crests and ridges for the
attachment of muscles, and in other features. These points, as well ns
geographical variation in size and color, are treated at length in the descrip-
tions of the several species and varieties.
With these preliminary remarks, we pass now to a consideration of the
genera, species, and varieties of the American Sciuridte ; no division of the
family into subfamilies or higher groups, as previously stated, being requisite.
* Dr. Cones's stodiea of the rariatioo of Putoriuifrtnaiiu (how a very instrnotive and parallel
InteDsiflcation of color to the eoatbward, where the head becomes qaite blackiab, with obliieratioo of
white stripe*, and the salmoa-color of the bell; deepein to bright rosty or even orange rrd.
SCIDRIDJ!— SCIDROPTEEDS,
G53
Genus SCIUROPTERUS F. Cuvier
SeiurH$ LiKNjEUH (iu part), and of early aulbon generally.
Pteromyt O. Cuvier (in part), aod of moat receat authon.
iiciuropttnu F. Cuvier, Add. du Mas. z, 182S, 180, p). x (type, Sduriu volant Lino.); Dents des Mam-
mU%rea, 1S35, 162, 955.
GicNEBic CHAB8. — Skull short, broad, highly arched, in general form almost
a miniature of that of Sciurus hudsonius; tlie supraorbital notch, however, is
rather deeper, and the interorbital region is rather more constricted ; the orbital
fossiB are relatively larger, as are also the auditory bullee and the ears, in
conformity with the more nocturnal habits of the members of this group;
the pterygoid processes are more slender, and posteriorly touch the auditory
bullae. In other particulars, the skulls of Sciuropterus and Sciurus present
no important differences. Premolars two, the first minute, but reaches the
plane of the trituration. Limbs united by a furred membrane formed by the
expansion of the skin of the sides of the body, and supported anteriorly by
a slender bone articulating with the carpus and directed backward. Tail
two-thirds as long as the head and body together, broad and flat, the longer
hairs being chiefly directed laterally, thus forming an important aid in govern-
ing the direction of their flight-like leaps, as well as serving as a further
means of support in their short flights from tree to tree. Sciuropterus is
thus merely a modified form of Sciurus, posse.<>sing rudimentary powers of
flight, through the support afforded by a parachute-like expansion of the skin
of the sides of the body and the broad, flat tail. The pelage is dense, soft,
and furry; the ears large and sparsely clothed ; the colors some soft, dull
shade of brown above and whitish beneath. Animals of small size, and of
crepuscular or nocturnal habits.
The genus is represented in North America by a single species of wide
distribution, and presenting a very wide range of geographical variation in
size. A single species also represents the genus in Europe, but several other
commonly recognized species occur in Asia. The Sciuropterus volans of
Europe differs from the American S. volucella in its much smaller size and
relatively much shorter and smaller tail, as well as slightly also in color.
The Flying Squirrels were first separated from ordinary Squirrels by G.
Cuvier* in 1800, he then giving to the group of Flying Squirrels the generic
name Pteromyt. In 1825, his brother, F. Cuvier.t separated the small Flying'
* " Ije$ona d'aoatomie compartfe, i, 1600." The original edition of this vrork I have been nuable to
oonaolt.
t Ann. dn Una., z, 18i5, p. 196. See alao Denta dea Hammiftrea, I8S6, lOit, 8j6.
054
MOXOGRAPnS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
i
4m :i
Squirrels of Europe and North America from the others under the name
Sciuropferus, and pointed out the important differences in the form of the
sivuU and in the structure of tiic teeth that mark the two groups By subse-
quent writers, the two groups, Pleromys and Sciurop/ervx, so well charac-
terized by M. F. Cuvier, have not been generally adopted, and Sciuroptfrus,
when recognized at all, has usually been accorded only the rank of a sub-
genus of Pteromya. The two groups, however, differ widely, not only in size
and other external features, but in cranial and dental characters. The species of
Pleromys are generally exceeded in size among i\^e Sciuridte only by those of
Arctomys; they also differ from the Sciuropferi in having the tail long, round,
and bushy, instead of distichous and laterally expanded. In Pleromys, the
frontal region of the skull is depressed; the nasal bones are broad and
swollen, and the postorbital processes are greatly developed, being relatively
almost as large as in Arctomys. The large size of the postorbital processes
and the depression of the interorbital region give to the dorsal aspect of the
skull some resemblance to the skull of Arctomys. In respect to the dentition,
tiie four posterior upper grinding teeth, instead of being subequal in size, as
in Sciuropterus, are very unequally developed, the last being less than half
the size of the three preceding.* The structure of the grinding teeth is also
wholly different from that met with in any other genus of this family, the
triturating surface not distantly resembling that presented by Castor, in con-
sequence of the deep infolding of the enamel border of the tooth. There
are, however, small isolated rings of enamel in the spaces between the deep
infoldings of the enamel of the border of the crown, somewhat as in worn
teeth of Erethizon.
The species of Pteromys are restricted in their distribution to Southern
Asia and the Indian Archipelago; those of Sciuropterus range over the colder
portions of the northern hemisphere, extending southward to intertropical
latitudes. ■
* In F. Cnvier's flgnrn of the dentition of Pieromyt (Denta dc* Hammlf^raa, pi. Wti), drawn fitim
" Sciunit ptiaHrUla Pall.", the iiecond premolar (Brat large grinding tooth) ia aliw mnoh amaller than
cither of the two immediately snoceeding. In Brandt's figures of the aknll of " Pleromji$ niUdui" (M(Sni.
de I'Acod. Imp. dea Scl. de Saint P^terab. 6e aer., 8oi, Nat. t. vii, p|. i, flga. 1-7), however, the aeoond
premolar ia the largest of the grinding aeries, and I find this to be so in skalls of this apecies in the
Museom oi Comparative Zodlogy.
BCIURID^— SCIUROPTEnUS VOLUOELLA. 6r)S
, SCIUR0PTERU8 VOLUCELLA, (Pall.) Geoff. -
American FIjrIaf Sqalrrcl.
Var. VOLUCELLA.
Boathera riflBK Sqalrrel.
MiiriM tolatu Catmbt, Carvllnt, II, 1743, m, 77, pi. Uxrl, Ixxvii.— BnigsoN, Qniid. 157.— Limn,, 8]:*(,
Mat. i, 1766, H8 (In put).
MHnit (wliMseUa Pallai, Nov. 8peo. QlirM, 17S9, 351, 35.1.— Omelin, Syat. Nat. i, 1788, 153.— SoimiriiBii,
Hiiiiget. iv, 1798, 808, pi. ooxxli.— Shaw, Qen. ZoOI. il, 1801, 155, pi. olr.
Pimmyt tolaeeUa DeaMAKBar, Nout. Diet. d'Hist. N*t. zxvii, 1618, 406; Mamm. li, 1833, 343.— Harlan,
Faun. Amor. 1886, 187.— Gripkith's Cuvler, v, 1887, 2f>9.— Fischer, 8yn. Mam. 1H2U, 3«r>.—
OoDMAN, Aroer. Nat. Hist, ii, 146.—" Urmnktt, Card, and Henag. Zi>ni. Soc. I, lUX,, 185."—
Yarrrix, Froo. ZoOI. Soc. Land. 1830-31, 38 (anatomy).— "D. W. C", Loudon's Mng. Nat
Hilt, ix, 1836, 5G9 (habita).— Emmons, Quod. Mass. 1840, 69.— Thompson, Hint. Vermont,
1648, 47.— DeKay, ZoSI. N. York, i, 1843, 65, pi. zvi, Br. 3.— Waoner. Snppl. Schrebor's SUnget.
Hi, 1843, 931.— ScHUiZ, Bynop. Mam. ii, 1845, 64.— Addubon & Bachmam, Quad. N. Amer. i,
1649, 816, pi. xzviii.— QlRBKL, Sliagst. 1855, 643.— Kknnicott, Fat. Offlce Rep. Agrio. for
1866, 1857, 69, pi. vli.— Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 386.-Thoma8, Trans. III. Agrio. Boo, iv,
1860, 657.— Hall, Canad. Nat. and Geol. 1661, 898.-Coopkr, Pros. Ca). Aood. ii, 1861.—
Tomes, Proo. Zo61. Soo. Lood. 1861, 881 (Onatemala).— Maximilian, Wiegmann's Arch. f.
Maturgoceb. 1861, 77.— Au.kn, Ball. Mas. Comp. Zo51., i, 1869, 884.— Oilpin, Proc. ani
Trans. Nov. Soo. Inst Nat. Sci. ii, pt. ill, 1870, 18.— Adahh, Field and Forvst Rambles, 1873,
99, 896 (New Bmnswlok).— Perkins, Amer. Nat. vii, 1874, 13J (babita in conflnenieut).
Sdanplariu totucella OiorpHor, Diet. Class. d'Uist. Nut. ziv, 1828, 138.
Bcitinptenu roUmlla var. twlitoelia Allen, Proo. Boat. Soo. Nat. Hist, zvi, 1874, 189; Ball. Essex Inst,
vi, 1874, 66.
Sdwiu ttonAata ScnRSBtR, Siinget. iv, 1708, pi. coxxii B (no text).
Auapanick, Smith, Hist of Virginia, 1606, — ; Purchos's Pilgrims, iv, 1685, 1695.
QoimUkpaHan, Fernandez, Nov. Hisp. 1651, 8.
«jrf«ff Squirrtl, Pennant, Hist Qaad. 1771, 893 ; "Arctic Zool. i, 1784, 180"; Sd od. I, 1798, 139.
VAmp€m, F. Cuviek, Hist, des Mam. livr. vlii, 1619.
Le I'olalo»die Jejnt^riqut, Madiot, " M«m. SocLinu. Parts, ii, 1888, 148 (babita in conflnement)".
Var. HCD80NIU8.
Korthern Firing Sqalrrel.
Sciurut kadaoaiut Oukun, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 153.
Pleromyt kud»o»i»» Fischer, Syn. Hamm. 1885, 365.— Baird, Ham. N. Amtir. 1857, 88a
Beiurapttrut volmxUa var, kudmUui AlXBH, Proo. Boat. Soo. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 889,
Sdunu aatriaiM Shaw, Oen, ZoSI. i, 1801, 167.
Pteromf tabrituu Bicuakdson, ZoOI. Joam. iii, 1828, 519; Fann. Bor.-Anier. i, 18i9, 193.— Waonkr,
Suppl. Sohreber'a Siinget. iii, 1843, 88&— Schinz, Rynop, Mam. ii, 1845, 54 — AuDUDON &,
Bachman, Qnad. N. Amer. iii, 1853, 803, pi. czliii, Bg. 1.— Oibbrl, SSaget. 1655, 648.— Gilpin,
Proo. and Truns. Nova Sco. Inst. Nat. Sci. ii, pt. iii, 1870, 13.— Adams, Field and Forest Ram-
bles, 1873, 99, 896 (New Brunswick).
Pitnmf* (oiriirM var. alptniu Richardson, ZoOI. Jonm. ill, 1888, 519; Fann. Dor.- Amer. i, 1839, 196,
pi. xviii.
Pftnmft alfimat Waoner, Suppl. Schreber's Siinget. iii, 1843, 830.- Schinz, Synop. Ham. il, 184'i, 55,—
Audubon &, Bachman, Quad. N, Amer. iii, 18.'>3, 306, pi. czliii, flg. 8.— Baird, Mam. N.
Amer. 1857, 889.— Rosa, Nut Hist. Rev. ISflS, 874 (Liord River).— Steve-NiiON, Haydeu'sRep.
U. 8. Oeol. Surv. Wyom. 1871, 461.
Ptenmt* trrgoiiaiili Bachman, Joum. Aead. Nat Sol. Pbila, Ist ser. viii, 1839, 101 Schinz, Synop.
Mam. ii, 184r>, 57 ("Tezas"!).— AuocBON St. Bachman, Qnad. N. Amer. i, 1849, 13.1, pi. zv.-
Baied, Msm. N. Amer. 1867, 890.— Cooper, Proo. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, 1868, 4 (Mendocino
CooBty, Cal.).
OraUtrFlgbit 8t»im1, Fobster, Phil. Trans. Izii, 1778, 379.
Sectrn IttJer aqmtrra, Pennant, Hist Qnad. 1771 ; "Arolio ZoSk i, 1784, — " ; 8d ed. i, 1792, 141.
Smirn Bfxtr Flj/ht Sgnirret, Giu>in, Proc. and Trans. Nova Sco. Inst Nat. Sci. ii, pt iii, 1870, 13.
I ' ■It:
m
li '■'■■ liil!!
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mi J
one
MONOGRAPna OP NORTD AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Spkcific chars. — Size varying greatly with locality. Ucad and boil^
ranging, in ndu ts, from 7 50 to 4.76 inches; tnii-vcrtebraj from 5.00 (or a
little more) to 3.50; tail, with hairs, from about 6.50 to 4.25 (occasionally
less). Above yellowisli-brown, varying to pale reddish-brown; below white,
varying to creamy-white, with sometimes a faint tinge of pale rufous; tail
abov(! generally darker than the back, especially at northern localities, where
it is sometimes decidedly blackish ; tail below lighter than above, varying
with locality from dusky-brown to yellowish-brown, always more strongly
colored than th ventral surface of the body.
Var. HUDBONllTS.
Northern Flying Squirrel.
Varietal coars. — Length, exclusive of the tail, 6.00 inches or more;
tail, with the hairs about 5.00. Above dull yellowish- or reddish-brown;
below white, faintly washed with yellowish; tail above dusky, of>cn decidedly
binckish on the edges ond terminal half; also frequently dusky toward the
end below. Habitat mostly north of the parallel of 49°, extending further
southward along the Rocky Mountains and on the Pacific slope. Grades
insensibly into —
Var. VOLUCELLA.
Southern Flying Squirrel.
Varietal chars. — Similar to the preceding, but much smaller. Length,
exclusive of the tail, less than 6.00 inches; generally less than 5..'30. Tail
Irss dusky, often with no blackish whatever, and the general color of the
body above rather more yellowish. Habitat, United States, — exclusive of
the Pacific slope north of California, and the Rocky Mountains north of C(d-
orado ; and thence southward to Guatemala.
The American Flying Squirrels present a range of geographical varia-
tion in size quite unparalleled in other members of the Sciurida, and only
equalled in some species of the Canida, and possibly in Cervus virginianus.
On the other hand, the coloration is remarkably constant, almost exception-
ally so, no other North American Mammal witli which I am acquainted,
which has so wide a geographical range, varying so little in this respect with
locality. The species ranges from Arctic America into the tropical portions
of the continent. I have specimens before me from points us distant as
pciuuin^— sciuRorxEuus volucella.
m
Alaska oiul LduiMiniia, Novu Scutiu uikI Culilorniu, uiul frum iimiiy iuternic-
(liute localUies. As Hhowii by the subjoined table uf nicnsurcinents, there is
a gradual decrease in size from the north suuthward. The avcrnge length
of specimens (exclusive of the tail) from Arctic America is about 7.50; of
specimens from nenr tlic 40th parnllel, about 0 85, or a little less, ranging
from 7. 10 to 6.50; of specimens from Northern New England, about 5.75,
ranging from 6.00 to f 35; of specimens from Southern New England, about
5.25,* ranging from 5.50 (o. even 6.00) to 4.50; of specimens from the Gulf
States, alxiut 4.75, ranging from 5 20 to 4.30, or about one-third less than
the most northern specimens.
In respect to color, specimens from the same locality sometimes differ
in the color of the dorsal surface as much as do the most diverse examples
from widely separated localities. There are, however, easily recognized '"cal
differences of coloration, especially in respect to the tail; but even here there
is a considerable individual (or seasonal?) variation. As a rule, the speci-
mens from north of the United States have darker tails than those from south
of the parallel of 44°, while the average difference in color between northern
and southern specimens is quite marked.
A series of five specimens from the Red River r>'' the North nearly
covers the whole range of variation in color exhibited by the whole series
No. 3257 (Red River Settlement) is dark fuscous-brown above, with the tail,
especially the distal half, decidedly blackish, and the under parts faintly
washed with rasty-fulvous. No. 3717 (same locality, December 10) is soil
yellowish-brown above, with the tail mucii less duxky, and the under parts
white, with merely the faintest tinge of yellow. No. 3718 (same locality
and date) is quite similar, but shows a variation toward No. 3257. No. 11539
(Pembina, June 14) is much redder than 3717; the tail is especially brighter,
with much less dusky. No. 9083 (Selkirk Settlement) is very light-colored
(as light as any from any locality), being pale yellowish-brown above, with
only the terminal third of the tail blackish.
'Maiij of llw New England specimens (rooctly measnted from aleubolic speoimens) are evidently
iromatiira. In the ease of the males, the testes are generally abdominal, and the females show no rlgn
ofbsTiDg saeklrd yoang. All the males with the tesiea scrotal and all the females with the (rats bearing
eridaoce of materoity are of mnoh larger size than the others. All the measurements of northern speci-
meoa bare oeeesaarily been taken from s'jins, some of which are evidently overstulTed. Taking, how-
•Tsr, only soeb Beasorements as are least nflfeoted by faulty taxidermy, as the length of the feet and the
meMarenMita of the head, in oases where the skull is left in the skin (and only from snch specimens are
the ammnnsmmta of (he bead given), there Is evidently a very striking, as well as very gradual, deoreaso
in size aontfawanl.
*2 U
Ill
■■(!.
(558
MONOORAl'IIS OF NORTH AMEUH^AN UODENTIA.
!!|i^^^^il!l:Wi
V I
It I
SI,
fii'll!
!«.; a
Two specimens collected on the Nortliwcsteni Bounilnry Survey by Dr,
Keiincrly (doubtless in Washington Territory) can be exactly matched, both
in si?c and color, by specimens from l^Ialamagaminque, Onada, except that
((uc is more yellow l)elow than the Canada s|)ecinR'iis. Another, from Fort
Crook, Cal., is much darker than tiie specimens from Washington Ter-
ritory, with a strong yellowish wash below, which extends over the whole
lower surface of .he tail. No. !)625, from Idaho, and No. 9704, from the
Uintah Mountains, a-e two of the darkest specimens in the collection; but
in the series from Big Island, Great Slave Lake, there is one fully as dark,
while one from the Rv?rt River district is scarcely lighter.
Specimens from tl:e United Slates, and especially from the more south-
ern portions, are more yellowish-brown above, with much less black on the
tail, and more yellowish below, than specimens from Northern New England,
Canada, and the more boreal parts of the continent. In some of the southern
specimens, there is no dusky or black on the tail, which inclines to a rufous
shade of brown above and yellowish-brown below.
Average southern specimens differ from average northern specimens
most strikingly in size and in the length and fullness of the pelage, but also
in tbe tail being relatively narrower, and the soles of the feet nakeder, and
also quite appreciably in color, especially in the ujjper side of the tail being
nearer of the color of the back. There is, however, no break in the sequence
from north southward, either in size, color, or other characters, by which the
group can be subdivided specifically, or even vnrietally. The recognition,
as above, of a northern and southern subspecies, is, in great measure, arbitrary.
Apparently, those inhabiting the Rocky Mountains of Montana and the Uintah
Mountains are darker in color than those from other regions, and rather more
ferruginous above, running into a phase corresponding somewhat with van
rir.hiirdgoni of the Sciurus hudsonius group, inhabiting the same regioi;.
Ncnthcr this form {Ptcromt/s alpinus auct.) nor the so-called ^'Pteromi/s
nregontnuis" seems to me to be varietally distinguishable, especially the latter,
specimens of which ai'e, sometimes at least, absolutely indistinguishable from
Canadian specimens. The supposed differences in the length and direction
of the carpal fascia sup|H>rting the flying-membrane, I am unable to appreciate.
In respect to differences of a strictly individual character, we meet
oeciisionaily with specimens from both the Atlantic and Pacific slope, as well
as from the interior, in which the color of the lower surface of the tail ia
Pii
SCIUUID^-SCIUROPTERCS VOLUCELLA.
G59
scarcely darker or more fulvous than the ventral surface of the body; again,
and more frequently, the lower surface of the tail is nearly as dark as the
dorsal surface of the body, from which it differs only slightly in lint. As
already noticed, tlie edges and terminal portion of tlu", lower surface of the
tail are occasionally strongly dusky. Commonly, the eye is encircled by a
narrow dusky ring, and there is a dusky spot in front of the eye; but some-
times these markings (in light-colored specimens) are wholly obsolete
Occasionally, there is a whitish spot at the posterior base of the ear, sometimes
conspicuously noticeable, while in the majority of instances no such marking
is clearly distinguishable. Also, in southern specimens, the pelage of the
lower surface is wholly white to the base; in others, the basal portion is
dusky, as is generally the case in northern specimens, in some of which only
merely the surface is whitish.
Doubtless, the small amount of variation in color with locality, apparent
in this grou^, as in the Hares (see antea, p. 268), is in part owing to mode
of life, these animals being not only nocturnal, but habitually passing the
day-light concealed in hollow trees. They are hence apparently less exposed
to the influences most active in modifying coloration.
As already intimated, the habitat of this species embraces nearly the
whole of the North American continent. Its range to the northward extends
apparently to the forest limit, there being specimens in the collection from
Labrador, the vicinity of Great Slave Lake, Fort Liard, and Alaska. There
are also specimens from Georgia, Mississippi, and Louisiana. It is well known
as an inhabitant of Mexico, and Mr. Salvin collected it at Dueflas, Guatemala.
Mr. Tomes refers to his specimens as having the fur a little coarser, and the
color every w hdr'» more rufous, than in gpecimens from the United States.*
Examples have been received from so 'nany parts oC the interior, as well as
from the Pacific coast, that it may be considered as presumably dispersed
throughout the wooded portions of the continent. Even where it is common,
it is a species not often observed, owing to its nocturnal habits. Audubon
and Bachman, in their very interesting biography of this species, speak of it
as being to some extent gregarious.
The great amount of geographical variation in size presented by this
species has led to the recognition of several supposed species. As early as
< Pme. ZoSI. Soc. Lond. 1801, |>. SSI.
^^hm
I
060
MosoGiJAPHS OP xoirrn American rodentia.
M
1772,* P\)rsterf desciibed tho Flying Squirrel of Hudson's Bay as the
"Greater Flying Squiirel", which, lie says, is "vastly different .... in sizeiud
color" from the Flying Squirrel of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.
This is Pennant's "Severn River Squirrel", and the ^^Sciuitis vol « major'^
of Pallas, t to which Gmelin, in 1788, gave the name Sciurus hudsonius.
Shaw, in 1801, changed Gmelin's name to Sciurus sahinm in consequence
of the name hudsonius having been also applied tu the Chickaree, or Red
Squirrel {Sciurus hudntmiun). As, however, the Flying Squirrels and the
Chickarees proved to belong to different genera, this double use of the name
hwhoiiius becomes tenable.
The smaller Southern Flying Squirrel was described by I'ernandez,
from Mexican specimens, umler the native name Quimichpntlan, in 1651,
and as early as 1743 it was figured and described by Catesby from Carolina
specimens. To this species (in the mean time also described by Brixson,
Edwards, Pennant, Buffon, and others), Pallas gave the name Sciurus volu-
' AiniinK tbo many earlier refereDciB to this animal, which have, however, no direct bearing upon
Its teclinical history, are many that are ii'teresting from their qiiaiot character. Tims, the celebrated
Captain John Sniitlli, in his Account of Virf^liia, published originally as early as IC06, in alluding to this
animal, snys : — "A small beast tbey have, they call dmapankk, but wee call tlirm flying Squirrrls, because
spreading tbeir legs, and so stretching the largenesse of their tkinnes, that they seeme to fly thtrtie or
fortie yards."— (P«.'0*«»'« Piigrimt. vol. iv, p. IG95.)
Somewhat later, the gind Thomas Morton, in his " New English Canaan " (r. 82), speaks of
"a little flying Squirrill, with bat like winges, which bee spreads when bee Jnmpea flrom tree to tree
and docs no harme ".
In 1636, the Nortboro Flying Squirrel was also noticed by Sagard-Thcodat, whose curious descrip-
tion is among the most detaile<l of the early notices ot this animal. I am favored with the following
transcript of his notice, through the attentions of my colleague, Dr. Cones, token froxa p. 67S of vol. iii.
of the Hvo French ed. of 186(!, of his Histoire dn Canada, a literal reprint of the original of 16:16 (p. 745) :—
"Ilsont anssi trols sortes d'escurienz differends, & tons troia plus beanx & plus petits que ceux de
DOStre Europe. Les plus estimrz &, rarrs sont les escnrianx volans, nomm^z SahoUesqnanta, qni ont
la couleur ceudnSe, la teste un pen grosse, le poll donx Si court &. les yeux petits. Us sent nppellvz vo-
lans, Don qu'ils ayent dos ayslea, mais h raison qu'ils ont nne oertaine pean anx deux coatez |>rrnanB de
la patte de derriere it celle de deuant, qu'ils repllent fort proprement coutre leur ventre quand >la war-
ohent, puis I'esteudent qnand ils volent, couime ils font aysement d'arbre en arbre, Sl de terre insques au
dcssus."
Another writer, in an account of Virginia, originally published in 1649, speaks of " two sorts of
Sqnirrels ", nne of which is " called a flying one, for that she spreads like a Ratt a certaine loose skin she
hath and so flyes a good way ".—( force'* Traolt, vol. ii, Mo. 8, p. 16.)
Clayton, writing in 1688, In ennnierating the Squirrels of Virginia, rays :— " The second is the flj ing
Squirrel of a lighter dun Colour, and mnch less than the English Squirrel ; the skin on either side tho
body extended is very large betwixt the Fore-Leg and Hind-Leg which helps them much in their skipp-
ing from one Bough to another that they will leap farther than the Fox Squirrel, tbongh much lesB, yrt
this is still rather skipping than flying, though the Distinct ion bo well moiifk." — (Foraft Tract; vol. Iii,
No. 18, p. 36.)
LawBon, in ITUO, also thus refers to the Southern Flying Squirrel in term* no les* strained:—
" .... Ho has not wings as Birds or Bats have, they Iwing a fine thin skin coveHd with Hair, an tbo
rest of the parts are. This from the Fore-Foot to the Hinder-Feet, which is extended, and holds so
mnob Air as buoys him up from one Tree to another, that are greater distances asunder, than any other
Squirrels can roach by Jumping or springing . . . . "
tPhil.TrauB. vol.lxii, 1778, p. 379.
t Nov. 8pe«. Qlires, I77H, p. ItM.
SCIURlO/E— S0IUR0PTERU8 VOLUCKLLA.
601
cella, it having been previously referred by Linnseus to the Flying Squirrel
of Europe {Sciurus volans U\m\.z=.Scivropterm volans F. Cuv.). Richardson,
in 1828, described a variety of the Northern Flying Sq'iirrel, from the
northern portion of the Rocky Mountains, under the name Pteromys sabrinus
var. alpinus. Later, however, he was in doubt as to whether the differences
observed merited recognition. Wagner, however, in 1843, raised Richard-
son's variety alpinus to specific rank, since which time it has passed generally
current ns a species, being so recognized by Audubon and Bachman, and
Inter by Professor Baird. Bachman, in 1839, described specimens from near
tlie mouth of the Columbia River under the name Pteromys oregonensis, and
fliis name has since passed generally current as that of a valid species. The
differences supposed to characterize it were, however, slight, consisting, in
reality, only in its rather smaller size as compared with P. "sabrinua^'. From
/'. "volucel/a'^ it differed in being larger, and in not having the liairs of the
ventral surfacie white to the roots, as Dr. Bachman erroneously supposed to
be always the case in the Southern Flying Squirrel. This originated the
four supposed species of North American Flying Squirrels. Ten years later,
however, we find the following suggestive remarks in Audubon and Bach-
man's "Quadrupeds of North America" (vol i, p. 205), under the head of
P. "sabrinus'': — "As long as only two species of Flying Squirrels were
known in North America — the present species (P. sabrinus) and the little
/'. volu4xllti — there was no difficulty in deciding on the species but since
others have been discovered in the far West, the task of separating and defin-
ing them has become very perplexing."
Professor Baird, in 1358, .laving few specimfitt: oi" the group at hand
for comparison, admittc ] r.r of the fo \r species, bu^ evidently with some
hv'sitation. P. '• volucella" seemed i.) him to be only a miniature of P. "hud-
sofi'uti", the only differences perceivable to him being the larger size of the
latter, with the hairs of the belly lead-colored at base instead of white
throughout. Respecting the distinctness of P. '^alpinus" from P. "hudsonius",
he felt unable to decide, while the validity of P. "oregonensii" was apparently
not questioned. .
062 MOXOGRAPITS OF NORTH AMEEICAJT RODENTFA.
I
Tadlk I. — Mcaauremente of enen skvUs of Sciuroptehus volucrixa rar. voliicklla.
s
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Norway, Me
4846
PennaylTasU
1.49
0.(17
0.40
0.40
0.70
0.68
0..1J
4a4»
do
L37
0.8S
0.37
a40
0.08
0.69
a4.->
* SpeoimeD* from Mnwum of ComptumUTe Zofilogy, Cftmbrldgo, UaM.
Tablb II. — MeaaurtmentB of «etwH(«eii fjiedmens 0/ Sciuroptekus volucella rar, nuDSONius.
I :m
1
1
■a
LocaUty.
From Up of noao to—
TaUtoend
of-
Length of—
d
•s
e
a
I
1
1
1
1
-t
^
1
>
1
1
1
1
9935
7.90
7.40
7.50
7.50
7.30
7.00
7.50
7 .10
9.00
9.00
6.40
4.83
4.10
6.00
4.60
4.90
4.M
4.75
4.50
5.90
5.33
5.50
3.75
6.85
6.00
6.40
5.85
5.10
7.»
5.50
5.90
5.85
5.75
.1.90
6.50
6.50
6.60
4.50
0.80
0.E0
0.C0
0.R5
0.75
0.M
0.85
0.80
0.00
0.00
0.80
o.n
0.89
0.85
0.00
0.90
0.90
1.55
1.90
1.60
1.50
1.45
l.SO
1.45
1.90
1.55
1.55
1.45
1.51
1.33
1.45
l.CO
1.60
1.90
Skin.
...do.
...dp.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
..do.
.. d...
...do.
...do.
..do.
..do.
...de.
...do.
...do.
OAU
Fort Liard, B. B. T
7060
Big lalaud. Great Slave Lake
0.70
0.70
0.6S
I.4S
1.30
Lao
L3S
1.30
1.55
1.63
L47
1.60
1.60
•304
S718
do
RedlUvn
3957
do
3717
do
3313
418
S3S
Fort Belltnufaein. Waah. Ter
aoo
7.00
G.40
6.75
no
6.75
7 00
7.10
0.50
9704
nintAhUoonUiDa
0636
I<]abo
a»7
0.67
7189
1.83
1.60
7104
do
7191
do
7l!)0
do
7193
.. do
801UKIDJ5— SOlUliOPTMUUS VOLUCELLA.
663
Tadlb III.— jV«uiireM«N(< of lhlrlj)-»U tjiedmenB of SciUiiOPTKKLS VULUCKIXA tar. voLl'dtLLA.
311.1
588
ini
3078
3707
3tat
» MO
1001
ON
4inl
4MI
an
37S6
3SM
900
sun
3M»
va
3490
ISU
1964
1»7I)
«we
«9M
KUO
1304
aS05
it!M
780
Tin
11130
aeta
4019
7381
Looalilj.
Ciljils,Ue....
Norway, He..
UptoD, Uo ...
Norway, Ho .
, do
..«o.
.do.
.do.
.do.
Amhent,N.H..
HUaii.N.H
Dammar, N.H ..
WatorTUlo,M«..
Lynii,Hiiaa
do
HMaaohuaotta.,
Uaaaaohuaetta
do
BarlingtoD, Iowa...
Cook Connty,IU ...
HaaoaohuaetU
do
Undion, Haaa
Htddlelnn', Haaa. ,
do ,.,
do
Columbna, Ga. .
do
WeatNortbSald, ill....
Colainboi, Hlu
do
Bladanabarg, Md
Pialrio Hsr Kouga, ta .
New Orteaai, I«
Grand Cotaan, La
From tip of noao to-
ld
0.87
0.07
0.70
aoe
ac3
0.00
U.liO
0.70
a 70
O.T0
0.71
O.OJ
o.os
0.57
0.57
U.0O
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.55
0.58
0.00
0.00
0.50
0.60
ass
0.60
0.55
0.SO
aso
a ST
I. so
1.33
1.90
I. so
1.83
1.13
1.S5
l.SO
i.au
I. as
1.S4
1.15
1.S7
1.07
1.00
1.10
1.08
t.oe
1.00
1.10
1.15
1.10
as.i
1.19
1.18
1.18
1.00
t.ao
1.14
l.M
i.o;
0.05
1.15
1.10
1.75
1.63
1.85
1.55
I.IVj
l.2.'i
1. 55
i.v;
1.05
1.55
1.05
1.50
1.60
1.37
1.45
1.90
1.60
1.48
1.50
1.4a
1. «1
1.45
1.35
1.45
l.liU
1.50
1.39
1.90
1.46
l.SO
1. 45
1.49
1. 90
l.SO
1
5.00
S3S
s.:o
S.10
5.90
5.19
6.10
5.70
5.03
5.85
sao
S50
4.3S
4.50
M5
5.10
9.30
5.00
5.10
4.00
SSO
4.75
0.95
4.70
4.70
3.40
4.76
4.55
4.76
&00
4.f0
MO
sa)
4 00
4.85
TaHtoeod Length of-
4.50
4.85
4.75
4.35
4.85
4..'«
4.15
4.40
4.00
4.70
4.75
4.10
4.79
3.90
3.65
4.00
aoo
.1.90
3.F0
4.00
3.95
3..'i0
4.50
3.40
3.70
9.60
3.00
3.50
a«o
3.60
3.40
XM
3.39
ao7
a 30
i
L
S90
9.79
9.39
S40
9.00
9.99
9.10
.■■1.35
0.00
5.75
0.00
4.65
5.07
4.95
4.30
SOO
4.60
4.70
4.15
4.95
.%50
4.M
4.40
aoo
4.10
4.18
4.30
4.10
3.90
4.10
3.00
4.10
3.05
I
0.83
a 75
0.78
0.85
O.TJ
0.80
0.67
0.87
0.80
0.85
0.81
0.67
0.75
0.65
0.07
0.68
0.79
0.71
a 79
0.79
0.70
a 75
0.75
ag7
aeo
0.70
a 73
a70
aT3
0.75
a 79
0.75
0.64
m
1.40
1.30
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.49
1.30
1.38
1.45
1.45
1.37
1.99
1.45
I.IS
1.17
1.93
1.99
1.99
1.90
1.16
1.17
1.39
1.15
1.35
1.90
1.90
1.14
1 10
1.10
1.93
1.10
1.09
1.90
1.10
1.90
1.19
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.03
0.75
a 76
0.60
0.79
0.71
0.07
0.75
O.-,!'
0.67
a 9:1
0.94
0.59
0.94
0.99
0.57
aa>
a98
a9s
0.90
B
I
I
AlcoboUo.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...da
.. da
...da
...da
...da
.. da
.. da
..da
..da
...da
...da
...da
..da
...da
...da
...da
...da
Rkln.
....da
...da
Akiobolla'
...do.'
.. do.«
....do.*
...do.*
...da*
...da*
...do.*
...da
...da
...da
...da
* MeaanrenMata from Baird's Hamm. of North America, p. 983.
r'
664
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Table IV. — LUt of ipec'uHent examinrd of SciunoPTiinug VOLUCIUJ.* xm. huimonius.
^lii
H.
11
ti
i.f
> ,
1
a
d
o a
|i
a
i
1
1
Loealitr-
When
collected.
From whom f«.
celred.
Colleeted by-
1
II9S4
Mas
96SS
S09S
IVS04
(U03
TOM
8107
710)
7190
7191
7193
7103
7194
W39
3857
3717
37IS
9083
90M
1M39
193
KM
3333
3053
3370
3893
9704
0035
3313
3990
5678
1090
1089
1085
Lieut F.W. King
....do
Ueat F.W.King..
...do
Bkln.
....do.
do
R.KennloaU
W.L.Hardl*tj...
....do
....do.
FortLUrd H.B.T
W.L.Hapdlaty
.. do
...da
....do.
do
Big labuid, Great Slave
Laka.
do
B.aBnM
....do
J.Beid
....do
....d*
do
....do
....do
...do.
831
Apr. 4,liJM
J.Lookbardt
....do
J. Loeklardt
...do.
MafauiMnaminqiw, Canada.
do
Thomaa Rlohaida. . .
...in
....do
... do.
..do.
...do.
do
...do
do
...do
...do
...do.
do
do ... .
...do
da
do
... do
...do
...da
Dr.J.B.01Ipln...
Dr.J.aOllplB
D. Gann
...da
. da
Red River Settlement ..
9
do
... do
...do
da
....do
.. .do
.. do
... da
Selkirk Settlement
. do
.. do
.. da
....do
....do
...do
.. (Iq.
SOTO
Fort Pembinaf Hinn
A. Campbell
C. Cavalier
Dr.J.B.011pin....
... do
Dr. IL Cooea .....
.. do.
Pembina, Hlnn
CCavoUer
... da
Uootreal, Canada
Thomaa Broome
Dr. J. a Gilpin
....do
...do.
...da
... do
Hallhi,lf.B
do
do
... do
...do
...do.
Stoben,lIe
J.D. Parker
Dr.F.V.Hajden..
Dr. Whitehead. .
A.CampbeU
....do
J.D.Parker
....da
5.15
Uintab Monntaina
Idaho
Sept at, 1873
H.D. Schmidt
....da
Dr. Whitehead
....da
Fort BelUngbam.Wadi. T
Skagit Tallejr
Dr.C.aaKennerly
...do
...da
Skin and aknll.
Skin.
....da
36M
007
417
418
....do
... do
do
...do
....ilo
3M9
Fort Cittok. Col
J. Feilner
J. Fellaer
....da
SCIURlDiE— SCIUKOPTEIiUS VOLUOELLA.
665
Tablb v.— Lift of $pecimen» examined of Bciukuftkbus volitcella uir, volvcxlla.
1
Id
i
i
i
1
1
1
Locality.
When
oolleou^.
From whom re.
ceWed,
Colleoted by—
■5
Bemarka.
1903
lasT
1171
3036
SOS!
3038
30M
3707
sea
900
lias
1033
3733
3113
W41
4271
am
4173
•n
1001
137i
1S7»
808
37M
mi
1534
1903
1448
3307
3388
«41«
«4<0
97(3
HO*
783
....
Lake Superior ....
Upton, Mc
....do
Sammer,
1848.
Summer. . .
L.Agaaala
J.O.BIch
...do .
L.Agaaal>
J.O.BIch
...do
Skin
...do
AloohoUo.
...do
In U.O.Z., Cam-
bridge, Uaaa.
...da
...da
...do.
043
»4S
873
-
Norway, Ue
Irving Kroat...
...do
...do
...do
...do
...da
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
do
...da
...da
...da
. ..da
.. da
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
Skull
.. do .
. do
.. do
do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
.. da
...do
B.D.VonrUl....
...do
aD.Verrm....
...do
Skin. ...
...da
841
J
...do
...do. ..
...da
...da
...da
...da
....da
...do
A.E.TorriU...
O. A. Boardman
..do
....do
A.K.Verrill ....
...do
MUllowcUe....
...do
Ralala, He
0. A. Boardman.
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Eaatport,I(e
...do
...do
Skull
Skin
...do
...da
...da
...da
...da
■•
Wa(erTille,Me....
CS.BwaUn....
JobnTecey
do
ex. Hamlin....
John Teiey
. do
. do
do
...
...do
....do
...do
...do
....do.
lUlaii,ir.H
J.B.Fn]«>ne...
W.H.MeUendy
ajlOaeo
.do ....
J.KFulaome...
W.H.MeUendy.
S.JIUaon
...do
do
...da
...do
Amhent,N.H....
Hndann VaM
.do ...
...da
...da
...da
...fa
...da
...da
...da
...da
...da
...da
...da
...da
...da
...da
...da
...da
...da
In Nat. Mus.,
Waah.,D.C.
..da
...da(Alblna)
...da(Alblna)
..da
...da
...da
...da
....da
....
...do
..do
. do
LyniiiMaaa
.. do
..do
AlcohoUo .
.. do
...do ]....
...do
...do
874
...
...do
L.AgaaaU
...do
UAgaaali
...do
Skin
...do
...do
.. do
...do
.. do
...do
.. do
...do
SkoU
Skin
Alooholis
...do
...daT
..do
...do
...daf
. (Jo
...do
...do
..do
...do
1481
1488
....
Kranatnn, Til ..•>.
aMMnr
....do
aMarcy
...do
...do
...do
...do
Uwn RldgOklU...
....do
H-BoUer
....do
H.BaUer
...do
...do
...do
Bnrllngton, Iowa. .
...do
DoepKlTor,N.C..
CbaatarCoonty.Pa
...do
Waabln|[ton,D.C.
...do
W.C.Kerr
I>r.]t.)ilohner..
...do
W.C.Kerr
Dr.K.MIcbaer..
...do
...do
Sknil
...do
1010
4008
400')
4010
III38
88
3IS3
4848
4847
?
Skin
...do
...do
do
U. M. Langdoo .
J.W.Wllllaiua..
ARBalnl
DrKOenea ....
P.R.Hoy
Dr. J. O.Cooper
C.H.Langdon..
J.W.Wimama..
S.F Balrd
...do
Aug. 83. '58
9
...ih>
1Uolne,'Wl8
Dr.ILConee...
P.RHoy
Dr. 3. a. (^per
...do
..-to
..do
m
G6G
MONOGUAPDS OF NOUTU AMEUICAN RODENTIA.
Tadlk V. — Lilt of ipccimcKt aamimd of SciunurTEiti's volccella Mr. volucella — CoDliniicd.
■s
1
1
|i
7iM
707
263il
4915
7361
a
9
B
1
i
a
1
1
LtMwlit}-.
When
colloctcd.
From vh»m re-
ceived.
(Jollrated b)'-
■s
1
lU'inarka.
Dr. BpllliQan . . .
. do
DrSpillnuui —
... do
Skin
Uo
In Nat. MoMum.
...do.
....-_ fin
PrairiellerKoiiiie,
Li.
New OrlMoa, La
J.Falrio
J.Varden
St. Charlea Col-
lege.
J.Falrie
J.Varden
.. do
....da
Alcobolio .
...do
....do.
....do.
Qrnnd Cotean, La
Gekus SCIURUS Linnaeus.
jSciHrua LiNNiGL-8, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758 (in part), and of most sabseqiieot aothon.
itaaroxut F. CoviKR, " Diet, dea Sci. Nat. x, 181B" ' ; il6m. da Mas. x, ie2.'i, ItS ; Deuts des Mam. 1825,
161 ; Diet, des Sci. Nat. lix, 1839, 474. (Type &ji«r«< a$tiiant Linn.)
UaeroxHt Okay, Add. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d 8er. zx, lUu7, 275. (Not Maeroiiu F. Cnvier.)
HkiHotciurtu Obat, Cat. Ham. Brit. Hna. 1813, 195 ; Ann. &. Mag. Nat. Hiat. 3d aer. xz, 1867, 886. (Type
Soiiiru$ UpaobUs Bljih.)
Bkeinro»ei»rtu Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d aer. zx, 18(n', 272. (Type Sciitm macroHt Gray.)
Generic Ciiabs. — Skull short, very broad, especially interorbitally,and the
cranial portion greatly expanded ; postorbital processes terminating in a long,
slender point, directed posteriorly (and more or less outwardly) and decurved;
malar bone slender, the plane of its expansion nearly vertical ; anteorbital
foramen a narrow vertical slit, opening far in advance of the first premolar ;
upper grinding-teeth four or five, the first premolar (when two are present)
very small; muzzle short, nasals greatly narrowed posteriorly; ears well devel-
oped, well clothed, sometimes tufted, especially in winter; tail long, generally
as long as or longer than tlie body, broad, the long hairs spreading laterally ;
nail of pollex rudimentary; pelage generally full and soft, but sometimes
more or less rigid ; coloration variable, but never with well-defined black
stripes on the dorsum ; size generally large; no cheek-pouches, and uo lateral
membrane connecting the fore and hind limbs.
The true arboreal Squirrels are at once easily distinguishable from the
Flying Squirrels by the absence of the membranous expansion along the
sides of the body as well as by numerous other very obvious differences.
They differ from Tamias in the form and position of the anteorbital foramina,
the broader and less tapering muzzle; in the greater verticality of the plane
of the malar bone; in the greater convexity of the dorsal outline of the skull;
* See Agoaaiz, Nomeuclator Zuolugieua, Mamui. p. 19.
^;^am^A
BCIUItlD^— SCIUIIUS.
667
and in pattern of coloration ; IVoin (lie larger, large-cared, long-, l)road-
tailed Spermophiles in the siiorter, broader, more expanded form of the
skull, its more convex dorsal outline, slenderer and less diverging zygomatic
arches, the strict parallelism of the inner edges of the molar series, and the
narrower and more anteriorly situated anteorbital foramina, etc.
A division of the American Sciuri into other than arbitrary or artificial
groups seems almost impossible. Althougli some of the species have two
premolars and others one, some tufled and others tufllcss ears; although
some are of large size and others small; and although the skull varies in
respect to convexity, interorbital breadth, and somewhat in other features,
these differences are so variously combined that no sharply dividing lines can
be drawn if more than a single character be taken. In respect to the pres-
ence sad size of the first upper premolar, the species fall into three sections,
with which, to some extent, other characters correspond. In some of the
species, sti far as I can determine, there is but a single premolar at any period
of life ; in one (S. hudionius and its varieties), a second is generally present,
though often disappearing late in life ; it is, however, so minute as to easily
escape observation, never rising to the level of the other teeth, it being gen-
erally merely a slender, minute point situated close to the inner edge of the
anterior root of the second premolar, beneath the front edge of the base of its
crown. Sometimes it is a mere point, and at other times is about one-half
the height of the second premolar. In the greater number of the species, two
premolars are permanently developed, but the first is often minute, scarcely
reaching the height of the second, and is occasionally absent in those species
in which, as a rule, it is present.
The pelage varies greatly in character in the different species, being
sometimes full, fine, and sofl, even among the tropical forms; again, it is short
and sparse, and at other times long, coarse, and stiff.
Perhaps the most obviously variable feature is the character of the tail.
Generally, its length, measured from the base to the end of the vertebrae, is
rather less than the length of the head and body; sometimes these two
measurements are equal, while occasionally the tail is a third less than the
length of the head and body. The tail, to the end of the hairs, is very
generally equal to or longer than the head and body; sometimes much longer,
occasionally about equal, and more rarely somewhat less. The tail also varies
greatly in fulne&« and breadth. In Sciurus fossor and S. colliai, the tail,
when fully spread, has a breadth of five or six inches, the hairs of the sides
M
I;i1i
668
MONOGUAPOS OF NORTH AMERICAN llODENTIA.
being two ami a half to three inches iii length. On the other hand, in S.
hypopt/rrhus, in which llie length of tiie tail is fully as great as in S.foxsor
anil S. co/liai, its breadth is about one-third less. The tail is narrowest (in
tlic long-tailed species) in S. astunm, but even in this species it is still dis-
tinctly flattened or distichous, except iwssibly in badly prepared specimens, *
though not unfrequently cylindrical at the end.
M- F. Cuvier, in 1818, separated the Guerlinguets from the true Squirrels
under the name Macroxux, referring to this group the Sciurus astuans of
Brazil and the Sciurus vittatus of India. The characters given for this group,
as distinguishing it from Sciurus, are the greater cerebral-capacity of the skull,
the tail not distichous at the point, the nasal portion of the skull separated
from the cranial by a strong depression, and by the large size of the testes.*
Although Afacroxus was adopted by Lesson in 1827, it has been by most
writers properly ignored, the characters given having little value. The
Macroxus of Gray (1867), although including the species referred to Macroxus
by Cuvier, is based on a wholly different feature, namely, on the absence
of ear-tufts, and hence embraces all the Sciuri with untufted ears. Sciurus,
as left by Gray, thus includes only a few species with conspicuously tufted
ears, like iS. vulgaris and S. aherti. This distinction, it is almost needless
to say, is not of the slightest importance as a generic character, the long car-
tuils being merely a seasonal feature, if not in part, in some species at
least, simply individual. In the North American 8. aherti, individuals are
found both with and without them at the same localities pnd seasons, while
in other individuals they may be found of different degrees of development.
Many other species have the ears slightly tufted in winter, which are wholly
without ear-tufts in summer.
The American Sciuri reach their greatest numerical development in
Middle America; Southern Mexico and Central America being far richer in
species than any other region in either North or South America of similar
area. The species are here remarkable also for their extreme variability in
color. Melanistic phases of coloration are frequent, while all the species are
normally fulvous, orange, or red below, white-bellied specimens from this
region being exceptional; with perhaps a single exception, none of the specific
* The diagnosJB given by Cavier of " lea GaeTliDgneta " ( JfacroxM) Is as follows : — " Ce aont dea
6onieuila dont la qaene n'est point dislingntf «t dont la capacity c^ribrale auipaase de beaacoup celle
tics dcarenils propremeut dila et celle dcs tamiaa. Une depression trts-marqa^ R<!pare le crtue d'un
uiiisenn pea alongd, EuQd, ils sout i-eraariiuablca pur lonra toaticulea Tolumineuz." — (Dkl. M- Jftl., lix,
IBiU, 474.)
SCIUIJIDiE— SCIURCS.
000
or subspccific forms nre permnnentl)' white below. The large number of
synonyms that have arisen in consequence of tliis variability in color, together
with the variability itself, render the recognition and characterization of the
species exceedingly ditficult. The al>undance of the material accessible for
the study of the species occurring north of Mexico renders this part of the
work comparatively easy, and demonstrates clearly the large amount of both
individual and geographical variation one must be prepared to recognize,
frequently at least, in the different specific representatives of this perplexing
group. Some of the Mexican species seem to be fully as variable in colora-
tion aa any that are met with in the United States, so that color alone becomes
a wholly unsafe guide for the determination of the species. On the other
hand, Sciurus fossor, of the west coast of the United States, is as constant
in its coloration as any Mammal with which I am acquainted, and the Brazilian
form of Sciurus astuans, although widely distributed, presents only a small
range of variation in either color or size. The large Squirrel of Western
Brazil and the neighboring region to the westward (S. variabilis), though
subject to considerable variation in color, is far less variable than some of the
Mexican and North American ones. Three, at least, of the Central American
forms also vary less than many of the others: these are Sciurus gerrardi,
8. tephrogaster, and S. astuans var. rujoniger, which range southward into
the northern States of South America.
The material at my command, though large in amount (probably con-
siderably exceeding that ever before collectively examined by any previous
investigator), is quite insufficient for a satisfactory study of the tropical forms,
and the results arrived at are considered as open to future revision. Among
the numerous (some thirty or more) nominal species of authors, I have been
able to recognize only nine or ten that seem to me valid, with two additional
subspecies. These latter may [Hissibly be entitled to specific rank, but I
think that, on the whole, the number of species will, by future investigation,
be sUll further reduced, rather than increased, and that I have erred in recog-
nizing too many species rather than too few. In the majority of instances,
I have ioeen able to make the collocation of the nominal species with a good
degree of confidence ; in other cases, of course, only with much doubt ; while
two or three names I have been wholly unable to identify. One is doubtfully
American, and one or two I have provisionally adopted as possibly valid
species are yet unknown to mc from specimens.
In regard to the . geographical distribution of the species, it is worthy
('.70
MONOOIlAPna OP north AMEIIHIAN RODHNTfA.
\i :'i !
l-j:t
r)
Si [■
of note tlint the smullest species {Sciurus hudsoniua) is the most northern,
nnd thnt the next Bmullest (Sciurus aaluans) is tlic most Bouthem, both
occurring on the extreme lioundnries of the hnhitat of the group. These
((gain, ill respect to the development of the tail, arc the least Sciurine; the
long, full, bushy, distichous tail, so characteristic a feature of the Sciuri as
distinguishing them from their allies, being in these two species very much
sliorter and narrower than in any of the others. In passing southward, wu
meet, next after S. hucfsanius, with S, carolinensis, a species again below the
average in size, with the tail only moderately developed, although there are
.xonie Mexican an<l Central American species equally small. The largest
species, as well as the greatest number, and those with the largest tails, are
Mexican; Western and Southern Mexico being apparently the centre of devel-
opment, or metropolis of the group, as respects the two Americas. None are
thus far known from any of the intertropical islan<ls.
As already observed, the American Sciuri form a group so homogeneous
as not to be readily subdivisible. Taking, however, the relative length of the
tail, and the number and character of the upper premolars, as a basis, with such
otiier features as are most readily available, the species and subspecies may
be conveniently (and somewhat naturally) grouped as follows : —
SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF AMERICAN SCIURI.
I. Tail very short and narrow, the oandal vertebric alone about two-thirds as long as the haad and boiljr ;
tail to end of hairs about one-seventh shorter than the bead and body ; premolars f , the
first very small nnd often decidnoas; u narrow, black, lateral line; size sBiall. Ote
* . species with fonr subspecies :
1. Above fprayish, mixed with yellowish or reddish, annulale<l with dusky, often with a strong
wash of ferrnginons along the middle of the back ; below generally white, Mnnetimes
narrowly annnlated with black ; in one subspecies fulvous below. Hafr.— Northern half
of North America 8. nciwoNirs.
a. Above yellowish-gray, varied with black, with generally the middle of the back strongly
washed with ferruginous ; npper surface of the tail with the hairs rasty at the base and
reddish-tipped, with a broad subterminal bar of black. Bab. — Norlbem North America
east of the Rocky Mountains and northwestward to Alaska var. t«<boafa>.
b. Above varied with black and yellowisb-rasty ; upper surface of the tail with (he hairs gray
at the base and gray-tipped, with a brood subterminal bar of black. Bab. — Central portion
of the Rocky Mountains, and thence westward to the Sierra Nevadas vsr. fremmll.
e. Almve dnsky, strongly varied with reddish ; npper surface of the tail with the hairs dark
reddish-brown at the base, tipped with reddish, and with a very brood subterminal
bar of black, sometimes occupying the whole of tlie terminal third. Bat.— Rocky
Mountains between latitude 43° and 68", and thence westward to the Cascade
Range vir. rtebardimi.
d. Above as in the prrceding (vor. HcAariiiHwi); tail wiCi Ivm black; beneath moreorlena
strongly tinged with fulvonsor rnfons. tftft.— Paciflc-cnast region from Northrro Ciili-
foruia to Sitkn ywc. toutlmti.
8CIUKIDi13— S(MUIllIS— SYNOPaiH OF HPKCIE3.
»',71
II. Tail-Tertobraahont roar-Hfth<(flv»-iilxlljs to tlirec-fourtbii) the length of Ibo lienil nml linl.v ; (nil,
wllb the bairf, ralber loiiRer than Ibe body (in miwl of tbe ipecles onr-twririb lunger),
Kcnrrilly dill and bnoby. Frmmlutii iiKuiilly *[ ; In ■ (evr 8|H'clei) \. Size lar({u oi tuudttiui :
A. PrcDiolara ) :
3. Above wliiliHb-Kray variud (oxoe|it in one •iilM|iecioii) with fiiivoiiH; bunvnili white; midillo
of back more ur leu browuiab ; an indistinct (tilvnnii Internl line; ean never connpicu-
ooaly ttiftiMl. //ati.— Sootbern porta of Canada, tbe Uuite<l States euat of tlio Plainii,
and aootbward to Sontbern Mexico and Onateniala M, caiioi.inknhih.
a. Above wbittab-Kray, with senenilly a aniall, narrow, browniab area along the middle of
tbe back; lengib from noae to tail 10.00 inchea or more; runa frc<|Uontly into uielaniHlIu
pbaaes, wbicb are aometimefl wholly bUck. Hab. — United States and Houtbcrn Cnnadit
aontbward to tbe Ixiaiaianiau fauna var. Uucolu.
i. Smaller; generally leaa tban 10.00 iuobea in length; greater part of doraal anrfncn
browDiab, aide* only wbitisb-gray ; rarely rnna into raeluniatio phases. Hab.— South
AUaotIo and Oalt States and southward var. eaioUtmtin.
e. Still smaller; plain dnll-gray, unvaried with fulvous; middle of tbe back darker.
Hab. — Yucatan var. yucataneniU,
3. Above dark biniab-gray i a ilorsal band of bright chestnut ; a distinct black lateral line; no
fnlvons suffosion ; below white ; ears very large, each with a conspiouona tnft or pencil
of long baira, as in S, rutgarit; runa into melaniatic phaaea. Hab. — Rocky Mountains
of Colorado, southward into Arizona S. AnnRTi.
4. Above dark brown, varied with yellowish-grsy, or black, varied with fnlvnus; beneath
deep brownish-red; color very variable. Sab. — Sontberu Mexico and Central
America 8. bootiii^,
5. Above gray, varying from wbltiah to dark iron-gray, generally with a large patch of yellow-
ish-rusty on tbe nape and lower part of tbe back ; beneath pure white, yellowisb-wbite,
or deep golden-yellow ; pelage generally ringed with brigbt^ulvous beneath tbe surface ;
tall rather narrow ; very vailable in ooloration. flat.— Southern Mexico.. S. i.EUCora.
fi. Above dark gray, varying from whitish-gray to dnaky iron-gray; beneath deep reddiab-
oraogo, invading irregalarly tbe gray of tbe aides, tbe red wash of the aides soiiiotimen
nearly meeting on tbe doraal line at Ibe ehoulders; pelage soft and fall; tail bnsby.
/fat.— Sontbern Mexico and Quatcmala 8. aurkooastrr.
7. Above dark olivaoeons-brown, minutely varied with yellowish or rufous; beneath gray
varying to rufous ; tail rather narrow; length about 9.7S; tail with Ibe hairs about
the same or a little less; size and general appearance of S. antuant var. m/onlger, but
with two upper premolars instead of one; smaller tban either of the preceding, with
narrower and shorter tall. Sab. — Sonthem Mexico, Central America, and northern
portions of South America 8. TEi'unoOASTKR.
B. Premolars I :
it. Color above generally some shade of 'gray, bot extremely variable ; maty and mnlanistic
phases very prevalent ; siie large ; tail broad and bnsby. Runs into three subspecies.
Hoi.— Eastern United States westward to the Plains ^. 8. nigkii.
«. Length about 13.00 inches; color variable, hnt witb the mom and ean white, contrasting
. with tbe color of the rest of the donal anrface ; geneially whitish-gray above, running
into rafoaa; lielow generally fnlvons or rnfoua ; dusky phases frequent, ffat.— South
Atlantic and Qnlf States var. niger.
t. Smaller; length generally less than 13.00 inches; similar in color to var. af^rr, but witli
the noae and ears not white. In contrast witb the rest of the doraal anrfaoe. Hah —
Northern Atlantic States flrom Viiginia to New England var. einereHn.
0. Siaeof tholuat; Irss variable in co'or ; above duaky-grny, strongly suffnsrd Trith rnfouH;
ears, feet, and ventral surfaoe fulvous, varying to rufous ; oocnsionaliy dusky or black
beneath. Hob.— Whole of tbe Miscisaippi Bakin, extending westward to tbe Plains and
northward into Dakota var. (HiioridaiiN*.
072
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
!• , i.
'^ 9. Middle of tbe dorsal region dasky or black ; rest of dorsal sarface Taricil with dnghy iiiul
. . yellonish-rnfoas ; beneath dark reddisb-brown, varying to floryorange ; lengtb abont
t).50 inches; tail full and bushy, rather longer than bead and body. Hab. — Southern
portion of Central America and the northern portion of South America.. .S. aERiunDi.
10. Size rather small ; length about 6.00 to 9.00 inches; above dark olivaceons-browii, minutely
varied with yellowish or rnfons ; beneath fnlvons or mfous ; tail rather narrow, occa-
sionally decidedly cylindrical towar<l the end. ffnt.— Brazil, Northern South America,
and Central America. Runs into two well-marked subspecies S. jestvash.
a. Length about 8.00 inches; tail Alged with pale yellowish; smaller and less rufous thun
the next. Bab. — Brazil and Guiana var. a!s(i«»i«.
b. Length about 9.00 inches; tail edged with red, varying in tint fh>m light yellowish-
red to dark cherry-red; general iiolor above rather more rnfons than in var,
atluaxt; also riither redder below. Hab. — Northern South America and Central
America var. rufimiger.
III. Tall -vertebra) alone equal to tbe length of the head and bo<ly ; tail with the hairs one-seventh to
one- fourth longer ; size large; premolars f :
A. Tall full, bushy :
11. Above dark pure-gray ; beneath white ; tail block, washed with white, ffai.— Paolflo
coast from the Columbia River southward to San Diego, Lower California; not east of
the Coast Ranges S. Kosson.
12. Above clear gray, except the middle of the dorsal region, where the colo' is mixed yellowish-
brown and black ; beneath generally white, varying at some localities to yellowish-
fulvonsor rufous, iffaft.— Mexico 8. colli jii,
13. Above black, varied with oobre-yellow and mfons; beneath white, fulvous- or brownish-
red ; tail black at base and centrally k«low, edged broadly with red or yellowish-red,
appearing mainly of this color at the surface ; pelage short and sparse, especially below.
Alt.— Western Brazil, and thence westward to the eastern base of the Andes, and from
Bo.ivis northward to New Grenada S. variabilis.
B. Tail narrow ; pelage coarse and rigid :
14. Color variable, running into both albinistio und melanistio phases ; generally more or less
black above, varie/<. with fulvous and red beneath, ffaft.— Southern Mexico and Central
America S. bypopthrbus,
I. — Species inhabiting North America north of Mexico.
SCIURUS HUDSONIUS Pallas.
Chickaree.
Var. HtJDSONius.
Butern Chlckarr^
Stiitrut txilgari* Forrtkr, Phil. Trans Ixii, 1773, 378.
Bcinriu mtgarit, e, h»dtonioiit EliXLEBKK, Syst. Anini. 1777, 416.
Soinrut AsdMrniH* Pallas, Nov. Spec. Olir. 1778, 376.— Ombun, Syst. Not. i, 1788, 147.— Scbrkrrr,
Sitngeth. iv, I'Oii, 777, pi. ccxiv.— SflAW, Gen. ZoSI. ii, 1801, 140.— KUBI., Beitriige sur Zuol.
1S'20,66.-DksmaiiE8T, Mammal, ii, 182!{, 340.— StBiNK, Franklin's Narr. 18S23, 663.— Ham-
LAN, Faun. A.ner. 1885, 185.— Qopman, Am. Nat. Hist. Ii, 1H36, 138.— RicUARnsoK, Fauna
Boreali-Amer. i, 18!i9, 187, pi. xvii.— Fischbr, Synop. Mam. 1839, 349.— Qappbr, ZoSI. Jour.
V, 1830, 205.— "F. CuviER, Suppl. Buff. Hist. Nat. i, Mnm. 1831, 303."— Bacuman, Proc.ZoSl.
8oo.Lond. vl, 1838, 100; Charlesworth's Mag. N. H. ill, 1839, 383.— Thompson, Nat. Hist.
Vermont, 1842, 46; App. 1853,14 (albino).— DeKay, New York ZoOI. i,lH42,6I,pl.xvii, flg.3.—
Wagner, Snppl. Schreber'a Siiuget. 111,1843, 178.— Scbine, Synop. Mara. 11, 1845, 13 —Au-
ni-BON & Bachman, Quad. N. Am. i, 1849, 185, pi. xi r.— Woodhousk, I^itgreaveit's Expl. Col-
orado and Zuni Rivers, 1863, 63 (Indian territory) —KEtmicoTT, P«t. Off. Sep., Agr., I8,"fl,
(1857), 67, pi. vii.— Baird, Mnm. N. Am. i. .17, 860, pi. xlvl, flg. 1.— Thomas, Trans. III. State
■HHI
SOIDRID^— SOIURUS HUDSONIUS AND VAEIBTIE8.
673
Agric. Soc. Iv, 1860, 65fl.— Hau,, Canad. Nat. and Geol. 1801, i290.— Maximilian, WicBm. Art*,
f. Natarg. 1861, 7a.— Kosg, New Etiinb. Pbil. Jonrn. xiii, 1861,162; Nnt. Hist. Bev. 1863,
274 (to Arotio Circle).— Gray, Ado. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d tor. xz, 1867, 418.— Aixkn, Bull.
Hub. Comp. ZoSI. 1, 1869, 2%i ; Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, ziii, lh70, 188; lb. xvii, 1874, 43,
Bull. Eiaoz Inat. vi, 1874, 57.— Gilpin, Proc. and Trans. Nora Scot. lust. Nat. Sci. ii, pt. lil,
1870, 12.— Stevrkson, Hayden's Kep. U. 8. Geol. Snrvey Wyom. 1871, 461.— Auams, Field
and Foreit Samblea, 1873, 98, 295.— Mkkri am, U. 8. Geolog. Surv. Terr. 6th Ann. Bep. 1872,
6G3.— Orinnell, Lodlow'a Black Hills of Dakota, 1874, 81.
Seiimu kudioniiu vnr. kiidtoniui Allkn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 388.
Sciiiriu caroUnui Ord,-" Guthrie's Oeog. (2d Am. ed.) 11, 181&, 292."
Sdunu mhroUnealut Desmare8T, Mam. ii, 1822, 333.
Tamia hudwitUt Lesson, Mao. Mamm. 1827, 231.
Tamiat ruhnliimtut Schinz, Syo. Mam. 11, 1843, 48.
AmraUl teHadtam, F. CoviBll, Hist dot Mam. livr. xlvi, 1821.
Vnr. BICHAEDSONI.
BIcbardaoD's Chickaree.
Boiunu riokarf-tHi Bacbman,' Proo. ZoSI. Boc. Lend, vi, 1838, ICO ; CharleewoHb's Mog. Nat. Hist, ill, 1839
38si ; Journ. Acad. Not. Sci. Pbila. viii, 1839, 64 ; Towusond's Narrative, 18:19, 318.— Avddbon
A. BACHMA.V, Quad. N. Am. 1, 1849,41, pi. v.— Baird, Hani. N.Am. 1857, 273.— Cooper, Nat.
Hist. Wash. Ter. pt. ill, 1860, 79.— SucKLEY, ibid. 97, 121.- Stevenson, Hayden's Bep. U. 8.
Geol. Surv. Wyom. 1871, 401.
dMvrtif kudtoniuM var. rkkardtoni AU.EN, Proc. Boat. Soo. Nat. Hist, xvii, 1874, 288.
Vor. D0UGLA88I.
Weatera Ctalckarce<
Sciunu lkii)?(m<Ha, var. fi. Biohariwon, Fann. Bor.-Am. 1, 1829, 190.
Seiunu kudxmiut Bichardson, ZoOi. Beeobey'a Voy. Mam. 1839, 8 (banks of tbe Colnmbin).
Mara* iQiigla$$i Gray, Proc. Zoul. 800. Load, iv, 1836, 88 (00 description).- Bachman, Proc, ZoSI. 8oe,
Lond, Ti, 1838, 99; Joam. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. viii, 1839, 63; Cbarleswortb's Mag. Nat. Hist,
iii, 1830,383; Townsend's Narrative, 1839, 317.— Waonkr, Snppl. Schreber's Siinget. ill,
1843, 177.— ^BtNZ, Syo. Mam. ii, 1845, 10.— Audubon &. Bachman, Qaad. N. Am. i, 1849, :I70,
pi. xlvlii.— Baird, Mam. N. Am. 1837, 275.— Cooper, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. pt. iii, 1860, 79.—
Buckley, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. pt. iii, 1860, 97, 131.— Gray, Ann. and Hag. Nat. Hist. 3d
aer. xz, 1867, 418.— HsiranAW, Ann. Bep. Chf. Engineers for 1876, App. ii (1876), 310.
BeiwM kudMsfiM var. dougla$$i Atf,BN, Proc. Boat, Soc. Nat. Hlat. xvii, 1874, 288.
Seiuriu (owaMuii BAcnUAK, Jonrn. Anad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1839, 63 (MS. name).
Soiuru$ lanttflnoitu Bachman, Pioc. ZoSI. 800. Lond. vi, 1838, 101 (partial albino); Charlesworth's Hag.
Mat. Hist, iii, 18317, 387 ; Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. viii, 1839, 64; Townsend's Narrative,
1839, 320.— Waomer, 8obi«ber's SUnget. iii, 1843, 180.— Scbihz, Synop. Mum. <i. 1845, 11.—
AcDUBOM A Bachman, Quad. N. Am. i, 1840, 109, pi. xxv.
JSoinnu «Mt((pitMM Audubon A Bachman, Ptoo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 1648, 102 ; Journ. Aoad. Nab
>i. Phila. viii, 1842, 316; Qnad, N. Am. i, 1849, 157. pi. xiz.
Adanu teTokM-t v, Aon. & Mag. Nat. Hist, x, 1849, S63 ; ZouL of tbe Solphnr, 1644, 33, pi. xii, tg. 9
(montu 'he Colnmbia).
SdMrtu nuiUH Baird, Pi, -. .Voad. Nat. Sol. Phila. vii, 1865, 333; Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 976 (toot-note).
Smatl BnwH Sqiurnl, Lbwm <t ""larkb, Exped. ii, 1814, 174.
am»U Off Squiml, Lima & Cia. "^b, ibif^ 173.
Var. FBEMONTL
treaMt'i Cklekaree.
BoiurutfimoHH Acddbox & Bachman, Qaad. N. Am. iii, 1653, 337, ovilx, fig. 1.— Baird, Mam. N. Am.
1857, 872.
Marvi rfoajIoMi var./maoaU Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hiat. 3d aer. xx, 1667, 419.
Soimru Aurffoiiiift vM.fimutH Aixwr, Proo. Boat. 8no. Nat. Hist, xvii, 1374,988) Bnll. Eaiex lost, ri,
1874) (SSj-CottB at YarbCW, Wbciiltt's Expl. and Sanf. Wcit of lOOtb Metid. V, ZoClc^,
137C. U*.
43 V
^
nun
„M
674
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
. m:;.!'
Vi
liiilil!
'i ■. 1 ^l;
Var. IIUD80NIU8.
Eastern Chickaree.
Average length from (he end of the nose to the base of the tail 6.75
(li)r New En^^Iand specimens); tail, to end of vertebra?, 4.50; tail, to end
of htiirs, about 6.00. Above, pale grayish-fiilvous, each hair narrowly once or
twice ringed with black; below, pure white, or white with faint annulations
of black. Generally, the middle of the bock is red, this color forming a
broad mesial band, extending from the front of the head continuously to the
end of the vertebrae of the tail. In many specimens, there is a short, con-
spicuous, black, lateral line. The ears are blackish toward and at the end,
and have, in winter, a short, bushy pencil, or tuft. The upper surface of the
iieet is generally more or less tawny, often bright golden, but sometimes is
of the same tint as the sides of the body. The tail above is centrally of
the same color as the back, bordered with a conspicuous, broad bar of black,
and edged and tipped with yellowish ; below, yellowish-gray.
Diflerent specimens from the same locality vary greatly in color irre-
spective of season or sex. A small proportion of the specimens have a
conspicuous black lateral line separating the white of the lower surface from
the gray of the upper surface. Generally, not more than one specimen in ten
is thus marked, and such specimens are found, on careful examination, to be
in summer pelage. Yet only a small proportion of those in summer pelage
are thus marked, while I have never met with it in any specimen in winter
pelage. Many of thost; thus marked are evidently the young of the year,
and I am hence led tc believe that it is a temporary feature of coloration
characteristic of animals less thnn a year old, and that it permanently disap-
pears with the first autumnal moult. I find, however, two specimens with a
di'^tinct lateral line that are adult females. The same mark occurs in the
other varieties of this species, but it is often alnent in those in winter pelage.
Its more frequent presence in specimens of the western forms is easily
explainable, in part at least, from nearly all having been collected in summer.
The red mesial band of the dorsal surface varies greatly in tint and in
breadth, being sometimes merely a narrow line, and again occupying more
than one-third of the dorsal surface. The color of this band varies from
light yellowish-red to dark cherry-red. The hairs of the middle portion of
the band are generally wholly red to the ends ; at other times, they are all
SCIDRID-S!— SCIURUS HUDSONIUS VAR. HUDSONIUS.
G75
distinctly ringed with black. Young specimens linving the black lateral line
•wholly lack the red dorsal stripe, or have it only faintly indicated. In
automnal specimens, the black lateral line is faintly indicated, and the
middle of the back has the dorsal stripe obscurely defined. Winter speci-
mens, ns a mle, are decidedly redder than summer specimens. Examples
frum the same locality, collected at the same season, vary greatly. in respect
to the tint of the red dorsal band, as well as in respect to its extent. No. 1484
(Coll. M. C. Z.), a winter specimen from Maine, has the dorsal band very broad
<md of a light ycllbwish-red ; this specimen is one of tlie lightest of the
whole series. Others, howcer, are scarcely darker, imperceptibly grading
into No. 2491 (Coll. M. C. Z.), also frum Maine (but taken in November), in
which the dorsal stripe is dark red, annulated with black, the red being nearly
as dark os in the lighter phases of van rickfttdsoni.
The lower surfoce is generally pure wiiitei with the hairs dusky at the
base ; sometimes grayish- white, in consequence, in part, of the duskiness of
the base of the hairs being only partly hidden by the white tips, and in part
from the white tips of the hairs being annulated with black. In a large
proportion of the specimens, the hi^irs.of the lower surface are in part annu-
lated near the tips with black ; in some specimens, nearly all are so annulated,
giving a distinctly grayish aspect to the ventral surface ; in man; otheis, a
close inspection is necessary in order to discover any that are annulated ; not
a few are absolutely without dusky annulations. Summer specimens with a
black latemMine have the ventral surface intensely white, the white extending
nearly to. tlic base of the hairs. The dusky annulations are more developed
in northern specimens than in southern; but Massachusetts specimens fre-
quently present them. They are more common in specimens from Maine,
while in specimens from Nova Scotia, Labrador, and tha Fur Countries these
dusky annulations form a conspicuous feature of the .coloration.
As already noted, the color of the feet varies from pale fulvous-gray to
rusty-golden. The general color of the dorsal surface (including the upper
surface of tiie tail) varies from quite pure gray to pale fulvous, annulated with
black. The ears are generally dusky or blackish on the dorsal surface, washed
with fulvous or rufous; in winter, bushy-haired and penciled; in summer,
covered merely with short hqirs.
In summer, the soles of the feet are naked, often wholly so to the heel;
in winter, they arc wholly thickly furred, only the tiibercles nt the base of'
';i|l|:!iil!
M'^^^]
I?
mm
676
MONOGBAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
the toes being naked. The general pelage is also much fuller, longer, and
softer in winter than in summer.
The skull presents the usual range of individual variation so often noted
in these papers, especially in respect to the form of the nasal bones. These
vary greatly in width, especially posteriorly, and alw in respect to length.
In skulls of the same general size, the width of the nasals posteriorly varies
from 0.10 to 0.15 of an inch, or nearly 33 per cent, of the average width.
They also vary greatly in respect to their posterior outlines, being generally
more or less emarginate, but vary from squarely truncate to deeply emarginate.
As already noted in the general remarks upon the genus Sciurus, the first
premolar is generally present, though often so minute as to reatiily escape
detectioti. I find it more frequently present in New England specimens
than in those from Fort Simpson, H. B. T. In the former, it is to be found
in about two specimens out of three ; in the latter, in only about one in six!
It is also pretty uniformly present in Pennsylvania specimevis.
As shown by the subjoined tables of measurements, northern specimens
are considerably larger than southern ones. Specimens from Minnesota, and
thence westward to the Black Hills, appear to be larger than those from the
Fur Countries, as oil en happens in other species of North American Mammals.
On the other hand, Pennsylvania specimens are larger tlian those from
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. Taking the skulls as a basis
for comparison, twelve skulls from Upton, Me., have an average length of
1.73, while ten skulls from Greensburg, Pa., average 1.80. Ten others
from Fort Simpson, H. B. T., average very nearly 1.85, or 0.12 (about one-
seventh) more than those from Maine. The length of fully adult specimens
from Maine and New Hampshire (measured from the end of the nose to the
base of the tail) rarely exceeds 6.75, and very often falls below G.50;
Massachusetts specimens frequently exceed 7.00, and not often full below 6.75
while Pennsylvania specimens are still larger. Specimens from the Fur
Countries are still larger, apparently averaging 7.75.
In respect to other geographical variations, 8])ecimens from high northern
localities are paler and more fulvous than those from the United States, and
are more annulated beneath with black. The brightest or reddest specimens
in the collection are from New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, in which, also,
annulations below are infrequent New England specimens arc scarcely
different in color from those from the Middle States; Maine specimens boing,
SCIURID^-rSOIDBUS HDDS0NIU8 VAB. KIOaABDSONr.
677
on tlie whole, rather more distinctly annulated with black below. Nova
Scotia and Labrador specimens, as well as those from the different posts of
the Hudson's Bay Company and Alaska, have the hairs of the ventral surface
ver^ strongly annulated, and the dorsal band narrower and paler, often inclining
strongly to fulvous. Specimens from the Upper Missouri, Yellowstone, and
Black Hills are paler, and hence more fulvous, than those from east of the
Mississippi.
Var. BICUARD80NI.
Richardsori's Chickaree,
Vabietal Chabs. — Length, from end of nose to base of tail, about 7.50;
tail to end of vertebrse about 5.90 ; to end of hairs 7.60. Above pale yel-
lowish-gray; middle of the back dork brownish-red; beneath white, more or
less distinctly annulated with black, as in norliiern examples of var. hu(honiut.
Generally, the gray of the dorsal surface is separated from the white of the
ventral surface by a conspicuous black line. Tail centrally above like the
middle of the back, with a broad subterminal bar of intense black faintly
washed with yellowish-gray; often the terminal third is wholly block exter-
nally; beneath, the tail is centrally reddish-gray, bordered with bkck faintly
washed with yellowish-gray. Ears black at the tip, bushy-tufted Feet gen-
erally of the same gray tint as the sides of the body, but sometimes reddisii.
The general color above varies from yellowish-brown to dark reddish-
chestnut, with annulations of black. The rufous of the dorsal surface is
generally strongest along the mesial line, where it frequently forms a broad
dorsal band, which gradually passes into the color of the sides of the back.
The black lateral line is generally well marked, often very prominent, even
in winter specimens, but is occasionally wholly obsolete. The hairs of the
toil are generally dark chestnut-red at the base, with a broad subterminal bar
of black, and are tipped with yellowish-white. In some of the specimens, as
those from Saint Mary's, Rocky Mountains, (he tail is almost wholly jet-black ;
generally the hairs are reddish, often dark reddish-chestnut at the base,
with pale yellowish-gray tips.
This variety appears to reach its extreme phase of developnient in the
vicinity of Saint Mary's and the Bitter Boot Valley in the Rocky Mountains.
Specimens from about Fort Benton and the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains in Montana and Northern Wyoming are less strongly marked,
but generally incline more to this variety than to var. /rr »i<»i/t or than to hud-
11
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ill
iM^iiiisi; '■'
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678
MOKOGBAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN ItQDENTIA.
sonius proper. Two specimens, however, from Chief Mountain Lake, forty-
ninth parallel, nearly typically represent this variety. On the other hand, speci-
mens from the Cascade Range and thence westward merge gradually into
van doufflam, difTering mainly from the latter in being white below instead
of fulvous.
Var. oouGLAsai.
Western Chickaree.
Varietal Chars. — Length to base of tail 7.50; toil-vertebrje 475; tail to
end of hairs 6.75. Above fuscous, minutely varied with pale rufous and black,
the middle of the baCk more or less dark rufescent. Beneath varying from
white through pale fulvous to bright tawny and buffy-orange ; at the north-
ward, much annulated with black, as in var. hudsonius. In winter specimens,
the ears are conspicuously tufted with black. A prominent black lateral line,
especially in summer specimens. Tail gray, fulvous or rufous centrally, with
a broad subterminal bar of black, and a broad edging of pure white, gray, or
fulvous.
The specimens in the collection vary considerably in respect to the color
of the dorsal surface, and still more so in respect to that of the ventral sur-
fiice. The general color of the upper surface is fuscous yellowish-brown,
minutely varied with black, with the middle of the back generally more or
ie^s strongly dark reddish-brown, forming sometimes a well defined dorsal
band, as in var richardsoni. Often the middle of the back is not perceptibly
more rufous than the sides, and, when it is so, the color of the middle of the
back generally fades gradually into the general color. Specimens from the
same locality vary greatly in tint, both above and below. Tiius, the Fort
Crook specimens vary in the tint of the middle of the back from dark chest-
nut-brown to reddish-yellow, and in the general color above from fuscous red-
dish-brown to clear gray, faintly tinged with fulvous. The lower surface in
the same specimens varies from pure white to gamlwge-yellow. The tail
varies in color to a similar degree, in some being centrally gray above, with a
subterminal broad bar of black and a white border; while in others the gray
is replaced by fulvous-gray, or even by dark rufous.
The Fort Steilacoom specimens are equally variable, and also differ
quite appreciably in the average from the Fort Crook specimens. No. 1958
has the dorsal surface, including the tail, exactly as in a common dark phase
SCIUBIDJB— SOIUBUS HDDSONIUS TAB. D0U0LAS8I.
679
of var. hudsonius, — for instance, like No. 2043, from Mount Joy, Pn.,
and quite a number of others from New Yori{, Massachusetts, and Maine.
The lower suifoce, however, is rich buff. Other specimens are somewliat
similar, differing in being darker above and paler l)elow. Specimens from
Puget's Sound are profusely annulated below with black, while this feature is
absent in California specimens. The tail differs as widely in different speci-
mens as it does in typical examples respectively of varieties hudsonius and
fremonti, in some examples being gray and black, edged wi«h white, in others
deep rufous and black, edged with pale yellow. As will be further noticed
under var. fremonti, some of the Fort Crook specimens are almost exactly
like Colorado examples of /remon^t, while others are intermediate between
these and the usual southern phase of var. douglassi.
In respect to the dorsal surface, varieties douglassi and richardsoni are
often indistinguishable, the fulvous color of the lower surface in douglassi
being the only feature that serves to separote them. No. 8777, from the
Lower Kwichpak, is exactly intermediate between them, while other speci-
mens still further show a gradual intergradation. Var douglassi is merely
var. richardsoni with the under parts tawny instead of white. This varies,
as already noted, in specimens taken at the same locality and season, from
pale huffy-gray to bright reddish-tawny or orange. In other specimens, the
tawny is reduced to the faintest shade of fulvous, or is wholly replaced by
pure white. The median dorsal band is sometimes wholly absent, though
generally faintly traceable, and at other times is strongly developed. The
color of the tail vories with the intensity of the tawny of the lower surface
of the body. In those with a pale shade of tawny below, the hairs of the
tail are yellowish-gray at the base and tipped with white. In those otter-
yellow below, the tail-hairs are strongly yellowish at base and tipped with
yellowish-white. The light ring surrounding the eye similarly varies from
yellowish-white to tawny.
In winter, the pelage is much softer and fuller than in summer; the ears
are then tufted, and the soles densely furred. In summer, the ears are gen-
erally tuftless, and the soles are more or less naked.
Var. FBEHONTI.
Fr4monCs Chickaree.
Varietal Chabs. — Length of head and body 7.76; tail to end of vertebra
4.75; tail to end of hairs 6.50. Above dusky yellow^ish-gray ; beneath pure white
fW
680
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
1: «.•
I ft li Rl '
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III
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or grnyish-wbite, rarely with fuiiit annulnlions of blnck. In Buminer speci-
mens, there is generally a more or less distinct black lateral line; in many,
it is, however, nearly obsolete, and is sometimes wholly absent, as it appears
to be generally in winter specimens. The tail is black, edged with gray; the
terminal third, however, often wholly black. The tail-hairs are at the base
generally gray, but sometimes more or less fulvous, and ev.en rufous.
In this variety, the middle of the back is not generally redder than the
rest of the dorsal surface; the reddibh dorsal bund, so characteristic of the
other varieties, being absent. The general color above is hence nearly uniform
gray, more or less strongly tinged with yellowish- or reddish-brown. The
tail generally has olso no fulvous or rufous at tbe base of the hairs, which are
gray at base and tipped with whitish. These are the two rincipal features
of distinction between the present variety and vars. richard«L it and doitglam.
Specimens, however, from various localities, have more or less red or fulvous
at the base of the tail-hairs, and, in some specimens, the toil is washed with
pale yellowish instead of white. In the extreme phase of this species, the
tail is centrally above pure light gray, sometimes tinge*! slightly with yel-
lowish or rufous. No. 11679, from Fort Garland, Colo., has the tail
centrally reddish-yellow to the end of the vertebrse, and edged with pale
yellowish-white. The general color varies from pale fulvous, varied n)inutcly
with black, to strong yellowish-rufous. The sides are usually paler than the
back, but there is never a well defined dorsal band. The feet and outer side
of the limbs are frequently golden.
\&r, fremonti ranges from the eastern base of the middle portion of the
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific (some of the specimens from Fort Crook,
Cal., being undistinguishnble from Colorado ones) and from New Mexico
to Southern Montana and Idaho. Specimens from Bear Creek, Oregou,
and from the Uintah Mountains ore typically of this variety; Fort Bridger
specimens are nearly so. Farther northward, it passes into var. richardsoni,
and in Colifornia merges imperceptibly into var. douglasd. Several of the
California specimens (Nos 3848 and 3846, from Fort Crook) have the under
parts pure white, the tail centrally gray and was bed with white, and the
upper surface uniformly colored; hence closely resembling var. fremonti.
Others (Nos. 3316 and 4664), from the same locality, are strongly fulvous
beneath, like some (No. 1160, for example) of the specimens from the Upper
Des Chutes Valley, and even more strongly so than Nos. 1956 and 1420,
SCIURID^— SCIUBD8 HUDSONIUS VAR. FBEMONTI.
681
respectively from Forts Steilacoom and Vancouver, which unquestionably rep*
resent vnr. douglassi. No. 4G65 (from T'ort Crook) is less fulvous than Nos.
3316 and 4G64, while in No. 3847 this tint is barely traceable, thus forming
the passage to Nos. 3848 and 3846, which are wholly white below. In No.
3847, the dorsal surface is quite strongly red, especially mesially, this tint
being continued into the tail ; but the lower parts show no trace of fulvous.
Other specimens have the middle of the back faintly rufous. In these speci-
mens, the pelage is fine and soft, and the gray of the upper surface is gener*
ally less fulvous than in Colorado specimens.
Specimens from the Wind River Mountain region of Nortiiwestern Wy-
oming present a peculiar combination of the characters of the three varieties
(fremonti, hudtoniui, and richardsoni) whose habitats there meet, very few
of the specimens typically representing either variety, while not a few of
them are almost as well referable to one variety as to the other. As already
noticed, in the region of the Block Hills var. hudsonius loses much of its
redness ; the dorsal band becomes less distinct ; the middle of the tail is
paler; and the edging of the tail is yellowish-gray, instead of bright fulvous,
or yellowish-red, as is the case in eastern specimens. In specimens from
tiie sources of the Yellowstone River, particularly in those from the head of
the Gros Ventres Fork, the Geyser region of the Yellowstone, etc., we have
generi: ' a strong approach to var. richardsoni, combined with some of the
featurt... of hudaonius, as the indistinct darkening of the middle of the dorsal
region, the increase of black in the tail, and a deepening of the rufous of the
base of the tail-hairs to dull reddish-chestnut In other specimens, the dor-
sal surfiice is like the dorsal surface in var. fremonti, with the tail presenting
a combination of the characters of vare. richardsoni and hudsonius. No. 9823,
from Yellowstone Lake, has the dorsal surface as in Black Hills specimens
of var. hudsonius, and also as in very fulvous specimens of var. fremonti, while
the rufous of the tail is that of var. richardsoni, but accompanied with much
less black than is seen in typical examples of the latter. Other specimens
have the color of the dorsal surface exactly as in average specimens of var.
fremonti, with the characters of the tail variously intermediate between vars,
hudsonius and richardsoni, perhaps on the whole more resembling hudsonius.
Wind River Valley specimens are much more reddish above, with a tendency
to a well defined dorsal band, while in some there is scarcely more black in
the tail than in average examples of var. hudsonius, the rufous of which, hpw'^
682
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
< ■■
i .1
ever, io much bruwner. Specimens without ihe dorsal band, and with more
black in the tail, also so approach \ar. fremonti as to be an well referable to
this as to var. hudsonius. Some of the Uintah Mountain specimens also pre-
sent a decided approach toward var. richardsoni.
OENEBAL REMARKS R£ori::CTIHa S01UBU8 HUDSONIUS AND ITS TABIETIE8.
Differential ciiaractebs and affinities.— The four subspecies of Set*
vrus hudionius, namely, hudsonius,richardsoni.doui!lam, aad /remonti, are gener-
ally readily distinguishable by their coloratii>n, especially by the markings of tha
tail. In respect to size, var. hudsonius, as represented in the United States,
is rather smaller than either of the others, but examples from Alaska and
British North America equal the largest specimens of the other varieties.
Vars. richardsoni, douglassi, and fremonti do not differ materially in size. All
the varieties except fremonti have usually a more or less distinct reddish
band along the middle of the back, wliich extends from the top of the head
nearly to the end of the tail. This, in var. hudsonius, is yellowish-red; in vars.
richardsoni and fremonti, it is of a much darker tint, generally dark brownish-
red. All are white or grayish-white below, except var. douglassi, rvbich has
the ventral surface fulvous or huffy. The northern representatives of the
three northern varieties (hudsonius, richardsoni, and douglassi) are generally
finely annulated on the ventral surface with black; in their southern repre-
sentatives and in var. fremonti, these annulations are generally absent The
dorsal surface in all is finely annulated with black, the general color varying
from fulvous to rufous-gray. A conspicuous black lateral line is more or less
prevalent in all, especially in summer, and particubrly among young specimens
of var. hudtionius. In winter, it is frequently, if not generally, absent in all,
and in var. hudsonius almost invariably so; late in autumn, it is generally
obscure.
Var. hudsonius is distinguished by its lighter and more fulvous tints,
being above generally pale yellowish-gray or grayi«>h- fulvous, finely annulated
with black, with generally a rather broad dorsal stripe of yellowish- red. The
middle of the tail dorsally is of the same color '.is the middle of the back ;
the central reddish portion is bounded with blauk, the latter being fringed
with jwle yellow.
Var. richardsoni differs mainly from var. hudsonius in the general color
of the upper surface being darker pr more rufous, with the dorsal stripe
SCIDKID^-SCIURDS DUDSONIDS AKD VABa
G83
brownish-red, and iu the central portion of the tail being also dark brownish-
red, with the enclosing black bar much broader and purer black and more
narrowly fringp-d with yellowish. Ofleii the terminal half of the tail is almost
wholly black.
Var. oouglatsi generally diflferg little in the general color of the dorsal
Rurfacc i'rom var. ricliardaoni, being, on the whole, rather darker or more
fuBCor.g. The tail, however, is less black, and is more broadly fringed with
yeUdwish-white. The central portion (dorsally) is generally less strongly
fcrruginoufi, varying sometimes to gray. The ventral surface of the body,
however, is tawny, thus furnishing, in typical examples, a very obvious
distinctive feature.
Yar. fremonti generally lacks the central dorsal stripe, and the fulvous
of the upjier surface inclines more strongly to yellow. The tail is generally
gray centrally above (sometimes more or less fulvous or rufous), with a broad
enclosing zone of black, broadly fringed with pure white.
These vorieties, in theirextreme phases, appear very distinct, yet wherever
their respective habitats meet their characters become very much blended.
Thus, as alreody noted, in Northwestern Wyoming, where meet the habitats
of varieties hudnonius, rkhardsoni, andfremonti, a considerable proportion of
the specimens received from this region can scarcely be referred to one of
the varieties rather than to another. Many of the specimens present distinctly
traces of the leading characteristics of the three forms ; others, while present-
ing considerable resemblance to hudnonius, incline most strongly to var.
rkhardsoni; others, again, toward fremonti. Others still, both from this
region and from localities much farther westward, combine the leading
features of ^ars. richardaoni and fremonti. Specimens from the region where
the habitats of richardtoni and douglassi meet are again variously intermediate
between these two forms, being generally distinguishable only by the color of
the ventral surface. In California, where the habitats of doug/utsi ai}d fre-
monii meet, the same localities furnish typical examples of each form, with
others variously intermediate between them. Professor Baird, in 1867, with far
leas material before him than has passed under the examination of the present
writer, in referring to the gray-tailed s|iecimens from California, says: — "In
this condition the tail exactly resembles, in every respect, that of S. fremonti,
and the two [iSi. douglasai and S. fremonti], comparing Nos. 1160 [S. douglassi
from the Upper Des Chutes] and 520 [S. fremonti from Sawatch Pass,
1
'! 'r
I ' 1
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Is I
Isii.-i;
684
MONOGRAPHS OP KORTH AMERICAS HODBNTIA.
Rocky Mountains], could not be distinguished from encli oJher, except by
the wliite belly of the latter. I consider it qnite possible, if not very
probable, that these may be two varieties of color of the same species."*
Geographical distribution. — The habitat of Sciurut hudsonius (includ-
ing under this term its several varieties) embraces the greater part of the
North American continent, extending northward to the limit of forest vegeta-
tion and southward over the northern two-thirds of the United States. The
eastern variety (subspecies hudtoniw) has a far more extensive range than all
of the others together; its habitat embracing nearly all of North America
(north of about lat. 34°) east of the Rocky Mountains, and extending north-
westward over most of Alaska. Its southern limit in the United States is
quite irregular, terminating on the Atlantic coast near the Delaware Bay,
but occupying the highlands of the interior as far southward as Northern
Georgia and Northern Alabama, while one specimen in the collection of the
National Museum is labelled as coming from as far south as Monticello,
Miss. In the vicinity of Washington, D. C, it is occasionally found : I have
lately seen a specimen from this locality, regarded as a rarity by the local
collectors. In the Mississippi Valley, it is not common south of Central Illi-
nois and Northern Missouri. Woodhouse, however, notes its occurrence
in the Indian Territory. Northward, it is reported from Labrador and the
region about Hudson's Bay, and specimens are in the collection from as fur
north as Fort Anderson, the Yukon River, and.Nulato. It extends westward
to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains.
Subspecies richardsoni inhabits the Rocky Mountain region of Western
Montana and Northern Idaho, ranging thence westward to the Cascade Range
and northward considerably into British America, but to what distance is
thus far not definitely known. Subspecies douglas»i occupies the Pacific
coast from Central California northward to British Columbia, but is confined
mainly to the narrow belt west of the Coast Ranges. Its northern limit is
not yet known, but it ranges northward to Sitka, and probably to Southern
Alaska. Subspecies fremonti occupies the more southern |M)rtion of the
Rocky Mountains, from Southern Wyoming to New Mexico, and thence
westward over Utah, Southern Idaho, and Nevada to California It is quite
[tuundant in the mountains of Colorado, and there are also specimens in the
collection from the Uintah Mountains.
• Monim. N. Amor. p. SJ7.
SCICBIDiE-SOlUBUa HUUSONlUa AND VAR8.
685
Geoorapiiical variation. — Subspecies hudnonius, an already noted,
varies considerubly in xizc and color with locality. As a rule, northern
•pecimens are considerably larger than southern ones; but, on the other hand,
New England specimens arc much smaller than (hose from Central Pennsyl-
vania or than those from localities farther west having the same latitude as New
England Specimens from Minnesota and thence westward are omong the
largest examine<l. Northern specimens, as also those from the Black Hills,
arc paler or more fulvous than specimens from the eastern portions of the
United States ; they are, at the same time, more distinctly annulated below
with block. Specimens from the Eastern and Middle States are hence more
intensely white below and more rufous above than those from more northern
localities. Var. richardsoni appears to attain its greatest degree of special-
ization in the Bitter Root Range, near the eastern boundary of Idaho Terri-
tory, ranging more toward the hudaoniut phase farther eastward, and toward
frmtOH(i and douglasti respectively southward and westward. Var. dou^lassi
varies quite markedly with the latitude, soulhern specimens being smaller
than northern ones, and somewhat differently colored, especially in being
less annulated with black below. War. fremorUi appears to be more constant
in its coloration than either of the others, and the differences presented by
different specimens appear to be more individual than geographical.
Stkohtmy and nomenclature. — Neither of the varieties of Sciurus
hudtonius has any very prominent synonyms. The eastern form was at first
referred by Forster to the Sciurus vulgaris of Europe. Erxleben, in 1777,
likewise referred if to S. vulgaris, but distinguished it as var. hudsoniciM.
The following year it was dtscribed by Pallas under the name Sciurus hud-
sonim, by which name it has ever since been currently known. Ord (accord-
ing to Baird), in 1815, applied to it the name carolinus. The name rubro-
Hneatiu of Desmarest is the name of a nominal species, recognized by only
a few writers, referable to hudsonius. Following the strict rule of priority,
the name should probably be written hudsonicus (from Erxleben), this being
the first distinctive appellation given to this form, it having apparently a pri-
ority of one year over hudsonius.
The next form designated by a systematic name is var. douglassi, first
named by Gray in 1836, and first described by Bachman in 1838. It is the
"Small Brown Squirrel" of Lewis and Clarke, and the "Sciurus hudsonius
▼ar. J?" of Richardson, based on Lewis and Clarke's description. Gray
^i
686
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
■ tm
{
renamed the same form helcheri in 1842, and BairH, in 1855, distinguished
Sciurus suckteyi, which two years later, after the reception of additional
specimens, ho himself referred to douglassL The S. lanuginosus of Bach-
man is based on a white-bellied, light-colored specimen, said by Townsend
io have been collected at Sitka. It agrees very well with the light-colored,
white-bellied phase of douglasxi from Fort Crook, Cal, and I have little
doubt is referable to douglassi. ProfesRor Baird, however, regarded it, afl;er
an examination of the specimen, as an albinistic example of S. richardsoni,
admitting, however, that it is possibly referable to douglassi, which view the
locality, if correctly stated, certainly favors. To this variety is also refera-
ble the S. moliipiloms of Audubon and Bachman, 1)ased on a specimen from
the "northern parts of California", in which the lower parts were cinereous,
slightly tinged in places with rufous.
The form next specifically distinguished was the S. richardsoni of Bach-
man, based on a small specimen from the "higii range of the Rocky Mount-
ains, west of the great chain " (probably the Bitter Root Range). It is not
tiie same, however, as the S. htidsonius var. fi of Richardson, as supposed
by Bachman. This is the origin of the name richardsoni, which appears to
have no synonyms.
Var. /rcOTon/i was first described by Audubou and Ba>'hman, in 18.^3,
from a specimen collected by Frdmi t in the vicinity of the South Pass. A
second specimen, from Sawatch Pass, Avas described by Baird in 1867, at
which time these two were the only specimens known. This form is olso
fortunately without synonyms. Gray, in 1867, regarded it as a variety of 5.
douglassi.
Since 1857, when Professor Baird treated each of these forms os dis-
tinct species, the material available for their study hos vastly increased. The
specimens of var. fremonti have increased from the two then known to
upward of fifty. The five specimens of var. richardsoni have increased to
upward of forty. Many additional examples of var. douglassi have also come
to hand, together with a large series from Northwestern Wyoming, collected
under the auspices of the present Survey, illustrating the unquestionable
intergradation of the Rocky Mountain forms with the eastern or hudsonius
type. While this additional material places beyond reasonable doubt the
complete intergradation of these diverse geographical forms, the exact
boundaries of their respective habitats remain yet to be determined, as well
t '
SCIURID^— SOIDRDS HCDSONIUS VAK. HUDSONIUS.
687
as the peculiar phases of intergradnlion occurring over considerable areas
where adjoining varieties presumably interblend. Not less important is the
large series of the hudsonius type from Arctic America, which, under a
slightly modified phase, is found to range throughout the great northern intC'
rior of the continent and northwestward over the larger portion of Alaska to
Norton Sound.
Table VI.--Meatumnenta of tkirty-four iper<tmeni of Sciuncs hudsonius var. iiudsokius.*
LocaUtr.
From tip of noM to~
Tail to enil
of—
[«Dgtbof—
I
I
Bemarlu.
IMJ
4t81
4WI
tM
107)1
3WT
38W
■im
•03
w
tD>
va
37«
ana
3133
37 IB
mi
DM
vno
IJM
IW
3>U
37S4
1973
K7
IW
MO
Nulato^ Alaska. .
Fort SimpaoD,
B.aT.
..do
G't Slaro Lake,
H.B.1V
Lake Winnipeg
MiDDeapolla.UiD
Grand Uenan..
..do
Lake Ricbanl'
aoD^Ue.
...do
...do
Oaidinor, Ua . .
Norwnj, He ...
...do
Amhent, N. H
...do
...do
...do
...do ..,\
...do
...do
...do
...do
Coucofd, ICaao .
Wobara, llaaa .
...do
Cambrldga, Uaaa
Lynn, Maaa . .
Maiden, Maaa
Sprlnnflald, MasK
Carllale, Vm .
..do
Uofltloello, Hiaa
BUiabeth, K. T
0.77
1.03
0.8S
am
0.73
a 77
0.78
0.77
o.r3
a79
0.W
a83
aeo
a 73
0.69
0.t!S
0.B3
0 77
0.7B
0.75
0.77
0.83
asD
ae3
a83
0.73
0.77
o.eo
o.eo
0.80
0,80
1,55
L7J
1.00
1.43
1.53
1.40
1.90
1.53
1.55
1.43
l.!0
1.45
1.90
1.4!
L43
1.90
1.97
1.40
1.4a
1.43
1.50
l.4«
1.44
1.47
1.30
1.80
1.4)
1.40
1.53
1.90
1.90
1..'.0
l.Ml
a, 03
9,03
v. 00
a, 00
1,90
1,63
l.BO
1.83
1.83
1,84
1.90
t.eo
1.83
1.88
1,83
1,99
i.ro
i.w
1.78
l.CO
1.00
l.m
i.go
1.00
i.ro
aoi
1.90
1.93
1. 90
a, 00
1.85
1.85
0,00
7.75
7.80
7.80
7.63
7.00
8.90
0,79
6.00
8.00
6.63
6,80
8.63
6.90
7.00
6.78
&43
6.10
6.80
7.00
6.43
S.M
0.S3
6.60
6.80
6.73
6,75
7.95
6.60
6.53
7,90
T.a3
7.00
6.95
7.93
4.70
3k 30
4.90
4.70
4,75
MO
a 93
3.(0
4.30
4.00
4.40
4. ,10
3.63
4.43
4,90
3.00
4.73
350
OlOO
4.43
4.37
4.35
4.70
4.U)
4,70
3,90
4.45
4.70
4.30
9.00
5.00
5,00
3.90
&oa
6.80
7.30
7,00
6.70
9.40
7.00
5.79
9.30
5,40
6.60
9.35
6.90
5.4.^
9.95
6.70
6.70
6. CO
5.48
6.19
&37
6.30
1.10
1.17
1.33
1,03
1.80
0.53
0.68
6,95
6,45
5 40
0.90
6.60
560
8,69
6.90
6.95
4.95
6.75
1.15
1.17
1.03
1.13
1.15
1.15
1.13
LIS
LOS
1.17
L30
L90
L14
L15
LM
LIO
LI5
I. '5
1.15
1,13
M4
UiO
l.iU
L33
L18
1.18
L90
1,10
0.80
LBO
1.80
1.65
L70
L80
L75
1.65
L75
1,90
1,63
1,73
L88
Le7
L78
L7H
1.70
1.89
1.83
1,86
Lt>3
Leo
1.89
La7
1.75
LTJ
L89
L80
L79
1.30
0,55
0,57
a9a
0.94
0.97
0.90
0,90
0.48
0.90
0.63
0,69
0.93
a65
aco
aoo
a93
a63
aoo
0.90
0.69
0.60
0.63
0.00
0.00
0.53
0.6T
Frrab.
...do.
..do.
..do.
Aleobnlio.
....do....
....do....
.. do ....
,...do....
...do....
....do....
...do....
...do ...
...do....
...do....
...do...,
...do....
...do....
...do....
...do...
...do....
...do...,
..do...
..do...
..do...
...do...
...do...
..do...
...do...
...do...
...do...
...do...
...do...
Fresh. . .
Culleetor'ameas.
nrementa.
do.
. ...do.
From Balrd'a
Mamm. N.Am..
P.S70
da
dn.
Colloctoi-'a meaa.
urenoota
* All rnlly adult apeulmnoa ; tbe fomalaa i» nearly every ease give erldenco of having snokliHl yunng. The first
four are from tbo-yatlonitl U;is<iani ; tho others are (com the Uncsam of Cumparatlve ZMagy, CombrMso, Mass.
m
r
688
wr
iii,>
' m
>■•!;
1 . , <'.
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
TABtR VII. — Meaturementt of thirty six tkulU of Bcivvva iiudsokius tar. uuDsoNius,
4370
4377
4iS0
4!Ht
4S83
4M4
4986
4367
43%
itM
6168
6169
6171
•178
6173
(175
«I7«
6178
6179
6180
908
909
913
91S
917
919
924
918
933
933
931
930
953
935
9.13
1986
Looality.
FtrtSlupwD, H.B.T.,
do
do
do
do ,
do
do
do ,
do
do ,
Oreenibargi F*
OreensbarK, F»
do
Upton, Ozrord Co , He. . .
do
do
do
do
do
do
......do
do
do
AlDberal.N.H
Maiden, Uam
Cambridge, UaM
Haaaacbnaetla t
1.90
i.eo
1.84
1.88
1.S5
1.84
1.83
1.81
l.d
1.86
I.IO
1.85
i.eo
1.75
1.80
l.CO
1.73
1.83
1.84
i.eo
.•75
1.70
1.70
1.76
1.69
1.67
1.73
i.n
1.75
1.75
1.73
1.80
1.77
1.77
1.80
l.<18
1.07
1.09
1.10
1.05
1.10
1.08
1.00
1.00
i.oe
1. 01
1.05
1.06
1.03
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.08
1.03
1.03
0.07
nwt
1.00
L05
098
008
0.97
ag«
1.03
1.01
1.03
1.00
1.04
1.06
1.09
1.09
065
0.64
a6S
a63
0.63
I
0.S7
0.33
055
a. 16
0.57
0.53
0.53
053
0 53
0.57
0.70
0.63
0 69
0.07
t
038
038
0.60
a 57
038
0.63
a68
0.60
oro
0 37
0.61
0.60
a6«
0 64
0.53
0 53
0.53
093
aso
0.10
030
053
0 48
0 47
050
0.33
0.59
0 53
0 47
0.57
048
0 51
030
0.16
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.13
0.15
015
0.10
018
a 14
0.13
016
016
0.14
0.16
0 16
016
0.18
a IS
0.17
0.13
0.14
0.13
015
014
0.10
0.13
0.13
0.19
0.14
a 13
0.18
oca
a96
095
aoo
0 57
0 5.1
055
0.54
0 55
058
0 93
098
0.95
0 55
095
035
0.53
o.ro
096
058
053
0..11
0.50
0.31
0.53
0 53
0 49
093
0.53
0.r>3
0 59
053
053
0.94
093
059
li
0.M
0.90
095
0.93
091
OCO
0 93
0 93
0.95
0.93
a85
0 93
a III
OCO
090
aco
085
0 90
0 91
0 91
089
ae3
083
0 87
087
0.87
0.83
a87
aro
087
O90
0 85
0.00
AOO
0.80
0.90
0.39
a34
033
a 31
037
0.30
0.38
a37
1116
0.17
016
015
0.17
018
018
0.33
0 31
0 33
073
a33
a38
o.:o
at8
a. 10
oto
0 91
019
0.33
0.C1
0!:o
0.39
a33
1.10
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.05
1.00
1.07
1. 01
1.08
1.00
l.OJ
1.01
1.01
1.00
097
096
1.01
|1
i
I
aoo
0.60
o.ro
0.(0
0.60
1.00
0.98
Ol!0
095
1.00
0 97
0 98
0 9:1
1.00
O.OT
1.
OCO
0.60
0.fO
0.C0
0.57
036
o.;6
099
0.93
a 49
0.59
0.56
OM
055
0.13
0.55
0.57
«i33
0.57
033
OCO
0.S5
0.98
1.09
1.00
096
0.60
a 97
a9S
if
f
■ i
1
1
i !
SOIUEID^— SCIDRDS HDDSONIUa VAB. KICHARDSONr.
689
Table VIH. — MiasHrrmmta of Hiirl4XH tpeeimmii of ScfURUR iiudbonium var. ricrardsoni.
11983
314
915
813
.1874
4134
414d
4143
419(1
4185
4173
4188
4383
4903
Laoality.
Chief Ut Lake. 49'.'<
parallol.
...do
StMnry^RMtfl...
... do
Rock; UU., 49th par.
Camp Xootenay —
Bitter Root Vnller. .
...do
...do
noUOatP,R.Mta..
...do
...do
...do
Prom tipof noflo to-
0.90
n. m
0.88
0.75
0.83
0.8S
0.94
0.90
1.73
1.60
1.70
1.43
1.33
i.m
1.45
1.35
Tall to ODd
of—
7.50
9.00
8.90
7.90
8.30
7.(10
8.10
7.8,1
7.30
7.85
7.73
7.M
5.90
0.00
3.10
3.83
4. on
4.50
4.50
3.90
4.00
7.75
aoo
7.15
n.U)
a 40
0.00
5.00
5.80
Length of .
1.10
1.10
1.03
1.83
i.eo
1.87
1.83
1.85
1.83
1.85
1.80
1.83
0.30
0.35
0.97
0..%
0.50
..do..
Skin.
..do..
..do..
..ilo .
..do..
..do ..
..ilo..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
RemarkR.
Collector's meaa-
uroineuta.
do.
Tablb IX. — MeMuremenU of t\rte tkulU of BciURUS hdosonius var. richardsoni.
LocaUty.
1
*
1
1
1
s
1
1
ll
o
'A
ii
1
i
II
1
s
1
H
O
f.
f,
b
tJ
P
c
1184
1.87
0.57
0.15
0.57
0.08
0.33
a 91
1.10
0.60
aim
CaiiipSk««it,W.T
1.90
1.10
0.!i8
0.15
0.57
0.95
0.33
0.S3
1.19
0.S1
330.1
Black Hllla, Dak
1.9)
1.15
0.58
0.15
0.60
0.95
0.30
0.98
44 M
[ (
'i
690
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Taiile X. — Mtamremeiiti ofjifleen ipeoinumt of SciURUs niTD80Niu8 mr. douolassi.
1
1
1
1
Locality.
i
From tip of no8o to—
Tailtoeiid
of-
Length of-
i
0
1
i
I
£
'A
Romarka.
^
a
P.
1
t
1
i
S
1
1
1
a
n
ins
sm
S49S
MM
S18
IMS
1160
1164
•am
«03
9410
8411
MU
Fort Stetlacaom,
W.T.
do
<f
0.60
1.65
1.98
7.50
0.00
B.:o
6.00
7.50
0.50
7.50
7.50
8.00
6.00
7.00
7. no
7.00
7.00
7.8S
4.9)
4..V1
4.SS
6.50
6. 00
6.00
1.80
1.30
1.30
1.10
1.85
1.80
1.30
1.85
1.80
1.D5
l.M
1.60
8.00
8.00
1.60
1.83
1.90
9.00
1.00
1.90
9.00
1.85
1.70
8.00
0.64
0.50
a50
Aleoholio..
Skin
...do
Alcoliollo
Uoaa'mroUifroni
Baird'a Hamm.
N. Amor., p. 37a
do.
. do.
....do
do
9
0.90
0.00
0.60
1.70
l.SO
LOO
JLOO
1.80
....do
...do
ChlcliwiiM,W. T.
Upper Dm Cbntn,
Colombia R
...do
5.0"
4.
i.M
a 75
4.00
4.00
5.85
5,85
5.00
4.75
S.50
';oo
.35
6.85
5.05
5.60
S.60
690
7.00
7.00
5.85
7.00
...do...
....do
Skin
do.
do.
da
...do...
...do....
do.
do.
da
do . .
.. do
S06
PetaluEDO. Cal
0.60
0.60
0.90
aeo
a6s
1.70
1.00
1.70
l.SO
1.70
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.75
1.00
Freah
do.
..do
... do
...do
...do
9
cf
Alcoholic
do.
....do...
...do...
....do
do.
do.
da
Table XI. — aetuurcmenti o/five tkulU of SciURUS iiudvonius var. douglassi.
•e
S
2.
S
i
i
3
1
§ (*
a
2
£
i
a
3
Locality.
!
3
i
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
a
P
1 °
if
il
t
a
S
■3 Si
B 1
i
.a
8
-a
1
1
6
H
0
0
x
\r,
f=
p
P
0
3001
1.83
1. Of)
0.66
0. ."ia
0. u
0. CO
0. D4
0.33
0.84
1.05
n 56
1683
t. BO
1.03
0. .Vi
0.17
0.5a
o.eo
1.05
0,53
9330
1.90
1.08
a53
0. lA
0.57
0.04
S414
Petalunio, Cal ...
1.81
1.03
0.58
0.17
0.!0
0.88
1.00
0.S1I
6885
1.78
1.09
0.55
air
0.55
0.90
^^■^^^hI''
1 ' 'miH
i
I
»iiilLiiiDH i^lH
»
!■■■
1.
WRJiKi
t
"SOICTEID^— 80IURUS HUDSONIUS VAB. HUD80NIUS.
691
Table XII. — Measurementt of Hghl apmiment of Sciunus iiuijsonibs var, FnEMONxt.
1
a
i
3
1
LooaUty.
1
From tip of uose to—
Tail to end
of-
LenRthof-
1
'i
■z
a
g
a
£
s
>5
$
c
a
a
1
1 1
1
£
•2684
•8665
•3666
11504
11679
718
781
M7
840
NenrSoatb Park, Colo
9
0.93
1.03
0.93
0.87
0.87
0.87
0 85
0.90
1.03
1.77
1.65
1.55
1.78
I.JO
1.57
1.70
3.07
3.10
1.05
l.N
3.00
1.07
3.05
7.95
7.75
7.50
8. CO
7.75
7. 7.'.
8.85
4.00 { 6.30
4.85 6.50
4.70 0.50
1.80
1.20
1.30
1.03
l.CO
1.00
1.75
1.78
3.00
3.00
9:00
Frenh.
.. do.
flo
do
Colorado
..do.
Skiu.
. do.
rf
1
5.33 1 6.00
510 } 0.80
^^\
1.15
1.13
1.15
1.80
do
0.03
0.73
0.73
Alcoholic
..do.
...do.
do
do
* In Mnaeiiin of GonipAratlTe Zoology, Cambridge, Masa.
Tablr XIII. — List of Bpecimens examined of ScxuRUS hudsonius var. hudsonius.
1-^
1-s
8934
8939
8933
8941
4401
4463
4464
4475
4478
4481
7087
4491
4490
si
1449
595
809
580
710
3S
37
88
30
35
33
1153
353
Locality.
ITulato, RAm..
..do
...do
...do
Woolyaatnks, R.
Am.
Ko>'oakuk.R.Aiu
LovcrKviobpak.
Port AndemoD,
Arctic Coast.
Yukon, month
of Poroopine.
Fort Simpiwn,
MackeoBie R.
...do ,
. . do .
...do .
...do.
...do.
...do.
..do.
...do.
...do
When
collected.
Jan. 31,1807
Apr. 35. 1807
Apr. 3, 1607
Anit. -, 1863
Hay 9,1860
Apr. £9, 1860
Mar. 19, 1860
Mar. 17, 1860
Mar. 19, 1860
Apr. 6,1860
Mar. 31, 1860
From whom re.
celred.
W.H.UaU...
.. do ,
...do
...do
...do
an. Roaa .
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
R. KoDnioott .
...do
...do
Collected by—
W. H. DaU .
...do
...do
....do
...do
..do .
O. de Bendele.
bon.
J. Lockbardt .
B. R. Boaa .
...do
..do
...do
...do
...do
. .do
R. Kennioott .
...do
...do
AlrohoUo —
Skin
..do
...do
...do
..do.
..do.
Skin audsknll
Skiu
BkinandaknII
akin ,
...do
..do
...do
... du ,
...do
Skin and sknll
Bemarka
Nearly IndiHtin-
guitthable from
average eaatern
skinH. Tbnred
a little paler
and the dark
anonlatloDs a
llttlo broader
and rathermore
black \nlhe toll.
Eara conspicn.
oaflly tu^Wl.
In color at moat
indlstingnii»ha.
ble f^m Red
Rtrer akins.
692
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Table XUI.—LUt of specimens (urammcd of Sciunus iiudsoniu8 var. iiudsonius— Continued.
n"
.l-i:
-fillnl
'%\
4471
1468
44C7
4436
4450
4475
4457
4489
4471
4463
44(15
440a
4463
4495
4494
9633
4484
8743
8744
8743
8746
8747
9018
1I33J
11534
11536
11537
1IS38
11339
4970
3S51
3950
3949
3945
3946
4333
3217
3909
3719
1^
4976
4377
4379
4380
4^81
4383
4383
4:184
4385
4j86
4987
4969
4390
4337
6846
B847
6849
833
944
335
138
3935
9894
9900
9963
3366
Locality.
Fort SimpHOD.
Klockentlo K.
..Uo
...lo
..do
..do
. do
..do
.do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
..do
Fort Rao, Great
Slave Lake.
...do
.. do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Fort Oou<l Hope,
U. B. T.
. do
...do
..do
...do
Ftl.iard.U.B.T.
Ft. reinl)ln»,D.T
...do
...do
..do
Tnrtlo Mt, D. T
...do
Rnaebod Cre«k
Bifi iDdian Creek
Black Bllla. head
of Cheyenne IL
Black llilla, Mebl
BunrButtea.IU'k
Hilla.
..do
Larnoiie Peak . . .
Fort Oeorgo
Bed Rirer,H.B.T
...do
...do
When
collected.
Apr. 15,
Juno 10, less
Octu —,1864
Mar. — , 1867
Jul/ r>, 1873
June 6, 1873
June 7, 1873
June 13, 1873
July 28,1873
July 31, 1873
Oct. -,1859
,1859
Sept 90, 1859
Sept. 30, 1850
From whom re*
ceivetl.
It. Konnicott .
BR. Roaa
...do
...do
...do ,
..do
...do
...do
..do
...do
..do
...do ,
...do
.. do
..do
...do.
..do.
...do.
...do.
..do.
...do.
A. Campbell . .
...do
.. do
...do
.. do
...do
CaptW.F.Ray.
nolds.
...do
...do
. do
. do .
.. do
tT. Hinroan . . .
W. M. F. Ma.
sraw.
D.Onnn
...do
...do
Collectcil by-
B. Keunioott .
aR.Rou....
...do
...do
.. do
...do
...do
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
L.Clarke, Jr..
...do
.. da
...do
...do
...do
...do
C. F. Oaudet .
...do
....do
...do
...do
W.HcFarlane.
Dr.£.ConM...
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Dr. F. V. Hay-
deu.
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
J. Hiumaa .
C. Drexler .
D.OuDn..
...do....
....do....
Skin and aknll
...do
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
.. do.
...do.
... do.
Skull..
...do.
...do.
...do
Skin ..
...do .
....do.
...do.
..do.
do.
..do.
..do.
Skin ..
...do.
....do.
...do.
....do.
...do.
...do.
... do.
....do.
...do.
...do.
.. do.
...do.
...do.
.do.
do.
do.
Albino.
Very pale.
do.
do.
da
do.
do.
Very pale, with
doraat baud
tawny red.
Very pale ; very
Utdo black In
tail.
Very tawny.
do.
.du.
f 1 1
l.v-
SCIDRID^-SCIDRUa HDD80N1U8 VAE. HUDSONIUS.
693
Tablb Xin.—U«t of tpedmeiu ejcamined of SctuROf) IIUD80NIDS rar. nuDSONiUH— Continued.
1
4)
1-s
3911
■MM
186
187
OS
184
I&1
!i368
33ti7
ma
3039
38C'0
3937
9306
1«
■894
•1078
•8M
•9J9
•45:i
•3806
•3807
•853
'60J
•3799
•V*
......
•3236
•SM
•595
•609
•996
i
a
1^
a c
u
u
•908
•U)9
•910
•Oil
•015
•916
•917
•918
•919
•990
•991
•999
•993
•994
•995
•988
•989
■990
•991
1
1
i
1
M
I.orallly.
Wiwu
oollccted.
Frotn whom i«.
coived.
Collfcted by-
g
a
£
1
1
Eomarka.
IledKirer.H.B.T
Princeton, Minn
OKa8eIale,Mio)i
•••<•»
...do
D.Onnn
a E. Oarriaon
C.Fox
...do
...do
Dr. KIrtland..
...do
Dr. J. & QilplD
...do
...do
...do
D.Gnnn
0. B. Oarriaon
C.Fox
...do
Skin
...do
...do
...do
Maj -., 1859
...do
do
?
9
9
J
9
9
Cleveland. Oliio .
....do
Labrador
Dr. Kirllaml . .
...do
....do
...do
Dr.J.B.Oilpin
...do
... do .
...do
...do
Halifax, N.S...
...rio
...do;
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do
...do
...do
...do
do
....do
...do
Kova Sootia
...do
...do
Monti«al,C^ada
Lake Winnipeg
Minn<tapoli>i,Min
LawnBidge,Ill
81. Lawrence Ca,
N.Y.
PnrtJarTia,N.Y.
OrandMenonlol.
...do
Umbagog Lake,
Me.
LokeRlcbardion,
M&
....do
...do
....do
S.H. Scndder..
H. Mann. Jr...
H.Botler
J.S. Foley
N.S.8haler..
A.B.Vorrin...
...do .
8. H. Scndder.
Alcoholic
....do
ttBotler
J.8. Foley...
K.S.Sh9ler...
A.E.Verrill...
....do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
OrayFnnd....
A.E.yerrUl...
...do
J. 0. Bioh .
....do
A-ltVorrUI..
...do
...do...
...do
UpUin, Me
OrayFnnd....
....do
J.G.BIoh
...do
8koU
....do
...do
...do
. do
do
...do
9
9
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
.. do
...do
...do
...do .
..do
...do
...do
.. do . ...
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do
...do
....do
...do
...dj
...do
...do
....do
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do
....do
. .do
....do
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do
do
...do
....do
...do
...do
....do
..do
....do
....do
....do
...do
....do
...do
...do
L.Agoaail...
RD.Verrlll..
...do
.. dj
Aliwholio
..-rt()
...do
Oaidtner, Ma....
LAgaaaii ....
Gray Fond....
...do . .
Norvay.Me. ..
....do
do
...do
....to
...do
9
....do
...do
...do
...d»
* In th« MMenm of Comparative Zojtloiry, Gnnibrldfto, MaM.
m:.
694
MONOGRA.PHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Table XIII. — Liai of upecimeiu examined of Sciunus nuDSONiiia vai: iiuoHOXins — Continaed,
mm
''■''i\\
mi
■■* ■ • ' : (lit
■V. i'
i :?■''■:'
• *i
m
MX ..:,;,-fe|.i -IW:
'i'>a
■s
1
a
9
a
II
u
•905
"lOOi
•3710
•3720
•37i!l
•37.13
•jja:i
•3784
•37i5
•37iW
■3743
•3744
•1000
•1100
•looa
•970
•1)78
•3103
•3104
•3103
•3 IDS
•3735
•3798
•3793
•3794
•3884
•2880
•1710
•1711
•1T18
•1713
•8491
•8498
•8493
'9494
•249(1
•3497
•8498
•8493
•1404
•1405
•1466
•1487
•1468
•1469
i
a
«_.
i
a
1
■a
g
1
1
Locality.
Whsa
ooIImiIM.
From whom re-
COlTfd.
CollMtrd by-
Bomarka.
•937
•938
Norway, Me
Ony Fund....
...do
A.E.TerrUI ..
....do
Skull
,...do
....do
<f
A.mheMt,N. H ..
HiuA.U.Ed
mana.
...do
Mi<aA.U.£d-
najia.
....do
Alcoholic
....do
...do
...do
...do
....do
....do
...do
...do
....do
....do
...do
...do
....do
....do
...do
...do
...do
.. do .
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
9
...do
...do
...do
...do
do
9
9
...do
...do
....do
....do
....do
. .do
...do
....do
W.n.Uelendy
....do . .
W.H.Malendy
....do
....do
do
•653
•954
•955
....do
....do
....do
Sknll .
....do
....do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
....do
MUrord,N.n....
...do
....do
8. TeoDvy
....do
...do
8. Tenoey
...do
....do
Skia
—^o
...do
....do
....do
....do
....do
... do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
...do
...do
....do
....do
....do
...do
...do
....do
...do
...do
...do
. do
do
DeerfleHMan..
L. Agaaali ....
...do
L.A|pMata ...
...do
....do
do
...do
...do
...Ai
,...do
....do
350
14
44
n
78
153
114
153
113
05
94
03
1-5
9
a
9
<f
9
?
9
9
9
9
9
S.JUlK>n
C. J. Haynard
...do
...do
...do....
....do
...do
....do
....do
ajillaon
C.J. Maynnrd.
....do
....do
....do
...do
NewtoDville,
Maaa.
....do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
....do
...do
....do
....do
....do
...do
...do-
.. do
...do
...do
...do
....do
....do
...do
do
...do
...do .. ..
...do
do
...do
...do
....do
...do
...do
....do
..do-
do
...do
..do
L.AKaaal.....
...do
...do
...do
...do
do
UAiaaali ...
...do
...do
....do
...do
...do
...do
....do
-.••••
...do
...du
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
. . .do
....do
...do
* III the MoHoatn of CompnrAtlre ZMlogy, Caotdridge, Hniw.
'^^1
SOIURID.aj— SC1UKU8 UDDSONIUS VAR. HUDSONIUa.
695
Tablb Xtll.— £i>( 0/ tptcinuiu examined of SciURUS nuDJONiD8 var. iiudmonius — CoDtiniiMl.
%
i
11
1
1
1
1
1
Looality.
When
collocted.
Prom vliom re-
ceived.
Collected bj-
"3
Remarka.
«U70
•UTJ
•UT3
•U74
•1473
•1476
•1477
•1478
•1479
•1480
•1481
•1M9
•148»
•1490
•1491
•1491
. •HO
•150
•161
•isa
•987
•866
•867
•888
•37S4
•3755
•1416
•138
•139
•160
•1011
•936
•898
•143
•1098
•3744
•1097
»35ri
41113
4ai6
830
846
uei
sou
il044
L.Ak*mIs ....
UAgosala
.. do
Skin ...
do
With the later.
I ai block linea
very strong.
...do
...do
...do
.. do
.. do
...do
...do
...do
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do
....do
...do
.. do
do .
...do
do
...do
. do
... do
do
...
....do
...do
... do
do
...do
...do
... do
do
....do
....do
... do
.. do
...do
....do
....do
...do
...do
....do
....do
....do
•93S
•933
•934
...do
.do
. do
Skull
.. do
...do
.. do .. .
do
...do
....1o
,., do
do
HndsoD, SklAM . . .
S.Jlllaon
....do
S.Jillaon
... do
Skin
,...dn
do
....do
....do
....do
do
...do
....do
....do
..do
Concord, Viwu
H. Mann, Jr....
....do
H.Mann, Jr....
.. do
AlcoboUo
....do
...do
...do...
....do
...do
....do
...do
... do
...do
... do
Lfnn,M«M
aJillaon
...do
8.JiUaon
do . ..
...do
do
...do
....do
... do
. do ... .
do
....do
....do
....do
.do
•936
...
...do
....do
...do
Sknil
WoboniiMua ..
....do
J.G.Sbute...
....do
J.O.Sbnta....
....do
AloohoUo
....do
Bprlngfleld, Han
....do
J. A. Allen....
....do
J.A.AUen....
....do
...do
....do
....do
. do
do
do
....do
...do
. do .
do
Uolden.UJiM ...
D. Biggins....
.. do
D.HIggina....
. .do
....do
do
....do
....do
...do
...do
do
....do
... do
....do
.. do
...do
....do
....do
..do
....do
....do
....do
...do
'935
•996
....
....do
....do
....do
Sknll
....do
....do
....do
....do
Cambridge, Maw
....do
M.Fowier
UAgaasla....
Dr. E. Cooea .
...do
M. Fowler
L.Agaaali....
Dr.E.ConM...
do
Alcohollo
do
4911
4Ull
Partamoath,N.H
...do
Skin and aknll
do
8aranw>,ir.T...
EHiab«th,N.Y..
KaaeiOo.,N.T..
...;do
Sept 6,1835
Aug. 14, 1835
D.Wel«b
8.F.Baird ....
Dr.S.B.H*le
....do
ttWolab
S.F.Balnl....
Dr. 8. B. Hale
....do
Skin and aknU
....do
....do
Sltnll
1904
9394
am
MtJoy, Pa
J. Sunvrer
....do
J.SIaotbr
....do
....do
...do
....
* In th« Miiwam of Compantire Zodtogrt Onnibriilge, Hum.
696
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Tahlk XIII.— £<<(o/ ifiedment examined of Sciurub iiunso.vius var. nuDsoNius— Con'LUiaed.
m
■s
1
a
a
8310
8008
1673
IIUl
3439
i
ii
eioH
liltO
<i|-0
0171
017-1
6173
6174
0175
0170
6177
6178
0179
0180
0181
S»
tan
4843
7*7
8493
83
888
3914
•i
S
a
P
i
1
1
Locillty.
When
oolleoted.
From whom re-
ceived.
Colteoted by—
"S
1
Reiuarka.
9
<f
9
J
•f
J
?
9
RLWulker..
J^.ToWDHDll
F.Uowan
.do ...
R.L. Walker..
J.K.Towiuend
F. Cowan
do .. .
Skin
PennsylvilnU . .
UKentbnm, F*
do
Mar. -, 1849
....do
Ciull
do
do
. do
do . .
. do
...do
....do
....do
...do
do
...do
do
do
. do
...do
.. do
. do
..do
...do
.do
...do
do
...do
. do
...do
1
do
... do
...do
...do
Bed above a
atrong bright
ohoatnnt
do
...do
...do
...do
...do
do
...d-;
do
...do
...do
..do
....do
....do
..do
...do
....do
...do
OwUale,P«
...do
...do
...do
8.F.Baird. ..
E.MlGhoer....
....do
aF.Bolrd....
E.Mtchner....
....do
..do
Cheater Co., Pa..
...do
...do
....do ..... ...
...do
....do
....do
...do
CarltalcPa
...do
8.F.Balrd....
do
ar.Balrd....
...do
...do
HUnnndakall
Sknll
...do
...do
....do
...do
...do
....do
....do
WaahiDgton.D.C
aDrexler ...
Dr.Jonea
UiaaTenniaon
C.Dreiler....
Dr.Jonea
UlaalanolaoD
Skin
Skull
Mostlcello,Miaa.
UoohoUo
SCIDRID^— 8C1URU8 HDDSONIUS VAR. RIC0ARD80NI.
697
Tadlk XIV.— LUt of apMinuiNf tzamined of Sciunug iiudsonics var. hiciiaddsoni.
■8
1
1
E
1
1
t
Locality.
When
coUeetcd.
From wbom ro-
odved.
Collected by-
"8
1
4133
4137
4138
4I.'W
4140
4141
4143
4144
4143
4148
4180
Bitter Root YaUoy, & Mt*.
UeatJ.UalUn....
....do
John PMrmll
.. ,io
Skin.
... .da
677
608
....do
...do.
do
....do
...do
....do.
B«3
do
....do
....do
do.
ijo
....do
....do
....do.
600
360
330
338
B96
do
do
....do
....de.
do
....do
....do
....do.
....do
....do
....do.
....do
....do
do.
....do
... do
do.
do
....do
....do
....da
do
...do
. do
....da
do
do
... do
....da
4173
4183
4186
4187
4189
41M
41IN
41IH
8816
3813
9874
5375
CIS
<13
ai4
m
U6
3803
700
788
783
788
783
786
781
781
01
308
438
490
....do
....do
....da
....do
. ..do
....da
....do
....do
....da
do
. ..do
do
da
....do
....do
....da
do
...do
.. do
da
do
...do
....do
....do.
do . .
....do
do
....da
An»30,1860
July 14, 1860
Ang.30,186a
Ang. 30, 1860
Oct. 1,1833
Got 1,1833
Oct 1,1833
A.Cimptoll
....do
....do
Dr. J. 0. Cooper
Dr.C. B.B.Eennerly
....do
...da
...da
...da
Chiloweyaok Dep6t
....do
... do
....da
SklUry't^BookyMU....
OoT.LLStonn...
...do
Dr.Oeo.Sackley....
....do
....da
SUnudakaU.
....da
1184
1183
do
....do
....do .-.
..do
....do
Skis.
... da
....do
do
*6aa
3043
A.O«nplMll
Dr.C. B. B. Kennerly
SknU.
....da
Utah
•Nil
*.r
.i,:s!l
liii ; !1-
698 MONOGKAPII8 OP NORTH AMERICAN RODKNtlA.
TjtDLH XV.— £<<( <4 tpictmeiu examintd of ScirRUS nuDsoMiui tar. DouoLAau.
9401)
aio
300
m
%n
m\
law
un
1098
IMt
(U8
203
811
3173
IIM
1363
736
47«6
4794
3414
1181
9001
6883
S043
3930
1883
^Mt&\^.1.
Fort Crook, C*l . .
...do
...do
...do
Petaluiii»,Cal....
Fort 8t«ilftcooin,
W.T.
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Fort VftDOouTor. .
...do
Attoris
ColnmbU Rlvor. .
SimUhmoOiW. T.
....do
...do
CaKadsUU.,Orag
Upper Dm Chutflo
Valley.
...do;
...do
...do
When
ooUected.
Oct 94,1M0
Oct l^IeM
Judo IS, 1834
Juno 13, 1834
Jane 94, 1834
Jane 94, 1834
Mar. — , 1836
Mar. -, 1836
Mar. — , 1836
Mar. — , 1836
Feb. — , 1836
Joly 90, 1833
Sept IS, 1838
From whom re-
ceived.
D.F.Farklnaoi
...do
...do
...do
E. BamneU —
Dot. 1. 1. Bte-
vena.
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
J. K.Townaend
OoT. I. I. Ste
vena.
....do
...do
...do
do.
do.
.do.
.do.
Colleatad by-
D.F.Parktnion
...do
...do
...do
X. Samuela...
Dr. Oea Sock
ley.
....do
....do
...do
....do
....do
....do
...do
....do
...do
... do
....do..
...do
...do
...do
...do
J.K.Toirnaend
Dr.U.an. Ken
nerly.
....do
...do
Dr. J. S. New.
berry.
...do
Bemarka.
Bkin > Nearlywhlteba.
do
Bkin and akuU.
.. do
.. da
...do
do.
..do.
..do.
...do
"Ikln
...do
...do
...do
..do
...do
...do
...do
BknU
...do
Bkin
....do
Skin and aknll
Bkin
...do
...do
...do.
...do
...do.
.do.
Bkin and aknll
...do
....do
low.
"&Lnal(<y<."
"aBLMcUtyi"
"BcmuUtyl."
SCIUHIU^— 80IUUUS 1IUUSON1U8 VAU. L'UEMONTI.
090
T*BLr XVI.— Lift of tptotnUHi riumlned of Soitilius IIUD80NIU8 Mar. kiikhonti.
xn
MO
ua
Ml
i«>
MI
IM
IS
MS
M7
713
7JI
UcllUty.
B«rCn«k,Orag .
...*i
...*>
Furt Crook, Ctl . . .
...do
...ito
Clsuli Mountrloi.
..do
...do
...do
...do
..do
RackCrMk, W.T..
Fort Bridgtr, Ul>h
flaw*lchPiua,B.MI»
Botthoad'a Pua,Cal<
...do
...do
...do
..do
IUddlaPuk,Colo.
...do
Rods SpriD(ii,C>ilo.
...do
Colorado
...do
..do.
..do.
....do
....do
Twin Lkkra, Colo
....do
Chilinabiu Creek.Col
Fort OwUmd, Colo
...do
...do
....do
gootli Pnrk, Colo .
Whi-n
oollocti^l.
Aag.ao, 1810
Aan. 81,18711
Mar. 3-J, IMI
H>.v l,IitSO
May \.\«a
July 1,1800
Sept 80,1870
Srpl. SO, 1^70
S«t>l. ''iO, 1870
Stiptas, 1870
8«pt.80, 1870
N<1iL80, 1870
Oct. 95,1870
Nov. 8, ISM
Nov. 7, law
Nov. 9,1818
Nov. 7,1858
July in, 1800
July 87, leiW
July 87, 1800
July 97, ie<io
July 97. 1860
July 37, 1800
July 86, !«(»
July 90, 186.1
July 84, 1800
July 84, I8tlll
Aa;;. 10, 1860
Aug. 10, I86S
Ang. 18, 1873
Ank'. 18, 1873
July 10, 1873
Jane 4, 1873
Jnn« 3, len
Jane 3,187:1
Jane 4, 1873
July, 1871
July, 1871
July, 1871
Kroui whom re-
ccIthI.
CApt.ChnH.Il«ndirv
.....lo
.. do
a L. Parkiuwn . .
.folui Fcllnt^r
...do
...do
CUrenco King ...
Dr.K.V.Ha.vckn.
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Lieut. Ryan
...do
...do
....do
C»ptE.a.Bcckwitli
Dr. P. V. Uayden .
....do
...do
...do
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
Chicago Acad. Sci
Dr.r.V.Hayden.
... do
...do
....do
...do
....do
....do
....do
...do
...do
Lt. O. M. Wheeler
...do
...do
....do
...do
...do
...do
Rocky Ht. Expod
....do
....do
Collected by—
Capt.Cbaa.Dondlri'
.. ilo
.. do
D. L. Parkloaun . . .
.robu Fellner
...do
.. do
It.nidgway
U.D.Hchuildt
....do
...do
....do
...do
...do
...do
C.&MoCBrt' y ...
..do
...do
. do
Mr. Kreutlfeldt . .
J. Stevenson
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
...do
...do
...do
Dr. E.B. HcCngg..
J.H. Batty
...do
...do
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
.. do
...do
Dr.J.T.Rotbrock
..do ,
...do ,
H. W. Henahaw . .
.. do
. do ;
...do
Allen andBeaneit
...do
...do
Hkin
..do
.do .
..do .
.do.
..do.
..do .
..do.
..do.
..do .
..do ..
..do ..
..do ..
.do..
..do..
..do ..
..do..
..do .
..do..
..do..
..do ..
..do .
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
Retnnrka.
rillghtly approach'
log var. Audaon-
<iu.
* In Uoaeam of Coniparntivn Zoology, Cambridge, Ham.
700
MONOOKAPnS OF NORTH AMBUIOAN RODBNTIA.
Taulk XVII.-
-LM of *j)(x;iraen« 0/ SciURii.s iiuiMioNiiiR, grading from var, iiudsonius ix/o rarUlim liicil-
/.RDSONI, KHKMONTI, ami D()U(]I.A88I.
i'i< ki-
1
1
4^73
43TJ
4374
4375
i37l!
4377
9810
0818
08-n
0817
3683
0703
U107
11108
11109
11113
3004
3034
3063
5800
3803
.1803
1
a
a
1
1
•3
3
1
IjtcMlf.
When
collected.
From whom re-
ceived.
Collected by-
•s
1
Remarka.
86
neoii Oroa Ventrea
Fork,
do
.Time 4,1860
May 31, 1860
.Tune 3,1860
May 30, 1860
June 3,18li0
May 30, 1860
July - , 1871
July -, 1871
July -, 1871
July ,1871
,rnl.v -, 1871
Aug. 8,1873
Aug. 17, 1873
Ang.30, 1873
Sept. 17, 1873
iug. 11, 1857
Aug. 10, 1857
July 31, 1857
Nov. 3,1800
Dr. F.V. Hayden..
do ...
Dr. F. V. Haydon..
....do
Skin ..
do ..
Varionaly inter-
mediate between
vara. hudt<miut,
richardtoni, and
/r'monti.
1 Intarmediatu be
1 tween vai«. ,'n-
1 monii and dang-
1 bun.
58
35
53
49
33
31
34
35
39
do ....
..do
...do
do ..
do .
...do
do
...do
do ..
do ..
... .do
do .
do
do . .. .
...do
do
TallowatoDo Lake . .
do .
...do
do ....
F.J.Huae
...do
..do...
dc
do
do
....do
do
. .do ..
.. do
....do
do
..do .. .
.. do
...do
do
Fort Benton, Mont..
PoclBo Creek, Mont.
Henry'a Fork
FIrehole River, W.T.
Lower Geyaer Baain.
Snake River
Black HilU.Nebr...
...do
Brtdger'a Pnaa
Fort Crook, Cal
Skagit Valley
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
Lieut" "" Tlryan.
...do.
lo
D.F. Parkinton...
A.Campbell
...do
A.F.Vauglin
F.J.HuseJ
C. H. Merriman . . .
...do
...do
...do
W. N.Wood
Dr.W.A.Hammond
W. 8. Wood
D. F. Parkinaon . . .
Dr.C.B.R.Kenuerly
.. do
..do...
..do...
..do...
..di...
..do...
..do...
..do ..
..do ..
..do ..
..do...
..do...
do ..
306
S3
30
31
51
3?8
100
366
54
391
9
9
?
<f
9
0
9
,...do
lii! :
U^
nt
SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS Gmelin.
Gray Squirrel.
■; Var. LEUCOTI8.
Norlhern dray Squirrel.
Soiurtu oiiteroiM Schiikbkr, Siiuget. iy, 1792, 766, pi. coxii (nee S. cinereus Linn. 1758V— Harlan, Fann.
Amer. 1825, 173.— H. Smith, Grifflth'B Cuvier, v, 1827, 254.— Fischer, Synop. Mom. 1829,
352.— TiiOMpso.N, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 45.— Maximilian, Wi«(;m. Arch. f. Naturg. 1861, 66.
Sduraa pennsylranicus Ord, "Gntliri^'s Qcogr. (2<1 Am. ed.) ii, 1S15, 292" (dusky phase).
iSiiiHriM nigtr Oooman, Amer. Not. Hist, ii, 1826, 133 (melonistic phose) (nee .S. niger Linn. 1758).— Rich-
ardson, Foaii. Bor. Amer i, 1829, 191.- Gam-kr, Zool. Journ. v, 1830, 206.— Bachman, P^oo.
Zoiil. Soo. Lend. 18J8, !N) ; Chorlcsworth's Mar Nut. Hist, iii, 1839,335; Amer. Journ. 8ci.
ail ' Arts, xxxvii, 1839, 307.— Em.mok8, Qnad. ii.i8s., 1840, U7.— DbKay, New York Z06I. i,
1842,60, pi. xvii,lig. 1.— Thompson, Hist. Vermont, 1848, 45.— Waonrr, Suppl. ScLreher'n
Siiuget. iii, 1843, 172.— ScHiNz, Synop. Mom. ii, 1845, 9.— /lUi N & Bacuma i. Quod. N.
Amer. i, 1849, 2(il, pi. -xxiv.— Maximilian, Wiegm. Arch. f. lioturgesoh. 1861, 76. — Hall,
C'tnad. Not. and Uoul. 1861, 301.
Murut ItumtU Gappiiii, Zofil. .loiirn. v, 1830, 206, pi. xi (based on Canada specimonr).— Bachman, Free.
Z06I. 800. Lend. 1038, 96; CbH:le8worth'8 Mag. N' ' Hist, iii, 1839, ;<■«; Amer. Journ. 80I.
and Arto, xxxvii, KiO, 298.- Em.mons, Qua<l. M.^ ,. 1840, 66.— DkKa/, New Yor' Zool. i,
1842, 57, pi. XV iii, flg. 1.— Wa<jnrr, Hi.ppl. Schreber's Siiuget. iii, 1813, 160.— Schinz, (•lynop.
Mum. ii, 1845, 8.
SOIUIUD^— SCIURU8 CAKOLINliNSIS VAll. LKUUOTf3.
701
.Sfiiinn rulpiiDin DeKav, N. Y. Zuiil. i, 184'-J, .W (winter |)iiliij;<i)'
Sciuriit migratoriuf Audi'iion & H.vchman, QhoiI. N. Amcr. i, I84!),a'i'>r>, ])!. xxxv.— KFNNicorr, U. S. I'lit-
ont Oftici! Hep. A(jriciil. for ISWi, 1857, (12, pi. vi.— Ad.v.ms, Field niid Koreot Uanibles, 1H7:I,
!J96 (western and xontliweBtern parts of New Ilrunswiek).
SoiHr»t atrotinensiii Godm.vn, Anier. Nut. Hist, il, I82(i, i:tl.— Douuiirv, („'«l). Nat, Hist, il, ISW, 240, pi,
xxi.— Baihd, Mam. N. Anier., 18.")", 850, pi. xlv, li^. a (nknll) (in part; "larger northern "
and "black and dusky" varieties only).— Tihimas, Trans. 111. .State AKricnlt. Hoc. W, IHfit),
656.— Hau,, Cauud. Nat. and Oeol. 1861, :101.— IIavukn, Trans. Am. I'liil. Soe. I'liilu. xii,
186:), 144.— Al.I.KN, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZoOI. i, 1869,222 (Mussaelinsetts); I'roe. Iloston 8oc.
Nat. Hist, xiii, 1870, 188 (Iowa).- Giiay, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hitt. 3d ser. xx, 1«)7, 426 (varg.
"iiuijor" et " niijer"),
Sciuriu carolinentii var. leiu^liH Am.kn, Proc. Host. Una, Nat. Hist, xvii, 1874, 287. j
TUacroxiu tiielania Gray, Ann. aud Mu;;. Nat. Hist. :id ser. xx, 1867, 425. m., . i
Vlir. CAKOUNEN8I8. •;,:. .. ,^„.-
Sonthern Ora/ Squirrel.
Stiitinit oaroliMntit Qmelin, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 148 (b.tsod on Pennant's Leswr Orsiy Squirrel fniui
Carolina).- M'MunxRiK, M'Murtrie's Cuvior (Am. ed.) I, 18111, 33,1.- Baciiman, Proo. Zool.
Soo. Lend. 18'18, !)4; Charleaworth's Mug. Nat. Hist, ill, 18:10, 330; Anier. .Journ. Sci. and
Arts, xxxvii, 18,39, .304. — gciii.NZ, Synop. Mam. ii, 1845, 8.— Auui^iion & Bacilman, Quad. N.
Amor, i, 1849, 55, pi. vii. — f W(M)D3I0U8K, Sitgrenves's Col. and ZuFii Kiv. Kxpvd. 1853, 52
(Ind. Ter. and Texas). — Baiiiu, &Iam. N. Amer. 1857, 2r)(! ("small southern variety " only). —
Saussurk, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1801, 3 (Mexico). — Tomeh, Proo. Zoiil. 8oc. Lond. 1861,
282 (Ouatemalu).— GitAV, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 426 (var. "minor "only).—
Allen, Bull. Mus. Conip. Zool. ii, 1871, 176 (Florida).— Maynard, Bull. Essex Inst, iv, 1872,
145 (Florida).
Sciurm mrolineuaittT, Baird, Mam. N. Amcr. 1857, 263 (Santa Catarinn, New Loon, Mex.)
Soiunia carolineniiig var. carolinenaiB Allen, Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 287.
iSoiuriis /ii(ii7«R09U« Bachman, Proe. Z36I. 800. Lond. 1838, 96 (dusky phase); Charlesworth's Mag. Nat.
Hist, iii, 1839, ,300.— Waonkh, Suppl. Sehreber's .Siiuget. iii, 1842, 176.— .SciiiNZ, Synop. Mam.
ii, 1845, 9.— Auduiion & Bachman, Quad. N. Anier. iii, 1853, 240, pi. oxlix, Ug. 2.
f Sciuriu deppei Pktkrh, Monutsb. Kiinigl. Preuss. Akud. Wiss. Berlin, 1863 (1864), 654.
Letter Gray Squirrel, Pennant, Synop. Quad. 1771, 283.
jSciireuii grit do la Carolina, F. Cur ier, Hist, des Mamm. i, livr. — , 1819 (plate and text).
Var. 1.EUCOTI8.
Northern Gray Squirrel.
Varietal chars. — Length of body about 10.50 inches, varying from 9
to 11.50; tuil-vertebrjB 8, varying from 7 to 9; tail to end of liairs 11.50,
varying from about 10 to 12.50. Above, whitish-giay, with a dorsal area and
a lateral line brownish-yellow, and with a more or less strong fulvous sufiu-
sloii boneath the surface of the pelage, generally more or less apparent through
the surface-tints; beneath, white. Varies throu' dusky and annulated
phaset. to intense glossy black ; rarely, in the dui phases, witi? areas of
yellowish-brown l»elow, more or less strongly annulate* with black. Tail
with the hairs yellowish-brown basally, with narrow black unnulations, and a
ijroad, conspicuous, subterininal black bar, the hairs all broadly tipped with
white, giving a white surface-tint, through which the yellowish-brown and
black bars are seen beneath. Ears not tufted, with or without a conspicuous
% 'oolly tuft ol' white at the base po.st-.jriorly.
lift
r
p ^ ■'■:l'
^^ i'lm^i
('
ftiiH^Hi
i
ipn^mHP'
1
A. :V\-
702
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Tlie Northern Gray Squirrel viirics greatly, aside from its melanistic
phases, in specimens from tlie same locality, mainly in respect to the amount
of the fulvous suffusion in the pelage of tiie dorsal aspect. Tiie general
color above is a fine nixture of white, black, and fulvous, variable in respect
to the relative prevalence of these three tinto. The general effect is that of a
whitish-gray tint, especially northward and in winter specimens. There is
generally a well-marked yellowish-brown area, almost unmixed with whitish,
along the middle of the back, sometimes continuous from the nape to the
rump, but generally restricted to the middle of the dorsal region. This is
often wholly obsolete, but generally occupies an area of two or three inches
in length, with a breadth of rather less than an inch. The hairs of the dor-
sal surface are geneniUy ringed with white, black, and fulvous, but le are
wholly Dlack and ot -ufs wholly fulvous. The fulvous under-color generally
shows more or less strongly througii the superficial tints, especially on the
sides of the shoulders, where it sometimes inclines to rufous. There is gen-
erally a well-developed yellowish lateral line separating the white of tiie lower
parts from the gray of the upper surface. This varies in intensity, and,
although present as a rule, I find no trace of it in many New England speci-
mens. The head is often of the same yellowish-brown as the middle of the
back, but more commonly less strongly brownish ; the sides of the nose and
cheeks vary from grayish, with a faint wash of fulvous, to strongly yellowish-
brown. The upper surface of the feet also varies in the same manner from
whitish-gray to bright fulvous. The yellowish-brown at the base of the tail-
hairs also varies from pale fulvous-brown to yellowish-rusty. Specimens in
which there is a large, conspicuous, brownish area on the middle of the back
have usually the yellowish lateral line strongly developed, with fulvous feet,
face, and cars. The ears are • generally fulvous-tipped, with a white or yel-
lowish-white woolly patch at the base, generally far more strongly developed
in winter than at other seasons, it being often quite absent in summer. This
white fluffy ear-patch is most conspicuous in winter specimens from Fort
Des Moines, Iowa. In these also, the pelage is the softest and fullest.
The dusky phases of this variety are local in their occurrence,
being often wholly unknown over wide areas. They are found in South-
western New Brunswick, in portions of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
Massachusetts, New York, both the Canadas, in all of the Lake Slates, and
in " " 'it more frequently near the lakes than further .southward.
mm
aCIURIDiB— SCIUllUS CAROLINBN8I8 VAR. LKUCOTIS.
70:{
Professor Baird says they arc rare in Eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland, and
Virginia. At localities where the pare black phase occurs can usually bo
found every intermediate stage between the intensely glossy black individuals
and those which scarcely differ from the ordinary type. In Western New
York and Northeastern Illinois, where I have had the opportunity of observ-
ing the two phases in life, I found that those representing the dusky, oiiudated
phase of coloration were young animals, while all the intensely black ones
were evidently aged. I felt at the time strongly inclined to the opinion that
only the fully mature become intensely black, — in other words, that the
intensity of the black increased with age, and that the black Squirrels when
young were all more or less annulated with rusty.
A series before me presents a gradual transition from the usual gray
type to the pure black phase. No. 11 oO (Fort D6s Moines, Iowa, Dec, 1855)
differs but little above from the usual gray form, except in having a ratlier
stronger suff'usion of rufous and less white ; the sides are more strongly
reddish-fulvous, and the white area of the ventral surface is narrow and of a
rather dingy white, with the breast strongly ochraceous. No. 1136 ( 9, same
locality and season) has still less gray ab«ve, the brownish suflTusion is still
stronger, and the white of the ventral surface is restricted to a few irregular
patches, more or less confluent. There are dusky areas around the teats ;
the throat and upper part of the breast are mixed yellowish-brown and black;
the inside of the limbs and lower part of the breast are washed with yellow-
ish-rufous or gamboge, strongest on the inside of the thighs. No. 1636
(Coll. M. C. Z., from Wayne County, 111., Sept., 1867) differs from the last
mainly in having the middle of the belly grayish-white, mixed along the
median line with pale rufous hairs annulated with dusky; the breast and
sides of the abdomen are washed with dingy yellowish-brown. No. 970
(West Northfield, 111., Sept., 1855) has the lower parts wit'., a small whitish
area divided medially by bright yellowish-brown, the rest of the lower sur-
face being gamboge-yellow. The sides of the back from the middle of the
body posteriorly are strongly whitish-gray, in strong contrast with the rest
of the dursal surface, while the chin, lips, and edges of the fore feet are deep
reddish-chestnut mixed with blackish. Next come a considerable series of
specimens, obtained in 1847 by Professor Agassiz from the Boston markets,
and p-obably killed either in New England or New York, that show various
stages of intergradation between the three specimens last described and tli(»Be
M, II
i
704
MONOGllAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
iMi-
that are pure glossy black throughout. No. 1499 (Coll. M. C. Z.) has the
upper surface dusky, varied with pale yellowish-brown, especially anteriorly
and on the sides; beneath, yellowish-rufous, more or less varied with black.
No. 1496 (Coll. M. C. Z.) is blacker above, with the lower parts dusky, annu-
latod with yellowish-brown, the two colors being in about equal proportions.
Several other specimens from the same lot differ only in being sometimes
more and sometimes less varied with pale yellowish-brown above, and in the
greater or less amount of dusky below. Other specimens, from Wayne
County, New York, and from Cook County, Illinois, are almost precisely simi-
lar, though each, otj close inspection, is found to vary more or less, in some
feature or another, from all of the others. No. 1057 (Cook Co., 111., Nov.,
1855) is glossy black above, sparsely varied with gamboge on the sides and
below, forming the last stage in the transition to those which are glossy black
throughout. •■.■
. ;. : Var. CAHOLINEN8I8.
Southern Gray Squirrel.
Varietal cbaks — Length of body about 9.50 inches, ranging from 8.50 to
10.25 ; tail-vcrtebrse about 8.00, ranging from 7.50 to 8.75 ; tail to end of hairs
about 10.50, ranging from 9.00 to 1 ] .50. Above, brownish-yellow, varied with
black, with generally the sides of the neck, shoulders, and thighs mixed with
whitish ; beneath, white. Differs from var. leucotis in its smaller size, and in
the general color of the dorsal surface being yellowish-brown instead of
whitish-gray. In the majority of specimens, the white-tipped hairs that in
var. le'rotui give a whitish aspect to the whole dorsal surface (excepting over
a restricted central area) are either wholly wanting in var. carolinensis or give
merely a faint grayish cast to the sides of the neck, the shoulders, and thighs.
In other words, tlie fulvous suffusion that pervades the pelage beneath the
surface in var. leucotin reaches the surface in var. carolinensis, thereby dis-
placing the superficial white tint seen in var. ieucoti.s. The transition in color
is evidently effected by the extension of the limited brownish dorsal area
usually seen in var. leucotis till it occupies the whole of the dorsal surface,
accompanied with an increase in the intensity of the tint. The general color
above of var. caroUnenMS is mixed yellowish- brown and black, instead of
white, black, and yellowish-brown, with white for the prevalent tint, as in
leucotls.
f >i
SCIURID^— SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS VAR. YUCATANEN8I8. 705
The form above characterized ns var. carolinensis is typicallj reprcsciiteil
by Florida specimens. Specimens from Louisiana, however, are iiardly dis-
tinguishable from Florida ones. A specimen from Salt Creek, Kansas (No.
30G1, May 29, 1857), is !iot appreciably diflerent. Specimens from tiic
Carolinas, and as far north even on the coast as Wasiiington, and as far north
in the Mississippi Valley as Saint Louis, are nearer the southern form than
they are to the northern.
Var. YUCATANEN8I8, «. V.
Yucatan Gray Squirrel.
Varietal chars.— Size small ; tail with hairs shorter than head and body.
Intermediate in size l)etween S. carolinensis (var carolinensis) and S. hudsonius.
Head and body 10.00; tail-vertebrsc 8.00; tail to end of hairs y.7."). Ears narrow
and pointed, in winter somewhat tufted. Pelage coarse and harsh. AI)ovc,
gray, with the middle of the back brownish ; beneath, white ; hairs of the tail
ringed with white and black.
The four specimens of this variety before me are all from Merida,
Yucatan, and were collected by Dr. A. Schottin March, 1865. They present
a remarkable degree of uniformity in coloration. Three are adult, the other
about half-grown. Their general aspect is widely different from that of any
form of S. carolinensis from the United States, but differs less from the New
Leon specinjens, referred doubtfully by Baird, in 1857, to S. carolinensis.
The pelage is very coarse, harsh, and stiff; the sides are clear ashy-gray,
unvaried with any shade of fulvous or rufous. The middle of the dorsal
region is black and light yellowish-brown, the hairs being black at base and
tip, with a broad subterminal bar of wood-brown. The tail is centrally white
below, with a well-defined line of black on either side of the median line,
traversing the middle of the basa'. white band ; on either side of the central
white area is a broad bar of black, succeeded by a broad terminal bar of
white. Each hair is thus white, with an inner narrow bar of black and a
broader outer one of the same color, with no shade of fulvous or rufous.
*
Thfli ears are much narrower and higher than in any United States form of
carolinensis, and, with the coarse pelage, ashy-gray tints of the sides, and
blackish hue of the back, varied with pale yellowish-brov.'n, together with
the small sixe, convey the impressic.n of an animal specifically distinct from
any other species of Sciurus, and I t.m far from sure that it should not be so
46 M
1-
7<)()
MONOGRAPHS OK NORTH AMEUICAN RODENTIA.
\ U I;
1^ Hi'
logardcil. Tlic mpusiireinonts given hnyond arn taken from the skins, and
socni lo indicate n form nearly as large as the S. carolinensis from the South
Allantir- and Gulf States; yet, on comparison of specimens, the feet of the
Miridii s|ieciinons prove to be much smaller, the head narrower and every
way smaller, showing in reality a much smaller animal, not much exceeding
in siz(! S. hudsonius. The New Leon specimens, however, are fairly inter-
mediate, lacking the fulvous tint of the sides seen in northern specimens, and
in general color and character of the pelage considerably approach the Merida
examples. •
De [-jaussuro describes 8. carolinensis as a Mexican species, and Tomes
gives it as inhabiting Guatemala. De Saussure's description indicates an
animal not very different from the northern 8. carolinensis, including the
fulvescent sides and centrally rufous tail. The "cauda corpore vix brevior"
and the size show the animal is not referable to 8. coUiai. This seems to
indicate the extension southward of the habitat of 8. carolinensis throughout
Mexico to Yucatan and Guatemala, its range southward being thus coexten-
sive with that of Lfpus sylvaticus, L. palusiris, and L. aquaficus.
GENERAL KEMARK8 ON 8CIUBU8 CAROLINENSIS AND ITS VARIETIES.
Differential characters. — Vars. leucotis and carolinensis cannot of
course be trenchantly defined On comparing specimens from New England
with others from Florida, representing, of course, the pxtremes of variation, the
differences between the two, both in color and size, are very striking; but, in
passing southward from Massachusetts to Florida, this wide difTerence is found
to be effected by gradual and im])erceptible steps. In New England specimens,
a large proportion arc wholly without a central dorsal area of brown; in Penn-
sylvania, Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa specimens, it is a pretty constant feature,
varying greatly, however, in extent with different individuals. In Eastern
Pennsylvania and Maryland specimens, this brownish dorsal area becomes
more extended, but the sides of the body, and generally the rump, are still
strongly washed with whitish. Carolina specimens, especially from the coast
region, strongly approach the Florida ones. The few specimens before me
from the Gulf States render it probable that the form existing there differs
little from the extreme phase lA' carolinensis as developed in Florida. The
variation in size is equally gradual, consisting of a decrease in size southward.
The dividing line between the habitats of the two forms may perhaps be
SCIDRID^— SCIURUS CAR0LINEN8IS AMD VARIETIKS.
707
considered as the vicinity of the Potomac Rivor on the Ath\ntic coast.
Probably var. leucotis occurs southward in the mountains to Georgia, while
again, in tiie Mississippi Valley, the southern boundary of its habitat sweeps
northward as far as Southern Illinois. Along the Atlantic coast, no mclanis-tic
phase of var. carolinemis has as yet been reported, but in Louisiana and
northward along the Mississippi a mclanistic phase has been said to tiecur,
forming the 5. /«/ii'j»0SM.s of Bachman.
Geographical disteidution — Tiie present species ranges enstward
along the Atlantic coast to New Brunswick, and is found thence westward
over the southern half of Maine, most parts of Vennont, New Hampshire,
and New York, most of the Saint Lawrence Valley, the southern portions of
Canada, Jilichigan,* Wisconsin, Iowa, and up tiie Missouri, at least to the
mouth of the Platte, and thence everywhere southward to the Gulf coast.
It ranges westward to the eastern border of the Plains, from Nebraska to
Texas, and apparently far into Mexico. Its northern limit of distribution
coincides very nearly with the northern boundary of the AUcghanian fauna,
aid hence very nearly with the isotherm of 44° F. Variety leucotis may be
considered as ranging southward over both the AUcghanian and Carolinian
faunae, or about to the isotherm of 56° F., where vars. Ifucotis and carolimensis
become not readily distinguishable. Var. carolinensis occupies the region
thence southward, in the United States, to the Gulf coast, and also far into
Mexico, and even apparently to Guatemala.
In the United States, it has not been reported from any locality west of
the eastern edge of the Plains or west of Texas. Thd'^pecimens from New
Leon, Mexico, are the most southern I have seen, and depart somewhat from
any of the forms met with in the United States. The descriptions of S.
carolinensis, from Mexican specimens, seem unquestionably referable to this
species, and seem to indicate that the form met with in Central and Southern
Mexico is not greatly diiferent from the form occurring in the middle portions
of tlie United States, though referred to as smaller and more fulvous.
The form I have characterized above as var. yucatanensis is possibly
specifically distinct, but, if so, has very close affinities with the New Leon
type of S. carolinensis. The four specimens of this form in the collection
are all from Merida, Yucatan. I have met with no description that Is at all
Tofenible to this form, and can hence add nothing farther respecting its range.
* Ricliardaon refers to tbo oacarrttnce of the black form on the uortburn eliorcs of Lakes Huron and
dnporior, and glres its range as extending northward to the fiftieth parallel. — {Feun. Sor.Jmer. vol. i,
leaJ, p. 19L)
r'.l
til
^W^
708
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
t mI
.1:!^
imi
( ii;
Geooraphical variation. — The principal features of geographical vari-
ntion presented by this species have already been described in characterizing
the tliree varieties kucotis, carolinensis, and yticataneims, they consisting
mainly in tiecrease in size southward and an increase in intensity of coloration,
the whitisii tips of the hairs of the dorsal surface seen in northern specimens
being replaced by yellowish-brown in the southern ones, except in the case
of var. ifucatancnsis. As happens, however, in numerous other instances, the
largest size is not reached on the Atlantic coast, but far in the interior, toward
the Upper Missouri country. Although not ranging much above the Platte, the
same influences are present, generally in le.<i8 degree, in Wisconsin and Iowa.
Thus, a series of seven specimens from Fort Des Moines, Iowa, average 1 1
inches in length of body, while a similar series from the vicinity of TDhicago,
111., fall below 10.50. A series of eleven from the vicinity of Washing-
ton scarcely reach 10.00, while Florida specimens average only about 9 50.
In respect to the Atlantic coast region, few adult skulls from north of Wash-
ington, D. C, fall below 2.40 in length, ranging from 2.35 to 2.52, while of
six skulls from the Gulf States, only one reaches 2.30, the av.jrage being
about 2.25.
Aside from the variation in color v.'ith locality already mentioned, speci-
mens from New England and Pennsylvania can generally be easily distin-
guished from those from west of the Alleghanies, especially from Ohio, Illi-
nois, and Iowa specimens, the former being of a clearer or whiter gray than
those from correspqnjling latitudes in the West. Specimens from North-
eastern Mexico are less suffused with fulvous than United States specimens,
while a still grayer type occurs in Yucatan. As already noted, in Southern
Mexico the species maintains the feature of excessive fulvous suffusion met
with in the United States.
Synonymy and nomenclature. — The earliest available specific name for
this species is cnrolinensis, given by Gmelin, in 1788, to Pennant's "Lesser
Gray Squirrel" of Carolina. Pennant's "Quadrupeds" is the only vork
cited, and the habitat is distinctly given as Carolina. In separating the spe-
cies into northern and southern races, cnrolinensis must of course be retained
as the varietal name of the southern form. In 1792, Schreber renamed the
species cinereus, his description being based on specimens from New York,
hence referring to the northern variety. The name, however, was preoccu-
pied, having been previously given by Linnseus to the Fox Squirrel. Many
n
SCIDRlUiB— SCIUltUS CAROL1NENSI8— SYNONYMY.
709
writers have, notwithstanding, npi)lied tho name cinereui to the present spe-
cies. According to Professor Baird, Ord, in 1815, gave the niuiie j>ennsiil-
vanicus to the black variety of the Gray Sqiiirn;!, though Godiinin* and suhse-
qiicnt authors have often applied to it the name niger, long previously given l)y
Linnaeus to the black phase of the Fox Squirrel. Gapper, in 1830, gave the
name leucotis to Canadian specimens of the common gray form. Tliis name
I adopt for the northern variety, from its being exclusively applicable to the
northern form. While pennmjlvanicus of Ord ha.^ fifteen years' priority over
this name, it was given to specimens from the Middle Atlantic States, and
hence from a locality bordering upon the habitat of the southern form, and con-
sequently the nam6 is not strictly applicable to the northern type us devel-
oped in the Northern and Northeiistern States and the Canadns. Audubon
and Bachman, not liking the name leucotia of Gapper, proposed, some twenty
years later, to substitute for it the name migratorius as being one far more
appropriate for the Northern Gray Squirrel. Dr. Bachman had previously
regarded the Northern and Southern Gray Squirrels as distinct species,
restricting the name carolmensis to the southern form. The name fuliginosus
of Bachman apparently refers to a dusky phase of the southern form, sup-
posed by him to be more or less common along the lower part of the Mis-
sissippi, especially in Louisiana. I have met thus far with no melanistic
specimens of the Gray Squirrel from any point south of Pennsylvania, nor
have I found any other reference to anything that can be considered as a
melanistic phase of the southern variety. The specimens from New Leon,
Mexico, referred very doubtfully by Professor Baird HI Sciurus carolinensis,
seem not to be varietally distinguishable from the southern form of this spe-
cies, and are hence here identified as referable to var. carolinensis.
Tho Sciurus carolinensis of De Saussure from Mexico seems not to
differ materially from 8. caroliuensis of the United States. "Cauda corpore
vix brevior. Supra fuscus, flavo dense tessellatus; dorso medio obscuriore,
lateribus flavescentibus", etc., applies unequivocally to S. carolinensis, and to
no other species thus far known to me. Tomes gives it from Duefias, Guate-
* Richantson (Faiiii.-Bor. Amer. i, 191) cites " Sciunu niger Say, Txid^s Expedition, vol. i, p. 262",
prribabl; from the English edition, wbioh is the one he elsewhere says he usually quotes. In the Amer-
ican edition, in the " Catalogue of the Names of Animals " met with at and on the journey to Engineer
Cantonment (vol. i, p. 37G), occurs " Scianu nigra— BXack Squirrel", but with no further remarks, and
hence nothing to indicate tho locality of its occurrence, or whether the " Black Sqnirrel " here referred to
is S. oarolinentit or a melanistic phase of one of the Fox Squirrels. In the same manner ore mentioned
" Sdnnu capittraim " and " .Scittnu oiRerma ".
:< :■!■ i
il
710
MONOGUArnS OF NOUXn AMERICAN ItODBNTIA.
mnlii, loiMnikiiig that tlio Gualcmulii specimens "difTer from the ordinary
spccinioiis of S. airolinemiH in being smaller and much more strongly tinged
with brown or rufous. There are not sufficient grounds, however, for regard-
ing them as distinct from that species, the difTerenceB being such as we
might expect to meet with." I have not, liowever, met with any s|)ecimen8
of tiiis species from Mexico, notwithstanding the large number of Mexican
Squirrels I have had the opportunity of examining.
The Sciurus deppei of Peters clearly belongs to this group, as shown by
its size, the length of the tail (with the hairs shorter than the body), and
coloration. The locality is given as "Papantia, Mexico," and the suppot«ed
species is here doubtfully referred to the southern form of S. carolinensis.
Tabi.b XVIII. — McatumiumU of iaenty-elght tpeoiment of Sciuiius carolinensis rar. leucotih.
1
o
a
u
LocaUtf.
J
From tip of noeo to—
Tall to ond
of—
Lengtb of—
G
c
S
m
•A
Bsnurka.
^
1
-1
1
f
n
1
1
1
1390
len
1130
1131
IIM
1I3S
1370
334
DM
m-i
1037
7i0
781
970
178
lei
Fort Dea Molnaa, Iowa
do ..
do
11.93
11.00
10.30
11. SO
11.00
11. CO
10.30
11.00
10.00
10.00
10.33
8.00
10. J3
10.30
10.00
11.00
10.00
10.93
0.00
laso
10.30
0.00
10.00
10.30
11.00
10. (10
10.00
0.00
8.00
7.00
3.00
T.OO
11.30
10.30
11.00
8.30
9.70
9.70
9.43
9.T0
9.80
9.30
9.63
9.40
9.65
Skin
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do. ...
...do
...do
Meaanntm *t8 ftva
Baird'a Maium.
N. Amerioo, pp.
963,903.
1
9
do
do
do
do
7.00
8L95
7.50
8.00
7.10
0.93
8.00
&00
9.00
9,30
7.50
&50
10 00
11.00
11.00
11.00
moo
19.93
19.30
11.00
11.00
13.00
10.50
11.33
do
.... do
WcttNorthtleld.Ill...
do
do
do
9
=.
1.75
1.75
9.65
9.40
9.60
9.75
9.50
9.53
9.50
9.50
9.30
9.65
S.00
9.30
9.30
9.60
9.50
9.55
9.50
3.50
... do
....do
...do
... do....
...do
....do
....do
Ft«ih
....do
Dry akin..
...do...
... do
...do
...do
Aico. akin.
lo
Detroit Mloh
9
9
ClevHlAtKi Obio
WMhlugtoii, D.C ...
do
1.17
117
8.08
3.5U
483
-IfjO
3 '8
007
i-i!):i
. do . .
d
.... do
do
. . ijo
8.00
aoo
10.00
11.00
a. SO
3.40
9.50
•i-0
.. 35
ilo
1473
do
8 00
8, Of)
11.00
11.95
10.75
10.30
2375
33M1
...In
il.i
Alcohullc .
....do. ..
"J'i-:l
m
MH 1 1
H
^Hn :
l'M«-
fli
, j-'r
|HI^
; : ;■
Wif^ ,j
■ ■ >•
"L ^P'' ■ ^
UjiK ^
|L|i|li'] j
■H
mlll
pi
'm'
ijf
^^^
8CIURIDJB— SCIUflUa OAROL1NBN818 VAR. YUOATANKNSlS. 7 I I
Tabi.k XlX.—iftxuurementtof Mrly-tlx tptetmeiu of BcWHOK oarolinhnhih mr. nAiioi.iNicNHiH."
MM
MS.1
VltJ
a04i
9015
aoM
903T
WW
W»
9066
M«T
103
M«
tm
3SI
SM
991
m
3U
3M
MT
3«8
3t»
310
3Tr
3T8
37«
380
381
381
384
389
388
SB1
hofiitj.
JwknaTUU,Vki...
do
do
do
do
DununlM's, Fl* ...
do
W«Uk*,rU
do
do
do
do
do
BawkluvUlisFU..
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
.....do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
1
From tip of
nniw lit—
Tun to enil uf.—
I.KillKth of-
t
I
t
1
I
1
i
1
1
1
S
<f
9.91
0.0O
8.00
11.00
9.45
Frwh.
«
9.40
0.00
7.75
10.45
1.35
i:i5
...do.
?
9.«
a 49
7.50
10.83
1. 45
9.45
. ilcl.
?
0.90
7. ,10
10 00
.. do.
<f
10.90
7..10
10.00
...do.
«
9.43
0.90
8.15
10.50
1.60
9..K1
do.
rf
9..M
10.90
8.00
10.50
1.15
9.40
.. do.
rf
10 00
8.95
11. UO
. do.
9
10.00
8.75
It.. 10
.. dn.
<f
10.00
8.40
0.00
..do.
4
9
0.00
0.19
7.50
7.00
'.0.00
o.ai
.. dii.
...do.
cf
10.19
O.GO
11.35
...do.
'f
9.40
9. .10
8.00
10.511
l.-W
9.15
...do.
9
9.49
0.95
6.00
0.95
1.60
9.9:1
...do.
9
1133
8.95
8.75
11.00
1. 35
9.'J9
...do.
9
9.50
0.95
8.00
0.75
1.40
9.90
.. do.
9
9. 45
8179
7.60
10.00
1.50
9.95
. . do.
rf
9.39
&00
7.60
10.00
1.50
9.05
do.
rf
9.49
0.00
7.60
10.00
1.50
9.95
..do.
rf
9.30
0.90
0.79
0.00
1.40
9.90
...do.
9
9:39
S.fO
8100
10.00
1.40
a. 15
...do.
d
9.49
0.00
&90
10.75
1.45
9.90
...do.
J
9.90
10.00
aoo
10.50
1.49
9.37
...do.
<t
9.35
8.79
aoo
11.00
L49
9.95
..do.
(f
9.40
0.00
aoo
10 C9
1.45
9.99
...do.
<t
9.39
e.tu
7.05
0.79
1.49
9.30
...do.
J
9.40
o.uo
7.50
0.50
1.45
9.39
..do.
<f
9.40
0.15
7.65
10.10
1.45
9.99
.. do.
9
9.38
0.95
a 15
10.73
1.49
9.90
..do.
<f
9.40
0.00
7.90
10.50
l.,V)
9.40
.. do.
<S
9.90
9.75
a 15
10.95
1. 95
9.39
...do.
<f
9.40
0.00
7.75
10.95
1.40
9.M
...do.
d-
9.40
8.75
7.05
0.60
1.55
9.20
...do.
.9
9.50
10.15
re.-;
10.35
I.C5
9.45
...do.
rf
9.40
aoo
7.31
10 10
i.eo
9.15
...do.
* The muniremante given In this table were all taken tram speolmens in tho fleiih and were nearly all made by
myeelf In the field. They are here quoted from my " Mammola and Winter Birds of Enat Florida". (See Bull. Mns. Comp.
Zoai. vol. 11, p. 177.)
Tablk XX. — Meaaur«menU of three apedmens of SciURUS garolinrsis var. yucatanknsis.
j
%
■ I
Looalitj.
i
From tip of no«e to—
Tall to end
of-
Length of—
I
s
■3
i
^
1
!
i
1
1
1
d
1
g
5
89C
83«
19 998
19 908
0 «W
Hiirld>, Tnnttin
<t
0.83
a80
0.80
1.69
1.70
L90
1.05
900
S.05
10.00
0.00
laso
7.95
7.50
a50
0.99
9..'«
io.su
1. .i5
l.ii
1.90
9.05
1. 05
9.10
0.50
O.O.!
0..1fl
Skin
..do.
..do.
do
do
9
It
N
^.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
>ii lii |Z2
Ui
lit
I;
I
U£ 12.0
U ill 1.6
^
y
/a
^^
'/
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WiST MAIN STRIIT
WIBSTH.N.Y. MSN
(716)872-4503
'^
w
\
ii
712 MONOGUAPH8 OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Tablk X\i.—Mc<uuremenl$ n/ tighlrrn tlrnltt qf 8CIUHU8 CAROLINBN8I8 rur. LKL'COTIS.
Locality.
I !
tlliC
(il67
fM
■llOi
16M
IlMI
I9U
vm
3137
814S
MT
liSl
1344
1808
mill ! Grt'ensburii, Po
giii:i ilo
do
do
do
Ctaraler Coanty, P«
do
C«rll»le,P»
Wublogton, D. C
do
do
do
do
Ottawa Rivor, CumI* ..
CIoTcUod. Ohio
IUoino,Wia
do
do
S.40
1.4}
tm
t.41
a. 3}
%m
8.44
a. 38
8.40
137
(.40
g.40
i.44
9L3.1
9.96
1.37
1.40
1.39
1.49
1.33
i.:u
1.33
1.40
1.37
1.33
1.33
1.30
1.3«
1.40
l.3>
1.33
l.M
1.49
0183
aM
0.83
0. n
0.83
*|
It
•a u> o *
0.70
O.IW
0.H0
0. VJ
OdO
an
0.111
o.«
0.78
0.M
083
&u
0.7rt
a«i
0.81
0 17
0.81
o.«
a78
0 81
a 81
0.83
080
0.18
0.tl
a IS
a 81
an
bN
ai«
0.77
a 19
0.1-0
0 89
OM
0.M
a 83
0 73
IP. 73
a 74
a7s
0 70
ain
1.83
1.90
1.83
1.88
1.93
1.83
1.94
0 40
U. 41
0 40
a3t>
0 48
0311
0 40
i
-I
AS
o
u
o»j
0.8:1
11.91
0.98
0 89
0 80
0 83
If
0 4.1
a 49
0 43
0 4i
O 4.->
0 41
0 38
a e
0. IW
o:iii
089
090
Okii
0 93
1.37
I.. 17
1.41
1. :I4
1.3-.
1.34
1.30
1.34
1.40
1.40
1.3S
1.39
1.34
1.33
TAtiLK XXlL—UeaturtmeHlt of fixt »k»lU of SciUHts carounexsis var. CAROLUfBNHig.
1800
1807
T908
LooaUtj.
Prairia Msr Bon|l^ La .
do
WaihloKton Co., Tex . .
DrookbavpD, Htaa
do
9:99
9.89
ft93
9.31
9.93
3
I
I
o
L39
1.30
1.30
1.30
a 78
0 74
a73
077
O'll
a90
a -JO
a90
018
090
If
I
p
1.13
i
i
*
a73
n.'o
0 78
ati8
0. C3
a<n
0 03
a-.o
aT3
an
a7»
an
0 70
a 73
1.33
1.37
0 73
oeo
1.
1.97
1.86
1.31
i.:o
0 79
0 76
073
079
0 79
SClDKlD.ff!— 801UED8 GAROLINENSIS VAR. LBDCOTI8.
713
Tadlk XXIII.— tbf of tftcXmttit examined of Sciuiiits caiiolinkssis ear. Lr.(;c<>TlN,
•s
1
B
0
a
si
•1101
•MM
•l«S
im
•ISIt
•38«1
*I3I3
•IJM
-VM
•uie
'IM7
•1318
•UM
•1390
•lUI
■i.-na
■I3»
UM
•1309
'UM
•I9t)
•un
•1180
•im
•MOD
•««o
•148
•SOS
•Oil
OM
l«3T
««
itn
4n4
i
a
« —
? M
8 *
i
s
Q
1
-a
1
§
1
1.
LocoUtj.
Whan
oollpclrd.
Kromwhoui rt>.
t'i'lvcd.
Collurlwl hy-
Akobollo. ...
Skin
...do
Alc«l»Uc
Skin
Alooholio
Skin
Itimiarka,
BUoklah.
BiKk.annaUted
Mow.
Ambcnt.K.H...
Calali,lla
R.B.Mrllondy
a.A.Uoardmaii
tlo
A.II.IIrlleody
U.A.Uoatdniaii
...do
J.C.RIrli....
B D.Venlll..
...do
L.AKaaal< ..
....do
..do
...("«
...do
..do
...do
...do
...do
....do
CptaD,Mo
Kurway.Ua
J.O.Klch ...
auVfiTiii
do
....do
L.A(a<oia ...
...do
....do
...do
.. do
.. do
..do
.. do
...do
..do
....do
....
.. do
do
...do
...do
...do
..do
do
.. do
....
..do
.. do
.. do
..do
...do
do
"
.. do
..do
.. do
...do
.. <h
do .
.. do
..do
....do
...do
..do
...do
...do
do
..do
...do
...do
....do
...do
do
.. do
. do
...do
....«lo
....do
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
...do
...do
...<lo
...do
...do
.. dii
...do
..do
...do
...do
..do
... do
...do
.....lo
C.J.MayiMrd.
...do
.. do
Walwtown, Maaa
NfiwlmTmr.llaaa.
Coiioonl,>bM ...
Wortblnntno, Maaa
8alnt Lawnsooa
Connly.N.r.
MkldMion', Maaa
.. do
Jnii«M,le«3
..do
C.J.Maynard
. . ilo
n.Maan
W.H.UIIaa .
J. 8. Foley...
.r.W.P.Jonk^
...do
8. F. Baltd ..
...do
R.U Walker.
Mia La Conte
F.Oowan
....do
n.Manu
W. H. Milea .
J. a Foley ...
J.W.P.jM.k.
.. do
8. F. Baird ..
...do
Alooholic
..do
.. do
Skin
Oct. S7, less
Sprlag, IBM
Sept. M8M
..do
...do
...do
CMlialF.Pa
....4o
ei«
«i«
«iei
S163
aic4
MM
Sl«1
4l01
4«I8
■10
»4M
SIM
9
9
9
?
Allanheajr Co., Pa
PaanayWaola f . . .
OrMnabnric, Pa .
....do
lLL.Walket.
lflO'L«G<llt«
F.Oowan
..do
....do
...do
....do
...do
....do
...do
Or.B.UIehner
.. do
^ F. Baltd...
.. do
...do
..do
Skull
.. do
.. do
....do
..do
...do
.. do
....do
. iio
...do
.. do
...do
...do
....do
....do
.. do
...do
.. do
....4o
..do
...,do
Dr.K.MIchDor
...do
B.F. Baltd...
...do
...do
Carilalo, P>
...do
...do
....do
...do
... do ..
...do
... do
....do
•laUiMoniof CoBpwmUn ZoWogy. Cambridga, Maw
I ■'■>'
f
1
H:,
m
J;ijj
B
ii 1
1
1
1
M
714
MONOORArHS OF KORTH AMERICAN KODBNTIA.
Tablk XXIII. — Litt of uptoimait examinrd of Rciuhus caholinrnhih car. ucucoris— CoDtinned.
1
s
h
387
4U
486
I3»3
MU
98M
380
sm
189
181
180
8116
960
»T0
9W
TM
Til
na
731
7M
TiS
7M
Ttl
■m
•m
10S7
1301
ITT
183
176
084
im
196
097
3S7
330
331
1116
1197
1108
B
a
a
is
i-8
M
s
s
a
1
%
H
if
J
<f
<f
I,<H'jillly.
PennRjIvnula f . . . .
When
oollectad.
Ffom whom re.
oeWed.
Collrcted by—
o
s
Beaarka.
4734
I0S3
NatlOallary..
S.F. Balrd ..
.. do
.. do
...do
B F. Bain)
.. do
...do
.. do
O.Dreilor . .
J.K.ToWBMod
M.UeDooa)d..
gkall
BUek.
aboTO aad bo-
low.
Daoky.
...do.
Wwhingum. D. C
.. do
. ilo
Oct. 99,!8i9
Jan. 31, less
Jan. 31, 18SS
Winter, 1896
Skin and ekall
Skin
.. do
900S
....
.. do
. do
Bkinaadakall
Skin
<f
. do
...do
.. do
KoT. — , 18S4
...do
.. do
...do
1096
1697
9937
7007
607
...
...do
... do
S.F. Baird...
...do
...do
do
8 F. Baird .
...do...
.. do
.do
Skull
.. do
...do
...do
...do ;
...do
CleveUnd.OSiia ...
Bockport, Oblo...
...do
J. P. Kirtland
...do
J. P Kirtland
...do
..do
R Kennloott ..
...do
..do
...do
...do
....do
gkin
...do
...ilo
MonntCuroll, III.
Union Connty, III
WMtNonbfl«ld,III
...do
...do
...do
Oct 96,ie64
Sept. — , I8SS
8ep(.9S,18SS
Sept. — , I8SS
Spring, 1699
Spring, 18SS
Bpriug, 18SS
Spring, IgSS
Spring, 18»
Spring, 18SS
Spring, IRSS
Spring, 18S5
Spring, 1898
Spring, 18SS
R. Kennloott..
...do
..do
...do
•■*>
..do ....
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
.. do
...do
.. do
...do
...do
..do
...do
..do
...do *... .
...do
...do
...do
...do
.do
...do
do
...do
.. do
do
..do
..do
....do
. do
.. do
...do
do
....do
...do
CkTeUod, Ohio ..
Chicago, III
....do
S.r. Baiid...
B. Kennloott..
....do
CFbi
....do
..do
...do
aF. Baird...
B. Konaloolt . .
.. do
SknU
Skin
....do
Blaek.
....do.
Oray.
Blaek.
Blaek.
1966
9
...do
0^lMeI•I^VIoh..
C. Foi
...do
....do
Skin and aknU
sua
....do
I>otroU,Hloh
.. do
Dr.P.B.Boy..
. do ... .
Dr. P. R. Boy.
.. do
...do
....do
....do
....do
do
...do
.. do
. do
...do
.. da
....do
...do
...do
....do
....do
...do
....do
....do
....do
..do
1908
1900
1990
1931
....
9
9
...do
...do
....do
...do
...do
8.F. BnlM ..
do
B. F. Balrd ..
do
gkall
. do
...do
A.C.Ba>TT ..
do
A.C Barry
. do
...do
do
. ir,
Fort Dm U..um,
Iowa.
. . ilo
,1893
,18SS
,1899
W.B.Moon..
...do
....do
W.X.lIooie..
....do
...do
gkin
...do..
...do
....do
ll)J [
BOJDRID^— 8C1URU8 OAROLiyBNSIS VAK. 0AROLINBN8I8. 715
TiBLB XXni.— £<«l o/ tptcimtnt txamtned of SciURCS caroukrnru rar. LBCcnn* — Contlnned.
IIM
tut
tm
lUt
IIS
IIM
IU»
IIM
1«M
IMS
MM
l«T
MM
UM
LooaUty.
Fort Dm Moinaa,
Iowa.
...do
.do.
..do.
....*o
...do
Mat Looti, Mo .
....do
ladapasdaaea, llo.
lUanari
....do
...do
LesTaawottii, Mo
MtCnak, K«a..
...do
Month or Pktto. .
Whn
oolleoiod.
Dae. — , IMS
Dao. — ,tM5
Dao. — , IMS
Dae. — ,IMS
Dae. -,IHS
Dae. -, I8U
Dae. — ,I8SS
Jan. M,IMS
M*rM,18S1
Mar H,i837
Mar M, IRST
Apr. M, leST
From whom ra-
oelrad.
W.B. Moore..
...do
...do
... do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Dr.Oeo.Batal-
Dr.J.O.Ueopar
Dr. P. R. H07
...do ,
U.D.N.Coaoh
Ltr.T.BrTaa
Collaotad by-
W.X.Moon..
..do.
..do.
do.
.do.
...do
Dr.aao.Eacrl-
....do
Dr.J.O.Ceopar
Dr.P.&Hoj
....do
... do
I,t.D.K.Cooali
W.B.Wood
...do
Skin.
do
do
do
do
SkiaaadekuU.
8Ua
do
de
...do.
....do.
...do.
...do.
BknU..
sua...
... do.
....do.
...do.
...do.
Tabu XXIV.— £<«< (tf qMo<awN« cMniiwd nf SoiaBDS CAROUMBifBis wht. oakoumbmsm.
1
1
1
1
LoeaUty.
Wkan
oollaatad.
From whoa
raoatrad.
OoUaetadbr-
Nataraofapeo-
Bamuka.
MM
QMS
MM
Mn
MM
MM
i«n
i«m
UM
»■
9
Dr.]I.Oo«aa ..
..do
Or.KCooaa...
....do
gkia
In Mat. Mnaania.
da
...do
....do
. do
... do
....do
do
..do
....do
....do
....do
....do.
..do
....do
....do
to
....da
....do
....do
....do
....do
da
Tarban'.V.O
. do
J.L.Biidcw-
....do
J.L.lMd(ar..
....do
....do
... da
....do
...da
do
....do
do
do
....da
Ohar)«tim 1^ 0
r8.Hel(aa...
M^|.J.Laeaiita
Or.JOMa
atChwrlaaOol.
Ian.
....da
F. 8. nolma. . . .
....do
...da
UbartyConBtr.Oa.
Mv->ltM
Mat.J.LaeoBta
Bkoll
da
nsi
dm
«IM
MM
...do
....da
Omd Oataao. La. ..
StChailaaGol.
lata.
... do
Bkla
da
....do
....do
....da
... do
....do
....do
....do
....da
716
MONOGRAPHS OF NOBTO AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
Taiilk XXIV.— U(( eif tpeciwunt tiaminti of Scit:iii.'H cahounkmkis rar. rAiioiJNKNBm— Coiitinnttl.
■h; : I
1 Wi ■
\m
liH
if i
•J
us
lUl
MM
1145
MM
SU3
MM
«1U
MM
MS7
(198
MM
«l«
«1<I
MM
Mn
S4M
84U
3M
xn
lan
IMS
IM*
IKI
8XM
em
LovaUty.
Pnlrle Her Ronge,
do
do
.do
do
do
do
. ..do
....do
BraokbiTaa, Ulu
...do
...do
WuhlngUmCo., Tei
JftokoonvtUe, VU. . .
..do
Hlb«niU,FU
...do
...do
WeUki,na
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
JukKiiTlU«,FU ..
...do
...do
New Leoo, Mnloo.
...do
Whrn
collrotiMl,
J*D. S3,IM>
Ju. 83,1869
Jul. 30, IMS
Jul. 30, leoe
Jsn. 30, 1800
Fob. «, I8SS
FnU 0, le«9
Feb. 0, IM>
Feb. 6 IN9
Feb. e.lM9
Feb. <,1E«R
Feb 6, liMO
Feb. «, IMS
Feb. «, 1809
Feb. Men
Feb. «,ieil9
Jan. -, leak
Ju. — ,ieso
Jan. — , 1809
Apr. — , 1833
Apr. -, 1893
From whom re
celvLil.
UJaa-Fatrie
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
T.J. B. Knnaii
...do
Dr.O.LlaoMam
Allen It Marojr
...do...
...do....
...do...
...do.-...
..do...
...do ...
...do....
. do...
...do...
...do....
...do...
...do....
...do ....
...do....
..do ...
...do ....
LtD.N.Cooob
...do
Collected by—
LtJaa.m>rle
..do.
..do.
..do.
do.
.do.
..do.
..do.
T.J. R Keuaa
...do...
...do...
Dr.O.LInceenB
Allen * Marey
...do...
...do...
...do...
...do.
...do
...do.
...do
...do...
...do...
...do...
...do...
...do...
...do...
...do...
...do ...
...do...
LkD.N.Cooob
...do...
Nalore (if epeo.
Imen.
Skin.
...do
...do
8Uu and aknil
...do
BkoU
...do
...do.
...do.
...do.
Skin..
...do.
...do.
..do.
...do.
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
Skin and aknll
«kln
Raaarka.
la Nat. Mawnm.
..da
..do.
..do.
..ia.
..do.
..do.
...do.
...dOL
...da
In Una. Uooip. Ziwl
...do.
...da
...da
...do.
...da
...do.
...da
...da
...da
.da
...da
...da
...da
..da
...da
In Nal. Mnaenn.
...da
Table XXV.— £<«< <tf qxdawiu enmiMd nf Sciords caroukbnsis rar. ydcatakknsi*.
BiM. ■ lii.
8309 «S8
8303
Locality.
Merida, Tacatan .
do
do
do
When
collected.
Mar., 1803
Mar. 3,1803
— - —.1803
,1809
From whom raoelred.
Joo6 Salour Llarregnl .
do
....do
do
CoUeetod bj-
Dr.A.Bohott..
...do
Skin.
...do.
da
.Q
iLi'
SCIUIIII)^— SOIUUIJS NIQBR
SCIURUS NIGER Linn.
Foi Bqnirrrl.
Var. n;oek. ,
Boutbern Fox Squirrel.
Munu nigir Catesby, Carolina, ii, 174S, 73, pi. Ixxlll.-LiNNiBrs, 8y»t. Nat. 1, 1758, H4; I, 1760, m
(bued on Cktesby's " Black SqHirrtl" of Catenby'i Carolina).— Erxi.p.bkn, SyHt. Vvg. Anim.
1777, 417.— SciiRKDER, SSnget. iv, KOS, 776, pi. ooxv, ccxv*.- Shaw, Oeu. Zoul. ii, 1801, 1.19.—
"Ord, anthrie'* Geog. (2d Ani.ed.) il, 1815, %)«."— Desmarkst, Ham. ii, 1822, 334.— Lkhhon,
Han. de Ham. 1827, 235.- Alle-v, Bull. Ung. Comp. Zool. ii, 1871, 176.— Hayh ard, Dull.
Ewez Inst, iv, 1872, 145.
SclHnu etnereut var. nifer AlXEN, Proo. Boat. 8oo. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 287.
Selunu tttriegaliu Erxlkben, Syst. Heg. Aniiu. 1777, 421 (mixed with Uexioan species),— Omrlin, Hyut.
Nat. i, 1788, 161 (in part),— ScnHEBER, SUnget. iv, 1792, 789, pi. ocviii (in part ; tlie plate is
Bnffon'a Coqnallin).— Uesmarrst, Ham. 1832, 333.— Fischer, Synop. Mam. 1829, 352 (in
part).— ScniNZ, Synop, Mam ii, 1845, 17 (in part); and also of other compilers.
Sdtinu tulplaiu Oheun, Syst. Xat. i, 1788, 147.— Ooduan, Am. Nat. Hist, ii, 1826, 128.— M'Murtrib,
M'Hnrtrie's Cnvier (Am, ed,) i, 1831, 4.13.— Baird, Mam. N. Am. 1837, 246.
Macroxt* mlpiniu Gray, Aun. and Hog. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 420.
Soiunu capiilralut Boso, Ann. dn. Hus^nm, i, 1802, 281.— DK8MAREST, Mam. ii, 1822, 332.— IIarlan, Fann.
Anier. 1835, 175.— Lesson, Han. de Ham, 1827, 232,— H. Smith, GrifBth'a Cnvier's An, King,
ill, 1827, 178 (with plate); v, 1837,253. -Fischer, Synop. Ham. 1829, 351,— BaCHMan, Proc.
Zo5l. 8<>c. Lond. 1835, 85; Churleswortb's Hag. Nat. Hist, ill, 1839, 117; Am. Jonrn. Sol.
and Arte, xxxvii, 1839, 391.— WaONER, Snppl. Schreber'a Siingot. iii, 1843, 156, pi. ccxiii B
(gray variety— no description).— Schinz, Synop. Ham. ii, 1845, 5. — Audubo.s St Bachman,
Qnad. N. Am. ii, 1851, 132, pi. Ixviii.
fMunu njlrmtrli M'Mitrtrir's Cnvier's An. King. (Am. ed.) i, 1831, 433.— Schinz, Synop. Ham. ii, 1845, 6.
8c(»r»» taiMMi Bachman, Pioo. Zo5I. Soo. Lond. 1838, 86; Chorlesnortb's Hog. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839, 154;
Silliman's Am. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts, xxxvii, 1839, 295.
L» CapMrale, V. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Ham. livr. xxvii, 1819 (pitte and text).
Capitlrule grU. F. CuviER, IliRt. dvs Uamm. livr. xiviii, 1835 (plato nud text).
Black Squirrtl, Catesby, Pennant, and others.
Lt Coqiullin, BuFFON, Hist. Nat. xiii, 1765, 109, pi. xiii (description and Bgnra).
Var. CINEBBU8.
Northeri Fox Bqalrrel.
Seimnu dnttnu LiNNJCUB, Syst, Nat. i, 1758,64; i, 1766, 86.- Erslrben, Syst. Reg. Anim. 17r7, 418.—
Omkun, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 147.— Schrbbbb, SSnget. iv, 1793, 766, ccxiii (name on plate).—
Shaw, Oen. ZoSI. ii, 1801, 137.— Oodman, Am. Nat. Hist, ii, 1826, 129,— H. Smith, Griffith's
Cnvier, iii, 1837, 177 > ▼, 1827, 253.— M'HuRrniE, H'Mnrtrio's Cnvior (Am. rd.), i, 1831, 433.—
Bachman, Proc. ZoSI. Soo. Lond. vi, 1838,89; Cbarlesnorth's Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839, 159;
Silliman's Amer. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts, xxxvii, 1839, 397. — WaOner, Snppl. Schreber's Siiuget,
ill, 1843, IftH— Schinz, Synop. Ham, ii, 1845,7,- Aodubon dt Bachmai<, Quad, N.Am, i, 1849,
146, pi. xvii.-BAiRD, Ham. N. Am. 1857, 248, pi. xlvtii, tig, 3 (skall).— Aubn, Ball. Has.
Comp. Zo6l. i, 18(10, 233.
Sdurui dasrmis var. etaovos Allen, Proc. Bast. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 287.
BoiiirM rulpinii$ SciiREBRR, SUnget. iv, 1793, 773, pi. cozv, B.
aeiant tirgiHianiu, Kerr's Linnana's Syst. Nat. 369, 1792.
f" Marw hitmaUi Quo, Guthrie's Geog. (2d Am. ed.) ii, 1815, 29!<, 304."
f Jfocnnw nfgkoliu Orav, Ann. and Hog. Nat Hist. 3d ser, xx, 18(17, 42S.
Capittrale A loMgue q»ttir, F. CuviER, Hist, des Ham. livr. Iv, 1836.
Fiu Sq»irret, Cat Squirrtl, VuLOO, and uf authors.
i; Ii
— -t'^-i! v\^ *
i^'^S:*^'»?*i-«i;.%^ , ,;v .
I ill
,i
|!^l;'
i ;,;.
P '
; .'&i:
'
1 ».VI
'1
■'«■;■
■1'
Mi
' ■■■•
l\
■ 11
I '.:
'■J: !*
718
MONOOKAI'HS OF NORTH AMKHICAN RODENIIA.
Vur. LUDOVICIAMUB.
Wettern Fox Sqilrrel.
&!<iini< IiMi0F<nlaiiiM CCfrnit, Barton'a Mini, nnd Vby: Joiirn. Ii, 1806, 43 (from R«l River nf " Lonliiito* ").—
Hari.an, Faun. Ainer. l&ia, IH6.— H. Hnitii, QrilHtb'a Cavliir'ii Au. KiDk- v, 1(07, i{54.— Lvs-
• SON, Man. d« Mam. 1827, 334.— KiscHKli, gyiiop. Mam. 1899, 351.— lUlRU, Mam. N. Am. 1857,
i»l.— tToMKH, Proc. Zo5l. Soo. Ixind. 1861, 881 (CmU Rica).— Haydkn, Traa*. Am. Tbll. Boo.
I'bila. xii, IMCI, 144. Allbn, Proo. BiMt. One. Nat. Iliit. ztil, 18X0, 188.
Seiurui ludovieiantu var. alrowntrU Enoclmann, Trani. Aoad. Boi. St. Louii, i, 1869, 339 (melaniitio).
Soiunu eiiierrtu var. hdoviaUinu* AlJJtN, Proo. Boat. Boo. Nat. Hltt. xvl, 1874, 387.
Maenxiu Imfariolamit Gray, Add. aod Ma^. Nat. Hist. 3d ^r. xi, 1807, 43(1.
^MriM njirfnier " Okofvroy, Mu«. Par." ; Nodt. Diot. d'Hiit. Nat. z, 103.— Dmmarut, Ham. ii, 1839,
333.— Harlan, KaDO. Amer. 1835, 170 (New Orleaoa).— Lemon, Mud. de Mam. 1837, 333.—
KidcilKR, Synop. Ham. 1831), 351.— BctiiNZ, Synop. Ham. ii, 1846,6 (tpeoimen ftom Hi«-
•onri).— Uaximiuan, Wiegm. Arab. f. Nntarg. 1861, 70.
Sei»nu macroiura Bay, Lontt** Kxped. R. Mto. i, 1833, 115 (Kaniai).
Sciwrui mooroariu! DouoiiTY, Cab. Nat Hiat. i, 1830, 365, pi. zxlll.— " F. CcTnut, Bnppl. Bnfun't Hint. Nat.
i, Mam. 1831, 397."
MariM iH4oroiirni» Oodhan, Am. Nat. HiHt. ii, 1896, 134.— WooDnoDSK, Sltgivavea'a Cctl. and ZnDI Riv-
en, 185,3, 63.
SciitrHt magnioatuUttui Harlan, FaOD Amer. 1835, 178.— H. Bmitb, Oriffltb'i Cavier*! An. King. 1837, 355.—
Lrskon, MaD. de Ham. 1837, 835.— Fischkr, Synop. Mam. 1839, 361.- Bachman, Proo. ZoSI.
Boc. Load. 1838,88; Cborlvawortb'i Hag. Nat. Hiat. ill, 18%, 156; Bllllmon'a Am. Jonm.
Sci. oDd Art«, xxxvil, 1839, 806 — Waonkr, Sappl. Bobreber'a Biinget. lii, 1843, 166.— BcniHZ,
ByMop. Ham. ii, 1845, 11.— Khnnicoit, U. S. Pat. Off lirp. Agr. 1866 (1857), 66, pi. vl.
Sdiirut ratanraiaa Bacbman, Proo. Zo6l. Soo. Lond. 18:<H, 87 ; Ch»< ^et. fortb'a Mag. Nat. Hiat. ill, 1H30,
155; Billiman'a Am. Journ. Boi. and Arte, xxxvii, 1639, S95.— Waohbr, Bappl. Bobreber'a
Siiuget. lii, 1843, 164.— Audubon St, Bacuman, Quad. N. Am. il, 1861, 07, Ivlii.
Sciunu aNrfakoai Bacbk^n, Proo. ZrSI. Boo. Lond. vl, 1838, 97 (Lonialaoa ; dnaky variety) ; Cbarleawortb'a
Mag. Nnt. Hiat. lii, 1639, 378.— Waonkr, Suppl. Bobreber'a SSugot. ill, 1843, 183.— SCHINZ,
Syoop. Mam. Ii, 1H45, 13.- Auoi'BCN A, Bacrman, Quad. N. Am. lii, 1854, 860, pi. olii, fig. 8.
Sciunt tKxidtnlalU Audubon A. Bachman, Jonrn. Aood. Nat. Bci. Pbilo. vili, 1948, 317.
Scinru* ruiieatulatk$ Audubon A. Bacbman, Quad. N. Am. ii, 1851, 30, pi. Iv.
SeluTiit Mjf< Audubon & Bachman, Qoad. N. Am. ii, 1851, 374, pi. Ixxxix.
SciMTui Hmitii Haihd, Proc. .load. Nat. Boi. Pbilo. vii, 1855, 331 ; Mam. N. Am. 16.'>7, 856 (Texaa ; Immatnre).
Vur. CINERKUS.
• Northern Fox Squirrel.
Varietal chars. — Length of body 12 to 13 inches, varying from 11 to 14
or rilore ; tail-vertebrse about 10, varying from 9 to 11 ; tail to end of hairs 12,
varying from 1 1 to 14. Color variable, but with the nose and ears generally con-
color with the dorsal surface Commonly whitish-gray above, yellowish-white
below, with the edges and under surface of the tail fulvous, varying to rufous.
Often with a fulvous or rufous cast above, and strongly fulvous or rufous
below. Varies to dusky above, with the ventral surface, legs, and feet
blackish or black. Maryland ond Virginia specimens are rather larger,
grading into var. niger, with generally the tail more ferruginous.
0( this variety, called by them the Cat Squirrel, Audubon and liachmun
nit
SCIURID^-aCIURDS NIGER VAR. NIOER.
719
sny : — "Perhaps none of our Squirrels are subject to greater varieties of color
(luin the present; we have seen specimens in (formerly) Peale's Museum, of
every tint, from light-gray almost to Hack. Tw(» others that came under
our observation were nearly white We have represented in the
plate three of these Squirrels, all of different colors, but the varieties of tint
to be observed in different specimens of the Cat Squirrel are so great that
among fifly or more perhaps, we never could find two exactly alike; for
which reason we selected for our drawing an orange-colored one, a gray one,
and one nearly black."*
In general, var. cinereus is smaller than var. niger, and may be distin-
guished from it by the absence of a distinctly white nose and white ears.
This, however, is an arbitrary character, since specimens, particularly from
Maryland and Virginia, have the nose and ears only grayish rather than
whitish, with sometimes the ears not lighter than the surrounding surface.
Florida specimens of var. niger, on the other hand, have the nose merely
grayish, and the ears not lighter than the back, while the grayish nose-patch
is small, and sometimes almost wholly restricted to the sides of the nose.
Habitat. — Atlantic States from Virginia northward to Southern New
York and Southern New England ; ranges farther southward i«t the AUegha-
nies, perhaps to Georgia.
Var. NiOEB.
Southern Fox Squirrel.
Varietal chaus. — Larger; length of body generally about 13.50, ranging
from 12 to 15. Tail-vertebrse about II, ranging from 10.25 to 12.50; tail to
end of hairs 14, ranging from 14 to 16. Color variable, but with the nose and
ears whitish, usually in strong contrast with the rest of the dorsal surface.
Color generally gray above (rather darker than in var.cinereua), whitish beneath,
with the tail whitish beneath and on the edges. Varies to more or less fulvous
and rufous phases, but more frequently to dusky and black. Oflen with only
the feet, legs, and lower surface black. In the dusky varieties, the head
(except the nose and ears) is oflen intense black. Sometimes with the under
parts rufous, and often with the whole pelage mixed dusky and rufous, or
with the limbs and head black, and a narrow black dorsal and ventral band.
Equally variable in color with the preceding, from which it is to be commonly
II
* Qaadrapedt of North America, vol. i, pp. 146, 147.
720
MONOOUAIMI8 OF NOKTO AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
(liHtiiiguiHhcd Ity its white or whitinli noso nnd curH. Of the dozen or more
spccinumH licfiirc iiic, cnch difTors widely from nny of the others.
IIaiiitat. — South Atluntic and Gidf Stnteo, from Mnryhind to Loui8iana.
Vor. LUD0VICIANU8.
Wextern Fox Squirrel.
Varietal ciiaks. — Smaller than the |ireccding, about equaling in size var.
cinereun; length of hody 12 to 13, ranging from 11 to 14 or more; tail-vcrtebne
9.75, ranging from 8.50 to 10.50; tail to end of Imira 12 50, ranging from 11
to 13 50. Color less variable than in vars. cinerrun and niger. Above, dusky-
gray, with a (strong rufous suiTusion ; ears, feet, and ventnd surface fulvous,
varying to bright ferrugineous. The whole under parts are occasionally black
or mixed black and rufous, the hairs being annulated with these colors.
Never api>arcntly wholly black, nor with the under surface pure white.
This variety is much more constant in its coloration than either of the
two preceding, the principal variations being to dusky, annulated with rusty
l>eneath, or with the whole ventral surface black. The cars are generally
rufous, in strong contrast with the color of the dorsal surface ; the feet and
whole lower parts arc generally rufous, varying somewhat in intensity in dif-
ferent individuals from the same locality. The upper parts vary from a dusky
fcrrugineous-gray to a lighter gray, scarcely distinguishable from that of the
reddish-gray type of var. cinereus from Pennsylvania. There is, however, a
considerable amount of geographical variation in color, mainly through a
great increase in the intensity of the rufous coloring of the ventral surface
southward.
The palest s|)ecimens are from the eastern edge of the Plains, — Fort
Randall, Dak. Ter. ; Kiowa Agency, Ind. Ter. ; Guadeloupe and Fort Chad-
bourne, Tex., — some of which are nearly white below and much lighter above
than examples from other localities. The most rufous come from the Missis-
sippi Valley, particularly from the southern portion. The specimens from Ohio
arc rather lighter than those from Illinois, while the series from Fort Des
Moines, Iowa, inclines strongly toward the more southern type of coloration.
No. 7768, from the Republican Fork, is white below, with merely a faint
tinge of fulvous, which becomes somewhat stronger on the chin atid throat.
The up|ier parts are about as in specimens from the upper part of the Missis-
sippi Valley. No. 11348, from Fort Randall, is also nearly white over the
SCIURIDiR— SCIU11U8 NHJKIl AND VAHIHTIKH.
721
ventral surface, passing into fulvotm nntcriurl}-, and in olso niiieli lighter nliove
tlmn 8|>eciineii8 from Northern Illinois. No. 7773, from Sioux City, lown, is
also pnle whitisli-fulvous holow an<l light uhovc. Specimens from Northern
Illinois urc also very pale fulvous IxMieatli, lighter gray ai»ovc. Fort I)es
Moines specimens are consitlerubly brighter helow than are those from North-
eastern Illinois and adjoining portions of Michigan, more approaching the
southern type of coloration. In a large series of specimens from Siiint Louis,
Mo., the ventral surface is strongly rufous, and tlie dorsal surface is of a dark(>r
gray. In others, from Prairie Mer Rouge, La,, tlie under ports are «l(!ep
orange, with a perceptible further darkening of the color above. We have
hence a gradual transition in the color of the under parts from pale yellowish-
white, through pole fulvous, deep fulvous, and ferrugincous, to bright reddish-
orange, in passing from the Plains and the more northern localities to the
swampy region of the Lower Red River in Louisiana. While the upper
parts show a less striking change in depth of color, there is a correspondent
darkening of the dorsal surface through the larger amount of black and the
brighter tint of rufous.
Habitat. — The whole region drained by the Mississippi River and its
tributaries, and that bordering the Missouri as far northward as Southern
Dakota, extending westward along the wooded streams into the Plains. In
other words, from tlie AUeghanies on the east (where it meets the range of
vars. cinereuM and niger) to the eastern jjortion of the Plains on the west, and
from the Great Lakes, Minnesota, and Dakota on the north, to the Gulf coast
and the highlands of Mexico on the south. Its iiabitat is hence far more
extended than that of either dnereus or niger, and includes a far greater range
of climatic conditions.
i
GENERAL BEHABK8 ON SCIURUS NIGER AND ITS VARIETIES.
Differential characters. — As already stated, var. dnereus differs from
var. niger mainly in being rather smaller, and in having, as a rule, the nose
and ears no' white, or not strongly contrasting in color with the rest of the
dorsal surface. Audubon and Bachman, and also Professor Baird, refer to the
longer and more pointed ears of var. niger, but, judging from the specimens
before me, this is not a very appreciable character. That such should be the
case would be only in accordance with the law of the enlargement of periph-
eral }>arts southward, so oflen exemplified in other Mammals. The more
4C M
722
MUNUOItAPUS OF NOIITII AMKUICAN IIODKNTIA.
'"h
mv
, .'„,
nm
:i'ri'i(
truxtwurtli}' c-lianicter ol' while iiuho und cars in vnr. niger, tliHugli opni t<i
many cxc(*|itiuiiH, is tliu one nmini}' to Ix; relied npon in distinguiBliinfj iho
two varieties. 'I'liere is a|ipareiitly n gradual and qnile marked incre»8e in
8i7.(> southward in tlii'se two forms, so that size alone fails to he distinctive,
espetnally in llu; central portion of the Atlantic Stat >8, or wherever their
iiiiltitats meet.
Var. liidoricianux is generally readily separahic hy its coloration from
either var. cinereun or var. n'lgfr. The riisty-hellicd style of var. cinereua,
however, is often <|uite insi^parahle from specimens of vur. lu<iovicianu.t from
northern l()caliti(;s. Particularly is this the case when Pennsylvania speci-
mens of the riitous type are cinnpared with Qhio examples of var. ludovici-
aiiu.s. There are, for instance, two specimens hefore me without labels, an<l
hence from unknown localities, which I cannot positively refer to one of these
vari(!ties rather than to the other. Tlicre is little, if any, difference in size
between vars. cinereux and ludovicianus, altltough the latter is pretty constantly
npprecial)ly smaller than var. niger, as shown by a comparison of the forego-
ing diagnoses of the thn;e varietieu. 'Y\\q external measurements arc, unfor-
tunately, nearly all from skins, and are hence not very trustworthy. Taking
the skulls as a standard of comiuirison, var. niger averages appreciai)ly the
larger, four skulls of niger averaging 2.75 against 2.58 in both vars. lutlovici-
anus (eigiit skulls) and cinereus (three skulls).
Oeookaimiical vauiation. — In varieties cinereus and niger, the only
a]»preciable feature of geographical variation is the before-noted gradual
increiisc in size southward. A large series of specimens, from numerous
localities, might show that other variations correlate with differences of
locality. My material illustrative of these two forms is unsatisfactorily
scanty. Var. ludovicianus, on the other hand (thanks to more abundant
material), shows strongly marked geographical variations in color, but I fail
to notice any well-marked geographical variation in size. Judging from the
skulls, the northern specimens are rather the larger, yet the largest skull of
the series is from Brookhaven, Miss. The measurements taken from tho
skins show also a rather greater size northward, the largest specimens
l)eing from Ohio and Fort Randall, Dakota, if length of l>ody be taken
as the standard ; if, on the other hand, the length of the hind foot be
adopted, in consequence of being less susceptible to variatiou resulting from
ta.\idcrmy, the southern specimens average nearly or quite as large as the
8CIUKI1)^^-8(1IU1{UH NKIKU AND VAIUKTIHS.
23
northern. Judged hy tliis stnndard, the specimens from Snint Louis, Mo.,
must be regarded ns fully as large us tliose from further north, if not, indeed,
a little larger.
The geographical vuriation in color in vnr. iudovicianu.i consists, ns
already noticed, in an increasing pallor northward and toward the dryer ]Hir-
lions of the plains, and, in the country immediately bordering the Missis-
sippi, in a strongly marked increase in color southward.
Geoorapiiical DI8TBIHUTI0N. — Vurs. citwreus und niger occupy the Atlan-
tic slope from New York southward, var. niger being found westward in the
Gulf States 08 far as Eastern Louisiana. Var. cinereus has been report(>d us
common on Long Island, and- as occurring as fur eastward as Massachusetts,
but, if ever found in the last-named locality, can occur there only very rarely.
Both var. cinereus and var. niger occur in Maryland ond Virginia, where their
habitats overlap, and the two forms interblend. Probably vnr. cinereus ranges
farther southward along the mountains of the interior than along the coast.
Var. ludovicianus appears to occupy nearl" the wliole region drained by tlic
Mississippi and its eastern tributaries, and extends up the Missouri to above
Fort Randall, and occurs along the Arkansos, the Red, and the other princi-
pal rivers that come down from the Plains as far as they are regularly bor-
dered with timber. The westernmost localities represented by the specimens
before me are the Republican Fork and the vicinity of Fort Cobb, Indian
Territory. It is found throughout a large part of Texas, and doubtless
ranges far into Mexico. It has even been reported as occurring as far south
ns Guatemala,* but I think the identification in all probability erroneous.
Synonymy and nouenclature. — The earliest available name for the
(specific designation of the Fox Squirrels is doubtless niger, used by Catesby
in 1743, and adop' y Linnaeus in the tenth edition of the Systema Naturte
(1758), based on tbc Large Black Squirrel of Catesby, which unquestionably
refers to the dark phase of the Southern Fox Squirrel. Immediately follow-
ing it, on the same page of this edition, is the name cinereus, generally con-
sidered as referring to the Northern Fox Squirrel, the Cat Squirrel of Bachman.
Tlie only objection to niger as applicable to the whole group is that it refers to
only a single phase of coloration, and not to the most prevalent one, though
a very common one. In view of the great frequency of the black and dusky
phases of coloration, the objection is one of no great importance, and I hence
• Toniea, Ptoo. ZoOl. Soo. Lond. 16C1, p. 8»1.
lii';"
Hill,
ll'i?i
ir
l:ll;l!
m''
724
MONOGItAPIIS OP NORTH AMERICAN ROD"ENTIA.
adopt niger ns the specific nnme of the group. The next most prominent name
of the Southern Fox Scjuirrel, and next in (lute, is vulpinus of Gmelin, whicli
Professor Baird adopted for this form in place of the later one, cajmiratus,
(,f Bosc. The latter, however, has been often employed for its designation
by both American an<I foreign authors, and is the name adopted by Bachman.
The Nortliern Fox Squirrel has commonly borne the name cinereus,
wliicb is unquestionably the name to be adopted for its varietal designation,
although it has been also applied by various authors to S. carolinensis. Aside
from vulpinus of Schreber {nee Gmelin), it has no very prominent synonyms.
The Western Fox Squirrel was first described by Custis, in 1806,
under the name ludoviciunvs. In consequence of the great variability in
color this form presents, it was subsequently redescribed under eight or ten
ditferent specific designations, several of which have been at times more or
less current for particular phases of coloration, generally supposed to rep-
resent forms specifically distinct from ladovicianus of Custis. The more
prominent among them are rufiventer of Geoffroy, used by Desmarest and
Harlan, the latter referring to it a specimen from New Orleans; macroura of
Say, applied to examples from Eastern Kansas, which name, being preoccu-
pied, was changed by Harlan to magnicaudatus, and adopted by Bachman
and others in place of ludovicianus. Bachman applied the name subauratm
to specimens received from Louisiana, and auduboni to black-bellied speci-
mens from the same State. Audubon and Bachman gave the name sayi to
specimens from the Missouri River, ruhicaudus to Illinois and Kentucky
specimens, and occiden/alis to dusky specimens supposed to have come from
the Pacific coast, but which these authors later referred to their S, auduboni.
Baird gave the name limitis to the pale form of tlie Plains from Western
Texas, based partly at least on small size resulting from immaturity, as shown
l)y his types. More recently. Dr. Engelmann has described melanistic speci-
mens from Saint Louis under the varietal name atroventris.
Tiie S. variegatus of Erxleben has generally been applied to some of
the Mexican species, it being based partly on the Quahtecallotlquapachtli aut
Cotztiorotequallin* of Fernandez, and partly upon the Coquallin of Buffon.f
The latter, as first pointed out by M. F. Cuvier, is certainly the Southern
Fox Squirrel (S. niger var. niger), as shown by its white nose and white
• Nuv. Ilisp. p. 8.
i HiHt. Nat. vol. xlil, p. 109, pi. xiii.
SCIUlUDiB— SCIUEirS NIGER AND VARIETIES.
725
ears, as represented in Biiffon's plate, and hence S. varicgatus is clearly ref-
erable in part (and I think mainly) to tiie Southern Fox Squirrel of the
present article. The animal described very imperfectly under J'.ie above-
cited names by Fernandez is apparently referal)le to the S. hi/popyrrhun of
Wagler, § as claimed by the last-mentioned author.
Tarms XXVI. — Meiaiirrmenli of Irn iixxiineiia of ScmiifK MOKlt rnr. cinkheiih.
3
a
D
1
a
I
S
Ixwa'ity.
i
From tip of now
tc-
Tail to end of—
Li'iigtli of—
Nature of iippi;iiuen.
1
1
t
1
t
1
1
S
1
.a
□
S
M
345
3M
SOS
396
319
3380
CKH
CarllBle,Pk
a 70
3 70
11. SO
11.00
n.oo
9 40
&90
laoo
11.00
10.00
10.80
7.50
11.00
13.00
11.00
1180
it. 00
11.40
IS. 00
13.90
14. 75
11. 50
14.00
.......
3.00
3.00
S.M
8.75
a.H)
S.90
3 05
8.80
MensaromoDtfl from
Italrd'B Mamm. N.
Amer. p. 850.
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
MoaaureracntR from
And. and Dacli. Qil.
N. Am. i.p. ll.'>.
da
do
13.80
do
IMS
<f
3.W
19. S3
du
Clarke C'GUDty, Va
9
3.00
13.13
13.00
8.00
3.00
Table XXVU.-
-Me<uurtme»l>
of eight tpeciment of 8ciURU8 niobk var. nimrr.
i
a
O
Loeality.
i
From tip of noee to—
Tail to end of—
Lonpthof-
Nature of apoclmou.
&
1
1
t
>
i
■a
a
1
t
D
a
1880
344
09
lexi
io:h
•8050
•sow
Tarboro'.N.C!
....
aoo
8.60
8.70
15.00
13.00
14.50
laso
10.75
11.33
18.00
11.90
10.33
18.35
la.v)
I9L00
14.50
1.1.83
10.00
15.00
14.00
IMO
13 50
10.50
1.75
8.05
aoo
3.00
3.80
McaaiirementH from
B.iinl'a Mamm. N.
Amer. p. 848.
da
da
do
Soathem State*
Florida.....
...do
3.00
tO-i
3.0J
da
Mraauremenlfi from
Aud. audllat'li.Qil.
N. Am. ii.p. I3i
MraHiifcd In-Kii.
rta
Soatbem States
1150
13.75
13.00
HlbemU Fla
Hawkiiiavllle,Fla..
tt
?
i.eo
3.79
3.17
* Id UoMum of CompArftlirn Zootomy, OambrtdKe, Mass.
$ Soo bis, 1H31. p. 010.
ii
72G
MOHOGUAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
V:
;.^i
11^^'
!|^'
m
sHi;
Table XXVlll.—Mea»»rement« of tiveHts-iiint aiKciiiunt of Bcidrui'
NIOER nar. ludovicianus.
1
a
a
1
Locality.
FromtipofnoaF
to—
TalltooDdof—
t
o
e
1
•A
Komatka.
t
1
i
1
>
1
175
2351
no
no
1151
8371
719
71S
IW3
781
8373
1185
1194
8353
610
017
1-JOl
1208
1346
1495
1881
8.53
329
.•896
8897
89M
3308
8354
PortUUnton, Obio
do
...
14.50
18.50
13.00
13.50
11.00
11.00
11.00
13. CO
9.50
laoo
18.00
11. .10
11. .50
18.00
18.50
13.00
11.85
14. ro
11.90
11.00
18. .lO
19.00
18.00
10.80
11.00
9.50
«.00
laoo
10.90
9.15
Skin..
..do ...
Meaanrementa tnm
Balrd's Mamm. N.
Amcr. p. 956.
da
.... da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
da
9:68
9.90
%85
3,85
9. HO
9.88
9.90
9.70
8.80
8.85
a. Ml
9.70
9.60
9.80
9.80
3,88
9.68
9 90
9,80
9.3K
9.60
9.40
9.75
9.75
8.50
8.53
..do...
..do ..,
..do...
.do...
..do ..
„do,..
,,do ..
..do...
..do...
..do,..
..do...
,,do..
..do...
,,do...
..do ..,
..do...
..do...
..do...
..do ...
.do ...
.do,..
,,do...
.do..,
,,do...
..do...
..do...
..do ...
Milwaukee, WU
10.00
9.80
10 00
9.45
R5(l
13.50
19.00
18 00
11.00
18.00
11.00
lUclne, Wi«
do
S.60
8.75
aoo
aso
9.40
9.75
9.40
8.00
9.60
8.60
8.50
Weat Northfleld, III
<f
do
do
do
Fr6moDt,III
J
cf
9
■S
<f
<5
?
?
10.45
9.00
8.80
7. CO
10.00
10.50
10.00
8.50
10.00
10,00
7.75
7.00
8,95
9,95
8,65
7,80
ago
8.00
13.00
14, 75
18.00
11,00
13 50
13 95
18.90
13.00
13,00
13.00
19.00
o.eo
19.00
19,50
19.00
11.50
18.00
11.50
Fort D.'a llolnea, Iowa
do
do
do
do
do
do
Prairie Mer Booge, La
do
. . do
.. .do
do ...
do
••■|
Gandelape Bottom (near IndiaDola),
Tex.
Tablk XXIX.— A/eiiauremnir* of Hree ajinill* of SciURUd NIOSR rar. CINERICS.
LocaUty.
Eaat'n Shore of Maryland
Waahlngton.D.C, ^market)
Carllale.Pa
9.50
3.70
9.55
1.55
1.69
ag7
0.90
0.90
0.85
0.88
0.86
0.80
0.96
a96
0.40
0.44
0.44
0.80
0.87
0.77
1. 39
1.35
1.38
0.33
0.35
a 48
II
II
a, «•
P
n 25
0. 2J
I). 23
0 47
0,45
>l. 47
i
I
(
I
S a
II
0.33
0,34
0,39
1,50
1.50
1,40
a70
0,87
0,90
SOIURIDwffi!— SOIDRUS NIGER AND VARS.
Tablk XXX. — ilea»urementt of four tkulh of SciURUS NIOKR var, NIOBR.
727
1
c
i
i
1
A
s
S
3 4
J
e'I
II
if
g
i
1
.a
1
1
LouUlly.
i
*
1
1
*
*
1
5 £
is
's a
tl
1
11
II
ll
.a
S
t
3
5
H
a
in
^
»
b
b
1.40
1.45
1.40
o
0.53
0.54
0.50
b
0.37
0.38
0.38
b
0.51
0.53
0.51
^
30(M
3003
■test
OrargU
ilT7
a. 75
l.M
1.87
l..^s
1.00
1.00
1.(0
l.f3
0.07
0.00
0.87
0.30
0.39
0.44
0,65
O.M
0.«5
a35
0.35
...do
K*t4ihei, MiM
1.54
o.go
•947
Suuth Carolina t
a7s
l.W
0.08
1.00
0.85
0.43
0.R7
1.45
0.53
0.37
0.53
0.38
1.53
0.0U
* In Mawam uf Comparattve Zotilogy, CAmbridgr, Mbjw.
Table XXXI. — Mtatunmmi* of »iiie •A:ii/I> of Sciunus mioer rar. li'Iwjvicuisus.
3488
17«S
1870
3131
3138
1805
4348
•18R5
t833«
LoonUty.
BDrllnfnon , Iowa
Saint Lonia, Mo
WMtNorthfleld,ni....
Prairie Her Bonge, La.
do ,
do
Fort Riley, K*na
Derifa River, Tex
Bnokharen, Miaa
3.83
3.60
160
3l5S
3.53
3.53
3.48
3.35
3.08
1.00
1.58
1.90
1.43
1.31
1.55
0.04
a88
asii
aao
0.80
0.00
0.87
0.80
0.84
0.83
0.77
0.94
0.33
0.31
0.83
0.31
0.33
aa3
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.78
0.80
aeo
0.80
0.M
0.78
0.75
0.67
0.87
S .
a S
l\
i!
I!
%.s.
b
1.33
1.30
1.30
1.35
1.30
1.35
i.»r
1.16
1.37
a48
0.45
0.53
ll
b
0.38
a 95
0.33
i
t
a
«
If
b
0.48
0.48
O.SO
0.44
0.33
0.33
0.99
L.IO
1.48
1.47
1.45
1.49
1.45
1.87
1.58
0.87
0.65
0.85
•TypaoT jr. "U«tM("i not fully adnlt
t Perbapa var. lUpar.
II;
s;
,■1.
728
MONOGEAPI13 OP NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA,
Tablb XXXII.— Lut of tpeoimem examined of Sciunos niokr tar. cinkkeL'S.
•s
1
I-
i
a
§•8
ii
LooaUty.
From whom reoelrod.
Collected by-
i
I
■s
i
1
•15«0
•IMI
•SI8
n
34S
«M
39S
4043
S588
•48V3
PeDnaylvanlA ,
do
J.T.Rotkniuk
do
J.T. Bothrock
do
Skin,
do
796
G09
48W
B«anfoTt, N. C
A.8.Blckmora
S.F.Italrd
do
A. 8 Bickmora
8. F Baird
do
Alcohol ie.
BknlL
dow
CulUI^Pa
...do
...do
do
do
do
..do
do
do
Skin.
8k oU.
8kin.
do
839
FriDce Oeorga County, Maryland
do . . ..
do
do
MrPlammer
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
93]
District of Columbia
8.F.Bklrd
S.F. Baird .. . .
SkolL
8kio.
do
do
Waahlngton, D. C. (market)
ClarkBCoonty, Virginia
Maryland
C.Drexler
Mr. PInmmer ...
Dr. C. a & Konnerly. .
J. A. Allen
Dr.C. aRKennerly..
P. UJony.. .
...do.
8klnaiidakall.
* In HoMum of ComparntiTo Zo51oiey, Cambridge, Uu*.
Table XXXItl.— £ift of tpeoimeiu examined of Sciitrus mioer rar. niokr.
e
1
a
o
(3
Locality.
When
collected.
From whom le*
oeived.
CoUeoled by-
%
^
1981
1983
1383
1384
1383
1980
05
344
1483
•3130
•3160
Tarboro', N.C
J.L.BridKer....
....do
J.UBrldger....
do
Skin
do
Bead naariy black.
neadwhollybUckn.
eafi Bcaa aad eara.
....do
. ..do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
....do
...do
....do
do
....do
...do
....di
do
Southern Statea ....
Acad. Not. Sol.
PhiU.'
do
....do
....do
3003
3004
1633
3349
'
Dr. Oeannr
Dr. Jonea
....do
...do
Dr. Jonea
....do
SknU
....do
...do
Natohef, Hlea
F. J. R. Keenan .
F. S. R. Keenan .
...do
....do
Hibemla,Fla
Uawkinsrille, Fla..
Feb 1,1860
Mar. 13, 1860
Florida Kxped ..
....do
Allen ft Many .
....do
AknooUa
8kln
'In MueoiB of ComparatlTe Zo(iloRy,'CMiUrld<«, Mats.
■.MM
SCIDEIDiE— SCIDBUS NIGEK VAR. LUDOVI0IANU8.
Tadi.b XXXIV.— tf»( of apfciment eiamined <tf Sciuiius nioer var. i.udovicianus.
729
*30IH
-1635
•1«I8
•lean
■IIEW
nsig
K40
'IMI
•IM4
•M93
Man
•laM
"IMl
•1643
•SOO
•1*8
•IW
114
IW
■ il5
734
TI9
718
1983
704a
8115
761
171
170
17a
<U1
7173
8393
1194
1113
a39a
aggs
igu
isai
11348
7041
VW7
43(18
»a68
0270
IN7I
4349
433U
4348
Locality.
EvanstoD, 111
Marion, Oglo Co., Ill
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Jasper Co., Iowa . . .
Keilfleld.Iuwa
...do
..do
...do
RaUlii,Mloh
...do
. do
ClereUnd, Ohio
Port CIlDtoD.Oblo..
Weat NonhBtld, HI
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Peoria, III
Ht.Camll,III
Fr6mODt,III
Baoili«,Wia
....do
Milwaukee, Wia ...
AuQ Arbor, Uiob . . .
Sioux City, Iowa ..
...do
Iowa
Ft DeaHoluea, lowr
...do '
...do
...do
Builington, Iowa
Mouth of Vormllion
Fort Raiidoll, Dak ..
...do
Cherokee Natioo. ..
Furt Kil»y, Kaaa ..
...do
..do
Kiowa Ageney, near
Fort Cobb.
...do
...do
...do
Whon
collected.
June 96, 1867
Kept. 30, 1867
.SeptX :<67
Sept. 30, 1867
Sept. 30, 1867
Sept. 30, 1607
Sept. 30, 1867
Sept. 30, 1867
May 98, 1867
Aug. 82, 1867
Ang. 93, Iriin
Aug. 99, 1867
Aug. 99, 1867
Spring, less
Wiot«r,S4-SS
Oct. 96,1864
Jan. — , 18S9
Spring
May 94, 1864
Autumn
Dot a^
Spring, 1873.
Nov. 19,
Sov. 19,
Not. 18,
Not. 9J,
From whom re.
ceived.
O. Marcy
J.A.Allen...
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
It W. Parker .
J.A. Allen...
...do .......
...do
...do
W.J.Beal ..
...do
...do
Dr. Kirtland.
...do
& Kennloott.
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Mr. Blahop...
...do
W.F.Shaw..
Dr. P. a Hoy
...do
B. Serooffib. . .
C.Fox
J.Fellner
W.E. Moore..
...do
...do
..do
...do
T. Olorer
F.V. Hayden..
...do
Dr. B. Conea . .
Dr. E. Palmer
Dr. H. Brandt
..do
...do
Dr. B. Palmer
...do
...do
...do
O. Marcy
J.A.Allen...
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
H. W. Parker
J.A.Allen...
...do
...do
...do
W.J.Beal...
...do
...do
Dr.Kl bind.
...do
B. Kennloott.
...do
Colleciedby—
...do
...do
...do
...do
Mr.Biahop...
...do
W.F.SLaw...
Dr. P. R. Hoy .
...do
8. Sercomb
C.Fox
J. Kollner
...do
W.E. Moore..
...do
...do
...do
...do
T. Glover —
F. V. najden.
... do
Dr. E. Couea .
Dr. E. Palmer
Dr. H. Brandt
...do
.. do
Dr. E. Palmer
..do
..do
..do.
Alrolidio
Skin
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
AlcohoUo
...do
...do
Skin
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do
Skull
Skin
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
...do
Skull
Skin
...do
...do
...do
.. do
Skull ,
Skin
....do
....do
.. do
Skin and akull
...do
Sknll
Skin
do.
. do.
.do.
Belly l..iwk.
Belly black.
(U'lly bbw.v.
•In MoMum of CompanttlT* Zoeiogjr, Cambridge, Maaa.
730
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
'im\
Ih
i!<
i it
I
Tablf
XXXIV.— Ii»< o/ upecimeni ernminnl of Scirnrs NiOF.n rar. l.unoviCANtis— Contiuneil.
"3
1
B
a
a
i
9
o
a
h
■■J
£
B
s
s
1
S
i
1
1
Locality.
Wlirn
culluctod.
From whom re-
ceived.
Collerted by-.
•
£
Remarks.
Tnn
7777
7778
771H
3165
3IC6
3107
3in
331
333
ei6
Ml
1301
IMS
1303
1306
1344
1345
1:H6
1406
718
101
3S3
S.M
3394
3896
3297
3i39
3398
3300
3301
3303
4753
4736
47S3
4734
■739
8008
Kiowa Agoncy, near
Frrt Cobb,
llepublican R., Kane.
...do
...do
Dr. E. I'almer
Dr. E. Coaea . .
..do
...do
Or. E. Palmer
Dr. E. Conci .
..do
...do
J. Fellnor...
J.O.Cooper..
.-do
...do
...do
Skull
"ftciurut mag-
nfMudotiM."
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do
do.
May 38, 1864
May 33, 1864
May 33, I8C4
May 5,1864
Jane— ,1857
Jane 37, 1857
Juno 30, 1857
Skin
...do
Skin and akull
Skin
0600
3383
00
<f
Mouth of Vormil.
lion. Miaaonri R.
Independence, Mo. .
...do
do
J. 0. Cooper .
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
3384
3684
1340
941
Weetom Miuonri .
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
...do
.. do
...do
..do
...do
.. do
F.J.ItKeenai
Dr Oeo. Engel
mann.
...do
.. do
...do
...do
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Lt.Q.K.Warrei.
Lt.D.N.Coucli
LtJaa.Fairie
...do
...do
..do
...do
....do
Skull
...do
. do
...do
.Skin
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
.. do
DroolihaTen, Mo ...
Saint Luaia, Mo
...do
...do
...do
...do
"t
...do
....do
...do
Apr. 9,1853
Apr. 9,1855
Dm. -, 1835
Not. — , 1855
Not. -, 1855
Nor. -, 1855
Winter, 1855
...do
...do
...do
F. J. R.Kei.-nan
Dr.Oeo. Engel-
niKon.
..do
..do
...do
...do..
...do
.. do
..do
...do
...do
a
9
...
lies
...do
SknII
do.
Mlsaourl
Skin
Duaky.
9
Fort Leavenworth,
Kans.
Prairie Mer Bonge,
La.
...do
Not. 37, 1834
June 93, 1893
Jane 35, 1858
...do
...do
LtJaa.Fairlo
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do
...do
...do
....do
....do
...do
...do
....do
...do
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
....do
1343
1304
1305
1348
3138
3131
...do
...do
.. do
....do
Skull
....do
....do
...do
....
...do
...do.-
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do
do
. do
Skin and akall.
....do
....
...do
....do
...do
...do
do
do . ..
Skin
Grand Colean, La...
...do
8t.Charle«Col
lege,
do .. .
StCharlesCol
lege.
....do
. do
....do
do
...do
do ..
...do
....do
do ...
...do
.do
Teiaa
Capt.J.Popo.
Uapl. J. Pope.
...do
'Belly black.
SCIURIDiE— 8CIDRUS FOSSOK. 731
Tahlr XXXIV.— Cfat of ipeciment atamined of SciUHfs nioer rar. MiDOVlciANUg — Contimicd.
h
lOSO
9S1
1419
«S8
iiie5
TS'I
338
Locality.
reomRlTor. Tgi.
Ft, ChAdboarnti, Tei
Oujidalupe Bottom.
Tex.
8u Pedro, R I o
Oreude, Tex.
DeTll'a River, Tex.
...do
...do
Wathlngton Ca.Tex
New LeoD, Hex..
When
collMted.
Apr. 6,1856
Prom whom ro.
oeWed.
CaptJ.rope.
Col.J.D.Or*.
ham.
...do
...do
...do
Lt D.N. Coach
Collected by-
Dr. O. C. Sbn-
mard.
Dr. Swift ....
Capt J. Pope..
J.H.CIuk.
..do.
.do.
..do.
Lt D. N. Conch
e
I
do.
.do.
do.
....do
Skull
....do
...do
Sklnandaknll
Reiuarka,
'*8eiurut lim
itU."
do.
do. (type).
SCIURUS FOSSOR Peale. v
Calllbrnla firajr Bqnirrel.
8el»n$ fouor Peale, Ham. and Birds, U. S. Ex. Exp. 1848, 55.— Audcbon & Bacrman, Qaod. N. Am. iii, ,
1854, 364, pi. cliii, Bg. 8.- Baird, Ham. N. Am. 1857,264.— Cooper, Proc. Cnl. Aond. 8oi. iii.—
Gray, Add. and Hag. Nat Hist. 3d Rer. xx, 1867, 426.— Allen, Proo. Bfwt. Boo. Nat. Hist,
xvl, 1874, 287.
Seiunu luermanni Lb Conte, Proo. Acad. Nat. 8oi. Pbilo. vi, 1852, 140.
Boiunu leporiniu Hemsbaw, Ana. Bep. Ch. Engineera (or 1876, App. JJ, 310 (probablv not S. Uiportnui
Baobman).
Specific chaelb. — Length of body 11 to 12 inches. Tail-vertebrae about
11, ranging from 10.50 to 12.50; tail to end of hairs 14.50, ranging from 14
to 15.50, hence much longer than the body. Above, clear plumbeous-gray;
beneath, pure white; no lateral line; hairs o^the tail gray at base, with a
broad subterminal band of black, and broadly tipped with white ; posterior
surface of ears brownish, particularly toward the base.
This species is remarkable for the constancy of its coloration. Among
some thirty specimens before me, only two depart much from the normal
phase, as above described. One is No. 2463, from near San Francispo, which
is faintly washed above with pale reddish-brown. The other is No. 3633,
from Fort Tejon, which is evidently in an abnormal condition of pelage.
This has the back brownish, and an unsymmetrical, irregularly-shaped spot
of brownish-yellow on the top of the head. Professor Baird also refers to a
specimen from San Francisco with a brownish back. There is a slight varia-
tion in color with locality, specimens from northern localities being of a
732
MONOGKAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
■. : I
M'.J':
:l, f:!
M ,«
:it
mk
liii
darker purer gray than those from the more desert regicm soiitliward; Fort
T'ejon specimens, as compared with otiiers from Oregon, jjresenting a
olcached or faded appearance. Tlic skulls show no appreciable difference
in size with locality; southern specimens arc certainly not smaller than north-
ern ones.
This species dilTers from the Eastern Gray Squirrel (S. caroUnemis) in its
larger size, relatively much longer tail, and in the gray of the upper parts
wholly lacking the fulvous suffusion seen in that species, and in being purer
white below. S. fossor much more resembles the wholly gray phase of S.
aherli, the two species being of about the same size. S. aberti, however, has
a shorter and whiter tail, especially beneatJi, and has usually a dark reddish-
brown area on the back and a very distinct black lateral line. It is further
distinguished, especially in winter, by the presence of long consi)icuous ear-
tufts, as well as by the much larger size of the ears themselves.
8. fossor is a|)parently wholly restricted to the Pacific slope, no speci-
mens having been reported as occurring east of the Sierra Nevada and Coast
Kanges of mountains. Specimens are in the collection from as far north as
Fort Dalles, Oreg., and from intermediate localities thence southward to Fort
Tejon, much beyond which, in either direction, its occurrence has not been
reported. Its habitat is hence quite restricted. Its nearest ally is to be found,
in 8. colliai of Mexico, with which it agrees in. size and in the relative length
of the tail, differing from it, however, greatly in coloration. •
Melanistic phases of coloration are thus far unknown in this species;
hut since they occur in all the other North American Sciuri, they are to be
looked for also in this. ^ "
The 8durus lejwrinus of Bachman, doubtfully referred by Professor
liaird to 8. fossor, agrees much better with 8. colliai than with 8. fossor. It
may, however, have been based on an abnormal specimen of S. fossor. A
specimen in abnormal pelage, collected by Mr. H. W. Henshaw in Southern •
California in 1875, I at first identified as satisfactorily meeting the require-
ments of Audubon and Bachman's 8. leporhus, but a reexamination of the
subject convinces mc that their description of S. leporinus better agrees with
certain phases of S. collieei than with any known phase of S. fossor, and that
the locality of the specimen was Western Me.\ico instead of " Northern Cali-
Ibrnia", as supposed.
N
in;
SCIURID^— SCITRUS FOSSOU.
733
Tablk XXXV. — itauurementi of nine spmiment of SciURUS F06."0li.
1003
1003
1004
3841
im
ISMO
lilSlt
19613
Looalitf.
Fort Dkllei, Orag. Tar
do
do
PoUlama, CJ
FortCmok.Cd
Sao Fruolaoo, Ckl
MoanUtnt near Kerovllla, Cal .
T(J<« MounUina, Cal
do
From Up of noaa t
1.33
1.30
1.33
3.35
3.35
3.0.1
3.0d
11.33
11.30
11.33
13.00
18.00
13.00
II. Hi
11.00
Tail to and of—
1130
10.60
11.00
11.00
11.33
11.00
10.50
0.90
10.33
i
a
n
15.90
H.OD
14.35
14. M
14.50
l.'J.OO
14.00
13.00
1/50
LoDftth of-
8.00
1.05
1.13
l.tO
I. GO
3.10
9.05
9.87
9.03
9.10
3.10
Froth.
..do.
..do.
.. do.
8kln.
...do.
.. do.
..do.
.. do.
Tablk XXXVI. — Ufotuntntnt* of In $kiUU of Sciunus possor.
i
Looalltr.
i
a
1
1
i
1
1
a
1
I
i
i
f
i
1
1
1
1
i
9111
Stookton, Cat
853
800
1.90
1.53
1.00
0.90
0.94
0.93
1.31
a CO
'
4181
4900
474«
415S
. do .-.
804
9.53
9.58
800
803
1.51
1.45
1.51
1.93
1.90
0.91
0.90
0.93
0.91
0.90
013
0 99
0.94
0.33
0.30
do
. .. do >
1.60
0.03
...do
3548
35M
1S493
jo , ...
809
808
860
1.41
1.4l«
1.90
O90
1.00
a»3
033
0.S1
0.15
do
1.3T
0.90
rf
lm\
'I I
734
MONOGUAPUS OF NOUTU AMKItUAN UODBNTIA.
Tadlk XXXVII.— Li»(o/>jK<)imeii<exaiiilHcdo/ Sciunuf PoasoR.
I , ",
I I'
hI
■1
II ''
II
f^' 1
III
t
1
B
B
B
1' =
u
1009
1003
1004
1173
im
•jiSl
•J»4
1175
3830
3«>41
3841
3843
3808
seoo
S6II3
4167
4166
3838
3843
i
a
u .
a s
::: s
s •
1 =
1^
9010
9011
J
i
a
-a
a
S
36
37
38
i
a
m
H
9
cf
9
Lovdlily.
When
collected.
From whom re-
ceived.
Collected by—
!
'A
Fort Unllei, Greg
ilo
do
.Ian. 17,1855
.Ian. 15,1855
Jan. 15,1855
OoT.I.I.Stevena..
...do
Dr. Oeo. Suckle J..
....do
Skin,
.do.
...do
...do
.. do.
do
do
..do
...do
Skull.
.. do.
...do
...do
Stockton, Cal
... do
U.».8.WUIhimM>n
. do
Dr. J. 8. Newberry
.. do
Skin.
SkulL
Skin.
AlooboHc
do
9117
San PninoiMm, Cal
.... do
. . do
. do
....
9
?
?
9
9
rf
rf
9
A.Agauti
.. do
A.Agaaall
...do
do
Lt.R.8.WllllamM>n
John Fellner
...do
Dr. J. a Newberrj-
John Fellner
....do
Skin.
....do.
...do.
da
Fort Crook. Cal
.... do
do
...do
...do
do
.. do
.. do
do
do
Mar. 31, 1861
Uar. 93, 1861
Not. 9,18611
D.F.Parkinaon..
... .do . . .
D.F.Parkinaon...
...do
...do.
do
do
do
...do
...do
4188
4187
4197
4108
4109
4-JOO
4901
««)8
4T4H
47.15
47.16
4741)
4751
47.VJ
4753
4765
C508
John Fellner
...do
John Fellner
....do
Skin and skull.
do
do
...do...;
....do
do
....do
...do
do
...do
....do
Skull.
do
...do
...do
do
....do
....do
do
.. do
... .do
do.
do
...do
D.F.Parkloaon ..
..do
...da
da
do
...do
do
....do
...dn
da
do
do
...do
....do
...do
...do
da
do
... do
...do
...do
.. do
...do
Ak
... do
....do
..do
da
. do
....do
..do
da
979
MluhlKan Blnffa, Cal
,1863
F. Grnber
F. Oniber .
Skin.
347
I5W)
16X1
3833
3*0
S4I!3
240d
9
John Xaatns
....do
do
.. do
3547
M4S
3,149
1604
330
do
...do
...do
...do
San Diogo, Cal
do
Skin and aknll.
SknIL
da
. .. do
....do
do
do
do
do
do
.. do
do
da
Tpjun Volley, Cal .
....do
do
da
Pn-sidlu ?, Cal
Skin.
....da
San Diego, Cal
Dr. J. H.Webb...
Dr. J. H. Webb...
* In Musouiu of ComparatiTo Zodlogy, Cambridge, Uom.
P,^ '
^'
SCIUIUD^>— 8CIUUUS ABEHTI.
735
SCIURUS ABERTI Woodli.
Abert's Squirrel.
Seiurui dornllt WoODllousK, Proo. Aouil. Nnt. 8vi. Pliila. vi, 1853, 110 (not S. ioriaUt of Ornjr).
Bduruittbtrn Woodiiouhk, Pruc. Acnd. Nut. 8cl. Plilla. vl, 1H.VJ, !i-JO; 8itgr«nvuii'H Kxpl. Colorado nnd
Zuni Kivcn, 185.1, 53, Mam. pi, vi.— Aududo.n & Haciiman, Quad. N. Am. iil, 1H54, '2112, pi.
cllli, «({. 1.— Uaiiii), Mam. N. Ara. 1«57, !«17.— Allen, Proc. lJo«t. Soc. Nut. Mint, xvl, 1H«4,
887.— CoUM, Am. Nat. i, lWi7, :155.— Cocks &. YaIiiiow, Wbeelei'a Survs. aud Expl. Wcat ol
lOUlh Merld. v, Zoiil. 187(1, 115.
8(i*ru» alberli Obav, Aun. and Mug. Nat. HIat. 3<l. aer. xx, 1807, 417 (lege abtrii).
Murut cattanoliu Baihd, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Pblla. vll, 1855, 333 (typ. error fur eaita»onot»$).
Sci«ru4 cailMimoItu Baiuo, Mam. N. Am. 1857, 2(iU; U. 8. and Mex. Bouod. Surv. 11, pt. il, 1859, 35, pi. t.
Specific cbaks. — Length of body 11 inches; of tail-vcrtebraj 8; of tail
to end of huirs 12. Above, i)lumbeou8-grny, with generally a more or less broiid
dorsal area of reddish-brown ; beneath, pure white ; sides of the body with a
distinct, generally conspicuous, black line, sejjarating the white of the under
parts from the gray of the upper parts. Runs into melanistic phases, in which
the color varies from brownish-fuscous to uniform black throughout. Tail
centrally black above, broadly edged with white, wholly white below. Ears
very large ; in winter, with long pointed ear-tuf\8, an inch to an inch and a
half in length. The ears are larger in this species than in any other Ameri-
can species of the genus.
The brownish area on the back varies in color from yellowish-brown to
strong reddish-brown or bright chestnut, and in extent from a short narrow
stripe along the middle of the back, one to three inches in length, to a broad
band extending the whole length of the body, which sometimes widens so as
to cover the whole back from the nape tj the tail. It is occasionally almost
wholly obsolete, and, when confined to a narrow stripe, is much paler than
when of larger extent. Some specimens have a chestnut spot at the posterior
base of the ear, which sometimes involves the basal half of the ear-tuft;
most of the specimens are without the chestnut ear-patch. Nearly half of
the specimens are also wholly without ear-tufts. Tiiis is apparently a sea-
sonal feature, but may be to some extent individual. Of specimens obtained
the same day at the same locality, some have well-developed ear-tufts, while
others are wholly without them. The majority of the specimens taken in
summer show no trace of ear-tufts.
There are four specimens from Colorado City, Colo., which present a
melanistic phase of coloration,* varying from pale yellowish-brown to black.
* Dr. Couea iuforms me that the black Aberi'a SquirreU are the prevailing style in portionB of
Colorado, The collection mode by Mrs. H. A. Maxwell in the vicinity of Boalder contains several
examples of this phase, vbich, Dr. Cooes was assared by this lady, is mnch more commonly found there
than the normal one.
730
MOSOOUAPIIS OF NORTH AMUUICAN UOOBNTIA.
Home (if those linvo wrll-dovcjloped enr-tuns, wliile ollicrs are cntirel}- witli-
nut tlicm. One t^peciincii Ims tlic pustorior linlf uf the dorsnl Hurtiice dusky
jellowishhrown, while the rest of the hotly is dusky, mid the tail is nearly
black. There is also a wholly black specimen in the collection from the
Apache Mountains, Arizona.
Thii species is considerably smaller than S./ossor, with a rather stouter
body and shorter tail. One specimen (No. 9549), from the mountains north
of Santa Fi^, N. Mcx., lias the general color above of S. fossor, showing only a
very narrow yellowish-brown dortal stripe. It Ims, however, a broad, black-
ish, lateral line, and the under side of the tail is wholly white These are
features that serve at once to distinguish the two species, aside from the dif-
ference of size, relative length of the tail, etc. From all the gray phases of
S. carolinensh, it is distinguishable by the absence of the subterniinnl fulvous
sufTusion of the pelage above, which is constantly present in S. carolinensis ;
by the absence of a white ear-patch ; by the coloration of the tail ; by the much
larger size of the ears ; and by other quite obvious differences.
In respect to the skulls of the gray North American Sciuri possessing
two premolars, namely, S. fossor, S. aherti, and S. carolinensis, the skull of
iS. carolinensis is distinguishable by its narrow elongate form, its smaller size
(especially as compared with 8. fossor), and particularly by the excessive
narrowness of the nasal portion and consequently narrower nasals and upper
incisors. The chief difference between the skulls of S. aberli and S. fossor
is the much larger size of the skull in 8. fossor. Two skulls of 8. aberti,
both fully adult (one of them very old), have an average length of 2.30 against
an average length of 2.60 in nine skulls of S. fossor, the smallest of which
(rather young) has a length of 2 52. The first premolar seems to be rela-
tively larger in S. aberti than in either <S. fossor or 8. carolinensis.
The geographical range of 8. aberli, as shown by the specimens in the
collection of the National Museum, extends from the mountains of Central
Colorado southward to the Apache Mountains of Arizona. Its occurrence
does not appear to have been reported from any locality outside of Colorado,
New Mexico, and Arizona. Its range is hence apparently separated by quite
a wide interval from that of S. fossor, neither species having been yet
reported from either Utah or Nevada.
The 8. castanonotus of Uaird, formerly regarded by Professor Buird as
distinct from 8. aberti, proves to be not separable, even as a geographical
SClUBlDiE— 8C1UIIU8 AnEHTI.
737
variety. Its diicf «li(rorcntiul clmractcr was the siippoHcd permanent aliscnee
of cnr-tuft8, which additional material shows miiy be absent or present in
N|)ecinicn8 from tiio same loctility. I uin, in fact, unable to ii]ipreciate any
diflerences in the limited material (twenty specimens) belbro mo that aro
peculiar to particular localities.
Tabue XXXVIII.— Jf«uiireiii«N(< 0/ Uh tptolnutii of Sciuruh aderti.
MM
lint
11873
1I8M
»rt7
iini
DM*
•3U
LoaaUty.
8u FruMslMo UU., N. It«i
Colorado
Apaobo UoDBtoliu, Aril. . . .
do
Camp Apache, Aria
8ao Franclaoo Mounlaina . . .
Ut. Taylor, N. Hex
Coppar VlDoa, N. Max
SSmilaa N. of Buta Ft, N. U
Colimdo City, Colo
Fnm Up of noaa U^—
1.19
I. OS
0.U
1.09
1.19
1.M
1.89
1.00
1.W
8.90
1.89
1,49
%_
11.00
10.90
0.9P
11.00
11.00
10.89
10.89
laso
10.79
Tall to OD-I , ., ,
of- l«n«tlio.r-
aoo
0.00
B.00
8.90
0.90
&79
S.90
g.00
au
t
J_
II. 0,
11.00
11.90
10.89
11.90
11.00
18.00
11.00
11.00
1. 73
l.f>0
1.00
1.70
1.30
1.30
1.63
l.«9
1.90
n
170
179
3.70
8.70
' c'5
:i.'.9
179
8.00
8.90
1«0
"8
I
Skin.*
Aloobollc.
Skin.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...da
..do.
...do.
*• MMaoramaDU iVom ProU Bolrd'a Mam. N. Amer. p. 8M.
Tablr XX%.Yi..—itta»wrfme»lt of two tkuUt nf SoiURDg abehti.
Loealtty.
Coppar MInea, N. Max .
do
1.33
183
1.33
I.M
0.73
(kfS
0.78
aio
u
0.117
0.M
11
1.16
1. 10
0.33
0.37
i
n
11^
0.83
a 81
II
0.40
0l48
0.87
a88
1.39
1.33
0.68
0.63
47 M
738
MONOGKAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTFA.
Tablr XL. — Li$l of fpeciment examined of Scitinus aiierti.
i '' M
jiij
•3
1
a
9
a
e d
a
B
9
a
go
s
a
a
"3
a
«
6
&
ce
s
3
M
Looollty.
When
oolleoted.
From whom ro-
oelveit.
CoUooted by-
1
iiooa
05.V>
u.'i4g
9S50
9351
9SSj
tiee
35ie
9010
J
ColoriHta Divide
Colorado Uitjt, Colo
...do
Oct 1, law
Dr.F.V.Uaydon.
.. do
W. L. Coulter
Skin
....do ....
Btaok.
do.
...do
...do
...do
...do
. do
...do
...do ....
do.
dow
:I5 mllm north of Saola
F6.,N.Mox.
do
...do
...do
...do
do
...do
...do
do
do
Blaok.
UetWMu Twis ondSantA
F«., N. Uei.
. do
...do
do
...do...
. do
Camp BurKwyn, N. Mm
Fort Union N Mex
Dr.W.W.Anderwr
Dr. Sonthworth . .
Dr. E. rainier...
LtG.M. Wlieeler
Col. J. I). Gr,ifaani
..do
1 • G. M. Wheeler
Or. E.COU0II
CnpL L. SitgreavM
Dr.W.W.Anderaon
Dr. Sonthworth ..
Dr. E. Palmer...
Dr. .J. T. Rothrook
r. H.Clark
...do
Dr.O. Loew
Dr. E.Couea
Dr. .S. W. Wood
huune.
...do. ..
...do
...do
Alcobollo .
Skin and
Bkull.
...do ...
Skin
...do
...do
..do....
4
9
umWilllama'BMouQUiii
N. Moi.
Sierra Mw.,N.Mcix....
Copper Uinen, N. Mex . .
...do
Camp Apache, Ariz —
Sau FranciituuMts., Ariz
...do
Oct. 2,-). isrj
Winter, 1837
Sept. l.lt>73
July S3, liM4
12!
131
11090
7819
3430
7183
11870
11375
1IU74
11473
liOO
1107
039
097
17
lOU
Apache liountoina, Arie
...do
Mount Taylor, N. Hex . .
Camp UrowD, Aris
SvpL 1, 1873
Sept. 4.1873
•luly 5,1873
Oct 3, lerj
Lt U. M. Wheeler
...do
...do
...do
11. W.llanahaw...
...do
Dr. C. O. Newberry
...do
...do
...do...
...do
...do...
II. — Species inJuihiting Mexico, Central and South America.
SCIURUS COLLI^I Richardson.
Collie's Bqalrrd.
Sciuriu colliai RicnARn.soN, Zoul. of the Bloamni, 1839, 8, pi. I.— Baciiman, Proo. Zool. Soo. ImuiI.
11^38, 95 (without deaoription); Charlegworth's Mag. Nat. Hlitt. iii, 1839, 334; Amer. Jouru.
Sci. Olid Art«, xxxvii, 18:19, 307. — Wagner, Siippl. Schrebor's Siiuget. HI, 1845, 174.— Aunu-
noN &, Rachman, Quad. N. Amer. iii, 1853, pi. civ.— Baikd, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, t280.
Macroxut colliwi Gray, Ann. nnd Mag. Nat. Hiat. 3d ser. xx, 1807, 421 (in part).
tSdurua lejmrinuK AuDUBO.v &. Daciiman, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil*. 1841, 101 ; Jonrn. Acad. Not. 8oi.
Phila. viii, 1843, 314 ; Quad. N. Amor, i, 1849, ;I29, pi. xliii.— Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, atJi.
Seiiirun oculatut Pktkrs, Monalsb. K. P. Akad. d. Wiasenach. za Berlin, 18C3 (18U4), 65:i.
Sciuriit arizoneiuii CouKS, Amer. Nat. 1, 18(37, 357; Proo. Acad. Hat. Sci. Phila. 1887, 134. — CoUES it
Yarrow, Wheeler's Expl. and Surv. West 100th Merid. v, Zoiil. 1870, 110.
Specific chars. — Length from the end of the nose to the base of the
tail about 12.50; tail to end of the vertebrtB 11.00; tail to end of hairs 14.00.
Above, except the middle of the dorsal region, clear gray, without rufous or
fulvous suffusion beneath the surface; abroad mesial band extending from
the head to the tail mixed yellowish-brown and black ; lower parts (usually?)
SCIURID^— SCIURUS COLLIJEI.
739
pure white; no lateral line. Tail long anil very hroml, vcrtcbrrc alone
nearly equal in length to the length of head and body; above, deep black,
broadly edged with whitish or mixed white, black, and i)ale fulvous; bencatli
with or without a broad central area of brigiit tawny, bordered by a broiid
Bubterminal band of deep black, and broadly edged with wliite. Sometimes
the central bright tawny zone can be faintly seen through tlie iiairs of
the dorsal surface, as in the Arizona specimens; again it is merely pale ful-
vous, striped with narrow lines of dusky, the central fulvous area being visi-
ble cnly from the lower surface.
This species is thoroughly distinct from S. carolinensis, which it some-
what resembles in color, as it also apparently is from every other North
American species o{ Sciurus, It was described by Richardson, in 1839, from
a specimen from San Bias, on the west coast of Mexico, in latitude 21° 34',
where Mr. Collie found it common. My Mazatlan specimens are from near
ihe same locality (about one hundred miles farther north), and agree with
Richardson's original description. Dr. Gray's S. collim, "var. 2", with brigiit
rufous sides and limbs and white belly, I refer with little hesitation to S.
booth'iM, while his "var. 1'', from the west coast of South Atnerica, with "the
under surface yellow", he considers the same as Ogilby's S.variegatoidcs and
his 8. griseocaudatus, both of which I refer to the S. hi/pojii/rrhus of Wagler.
The "Macroxus collicei^' of Gray seems to be only in small part referable to
the S. collim of Richardson.
I refer to this species also the S. arizonensis of Coues, described origin-
ally from a single specimen obtained at Fort Whipple, Ariz. .Two other
specimens from Arizona, collected later by Mr. F. Bischoff, agree essentially
with Dr. Coues's specimen, except that they are somewhat larger. One of
tliem, however, has the brownish dorsal area less strongly developed tbau in
tlip others, and has "the lower surface considerably varied vvitii irregular
patches and ttreaksof pale yellowish-rufous, thus showing a tendency to the
acquisition of a rufous belly, so common a feature among the Squirrels of
Mexico and Central and South America. Dr. Coues's specimen, though killed
in December, was evidently not full-grown, being, as described by him, of
about the size of S. carolinensis. The other specimens, one of them a female
that had recently nourished young, are much larger, and indicate a species
fully as large as 8. abcrti, if not even larger.
The coloration of S. collim, at first sight, seems to bear a close resem-
m
740
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
blnncc to that of northern specimens of 5'. caroUnensh, |iarticulurly to those
with a hirge brownish dorsal area. A careful comparison, however, shows
the absence of the fulvous suffusion below the surface of the pelage seen in
tliat species, and the absence of any tawny lateral line. The tail also is mnc'i
longer, and more than one-third fuller and broader, with quite different col-
oration, being distinctly tricolored below, with the three colors strongly con-
trasted and sharply defined, — centrally a broad band of bright tawny, nearly
two inches wide, with indications of two narrow bars of black witliin it on
each side of the vertebraj; outside of this is a band of deep black, one-half
to one inch wide, with, beyond this, a broad clear white margin. The hairs
arc, many of them, fully three inches in length, so ti;at the tail, measured
across tlie middle from point to poit t of the outstretched hairs, has a breadth
of .six inches. The Mazatlan specimens have the tail rather less full, and
the bright tawny central area is simply pale fulvous, — a difference of no
great importance, in view of the differeni.^s in this respect presented by
specimens of S. caroUnensis from even a single locality.
The ears are low, broad, and round, not half as large as in S. aberU, and
less pointed, shorter, and broader than in S. fossor. This species is further
distinguished from S. fossor by its shorter tail, more brownish-gray color of
the upper surface, and by the presence of a yellowish-brown dorsal area,
covering nearly all of the back. S. colUcei is distinguishable from iSi. abcrti
not only through the great dilTerence in the size and form of the ears and
the absence of ear-tuf>s, but by lacking the black lateral line, and by the
dorsal brownish area being pale yellowish-brown instead of reddish-brown or
chestnut. The S. leporinus of Audubon and Bachman, from "California",
greatly resemhies jS. colUai in color, size, and form, and is, I have little doubt
referable to this species. Its supposed locality is doubtless wrong, being
not the present State of California, but from some point farther southward.
I have seen, however, a specimen of S. fossor, in an evidently abnormal con-
<lition of pelage, corresponding quite well with the description of S. leporinus.
The description of Sciurus oculatus of Peters, in respect to size, colora-
tion, relative length of the tail, etc., agrees with the usual phase of S. coUioBt.
.Ill
. ; . SCIURID-S!— SCIURUS BOOTHIiE.
Tadlr Xhl.—Mr<uuremeHi» of eight tpcdmmf of SciURca C11.1.1.E1.
741
0
iMaHty.
Si
From tip of nose to—
Tall to end «r—
Length of—
"S
e
I
Bemnrkn.
i
1
t
1
^
i!
1
1
1
MM
tmcn
em
IIHS
DIM
not
Mu*Uu,Mex
....do
....
LIS
■1.00
S.IJ
a. 00
435
ISO
13.00
13.00
10.90
«.M
13.00
13.90
l&«0
10.60
11.75
u 00
aso
ftiO
10.75
9.00
1100
1100
ILOO
13.0'>
HOD
13.00
13.60
1155
\.n
\.w
1.75
1.90
1.65
1.95
1.00
1.00
a. 40
3.33
3.33
a. 30
310
3.60
3.60
3.60
0.69
as:
a69
0.70
a65
o.eo
a77
0.73
Skin..
..do...
Skio..
..do...
..do...
Meoanretneataqaoted
fromKtc|]ardiH>u<l. c.)
MeaaurementaiiuoteU
fyomCouea (I.C.). '
HeaaamneDta quotcil
from Petcra (1. c).
t".o.
8«nDUa,Cal..
FVtrt WhippK
Aril.
Arima
....do
U»|«>
....4o
9
J
9
?
?
1.10
1.10
1.08
9.0s
y.os
3.70
«.S0
Table XLII. — £{tl of tptamttit ezamineti of Sciurub corxi.£i.
1
u
I
Loullty.
When
collected.
From whom received.
Collected b;-
Xatnre of specimen.
1
Renarka.
8173
11149
11146
IW63
0064
t
?
Fort Whipple, Aria
Ariaona
Dec. SO, 1869
, 1871
Deo. 5,1871
Dr.E.Conea
LtO.M. Wheeler...
.. do
Dr.E.Conea
Ferdinand DlacholT
...do
Skin..
..do...
.do...
.do . . .
Type of ^^. ariamen*
tuCome.
...do
Ferdinand Biacboff
....do
....do
....do
....do
. .do . . .
'
SCIURUS BOOTHIA Gray,
Varied Sqnirrel.
(SHwM Mrfeff«tM EBXLsnEN, Byst. Anim. 1777, 431 (in pnrt nnly). Based in part on BnffVin'B Coqnallin
(= iScivrua niger Linn.), and in part on tbo CotliomlequalHn of KeniandeE (Nov. Hiap. 0\
which Is anrecognizMble as t«f«rrin|i to any partio4ilatr species of red-Iiellied Mexican Squir-
rel.—Omei.in, Byst. Not. i, 1788, 15!. Based ou Fernandez, Bnffon, Erxleben, and Bchrelier,
■a above. — Bciirkbkr, HUnget iv, 1798, 789, pi, ccxviii. Same as the above.* Also, hero
belongs the Sdunia variegatut of compilers generally.
fSntmrmi variegaltu Wibomanm, Arch. f. Natnrgescb. iii, ii, 1837, 166 (prolmUy in p^ SAUssuni!,
Rev. et Hag. d« Zool. 18)11, 4.
tSduitu aWlpe* Waover, Abh. der math.-phys. Riasae der K. Bayer. Akad. d. Wisaer. 1837, 601.
tSciumi rarint Wahmek, Stippl. Schreber's SSnget. iii, 1843, 168, pi. coxiii D (.S. alMpeauu the plate),
Seiunu rieitardmmi Oray, Ann. and Hag. Nat. Hist, x, 1848, 964 (not S. rickardnwi Bochnian, 18.18).
.^jariu bttHkB Ohav, Litt Mam. Brit. Hus. 1843, 139 (= S. ridtanlnni Oray, as above) ; Zuul. Voy. Bui-
phnr, 1844, .14, pi. xiii. flg. 1.
Sciurtu /Meoearitgatiu ScRiNZ, Synop. Ham. 184!>, 15 (=: 5, rickardMni Oray, aa above).
ilacrQZ»$ oiflphti Lekson, Rev, Znfil. 1842, 130 (no description) ; Descrip. de Manini. et d'Ois. 1847, 141,
MacroxwpfUUlei Lesson, Rev. Zofil. 1848, 130 (no description) ; IX-scrlp. de Manm. et d'Ois. 1847, 148.
* Bchieber'B deacriplion is quoted by Omelin, althoiigh Uie "Vierter Theil" of Bchrvbcr'a \roik
b(W8 Ue date " 1798 " on tiia tide-pi«e.
M'..:^
Ml.!
■f
n'l
:LH
742
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Maerozim hoolhlo' Gray, Ann. and Mng. Nnt. Iliot. 3i1 Her. xx, 1R67, 424.
JUacroxi'H niuii/ana Uiiay, Auu. nud Mag. Nut. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1HC7, 423 (Costa Rica).
Macrorns colliai Giiay, Ann. and Mni;. N»t. Hint. 3<1 aer. xx, 18G7, 421 (vara, t and 2 only).
" iS'ciui'iK intermediuH Vki<urai?x " (MS. nntuo f ; see Gray, 1. c. 421).
Sciurut rigidua IVi'Eiis, Muuatsb. Kiiuigl. I'rouiM. Akod. WiDseniich. zu Berlin, 1863 (1664), Go2.
Specific chars. — Form rather stout; muzzle short and broad; ears rather
small ; tail narrow, rather longer than head and body ; pelage full, coarse, an«l
long. Length of head and body 12.50 ; of tail-vertebroe 9.75 ; of tail to end of
hairs 12.75. Above, dark brown, mixed with yellowish-gray or black, varied
with fulvous ; often paler on the sides, where there is a tendency, in many
specimens, to a broad, grayish, sub-lateral band ; beneath, deep brownish-rrd,
frequently with unsymmctrical patches of pure white. Tail below tricolored,
centrally rufous, then black, with a border of white; the rufous in the nii<Idle
variable in amount and in tint, sometimes obsolete, sometimes forming a
broad central l)and of bright rufous, at other times pale rufous.
This species is so variable in coloration as to be hard to characterize.
The above diagnosis indicates a condition intermediate between the extremes,
as well as apparently the most common phase. Of eighteen Costa Rican
specimens, about half present a quite uniform style of coloration, while of the
remainder, no two are very nearly alike. Eleven agree quite nearly in having
the general color above black, varied more or less with reddish-brown, the
proportion of the two colors varying with each specimen. The ventral sur-
face in all, including the inner side of limbs, is dark reddish-orange. The
pelage above is black at base, witii a broad subterminal band of fulvous- or
rufous-brown, the hairs all broadly tipped with glossy black. The sides of
the head, nose, and chin are grayish-brown ; the ears liave a rufous spot at
tile base posteriorly. The hairs of the tail are fulvous (in some specimens
rufous) at base, ringed with black, then crossed by a broad band of black and
narrowly tipped with white. The color of the central portion of the lower
surtace varies from fulvous to dark brownish-red. Another specimen (No.
11410) is similar to these, but has less black above, and the rufous of the
ventral surface is paler; the tail is rufous centrally near the base and toward
the tip. No. 113G4 has still less black above, and the lower surface is irreg-
ularly marked with large patches of pure white. The tail is also much more
broadly edged witii white, and the ear-patches are also white, as they are in
the mnjority of the specimens before me. No. 930G differs little fn)in the
last, except in having rather less black above, and in a tendency tu a pale band
ii:
m
SOIURID^— SCIUED8 BOOTHIA.
743
nlong the sides, midway between the edge of the ventral surface and tlie
middle of the back, and in having rather less white below. In No. 11412,
the color of the middle of the back is nearly uniform bluckish-brown, with a
quite well-marked grayish subdorsal band; the ear-patches are pure white,
and there are large areas of white on the ventral surface. In No. 11411, the
upper parts are dull faded reddish-brown instead of blackish-brown ; the light
lateral band is still better marked, and the white below is restricted to a spot
at each arm-pit Four other specimens are similar to the last, except that
the lateral band is more or less whitish, and the tail is more broadly edged
with white. The white of the lower surface is sometimes confined wholly to
the throat and breast, and sometimes forms a narrow, more or less interrupted,
mesial line, widening over the posterior part of the ventral surface. In No.
11421, the lower surface is rusty-yellow, with the upper parts paler than in
any of the preceding. No. 8506 (from Nicaragua) is wholly pale yellowish-
brown above and rusty-yellow below, with white arm-pits. Tlie above-
mentioned pale-grayish lateral band is placed high up on the sides, and does
not correspond in position with the usual "lateral line" which marks the
division of the ventral from the dorsal surface.
As would be expected, these pliases of coloration have given rise to
numerous synonyms. Lesson's Macroxus adolphei and M. pyladei seem botli
referable here, the former agreeing with No. 11364, described above, except
that the f ntire lower parts are white instead of having the white restricted to
irregu\f large patches; the latter {M. pyladei) agrees closely with the usual
C'\,iSii Rican phase of this species, in which the ear-patches and the whole
lower surface are rufous,* Both were described from Central American
* L«8son'a above-cited work beiofc rare id American libraries, I append an exact transcript of bis
deseriptlona, kindly fnrnialied me by Dr. E. J. Noliin, Secretary nf the Academy of Natural Sciences of
I'hiladelphia, from the copy of Lesson's work contained in tbe Academy's library, tbeonly copy in this
cuoatry of which I bare kaowledj;e : —
" 19. L'ficCRETJII. D'ADOUmR.
" (Macroxut Adolphei, Lesson)
"Cet ^onronil, par son facies, rap|)elle l'4kinre«ill du Pylade, et cepeodant sa coloration «st<liff6reD)e.
Le m&le et la femellu out M6 la6» par moo tWre, Adolptie Lesson, dans les for^tsqni nvoisineut Keulejo,
dans la province de Nicaragua, da centre-Ani^rique. Est-co une vari<St^ du snlvantt
" Plus fort que le pylade, I'ioureuil d'Adolpbe a la qneiie de la lungiienr du corps, et cette partie n
In mAnie nature de polls et la niAine coloration que le pylade, excepts son sommet, qui a une toufte noiru
«t un bouquet Ijlaue terminal. Les polls de oette qaeue sant roux en dessus, ond^ denoiret termiuds do
blauo. Le blancost plus af parent snr lea portions lat^ralcs el en deasons.
" Le m&le a le dessus de la Kto brun liquet^ de |(ris, le dessus du corps vari^ de noir loisant et de
rotix vif paroncUiUtions; le dessus des menibree est <^Kaleaient vari£ de roux el do brun; mais les rx-
tt^m\U» en dessus sunt Itrunes tiquot^es <le gris-mux. Doux grosses tonffea blanc-nrigeux, plnclSes d^r-
rtirv lea oreilles, tranvlwut sur le peliige, et le pylade a deux plafjuea de tubme forme, rouge chamois •
\A •■! I
m . 1
744
MOXOGKAPnS OF NOllTU AMEUICAN KODENTIA.
i 1- >■
111- J!
m\'
il !i
H^
k:%
Si H-n
'i-i
ill
41
specimens. Dr. Gray's Mttcroxus colliai "vor. 2" from Guatemala corre-
sponds with the above-described specimens, liaving a white throat and
breast, and more or less white along the middle of the belly. Similar speci-
mens, with perhaps less white below, seem to unquestionably represent the
same autlior's Macroxus nicoyana from Costa Rica.
Tiie earliest name applicable beyond question to this species is Gray's
Sciurus bootliia (= 8. ricluirdsoni Gray nee Bachman = S. fugcovariegatus
Schiuz), which represents the dark phase, with the middle of the belly white,
us in several of the Costa Rican specimens. The 8. variegatus of Erxleben
is probably in part referable to this species, combined perhaps with other
Mexican species, but also refers, certainly in part, to the 8. niger var. niger
of the United States, and is thus clearly untenable for any species of 8ciurus.
It probably refers fully as well to 8. hypopyrrhus as to the present species.
The 8. variegatus of De Saussure apparently refers mainly, hut not exclusively,
to this species. The account of 8. rigulus of Peters is a good description
of the common Costa Rican phase.
This species differs from both 8. hypopyrrhus and 8. aureigaster in its
stouter form, smaller ears, shorter tail, and short broad muzzle, as well as in
coloration. They all agree in possessing narrow tails, rather longer than the
tont^s Ins parties iDf^rionrcs, lo uedans des membres, h partir da menton Jnsqn'iV I'nnBB, eont d'un blano
pur; led joucs sont gridfttrea, lea dents incisives orang^es, la peaa nne des pattes noire.
" La femelle eat aassi furte que la mAlo ; le dessus da corps a do noir aur la ligne mMiane, et lo
rcsto tiro an gris-brun, et niAnio passe aur lea flanca an gris franc.
"20. L'ficuuEUii. duPyi.adb.
" (MacroxM Pi/ladei, Lesson)
" Les dcnrenila de la Cnlifornin, dn Hnxiqne et dn Texas, ont entre enx la pins grande annlogie do
tnille, do forme et de coloration. L'osp&ce quo nous d^rivons, rapportde, en 1842, des cfitea de la Mer
du Sud par le docteur Adolpbe Lesaon, cbirurgien-Diajor du brick l« Pgtade, vient encore ajonter ilia dilil-
ciiltt' do distingner Ics diverscs csphces admiaes, et cepcndant elle est bien diatincte, h, en juger par les
descriptions on les figures que nous poH«^ons.
" Cet (^curenil a 6t6 ta6 dans lea arkrca de San-Carloa, dans la province de San-Salrador, an centre-
Am6riqne. 8a taille eat le double de notre (Scurenil de France. Sa quene ne ddpasae pax les deux tier*
du corpa; elle est toufTue, couvvrte de longs polls, ccnx da deaaua noirs, termiu^s de blano pur; cenx dn
dessoua roux, pnia noira, et enfin tcrniin(!a dc blanc-neigeax, ce qni Ini donne nn aap^t <Sniaill(S noir et
blanc. Le pelage anr lu corpa est vuri6 de noir profund, ni6lang6 par places de polls ronx ; le dessns do
la ttto eqt gris avec du noir anr I'occiput ; fea oreilles sont bord^s de noir; nne tache ronde, d'un ricbe
chamois, occupe lo dorri^re de roreille; t^int le dessons da corps, les qaatre membres sont de la nuance
roux-cbaniois la plus intense, excepts les teslicnies, fort groa, qui aout grit&trea et le ponrtonr de I'anns,
<|ui eat blanc ; It-s parties d(!nndi!ea des extr^mit^s aont conlenr de chair, les ODglea sont blnnoh&trcs,
le meuton et lea Jouea aont griaAtrea, les dents incisives orangdes; les monstacbes sont longnes et nnirts.
.Te n'ai vn qn'nn acnl individn do cette eap^cr, et c'iStait nn mftle, dont I'analogle aveo I'^cnrenil de la
California de F. Cuvier 6tait fort grande.
"C'esttV liealrjo, Hur la cOto de Nicnragno, dans I'AniAriqne du centre, qne vit cet <!cnreuil." —
(DfKriplion de itammifirei el d'Okraux rdcemment d^ouverli, pric<i<e d'un Tabteauiur let Bttce$ Humaina,
par M. Leshu.n, Puria, llj4*, pp. 141-143.)
SCIUElDiE— SCIURUS BOOTHI.E.
745
body ; but ill this species the form is stouter than in cither of the othcis.
Tiiough so variublc in color, the character of the coloration is quite clUrerciit
in the three forms, as is the nature of the pelage. Possibly additional mate-
ria! will show that some of them (possibly all) intergrade, but the consider-
aide number of specimens before me leave mc strongly impressed with tiieir
distinctness. The character of the pelage is widely different in each, l»cing
eofV, and full in 8. aureigaster, longer and coarser in S. boothice, and courser
still, sparse, stiff and shining in S. hypopyrrhus. S. hypopyrrhus is iintiier
distinguished by the great length and narrowness of the ears.
Table XLIII. — UeaturtmenU of ninetem ipeoimetit of SciURCS boothi^.
1
s
H
i
9
1
6
i
S
a
a
1
Locality.
i
From tip of noM to —
Tail to end of—
Length of—
i
0
1
i
1
•s
t
a
a
C.
Skin.
.(K
da
■111.
.ilo.
do.
do.
do.
ill.,
.do.
dii.
lie
do.
do.
do.
dii.
do.
do.
..do.
1
1
i
1
li
1
1
1
1
is
11368
II70I
linn
11413
1I4II
11384
8414
11703
U4I4
II4I3
1-3034
13048
l';0!»
i'.'«4a
iaM7
1 14.10
11410
8900
Cj»U RIcn
if
0.08
l.OO
1.03
1.83
9.00
l.CO
3.90
3.30
. 19.30
1330
13.30
liSO
11.00
10.50
11.33
0.93
0.75
10.75
3.00
9.75
10. 75
19.33
13.73
13. 7.-1
I'i.OO
1.33
1.37
1.43
1.43
I.SO
I.JO
1.43
1.37
1.35
1.35
ilo
9.3.-.
130
9.97
1S3
9.15
393
9.10
3:5
393
3 03
9.30
3 37
9.30
333
3 45
3.30
9.43
O.fM
0.57
0.50
O.CO
O.CO
0.57
o.uo
o.,^5
0. Ki
0.B1
0.C5
0.6,-.
0.65
0.70
o.-o
......do
do
do
do
1.00
0.06
n.iio
0.08
1.03
aoe
0.04
1.03
1.03
1.00
1.00
0.05
1.00
1.03
1.10
.1.88
4.0b
I.EO
8.00
3.07
1.86
I.EO
1.03
9.00
1.8S
1.85
3.00
3.10
1.85
9.17
3.1'.)
3.03
9.15
1.00
3.00
3.33
&90
3.30
3.03
315
3 30
340
9.30
do
do
109
01
8-1
81
do
13.50
10.73
10.73
11.00
11.50
9,33
13 CO
do
do
do
do
?
do
cf
do
do
13 50
13.00
0.00
13 50
9.50
10.00
11.95
14.00
13 30
1175
1.37
1..15
1.43
1.50
Vut Coaat of Central Amerioa. . .
do
1
1 ■■
746
..t' \ '1
!t;lii|
■hd,\
it.
'iB
MONOGUAPHS OF NOllTH AMEllICAX RODENTIA.
Taolr XLIV.— /.(»< of tpeclment examined of BciURUS BOOTlllf.
1
a
a
a
i
1
1
IISG.')
tlMK
no:ii!
IHU
11412
114l:l
11414
11417
IJ4I4
ll'OI
11-02
12044
12040
12047
la04ii
12049
120.14
li™)4
nil!)
111!»
11121
8,-.0O
i
a
•3
^
tucallty.
From wliora rc«eiTed.
CoIIeeted by-
i
I
i
9
30
CinURiu
do
J.CZtMoo
do
J. C. Zflcdon
Kkln.
.do.
do.
do
da
do
do
13
14
IJ
IH
9
do
J.Carmiol
da
do
do
do
do.
Jo
do
do
da
do
do
do
do
do
do
.... do
do
do
do
do
tXa.
do
do
do
da
88
87
109
91
«7
S
<f
do
do
Prof. Wm. Oabb
Tiilmanr n Expedition . . .
... do
Prof M'm. Gabb
da
do
..da
do
do
da
do
do
do
..do.
do
do
do
da
. ...do . ...
.. ilo
.do ...
da
do
do
do
Dr. A. Ton Frantiiua . . .
Capt.J.M.I>ow
do
Dr. A. von Frantilns . . .
Capt. J. U. Dow
do
..da
..da
.da
WeHi Coast of CpntrnI Anirrica
do
do
do
do
JamcB nrplinme
-da
..da
cf
fames ITnphnTne
SCIURUS HYPOPYRRHUS Wagler.
Fire-Bellied Sqalrrol.
Sciiirut hypoptirrhuii Waolkh, Isis, ISll, 510. — "Waoner, Mllnchcn. gel. Anzeig. vii, 20"; Siippl. Scbre-
Ii«r'H 8iiugut. iii, lb4;i, 167, pi ccxiii C— Scill.NZ, Syn. Mam. ii, 1845, 20.— Bairi>, Maui. N. Amer.
18."i7, 282.— De 9aI!88UHK, Rev. et Mur. do Zool. 1881, 4.
£ciiirti« nigretcetit Bknnrtt. Proc. Zoiil. Soo. Loud, i, 18X1, 41 (a melaniatio form).— Baciiman, Pnic.
Zoul. Snc. Lond. vi, lg:)8, 90; Charlosworth'o Mag. Nat. Hi8t. iii, 1839, XM ; Sillimaii's Amer.
Jonr. 8ci. and Arts, xxxvii, 18:19, 30(i.— Waoner, Suppl. Sobrtsber's Siinget. iii, 184:!, 174.—
SciilNit, Syiiop. Mam. ii, 1845, 19.— Auduuon &, Baciiman, Qnad. N. Am. iii, 1804, 74, pi.
cxvii. — Daird, Mam. N. Am. 1H57,280.
ifacroxui iiii/t'eacrnnGiiAY, Ann.aud Mng. Nat. lliat. :}d Her. xx, 1867,424.
Sciurm rarirgalolda OoiuiY, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1839, 117 ; Ann. and Mag. Nat, Hist, v, 1840, 62.
iScturiM gritcocaudatiu Gray, Zoiil. Voy. Siilphnr, 1844, 34, pi. xiii, fig. 2 (animal), and pi. xvlii, flgs. 7-13
(HknII and teotb).
Sciurui donalit Gray, Proc.Ziiol. 8 :o. Land. 1848, 1:<R, pi. vii (white, with a broad black donal atripo). —
Sci.ATKR, Profl. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1870, 6/0.
Macroxuf coUiai •' var. 1 " Gray, Ann. and Mng. Nat. Hist. 3d iwr. xx, 1867, 431.
Mttcrotut donalit Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d aer. xx, 1867, ^•S.
MacroxHt maurui Gray, Aim. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d aer. xx, 1867, 425 (Ouxaca, Max.).
MacnxM melaaiaGRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1807, 425.
Specific chars. — Size largo ; form rntlicr slender ; enrs high nnd nar-
row ; tail very long, tlie tail-vertebrae alone equalling the length of the heail
and body. Length of body 10.50 to 12.50; tail-vcrtcbri£ the same; tail tu
sciuitiDiB— sciuiius nyroPYRReua.
747
end of hairs 12.75 to 16.00. Color variable, tending strongly to both ulbi-
nistic and molanistic phases. Pelage coarse and stiff.
Of the eleven specimens examined, two are almost wholly black ; tlircc
are black, varied with fulvous, gray, and small unsymmetrical spots of white;
four others are black above, strongly varied with pale yellowish-brown, tlio
hairs being black at base and tip, with a broad ring of pale yellowish-brown.
The whole lower surface, including the inner side of the limbs, is rusty-
yellow. These vary little in color, mainly in respect to the brighter or paler
tint of the lower surface and amount of black above.
Tlie three specimens mottled with white (all from Guyaquil, Ecuador)
present a very peculiar appearance. One of them (No. 9014) has the pelage
everywhere black or dusky at the base, each hair generally with a long silvery
white tip, except on the lower part of the back, basal portion of tiie tail, and
hind limbs, where the white of the tips is replaced by yellowish-rusty. Tiie
sides of the neck, the fore limbs, and portions of the ventral surface arc more
faintly washed with a paler tint of the same. The ears and upper surface
of the head and of all the feet black, the head and feet faintly varied witii
rusty. Cheeks, chin, and throat pale dusky yellowish-brown. Tail, except
basal sixth, black, with the hairs broadly white-tipped; at the base, the hairs
are rufous-tipped. Top of the head, anterior half of the dorsal surface, and
left fore leg with small pencil-like tufts of lengthened white hairs, showing
a tendency toward albinism. No. 9093 differs only in being blacker below,
with the rufous of the lower part of the back and basal portion of the tail
darker and more extended, and with more rufous below, and in having the
turts of wliile hair more numerous, nearly confluent over the shoulders, and
appearing also on the breast, throat, and hind limbs. No. 9392 differs from
the last in lacking white patches on the head, in their larger size on the
middle of the back, in the right fore limb being wholly white from the elbow
to the toes, the latter being black only at the end, and in the rufous on the
rump and base of the tail being bright chestnut, or a little stronger even than
in No. 9093. No. 701P, from La Union, Central America, and three otiicrs
from Obispo, Panama, differ from all tlie preceding in being wholly pale
yellowish-rufous below and black above, where tiie hairs have a yellowish-
while subtcrminal zone, the general effect above being black, conspicuously
varied with yellowisii-white. The posterior surface of the ears and the whole
lect and inner sides of limbs are like the ventral surface. The upper sur-
face of the head is yellowish-gray, sprinkled witli black ; the checks, cliin,
1
m
Ft '■
1
ii
1
i f ! (1 !
1
! 'i
lift H
j:
1'
¥
III 1
1 '
!,;
1 !
m
J
i it
! , ■;, Ml
;k'^' J:
.i-ll^
|i I
748
MONOGRAPUS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
niid lliront pale fulvous. The tail liiis also the hairs of the lower surface pale
}cil()\visli at the base, then black, broadly tipped with white. These speci-
mens, judging from De Saussure's description, are the more cominon.or normal
plinsc of tiic species. No. 8495, from Nicaragua, is white, except a broad
dorsal band, extending from the occiput to the tail, which is intense brownish-
black. The hairs of the lower surface of the tail are white at base, then
black, broadly tipped with white, giving a wholly pure white surface to the
fail tiirough'v.t. No. 8628, from Costa Rica (^about half-grown), has the
whole body pale yellow or yellowish-white, with an indistinct brownish dor-
sal band. The hairs of the tail arc wholly black at base, broadly tipi)ed
with whitish. Two other specimens, from Southern Mexico, are almost
wholly' black, being only slightly varied with gray above and on the tail.
This species difTers from most other American species in its slcnderness,
the great length and narrowness of the ears, and the excessive length of the
tail, which, with the hairs, is one-fifth to one-fourth longer than the head and
body. Dr. Gray's S. dormlh agrees perfectly with the white, black-backed
specimen (No. 8495) above described. The Macroxus melania of the same
author corresponds with the black phase of this species, and his M. maurvs.
with the black phase which has the under parts more rufous. De Saussure, in
his paper on the Mexican Squirrels (as above cited), describes this species
as being usually fcrrugineous beneath,* but gives the following phases of col-
oration under the head of three unnamed varieties: — a, wholly black, with
the hairs more or less fulvous at the base; b, blackish, with the ventral sur-
face gray, fulvescent, or dusky; c, body wholly black.
The original description of Waglcr refers to a phase with the lower
parts strongly rufous. The length is given as 12 inches from the nose to the
end of the tail; the tail (vertebra: only?) as 11.75. Wagner gives the length
from nose to base of tail as 12 inches; of the tail- vertebrae 12.09; tail to end
of hairs 14.75.
I am quite confident that the Sciurus nigrescens of Hcnnett, described
in 1833 as "from that part of California that adjoins Mexico", is referable to
the dark phase of the present species. The great length of the tail as com-
pared with the bodyt renders it almost certain that it can refer to no other
"'Subtug iufo-l'«rru|;iueuB, frvqiivnter piliB uigriM iiiterniixti*, ui«nto ui|{r«8C«iite."— (Arr. r(
Mag. de Zool. 18C1, p. 5.)
t Acconling lo Beonetf, bend and body 10X0; tail-vertebrio IO.SO; tail to end of bain 14.00 ; or,
according to Bacbuian's meaiinrenieota of the aauie specimen, bead and body 18.37; tail to end of
bairs 10.37.
I'i' J 'i t
ill ' ti
SCIUBID^-SOIDRDS nvpoPYimnus.
749
known species, the tail being about three inches longer than the body, — a
proportion found in no other Mexican Squirrel. The general size, as well as
the narrowness of the tail, gives further evidence of its correct reference
being lierc. There are, furthermore, two specimens in the collection that
aji^rce fully witli Bennett's description, which I have no hesitation in referring
to this species.
The Sciurus variegatoules of Ogilby and the Sciurus griscocaudutus of
Gray, from the "west const of South America", I am convinced arc both
referable to this. species, and hence also Gray's "var. 1" of Gray's Macroxux
colticei They agree closely with the specimens from Panama and La Union.
The Sciurus varius and S. socinlis of Wngner were referred by Wiegmann
to this species, as I think, incorrectly. The former seems to more nearly
agree witii 8. boothia, while the latter I am unable to identify.
Tiiis seems to be a common species in Southern Mexico and Central
America southward to Ecuador, and presents, as noted above, widely varying
phases of coloration.
In several specimens of this species, in which the dentition could be
examined, there were generally found two upper premolars, but two out of
four alcoholic examples hud only one.
Table XLV,— AfeiMiir«m«ii(< of elaen tpedmeiu of SciURCS nvpopyRRHL'S.
9399
9303
tOK
7019
M9S
l«S8
T90S
'4300
•SOM
•3MS
•3043
Looolity.
Ouayaquil, Eoondor
do
do
L* UdIod, Centnl Anurlu .
Nioarseiui
San Jort, CmU Bioa
OoauuMlcoa, Mexico
Meiico (Oulf cout)
Oblipo,]
.do.
.do.
From tip of noM to —
1.10
0.93
1.10
1.18
1.13
1.00
1.90
l.OS
0.93
1.13
9.00
1.80
1.98
1.98
9.90
9.10
9.90
9.00
I. Ml
9.01
9.43
9.38
3.99
9.4J
9.U
JLST
9.43
9L47
19.90
U33
19.30
19.93
19.00
9.00
laoo
11.93
10.40
ia93
lb 93
Tall to eod of-
19. OO
13.19
11.00
11.33
11.00
0.13
11.33
10.40
10. (10
10.33
14.93
16.33
13.30
IS. SO
13.15
19.00
13.63
1^83
Longtbof—
1.30
1.50
1.49
1. 33
1.15
1.33
1.43
1.33
1.63
1.35
1.63
3.30
9 33
9.33
^140
3.39
3.95
9.49
9.40
9.90
3.43
9.41
H
0.83
1.00
0.80
0.70
0.70
a 73
0. 78
0.80
0.00
0.W
a93
s
I
"S
e
s
Skin.
...do.
...do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
....do.
Alcolioiio,
....do.
...do.
...do.
• In Miueum of CompanliTe Z08I0K7, Cambridn*, MaM.
i !' 'I
t,7l.
:.
r-s
' M^
li ■■lliJi
' ■•s"\
%Mm
750 MONOtjKAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
TAni.R XljVl.—LiiloftpeclmfiueramiiudnfRcivitvs iivroPYnimuH.
V3M
IKKKI
MU
8495
7uig
7J05
■4.'oa
•3<:40
-:i04j
•3U4J
LoTJIIIy.
OnytqnII
do
do
Ban JimA, CcU Bloa
NIcArafpm
LaUdIud, C^'iitral Amarlo*..
OoAKnCMtcos, Moxloo
Mi'Xioo (Cluir IXKUt)
Obitpo, Tauama
do
do
From whom noolved.
Dr. D«>struDgQ
do
do
Dr. A. TOO FruUiui..
jMDMUepbanie
Capt. J. H. Uow
F. Humloliraat
Commodore Porry ...
Uaullir Expedition . .
do
do
Coltfotcil by-
Dr. Dcatfunge, . . .
do
do
Jo44 Zelbdon
Jamea Hepbuiiie. .
Capt J.H.Daw..'
F. Bumlobrut ...
naaaler^xpedlttoQ .
, do
do
Skin.
...dft
....do.
...do.
...io.
...do.
do.
Alcobtillo.
...do.
....do.
...do.
* la Museum of Comparative ZoQlogj, Cambridge, Uaat.
SCIURUS AUREIGASTER F. Cuvicr.
Bed-bclIIca Squirrel.
&iiirti< aurtoganttr F. CiiviKR, Hiat. lies Mam, ill, Itvr. lix, 1829 (with a flKiire).— Daciiman, CharleBwnrtirH
Mag. Not. IliHt. iii, 1H38, l.VJ.— Wagneh, Siippl. ScbrebeHii Sitnget. iii, lH4:i, 16,'i.— SciiiNZ,
8,vnop. Maiu, 184.'>, 7,— Kairp, Mam, N, Am. IWl, Wi (from CuTi«r),— Oray, Ann, unil MnK,
Nat. HiKt. 3d ser. zx, 1H67, 4i2:l.
f " ficiurm lencogmlei F. CuviKR, Mam. i, 1831, 300."
Soiurua ferrugMrenirit At'DUDOx & Uaciiman, Proo. Aca<1. Nat. Sci, Phila. 1841, 101 ; Jniirn. Acad. Nat,
8ei. Phila. viii, 1848, 313; Quad. N. Am. i, 184U, 1J92, pi. xxxviii.— UairI), Mum. N, Am. IH'iT,
281 (from Audnbon and Baobman).
JIfdrrojiK aureogailer Ouay, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hiat. 3d s«r. xx, 18<i7, 423.
MuvrosuH mono Gray, Auii. and Maj;. Nat. Iliat. .3d ser. xx, 1807, 424. ' .■ :
Hcureuil de la Ca/(/briiie ou 4 vmtre dor6, V. C(i viEn, Hint, des Mam. iii, llvr. lix, 1829.
Specific chars. — Head and body about 10.50; tail-vcrtebra3 8.50 to 9.00;
tail to end of hairs about 11,50, rather longer than head and body. Ptjlagfl soil
and full. Above, including the head, clear dark gray ; beneath, deep reddish-
orange, which *l)lends with the gray of the sides, and often extends high up on
the sides at the shoulders, sometimes meeting on the back, where, however, it
is generally more or less mixed with gray. Sides of the head and chin light
gray. Tail tricolored below, centrally deep reddish-orange, then black, and
white-edged ; upper surface mixed black and white.
The color varies greatly in different individuals, but less so than in moint
of the other Mexican Squirrels, the chief variation being in the direction.of
meliinism. The gray, however, varies from whitish-gray to dark iron-gray,
SCIURID^— SCIURCS ADREIGASTER.
rr>i
and (lie rufous tint of the lower parts from rcddisli-orungo to strong reddish-
brown or ficry-chcstnut. One specimen (No. 7205) is wholly blaek, very
minutely sprinkled on the sides with reddish-gray ; tiic hairs of the tail
wlioUy IdacU to the base. Another (No. 3923) is diiKky, with the middle of
tiie back, the feet, most of the head, the ears, and the tail l)lack ; sides and
most of the dorsal surface varied witii pale rcddisli-brown ; lower parts mixed
blaek and rufous. Anc her (No. 8489) is blackish above, varied with white,
with a faint rufous tinge across the shoulders; whole top of the head, feet,
and exterior of hind limbs i)lack, the former slightly varied with -.thitifih ;
cheeks and chin gray ; whole lower surface intense orange-red ; tiiil below
wholly black, except a narrow mesial line of mixed rufous and black toward
the base; upper surface of toil mixed white and black. In No. 7203, the
red of the lower surface extends high up on the sides, meeting over Mic
shoulders, and more or less tinges the whole dorsal surface, except the head,
which is clear blackish-gray. Tail centrally more or less red belov/. In No.
7847-, the lower surface is fiery-orange, which color impinges upon the dorsal
surface at the shoulders, not, h'"wever, extending quite to the median line.
The rest of the dorsal surface is clear blackish-gray. Tail below broadly
centred with rufous. In No. 7848, the colors have the same distribution,
bot the gray of the upper parts is lighter, the white predominating over the
black. The middle of the tail below is deep reddish-brown throughout, bor-
dered by a broail band of black, and edged and tipped with white. In No.
32G2, the iMsterior half of the back is nearly white. In No. 6352, while the
distribution of the color is the same os in No. 7848, the color below is dark
red, which prevails over the shoulders with almost the same intensity as below.
Except where the tints are obscured by melanism, the pattern of the
coloration remains quite constant, the variation being mainly in reference to
the varying proportions of black and white of the upper parts, in the intensity
of the red of the lower surface, and in the extent of its encroachment np<m
the dorsal surface.
The SciuriM aureosoiter of F. Cuvier, as shown by the description and
figure, especially the latter, refers unquestionably to this species. The S.
aurcogaster of Gervais, Ijowever, is an entirely different animal, namely, the
Macroxus leucops of Gray, os is shown in the discussion of the synonymy of
that species. F. Cuvier's S. leucogaster, the description of which I have not
seen, is referred by Boird ond others to Cuvier's 8. aureogaster.
Jili'
i: I'
i
ff
iU;
752
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AJIERIOAN RODENTIA.
Audubon and Bachman's figure of their Sciurus feiruginiventru is also
an excellent representation of" the average phase of this species, to which their
description is unequivocally applicable. The locality of "California" is
undoubtedly erroneous. As Professor Baird has remarked, the species of
Squirrels described by these authors us "probably from California", nearly all
came from Mexico or from points far south of the present State of California.
To th's species is doubtless referable Dr. Gray's Macroxus morio, from
an unknown locality.
The specimens in the collection are mostly from the provinces of Vera
Cruz and Oaxaca in Southeastern Mexico ; one, however, is from Guatemala.
On one of the labels is written, probably by the collector, Professor Sumi-
clirast, — "The common species of Sciurus of the tierra calienta of the east
coast," Dr. Gray also cites examples from Colombia, which, he says, were
received from Parzudaki and Verreaux, as the S. aurcogaster of F. Cuvier.
Table XLVIl.— ir«>»iirrm«iito of nine ipecimtiu of SoiCRUs A'inEiaASTER.
1
i
s
1
i
a
g
1
•a
5
Looallt;.
1
From Up of DOM to—
Tall to rod
of-
LeUKth of-
1
1
^
i
1
t
1
e
S
i
1
R
78M
TJOI
7847
7403
115.13
PIW
033 !-»
»3(ltl
1136
8
14
7
14^
30
OrizabA, Mexico
1.00
a 8.1
1.10
0.03
1.03
0.90
l.8«
i.sa
1.8S
1.75
a. 10
1.65
11.00
8.03
11.30
laoo
8.50
0.00
8.30
8.83
11.33
10.50
liOO
11.03
1.M
1.30
1.33
1.53
1.53
l.CO
1.45
1.70
3.30
3.20
3.30
3.33
3.33
3.30
0.70
II. .'lO
O.CO
a 04
0.-0
ilo
O
ilo
do
rf
8.50
11.00
10.00
10.00
0.00
B.M
0.00
aw
11.00
11.05
11. CS
11.00
Minulor (Dear VuraCras), Mexico
M<-iico
9
cf
9. 35 ! 0. .U 1
O.M
1.03
1.83
1.90
9.03
«.I5
3.00
o.so
Gnateniala
m
m\
Tablr XLVni.-
—Meaturementt oj
Hree ikullt of Sciunus aurkigastei
.
a
S
?,
!^
i
?.
1
f
n
t
Jj
t f
9
a
LooaUtj.
i
*
i
1
1
f
1
1 =
C a
u
1
^ d
*
1
*
P,
•
s
a
1.38
«
^
^
a p
u
ui
■s.
•s.
Ki.-a
I
i.44
S
1
1
0.34
§
1^
P
1
0.(0
OrlMbii, Mexico
0 73
070
1.15
0 46
0.30
1.40
•CU.VI
do
0
3.00
1.35
0.80
1.08
0il8
0.09
1.07
0.38
1.33
0.67
89lij
Santa EtlgeDia.Tehuantepec.
3.43
1.40
0.80
0.34
0.78
1.33
0.43
0.30
1.43
0 80
. * lUtber yoQDg.
SCIDUIDiE— SCIURUS LBUCOPS.
753
Tablb XLIX. — List of ipeelmcna cxamincil of Sciprus aukeioaster.
•s
1
a
s
a
k
11
1903
ISM
78«
7M8
05X1
e<89
'Mai
3033
3201
C333
G3J4
03Ki
iisg
■3
I
a
a
&_*
1-
3"
%
i
a
3
1
tocallt;.
1
From whom received.
CollecUd by—
e
a
"S
e
§
'A
6993
6S53
sues
M
7
8
0
9
Prof. F. SnmlchrMt ..
do
Prof. F. Sumicbnut
do
Skin,
do.
do
da
do . ...
do
do.
do
do
do
do.
do
.... do ...... .
do
Skull.
.. do.
do
do
do
do
do
.. do.
do
.... do
do
Bklh.
.. do.
30
Feb., 1861
.. do
do
Usilco
H. do Saussore
do
...do.
do
do
...do.
do
...do.
Mlrador (ntu Vera Cnu>, Hex
do
Dr. C. Sirtoriiu
do
Dr.C.Btrtorini
do
...do.
...do.
do
do
do
...do.
Boiton Soc. Nat BUt.
...do.
1
I
> Dasky.
SCIURUS LEUCOPS (Gray) Allen.
fiolden-bellled Squirrel.
SciuriK avrtoQMlrr Oeoffroy, Tojago de la YdnnB, Znul. 185.5, 156, pis. x, xi (not of F. Cavler, 1839).
1 Sdwnti typozanlhui Liciitenhtkin, MS. (see Qeoffroy, 1. c. 158).
ilacrozui griamJUnm$ Gray, Ann. and tln^. Nat. Hist. :!d ser. xx, 18C7, 427.
Uttcnzui leuoopt Oiur, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d sor. xx, 1807, 427.
Specific chars. — Length of body and head about 12.50; tail-vcrtebraj
9.75 ; tail with hairs 12.00 to 13.00, about equal to the length of the head and
body, but narrow. Pelage full and soft, .\bovc, gray, vaiying from whitish-
gray to dark iron jiay, generally with a lavge patch of yeilowish-rusty on the
nape and a large area of the same culur on the rump; beneath, pure white,
yellowish-white, or deep golden-yellow. Pelage of the whole upper surface
generally with a broad subterminal band of yellowish or golden, sometimes
showing faintly through the surface.
Of three specimens from Tehuantepec, Mexico, two pre white below,
faintly stained with yellow, while the other has the lower parts deep orange-
yellow. One (No. 9432) has the nape-patch chestnut and sharply defined ;
the rump-patch is faintly developed. In another (No. 9434), the nape-patch
is well defined but paler, and the rump-patch is also only faintly indicated.
48 H
;'iS'!:
m
m'%
^■'•H
m
754
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Ill tlic tliinl (No. 9433), tlie nape-pntcli is strongly colored, but is more
extended and not sharply defined ; the rump-patch, as in the others, is partly
hidden by the gray tips of the hairs. These all have the hairs of the tail
orange-yellow at base, with a broad subterniinal zone of black, and broadly
tipped with white. The yellow of the base is traversed by a irrow line
of black.
Three other specimens, from the Sierre Madre Mountains, Durango, have
each the chestnut nape and rump patches sharply defined, the latter very
large. The general coloi»above is pure dark gray, and that of the ventral
surface pure white. The pelage of the dorsal surface is generally ringed sub-
terminally with rufous, but there are many rufous hairs intermixed with the gray.
In two of these specimens, the tail presents no yellow, the hairs being banded
with black and white. In one (No. 7176), the hairs of the tail have a faint
wash of yellow at the base. Tiiis specimen very closely resembles the right-
hand figure of Geoffroy's Plate X in the Zoology of the Voyage of the Venus.
No. 0434, from Tohiuuitopcc, corre.spond.s with the other figure of the same
plate, while No. 9433 might apparently have served as the original of the
figure given in Plate XI of i\t". same work.
This species was first descrii)ed in 1855 by Is. Geoffrey, from specimens
obtained at Monterey by the naturalist of the Venus, but erroneously referred
to the iS. aitrfiogasfer of F. Cuvier. GeoflTroy, in his article on this species,
refers to its great variability in color, some of the specimens examined by
him being clear white beneath, otiiers grayish-white, while others had tiie
same parts varied with rufous and white. Dr. Gray's Marroxus griseo/lavtts
and iiis M. Icucops are unquestionably, I think, referable to this species.
The M. Icucops agrees well with Geoffrey's figures and description of
his iS. nureogasfer; the M. griscojlavus better with my Durango specimens,
except that the nape-patch is not mentioned. In both, the hairs of the back
are lead-colored at the base, broadly ringed with brown, with a narrow sub-
terminal ring of black and a white tip, while M. leucops has the "crown,
nape, and rump yellow-washed"; the lower surface in griseoflavus is "yellow-
red"', in kucops "bright red". GeofTroy says, of the upper parts, "mais le
gris n'est pas pur, les polls, noirs h leur base, blancs h leur poiiite, ayant uno
zone intermi'diaire roussc qui se niontrc un peu au dehors, et jetle sur
I'enscmble du pelage une b'gfcre nuance rousse. Sur la croupe et hi nuque
Ic roux devient meine dominant."
SCIURIDJE-SCIUUDS LEUCOPS.
755
Lichtenstein's MS. name hypoxanthus lias of course priority over belli,
but seems not to have been published except througli this incidental refer-
ence to it by Geoffroy; and indeed there is no proof that the specimens so
named were not referable to the true aureogaster of F. Cuvier.
Dr. Gray's M. griseqflavus and M. leucojis are both described on the
same page; and, although griseojlavun stands first, I adopt the name leucops as
agreeing better with'the specimens figured and described by Geoffroy, wliile
they come also from substantially the same locality; but I at the same time
believe gruseoflavus to be specifically the same, notwithstanding the more
uniform coloration of the dorsal surface.
A comparison of Geofiroy's description and figures wi(h tiiose given by
Cuvier shows at once the wide differences between them, which Geoffroy
himself thus notices : — " En comparant cette description Ji celle de M.
Frdddric Cuvier ou h. I'un des individus qui nous sont venus en 1829 et en
1831 de la Californie ct du Mexique, on reconnaltra imm''diatement de nom-
breuses et remarquables analogies avec ceux-ci, mais aussi de notables diffd-
rences. L'lScureuil de la FewMS, en nieme temps qu'il manjue infe'rieurement
de la couleur rousse qui serait caractdristiquc pour I'esptce selon les auteurs,
plus de roux sur les parties supdrieures ; et cela, non-seulement sur la croupe
et la nuque oil le roux domine, mais mCme surledos, otiles polls ont unezone
rousse dont d'autres individus ont h peine un vestige. L'ficureuil de la Venus
ne devrait-il done pas 6tre considdrd comme une espfcce voisine, niiiis dis-
tincte du Sciurus aureogaster ou hi/jwxanfhusf" He refers to the wide ranjrc
of individual variation presented bj several well-known species, and is infii"-
enced by this in referring- the snscimens collected b^' H'c Venus to Cuvier's
(S. aureogaster.
In size and proportions, there is little difference between the present
species and S. aureogaster, but the difference in coloration is so pronounced
a'.id of such a character as to leave little doubt of their distinctness. In S.
aureogaster, the hairs of the dorsal surface have, in some specimens, a pale
central narrow ring of rust, but often the hairs are wholly black beneath the
surface and merely narrowly tipped with white. None of the sixteen speci-
mens of S. aureogaster before me show any approach to nny of the six
specimens of S. leucops, yet ;nore abundant material may show that they are
not specifically separable. Among the specimens from Tehuantepec are
typical representatives of both forms.
^'^
■■"'1
'*!
r ;1
I ',
mn
i',\
m'
756
MONOGRArnS OF NORTH AMEBIC AX RODENTIA.
The liabilat of this species, so far as kuown, is confined to Southern
Mexico and Guatemala.
Taule L. — Meaturcmeutt of >ix iipeciiiieti* of Sciuiics leucofs.
B
a
a
i
3
=
1
a
U
OiU
94.12
04:i3
7i:o
iin
STiOl
1
a
1
Loulitj.
i
From tip of Dose to—
Tail to end of—
Lengttlor-
i
a
i
1
"S
£
1
M
1
4J
s
0.
t
8
1
i
a
1
1
J
B
5
33
SA
96
8008
477
Hi
9
1.03
t.io
1.10
i.gs
i.es
a. 00
a. as
a. 30
a 49
12. M
11.30
it. SO
11. as
11.00
11.00
».73
0.00
9.00
a 75
8.50
a. SO
1100
lato
11. as
I'lOO
11.75
1100
1.70
l.SO
1.58
L35
i.<5
1.58
a.ra
tao
a. as
aas
aas
ass
a 75
aeo
o.eo
0.00
aeo
Skin.
..do.
..do.
-do.
..Ao.
..do.
Ao
do
do
Table LI. — Litt of tpedmait examined of Sciurl'S leucofs.
1
0
B
B
51-2
477
aooe
30
as
96
1
Locality.
Wtieo
eoilecud.
Fmni wbom received.
CoUectnl bj—
i
I
o
esoi
7177
7170
0134
9433
0433
9
Slorra Uadre, Daraogo, Mexico. ..
do.'.
Apr, 1663
Johu Xantna
Skin.
. do.
do.
do
do
do
do
rrotF.Sunichraat...
do
ProrF.ganiicbraat..
do
do
.... do
ilo
do
SCIURUS ^STUANS Linn.
Bractllsn Squirrel.
Var. iESTUANS.
Sciurut hr<uiliensi« MAKConAVB, HiHt. Nat Briw. 1048, 230.— BnissON, Biiga. Anim. 175C, 154.
Sciurua aja/kdna L1NN.CU8, 8;at. Nat. i, li06, 8H.— EnxLKUKN, Syiit. Reg. Anim. 1777, 421.— Gmelin, Syat
Nat. i, 1788, 151.— gciiRKliEli, gUiiget. 1792, 787.— KuilL, Beitriiffe, IDSn, 68.— DEftMARtutr,
Mum. 1832, :)37. — Oripvith'h Cuvier, v, fi68.— Maximilian, neitiuice z. NatarKesch. Bruil. ii,
l«i(i, 4:10.— Fischer, Synop. Mum. 1829, 3!)9.— Waonrr, Snppl. Schrelier'a Siiuget. iii, IMS,
IH(!.— TsciiUDi, Fauna Peruana, 1844-40, 1&8.— ScuiKZ, Syo. Ham. ii, 1845, 17.— Oiebel,
■ •' SUuKPt. 18.-.5, U.W,
Maeroxm atluam " V. CuviKR, Diet. Sci. Nat. x [1818], 848".— Lesson, Han. «le« Mam. 1827, 238.— Gray,
Ann. uiid Mag. Nut. Hist. 3il mt. xx, 1807, 432.
kSra'tinta amtuaiif var. guiaiieniilt Prtkiis, Monutab, K.-P. Akad. r.n Berlin, 180:1 (1864), Cr4>.
f .Sci«r««jM(«i(/K»"GKOi'i.ii()v, Coll. Mint."— Dkhmarkht, Nohv. Diet. d'HiHt. Nat. x, 1817, 109; Mam. 1822,
3.17 (Ca.Tenne; yonngf).— Fihchkr, Synop. Mam. 1829, 359— Waokkr, Snppl. Bchreber'a
Siiuget. iii, 1843, 187.
r Macroxuf puMllluf Lesson, Man. des Ham.' 1827, 338.— Gray, Ann. and Hag. Nat. Hiat. 3d aer. xx, l>^, 433.
SCIUBID^— SOIURUS ^STUANS.
757
Sctunt jilrjjHliWa Nattkrer, MS.— WaONER, Wiegm. Arob. f. Natnrg. 1813, ii, 43, 1845, i, 148; Abbnnd.
d. K.-D. Akad. d. Wisaensch. V, 1850, 279 (from near the moath of the Bio Madeira, Urazil). —
GiEOEL, Siiaget. 1855, 653 (from Wagner).
Sc'mnu gufrlingm C*8TELNao, MS. (= Maeruim leucogmler Gray J see Gray, 1. c).
Macre nn leueogatter Gray, Ann. and Mog. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 430. ^
Macri.ru> flavivenUr Castelnah, MS. — Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 432.
Macroxut kuhUi Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 433 (= Scmrus leucotU Costoloaa, MS.)
ifjioxiu guerlingiu Shaw, Gen. Zoul. ii, 1801, 171, pi. 156.
^riuilian Squirrel, Pennant, Quad. 1771, 286.
i« O'raiid Oii«Wi»y«««, BuPFON, Hist. Nat. Suppl. vii, 1789,261, pi. Ixv. ', ' '
Xf /V(« <J«i«-«i?<7i«rf, BUFRON, Hist. Not. Sappl. vii, 1789, 63, pi. jElvl. _:..■',:■:... i. ■■'
O'licWiMfuet, SliAW, Gen. ZoCI. ii, 1801, 171.
CachiH gili, VulifO. r^ /-
Var. EUFONIQEB.
Sciurvi nifoii'ger PccnERAN, Rev. de Zool. 1845, 336 (Santa F6 de Bogotit).
Sciunu ckrymroa PucnERAN, Rev. de Zool. 1845, 337 (Santa i'6 de Bogota).
to'iiriM wttuant var. hoffmanni Peters, Monatsb. Akod. Wissensch. Berlin, 1863(1864), 654 (Costa Bica).
Scittrut kgporrkodui Gray, Ann. and Hag. Kat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 419.
Matrmaa irroralm Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 431 (" Upper ITcayali, Brazil '').
Mttcrozm grmogena Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3<1 ser. xx, 1867, 429 (Mexico, Honduras, Costa Bica,
Panama, Santa F6 de Bogot£) ; lb. 4th ser. xi, 1873, 469.
Var. .ESTUANs.
Vaeietal chars. — Length of head and body 7.00 to 8.00 inches ; of tail-
vcrtebroe a Jittle less (about 6.75 to 7.50); to end of hairs about 9.00 to 9.50.
Ears of medium size, rounded ; tail narrow, distichous till near the end, where
it is more cylindrical. Pelage soft, short. General color above dark olivaceous-
brown, minutely varied with fulvous or pale rufous ; below, including inside
of the limbs, generally reddish-yellow, varying from pale rufous to yellowish-
gray. Sometimes with the yellow restricted to the breast and the middle of
the anterior half of the lower surface ; or the whole lower surface is whitish,
washed with fulvous. Above, with the middle of the back, sometimes darker
tlian the rest of the dorsal surface. Tail yellowish-brown, ringed with black
(the subterminal black bar very broad), and washed with pale grayish-yellow.
Tlie general color of the tail is blackish, washed with pale whitish-yellow.
The outer surface of tlie feet is usually colored like the back. The ears are
generally reddish ; the eye is ringed with brownish-yellow. The sides of
the muzzle, the chin, and throat are yellowish-white.
This variety presents no very striking variations in color, and seems to
vary but little with locality. I have noticed no tendency to melanism, and no
melanistic specimens appear to have been met with by previous authors.
The subjoined table of measurements of fifteen specimens, nearly all (thirteen)
taken from alcoholic examples, shows only a very moderate range of varia-
tion. The specimens arc nearly all from Southern Brazil, and are quite uni-
758
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
■In
m -'!i
. i,:i f
% S'
•Ji
I
aiiiffi'i
form in coloration, varying mainly in respect to the tint of the lower surface,
which ranges from yellowish-white to reddish-yellow. The upper surface,
though presenting a small amount of variation in comparison to that shown
by the Central American and Mexican species, varies considerably in respect
to the general tone of the color. The hairs are generally plumbeous or dusky
at base, ringed first with yellowish-brown and then with black, with yellowish
tips. The hairs are thus twice ringed with black and yellowish. The gen-
eral color varies from mixed yellowish-gray and black to mixed reddish-brown
and black, with sometimes the middle of the back distinctly darker than
the sides.
Var. BUFONIGEB.
Variltal chars. — Larger than var. anstuam. Length of body about 8.75 ;
of tail-vcrtebraj about 7.00 to 7.75 ; of tail to end of hairs 9.00 to 9.75.
Scarcely different in coloration from \a.r. astuans, except that the dorsal surface
is ratlicr darker and niidder and the lower patts rather lighter ; the tail is also
washed with yellowish-red instead of very pale yellow, while the black rings
are broader and darker.
In respect to the general coloration of the body, these two forms are
sometimes quite indistinguishable, but the coloration of the tail is generally
strikingly different; the size of the northern form seems also to be uniformly
larger. Occasionally, specimens of var. astuans are of just the same tint above
as var. rufoniger, but generally var. rufoniger is redder and darker, the middle
of the back being frequently quite blackish, the hairs being ringed with red-
dish-yellow and black instead of pnle or grayish-yellow and black, with the
subterminal black ring broader.
Among the twenty-five or more specimens of var. rufoniger in the col-
lection (nearly all from Costa Rica), the range of color- variation is very lim-
ited, the dorsal surface varying only in respect to the amount and intensity
of the rufous, and in respect to whether the middle of the dorsal region is
«;onc()lor with the rest of the dorsal surface, or more or less darker. The
lower surface varies from dull pale reddish-fulvous to deep bright orange.
The tail varies only in respect to the tint of the reddish edging, which is
sometimes yclIowish-rcd, but generally reddish-orange, and not unfrequently
dark reddish-brown. The very small inconspicuous ear-patch varies from
white or yellowish-white to reddish-fulvous. The outside of the limbs and
the upper surface of the feet are gencndly colored like the dorsid surface;
SCIUBIDiE— SCIURUS iESTUANS AND VARIETIES.
7^
759
tlie inner side of tlic limbs like the hcWy ; sometimes, however, the foot ivin
colored liko the belly, the color of the ventral surface also sometimes invad-
ing the outer surface of the limbs. The sides of the face and chin vary from
grayish-brown to deep yellow or orange.
Specimens from Venezuela are smaller, and are undistinguishable from var.
aaluansaboye, but still retain the bright-red edging of the tail, wliich is, how-
ever, lighter or more golden than in Costa Rica specimens. This form ap|)ears
to extend, with very slight modifications, southward through New Granada to
Eastern Peru.
GKNEBAL BEMABKS UPON 8CIURU8 /G8TUANS AND ITS VARIETIES.
Differential characters. — The two varieties of Sciurus eestuam differ
in the larger size and more reddish coloration of the northern form, and
especially in respect to the color of the tail. Var. rufonigcr averages fully an
inch longer than var. astuans; the color is much more rufous, the tjvil broadly
edged with red instead of narrowly edged with pale yellow, and the ventral
surface is deep reddish-orange instead of reddish-yellow. In the tables of
measurements, the tail appears to be relatively the shorter in var. rufoniger,
but the difference is not real. In the case of var. astuans, the measurements
were taken from specimens preserved in alcohol, while the measurement f
var. rufoniger were taken from skins, from the tails of which the verte e
had generally been removed, leaving merely the shrunken distorted skin.
Synontmy and nomenclature. — Linnseus's description of Sciurus astu-
'ns was based on specimens from Surinam, and is the same animal as the S.
brasiliensis of Marcgrave and Brisson. The name mstuans is the one by which
the Brazilian Squirrel has generally been recognized by authors. For a long
time, the only prominent synonym was pusiltus, a MS. name given by
Geoffrey to young specimens from Cayenne, in the Paris Museum, which
name appears to have been first published by Desmarest in 1817. This is
also the origin of Buffon's "PelU Guerlinguet", and the £cureuil nain of
other French authors. For many years, these names all uniformly referred to
the original example in the Paris Museum.* Gray, in 1867, referred to a
second specimen, "four and a half inches long" (head and body), as being in
the British Museum, from "Tropical America". I have before me another,
from Brazil, which I believe to be only a very young example of S. eestuans,
* "Hue tninru & Ciijenne; c'eat de liV que Labonlo envoyit ii BiitTun le sonl iadividii qiiijusqu'^
pr^ut, ait it6 d^orit."— (F. Cuvikr, Diol. da Scienca Xal. torn, xiv, ISIO, p. 248.)
7G0
MONOGBAPna OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTJA.
m
l!«
! ■' [
•M -i
1 1'\
hi'
although in size and coloration it agrees perfectly with the descriptions of
S. pmillus.*
Tiio next synonym of the Brazilian Squirrel (var. (Bstuans) is the 8. gil-
vii;ularis (Nattcrer, MS.), a species first described by Wagner in 1843, based
on specimens from the mouth of the Rio Madeira, having the chin and throat
ochre-ycUow. Tiiis form he regarded ns the northern representative of the
S. asluans of Southern Brazil. In 18G3, Peters gave the varietal name
giiianensis to specimens from British Guiana, also immature, though much
larger than the S. pusillus of Gcoffroy. Two of the numerous nominal species
<loscribe(l by Dr. Gray, namely, 8. Jlaviventer and S. kuhl'd from "Brazil",
arc also undoubtedly referable to var. asluans, as is also his M. leucogaster
from Eastern Bolivia.
The first name applicable to the northern form of Sciurus asluans seems
to be the rufoniger of Pucheran, given in 1845 to specimens from Santa Fc do
Bogoti'i. In the same article, the name chrysurus was given to other speci-
mens from the same locality. The first name was applied to examples having
the middle of tlie body dark, the sides reddish, the chin and throat gray, and
the tail ringed with red and black; the second to specimens with the dorsal
surface uniformly colored, the throat yellow, and the tail washed with golden.
To the extreme phase of this species, as developed in Costa Rica, Peters, in
1864, applied the varietal name hojfmanni (Sciurus lesluans var. hoffmanni),
in which the size is rather larger and the colors stronger, especially the rufous,
than in the New Granada specimens. Gray's Sciurus hyporrhodus, described
in 1867, was based also on specimens from Santa Fd de Bogotd, apparently in
full winter pelage, which are unquestionably referable to the form previously
named by Pucheran. His description applies in every detail to numerous
specimens before me from Costa Rica. Gray's Macroxus irroratm, from the
Upper Ucayali, Eastern Peru, also belongs here, showing that this rufous
form of Sciurus asluans ranges quite far southward along the eastern base
of the Andes. I also refer to this form the same author's M. griseogena from
Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, and Santa Fd de Bogotd.
Geoobapiiical distbiuution. — Sciurus asluans, including its two varie-
* Bufruii's (IcBcriptiiin of Le Petit Guerlinguct would lead one to sappose it to liavo been baaed ou an
odiilt individual. Ho nays .... " los testiculcs de ce petit gaorlingnet <StoioDt beaacoap plna grog 'que
ceiLt dii grand gncrliugnut, & proportion du corps, qnoiqiie ce» partes prdsent dans le grand gnerlinguet
de 111 nifliuo groaseiir qne dons nos 6cureniU."— (/Tijl. Kat. Siippl. torn, vii, p. 204.) It seems curtain tbat a
spccios uf Sipiirrcl so runiarkublo as this could not su long remain unknown in a region whoso zoology
is now so well known as tbat of Cayenne and Eastern Uiazil.
i!ir^ii
i: iS^.ti
SClURIDiE— 8CIU11US ^STUANS.
7G1
ties, ranges from Southern Brazil northward to Costa Rica, and from the
Atlantic coast westward to the eastern base of the great Andean cliain. Yar.
astuans ranges throughout Brazil, extending westward to Eastern Bolivia and
northward to Guiana, but it seems to bo nowhere common. Var. ritfonlgcr
cvtcnds over the northern states of South America, including Venczucda, New
Granada, and probably portions of Ecuador, and thence southward to Eastern
Peru. In Costa Rica, it seems to be one of the most abundant of the Sciurl.
Taolk LII. — MocuaremeniB qf eighken ^ecimtr:i 0/ Svituva jBSiVAna var. s^siVASB.
4mi
4039
40<n
3(00
410i
:iotiO
3xa
um
tin
luo
433S
«m
1X18
1833
•0048
LooaUly.
Conta Gallo, Knull .
.do.
..do.
..do.
Rio do JitDoiro, Bnsll. .
8an Maltaeoa, Brull ...
Kio do Janeiro, Broxll .
Obydoo, Brail)
Rio do Janeiro
From tip of nose to
H
.do.
do.
Braill...
do.
do.
do.
Santa Rita, Braiil..
Braali
0.07
DOS
0.90
0.9S
0.73
a 79
0,93
aoo
0.87
0.80
1.03
6.83
aoa
0.08
a87
0.80
0.03
0.90
L70
1.77
1.00
1.70
1.35
1.3S
1.70
1.85
1.60
1.67
1.65
1.60
1.53
1.77
1.68
1.50
1.50
1.70
2.13
ISO
1.05
3.15
1.50
1.79
3.13
3.33
3.00
3.00
3.13
1.83
3.00
3.03
3.07
1.03
l.OS
1.95
7.75
7.65
6.eo
7.50
3.50
5.85
7.80
7.00
7.05
7.30
7.75
g.30
7.05
a 10
7.00
6.50
7.50
aso
Tall to end
of—
7.00
7.S5
6.80
7.35
S.35
&'I5
7.50
7.50
0.75
7.00
5.75
7.00
7.50
6.80
7.80
7.30
7.33
9.00
10.55
0.15
0.00
6.75
aso
0.10
a 75
ao5
9.80
9.30
Length of-
1.35
I. S3
1.35
I. S3
l.CO
1.35
1.S5
1.37
1.13
l.SO
1.15
1.17
1.35
1.34
1.33
1.30
1.35
1.37
1.00
1.88
l.»3
I. 'JO
1.90
1. H5
).!I3
3.05
i.eo
1.75
l.M
1.90
3.05
3.00
1.08
3.10
1.83
1.00
0.60
0.58
o.i:0
0.C4
0.53
0.07
0.70
0.08
0.57
a 03
0.00
a 57
0.70
0.67
0.65
0.73
Alcotiolio.
....da
...do.
...do.
....do.
— da
..da
— da
....da
....da
da
....da
... da
— da
...da
...da
Sliin.
— da
* In National Mukdu, Washington, D. 0. i all the others in Musetnn of Comparative Zo61ogy, Cambridge, Uaae.
VM
; I
J,i\](
i !
7152 MONOGRAPna up NOBTH AMBUICAN llODENriA.
Taiilk hni.—ilcanurcmenls »/ »ix(<!«n tpedmenB cf SciURUa JEarv^nB var. nui-ONlOKR.
a
I
1
a
a
a
1
'a
s
Lootllt;.
i
From tip of noM to—
Tall to end
of-
Loofftbof—
3
•s
1
nt
■7,
1
1
1
«1
3.30
a 18
3.10
t
1
i
1
1
i
B
S
IJOK
13053
I!I0J8
Iit030
I1KM0
fxat
iturio
laosg
IMJl
9307
11363
ii3n
II3(I'J
moo
11733
33
fJoatA niom
1. 00
0.95
0.9J
1. 00
1.68
1.87
9.35
10.00
9.00
7.50
ass
8.75
8.75
8.35
8.75
S.SO
&75
7.75
9.75
1.35
3.05
9.05
3.10
3.00
1.90
3.05
8.00
l.O'J
1.85
a 00
3.05
3.00
3.03
J. 00
3.07
i.eo
1.78
0.90
0.43
Skin.
..d'l
..do.
..do.
do
rf
Bd
do
do
6.35
aoo
1.17
1.10
80
M
34
89
do
J
«
1.05
0.92
1.00
1. 00
1.80
1.80
3.13
3.07
3.13
dow
..do.
do
...do
5.75
6.0O
&3S
7.00
7.00
S.00
9.35
1.35
I.3S
1.30
1.30
1.35
1.30
1.35
1.15
1.10
0.97
0.50
..do.
..do.
..do.
....do
9
0 97
0.85
1.00
1.03
0.07
0.85
a 05
1.83
1.83
1.85
1.85
1 8.^
1.70
1.83
3.15
»03
3.15
3.17
3.80
do ..
do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
do -•
9
9
rf
9
9
IS
IS
....do
8.0O
9.CH
9.50
8. SO
8.75
7.00
6.75
7.50
6.75
7.50
8.90
8.35
9. CO
8.60
9.00
..do.
do
da
..do.
do
0.80
1.65
do.
Table LIV. — Litt of «|)c(jim«»» examined of SoiURUS .sstuans var. iESTUANg.
1
a
p
1
i
1
M
Locality.
From whom received.
Collocted by-
1
1833
im
4061
496)
40.TO
4063
4103
.1960
1340
1J47
1349
1349
1350
3933
4933
4338
4337
4938
•DOM
J
<f
9
<f
09
9
9
J
9
Skin.
Aleohollo.
....da
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
....da
do
do
do
...da
....do'
do
do
....da
do
Bartt and Copetond
J.A. Alleii
...da
....da
do
do r.
do
do
....da
do
do
...da
do
do
do
...da
do
do
do
....da
09
J
9
9
9
<f
do
do
do
... da
do
N. Dexter
....da
Braill
do
....da
do
do
do
....Ac.
. , do
do
....do
... da
do
...'..do
do
....da
... do . ...
Skin.
* III National Musenni, Wosbiugtoa, D. C. ; nil tho otbers in Museum ur Oorapnratlve Z >dlogj', Cflmbridge, Mau.
i}\<
8CIUKID.I3— SOIUBUS TEPUUOG ASTER.
7G3
Tarlr LV, — Lilt of ipecimeHt eiamined of SciURUs f^TCANS var. uufoniger,
1
•f-3
1'
i
i
t
J
Looolliy.
From whom raoelyed.
C'olleotod by—
1
I
9
i
1
0307
11:10.1
iine^
11360
II30T
II3(»
11370
11703
11113
11110
1J0I5
12030
18031
l;05-3
1.-033
13033
15030
1X37
lC03a
19030
13000
0X13
11733
San J<w«, Coaunioa
Wm.M.Oabb
do
J. C. Zuledou
SklD.
14
ai
17
16
13
17
17
31
34
89
4S
08
80
CoatalUoa
.... do
do
do
do . . .
do.
9
do
do
do . . ....
flA.
do
do
do
da
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do.
, do
do
do
.do.
do
do
do
do
do
do
Talmaoca Expedtlton
do
do
do
do
do
do
.do
do.
do
do
do
da
9
9
do
do
do
da
do
do
do
..da
do
do
do
.da
rta
da
.da
da
do .,
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do . . .
do .
do
do.
9
9
09
09
WilllamB Coll. Ljro. Nat.
nut.
da
do
da
..da
3i99
3303
....
Traando River, Now Oranada
do
LlBnt, Miohler
A.Bcbott
do
do
..da
SCIURUS TEPHROGASTER (Gray) Allen.
OrlMba Squirrel.
T ifaaroxiti frantri Oiur, Ann. and Hag. Nat. Hint. 3il ser. zx, 18C7, 430.
Macnxut U-phngtuter Okay, ib. 431 ; ib. 4tb aer. z, 1872, 408.
jVmiroxiu ttBHiurua GBAr, lb. 3d ser. xz, 1867, 4:11.
ilacroxut middellinentii OlUT, ib. 4tb ser. z, 1972, 408 (Now Orannda).
Specikic chahs. — She o{ Sciums astuans var. rufoniger; length of body
8.75 (ranging from 8.50 to 9.25); of tail-vertcbroc 7100 to 7.50; of tail to
end of hairs 9.00 to 9.G0. Color above, dark olivaceous-brown, minutely varied
with yellow or rufous, with the middle of the back darker than the sides,
and witti less rufous. Beneath, whitish-gray or fulvous, varying in diiTcrcnt
specimens from nearly pure white to orange, with the basal portion of the hairs
dusky ; generally grayish below, washed with reddish-fulvous. Tail above,
black, washed with white ; below, reddish-brown, ringed with black centrally,
with a broad subtcrminal bar of black, succeeded by whitish tips. The
small ear-patch varies from white to gray, fulvous, and even rufous.
1, 1 1
[ M
II!;
t'
7G4
MONOGUAl'US OV ;5fOUrU AMEUICAN KODENTIA.
This species, in size, proportuins, and in the color of the dorsal surface,
is almost inseparable from var. rufonigcr of S. astuans; it is, however, readily
distiugiiisliablc from that species by the generally almost wlioll" gray color of
the ventral surface, over which the hairs arc conspicuously dusky at the base,
and by the white instead of red edging of the tail. It furthernr.orc has two
l)remolars, the first quite large for a Sclurus, while in the large number of
specimens of both varieties of S. astuans I have examined I have found uni-
formly only one. It is so wiiolly distinct from all the other Sniuri as to require
no detailed comparison with any of them.
The seven specimens of this species before me vary in respect to color-
ation as follows: — One (No. 7840, Orizaba, Mexico) is pure gray below through-
out, the hairs being tipped with white ond dusky at ba.se; above, olivaceous-
dusky, minutely punctulatcd with yellowish-rufous ; middle of the back
blackish; car-patch whitish. No. 7206, also from Orizaba, is similar, except
that the sides are rather more strongly varied with yellowish-rufous, and the
pectoral region is distinctly washed with fulvous. No. 8491, from near Cor-
dova, is almost exactly like tlio last, being perhaps rather more fulvous below
and a little redder on the flanks. Another (of which the label is lost) is still
more rufous above and more fulvous below. No. 8490 (Cordova) is like the
last, with, however, distinctly white oar-patches. No. 3922 (Mexico) is more
rufous above, and is washed strongly with reddish-fulvous below. No. 3261
(Mexico) is bright orange below, but above is wholly like the gray-bellied
specimens from Orizaba. No. 8620, from Central Guatemala, is fulvous-
washed below, but is strongly ferrugineous above, with reddish-yellow ear-
patches, the prevailing color dorsally being ferrugineous, slightly varied with
black. In this specimen, the hairs of the dorsal surface arc double-ringed
with fulvous, plumbeous at base, then a narrow ring of fulvous, followed by
another of black, and tipped with rusty. In all the other specimens, the
hairs are wholly blackish, except the tip, which is yellowish, varying more or
less in different specimens to rufous.
or the eight specimens of this species before me, seven are from
Southern Mexico and the other from Guatemala. Dr. Gray refers to his
M. trphrogaster specimens from "Mexico (Salld), Guatemala (Salvin), Hon-
duras (Dyson), and Bogota (11. E. Strickland)"; I also refer to the same
species his M. teeniwrus from Guatemala, his M. middellinensis from Antio-
giiia. New Granada, and less confidently his M. fraseri from Ecuador. The
first three of these namos I think arc unquestionably referable to this species.
SOIURID^-SCIURUS TRPnUOQASTER.
705
I hove met wifli no dcscriptiuri published earlier than 18G7 that seems
at all applicable to this species. So far as external characters arc concerned,
it migiit bo regarded as a subspecies of S. ast'mns, the dilTerenccs being far
, less than between either of the subspecies of S. huilsoniun, and ratlier less, or
certaiidy not greater, than obtain between S. teduans cBuluani and S. (pstu-
ans lu/oniger. It was only the discovery of the presence of two upper pre-
molars (the first also large for a Sciurus) that led me to recognize it as
specifically distinct from S. astuans. Five of the eight skins of S. tephro-
gasler contain the skulls, and in each are two upper premolars. On the other
liand, in examining the dentition of some twenty or more specimens of S.
astuans, embracing about an equal number of each variety, I have mc< with
none having more than a single upper premolar. . ,
The habitat of S. tephrogaster moy be considered as embracing Southern
Mexico and Central America, and as extending southward over the northern
states of South America to Central New Granada, and probably to Ecuador.
Taolk LVI. — itauuremcult of $cven ipKinuni of Sciunus TKruiiooAHTER.
i
i
B
1
■mi
ram
7'20U
T8I9
M90
8Ul
etio
1
6
LooOltj.
>>
&
From tip of nose t»—
Tall lo end
uf-
Lengehof-
.a
ta
h
i
I'
t
1
*
1
1
i.:o
1.35
1.9-1
1.40
1.30
1.95
1.30
■a
c
ia
■■
*
0.95
0.07
O.KI
0.B7
0.85
O.BT
0.80
I.M
1.7.-1
1.83
I.M
1.75
i.es
1.6.1
a. 00
9.10
9.30
8.50
0.90
a 75
9.95
n.oo
8.00
aso
7.00
a 00
9.0:1
9. 05
1.05
9.05
1.03
9.00
l.fO
0..'
0.C0
0.09
0.00
do
1
do
7.95
O.OJ
do
....
7.50
0.00
Tadle LVII.— £<«1 of apocinu.'iu txamiiuA of Sciuitus TEPiinoaASTKii.
1
1
a
-a
1
i
Looalltr. '
When
collected.
•
From whom rooolTcd.
Collected by-
1
£
a
1
8490
8491
7900
78«
3301
3999
97
98
13
1
9
PoUirn, near Cordora, Mexico
do
April-, 1865
do
Prof. F. SnmichrMt .
do
Prof. F. SumlclinMit .
...do
Skin.
..do.
OrUabo. Mexico
do
...do
...do.
do
Mexico
Not. 1,1804
do
...do
.do.
.. do.
do
H.de SauBsare
...do.
do
...do.
8180
Heory IXiigao
...do.
iii Liiii' i
in
Mm'
7G6 MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMBRICAN RODENTIA.
SCIURUS GERRARDI Gray. . ^ ^^
(ierrard'g Squirrel.
Seiurua gerrurdi Giiay, Troc. Zofil. Soc. Lond. 1861, 99, pi. xlv (New Granada).
ifacroiax gitrrardi OiuY, Ami. mid Mug. Nut. Hist. 'M aer. xx, 1H(17, 4110.
Macrotttt brunnfo-nigtr Cahtei.n.vu, MS.— Giiay, Ann. and Mag. Nnt. Ilist. 3il aer. xx, 18G7, 429 (Brazil).
MairoxuK lanlholut Okay, Ann. and Mug. Nat. Hi«t. 3<l tier, xx, 18(!7, 429 (Cmta Rica).
t ilacroxus igHitiu Gray, Ann. and Ma^. Nat. Illat. 3d aer. xx, 1H67, 4i29 (Bolivia).
Specific chars. — Intermediate in size between Sciurus variabilis and
Sciurus testuans var. rvfoniger. Length of body from end of nose to base of tail
ai)out 9.50 ; of lail-vertebraj about 8 00 ; of tail to end of hairs about 10.00 to
10.50; of iiindfoot about 2.25. Top of the head and middle region of dorsal
siirfiice black or dusky; rest of dorsal surface varied with yellowish-rufous and
black; below, deep reddish-brown or brigiit reddish-orange; outer side of the
limbs sometimes like the ventral surface, sometimes like the dorsal surface;
in some specimens, dark fiery red-brown, darker than the ventral surface. Tail
rather full and bushy, the base of the hairs yellowish-brown, with narrow
rings of black ; a broad subterminal black bar, broadly tipped with reddish-
golden, varying to dark fiery-red. Pelage short and sparse, especially below.
To this species I refer three badly prepared skins from Nercua, New
Granada, and four specimens in alcohol from near Obisjx), Panama, two of
which are evidently not of adult size. The three Nercua specimens vary in
color below from dark reddish-orange to dark reddish-brown. In two, the
middle of the back is black, the rest of the dorsal surface being varied with
yellowish-rufous and black, the former color prevailing. The hairs individu-
ally are dusky at the base, with a broad subterminal yellowish-rufous bar,
and tipped with black. In one of the specimens, the black band along the
middle of the back is narrow and not well defined. In one, the whole upper
surface of the head, including the sides of 'lie nose, is nearly as dark as the
middle of the back; in the others, the head is varied with yellow- and black.
In one, the surface of the tail is reddish-golden; in another, red; and in the third,
dark cherry-red. Of the Panama specimens, one (No. 3224, adult male) is
deep red above, blackish on the occiput and rump, and pale red below, witii
the tail black at the base and tip, and the middle half red. Another (No.
3fi44, a young female) is dusky above, varied with reddish-yellow, and
bright ferrugineous below, with the tail black, the middle half broadly edged
with red. No. 3216 (also an immature female) is similar to the last, but is
SCIURID^-SCIUKUS GERRARDI.
707
rather darker above and less varied with yellow. The otlier (No. 3G47, a
breeding female) is more varied above with reddish-yellow than either of the
others, and rather paler below. The tail, as in the others, is partly black
and partly red.
This species has es.sentially the same style of coloration as Sciurus vari-
abilis, but differs from it in its smaller size and much smaller ears. Like
that species, it probably runs into phases in which the ventral surface is
white. It differs from Sciurus cestuans in being much larger and in colora-
tion, it much exceeding in size even its larger northern variety, and being
much redder. The Nercua specimens, however, much resemble it in
coloration.
Dr. Gray's description and figure of his Macroxus gerrardi from New
Granada agree very well witli the specimens above described, differing only
in his S. gerrardi being white below. As, however, one of the Panama
specimens is very pale below (nearly white), and the allied species all present
white-bellied phases, I adopt the name gerrardi for this species. Gray's later
description of his M. xanthotus from Veragua agrees well with the speci-
mens from Nercua ; and I also refer more doubtfully to this species his M.
bruneo-niger from Brazil and his M. ignitus from Bolivia, not feeling sure,
however, that both the latter may not be referable to S. cestuans var. rufo-
niger. Assuming, however, that these supposed species are referable to the
species here called S. gerrardi, we should have the habitat of the latter
extending from Costa Rica to Bolivia.
Table LVUL— Jtf«i»ttrCT»«ii(» of
icrcn tptdmrnt of SciuRUS
OEIIRARDI.
1
1
u
x»«
3301
33no
•am
fAI
•3MB
•36«
1'
i
■
'3
934
LooaUtj..
1
1
M
»
9
9
o9
09
From tipof noM to-
Toil to end
of-
Longthur—
o
if
n
s
h
a
g.
1
10.90
B.SO
B.TS
a. 73
0.10
8.03
8.70
>
7.93
7.95
8.00
8.73
8.00
7. .10
I
0.93
0.93
10. 9.1
10 go
«.VS
8.00
i
1
a
n
1.40
1.40
1.30
1..13
1.30
1.41
1.63
9.90
9 93
9.40
195
9.10
9.00
9.93
o."oi'
0 60
0.00
0 65
Skin.
do.
..do.
Alcoliulio.
...do.
-. do.
.. do.
do
do
1.03
l.CO
1.00
1. 10
3.0.1
a 00
1.9S
1.83
a. 4.1
a. 4.1
9.3<
9.40
do
do
• In MnMUDi of Compantln ZotUoRy, Cambridge, Mum.
." ! •' ^
'It;
fii.
I .. !
la*!! I
7G8
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Table LIX. — Lift of tpecimem txamtHed of Scii'Ri'8 okrbardi.
•i
s
3
O
■s
1
a
1
s
9
a
1
■a
6
S
Locality.
From whom rocc!ve*I.
Conoclml liy—
i
i
£
1
3300
3301
X10>
■3a!4
*.IC<T
•3(.44
•jar,
814
d
9
«
o?
09
Skiu.
...da
du
do
do
do
do
do
...da
Dp.G. a. Uaask
Alcabultc
...da
do
do
do
...da
do
do
do
...da
* In Maaeum of CompuritlTe Zoology, Cambridge,
SCIURUS VARIABILIS Geoffroy. .
FeroTian Squirrel*
Sciuriu variabilii I. Okoffrot, fitnd. Zool. (Gudrin's Mag. de Zool.), 1832, i, pi. iv.— TscnuDi, Fauna
ruriiaiia, 1844-4fi, 105, pi. x.— ScHlsE, 8yn. Maai. ii, 1*»5, 20.
Sciurut langtdorffi Bra.ndt, Mdm. Acad. des. Scl. de St. PtStenb. 6o s6r. Matb. Pbyn. et Nat. lii, 9d pt. 183r>,
i-a, pi. xi.— Waonkr, Snppl. Scbreber'g Siinget. iii, 1843, 184 ; Abband. d. K.-B. Akad. d.
Wisecnscb. v, 1650, 273.— ScuiNZ, Syn. Mam. ii, 1845,-16.— OlEBEL, Saugct. 1855, 653.
Macrotttt langadorffl Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 18S7, 421^.
Sdarua ignirenlris N.VTTERE11, M.SS.— Wao.vf.r, Wiegm. Ar, b, f. Natiirgescb. 1842, i, SfiO ; Abband. d.
K.-n. Akad. d. Wiiwenscb. v, 1850, 275.— SciliNZ, Synop. Mam. ii, 1645, 22 (rroni Wagner).—
D'OiiuiGNY &, Gervais, Voy. dans TAmiSr. ni^rid. iv, 2d pt. 1847, 24 (Uolivia). — Gikuel,
Siinget. 1855, 054.
Sciurut pyrrhonolut Nattkrkr, MSS.- Waoneb, Wiegm. Areb. f. NaturgcRch. 1848, i, 360 ; Abband. d. K.-B.
Akad. d. Wissensch. v, 1850, 277.— SciiiNZ, Synop. Mam. il, 1845, 22 (from Wagner).
Sciurut ilramiiieu» Eydoux, ZmoI. Voy. Bonite, 1844, 37, pi. ix.— TscilUDi, Faana Pernnna, 1844-46, 159.
Sciurut tricolor PoKPria, MSS. — Tsciiudi, Funnn Peruana, 1844-46, 156, pi. xi.— Waqnkr, Abband. d.
K.-B. Akad. d. Wisseuscb. v, 1850, 279.
Macroxui fumigatut Gray, Adu. and Ma^;. Nut. Hist. 3d aer. xx, 1867, 428.
Specific chars. — Size largo ; length of body about 11.00; of tail-vertebrJB
10.00 ; to end of hairs 13.2.1. Pelage short, harsh, sparse, the ventral surface
very tliinly haired. Ears long and narrow ; tail very full and bushy. Above,
more or less varied with black and fulvous or red ; red often, but sometimes
black, being the prevalent tint; beneath, abruptly paler, yellowish-white,
varying from nearly white to rufous; top of the head often darker. Basal por-
tion of the tail usually black, or black sliglitly mixed with fulvous or rufous;
apical and middle portions generally washed witli golden or rutbus, the tail
being often wholly of this tint toward the tip. Tiie hairs "re generally ful-
vous at the extreme base, with the greater po.t ot incir length black, and
tipped with golden or red, the black extending basally on the ajMcal portion
of the tail, but narrowing in extent till it is wholly concealed by the
SCIUUID.^— SCIUUUS VARIABILIS.
709
gulden or red extremities. The hairs of the dorsal surface are black at the
base, broadly tipped with fulvous, rufous, or bright red, the posterior half of
the dorsal surface of the body generally much redder than the anterior half
Runs oecasionally into melanistic phases, in which the whole animal is black.
This species is most obviously distinguished among the South American
Sciuri by its large size and very long, narrow ears, generally nearly or quite
an inch in length, or even more. Its variability in color has given rise to
numerous synonyms), oilen originating in the MS. names of collectors. It
appears to vary in length of body from about 10.00 to I'i.OO inches, the tail-
vertebrae being about one inch shorter, and the tail with the hairs about two
inches longer than the length of head and body.
This species was first described by GeoflTroy, in 1832, as Sciurus vari-
abilis, from Colombian specimens, in which the ventral surface was red.
Brandt's £>. langsdorffi, described from a Brazilian specimen in 1835, is evi-
dently the same animal. Wagner,* in 1843, pointed out the great variability
in color to which he then supposed the S. langsdorffi, of Brandt was subject,
describing in detail four Brazilian specimens which varied greatly from each
other iu coloration. The ventral surface in one was light rust-yellow, in
another white, in another rusty-brown, and in the other ferrugineous, dark-
ening posteriorly to chestnut. The upper surface in the first was wholly
fox-red, in the second black varied with brownish-yellow, passing into fox-
red posteriorly, the third chiefly black above varied with yellow, the fourth
mainly rufous. He failed, however, to identify Geoffroy's S. variaM'.^'i with
this species. Tschudi redescribed and figured Geofl^roy's 8. vartabilvi from
Peruvian specimens, in which the dorsal surface was light reddish-brown
sprinkled with black, the ventral surface generally white, but sometimes red.
Wagner, in 1842, published short diagnoses of Sciurus igniventrit and S.
pyrrhonotus Natterer, MS. These species he redescribed in detail in 1850,
with fuller accounts also o( S. langsdorffi, and a notice of the S. tricolor
(Poeppig MS.) Tschudi. He refers to nine examples of 8. langsdorffi, seven
of 8. igniventris, and nine also of S. pyrrhonotus, all, with one exception,
from Natterer's collection. Under 8. langsdorffi, Wagner states that the
additional material received since the publication of his former notice of that
species had led him to retract the opinions there expressed respecting the
variability of 8. langsdorffi, and that he considered as erroneous the reference
48X
'Bnppl. Schtober'i Siiaget. Hi, 183.
770
MOXOORAF'na OF NORTH AMRRICAN RODENTIA.
il i|
'! '>' ii
Itvii
to S. langsdorffi. of three of the specimens there mentioned. He says fur-
thermore that he believed the large Squirrels of Brazil were referable to
several species,* which he in this paper attempts to characterize. The dif-
ferences he mentions, however, either in size or color, are by no means im-
portant, in view of the usual range of variation presented by the American
Sciiiri. He restricts, however, the S. langsdorffi to specimens strictly rei'er-
ahle to Brandt's original description, or those having the dorsal surface varied
with ochre-yellow and black, and the lower parts ochry-rust-yellow, with a
small spot of white on the throat; the fore limbs pale yellow, sprinkled witli
black; the hind limbs similarly colored, but more reddish; the (ail black at
the base, mixed with pale yellow, passing toward the end into orange-red.
The nine examples he refers to this species he says are all of the same color,
and all come, according to Natterer, from Cuyaba, in the province of Matto
Grosso, Brazil. According to his measurements, this species is the smallest
of the four he here recognizes.
The seven specimens he refers to S. igniventris are hL from Marabita-
Tias,"on the Upper Rio Negro. Four of them are red, the remaining three
black. Two of the red specimens have the hairs of the back black, with
light points, which in one are reddish-yellow, in the other grayish-yellow;
so that in one the dorsal surface is rust-red sprinkled with black, in tlie other
rust-yellow sprinkled with black. The under side of the body is beaufilul
rust-red. The tail is black at the base, but mostly red at the surface, with
the hairs black basally, somewhat mixed with yellow. The size is given as
a little larger than that of S. langsdorffi. This species he says differs from
both ,S^. langsdorffi and S. pyrrhonotus through its color and its habitat, an<l
from (he former also in size.
The nine specimens of aS^. pyrrhonotus were (except one) all collected
by Natterer near the mouth of the Rio Madeira. The color above is lively
rust-red, nclining anteriorly more to orange-re<l and posteriorly l>ecoming
fiery-red ; below, whitish-yellow or ochre-yellow, lightest anteriorly. The
tail is, as in tiie other species, black at the biise, passing into rust-red or rust-
yellow, with the hairs broadly black at the base. The eight 8|>ccimens col-
lected by Natterer are said to be all of the same color; the ninth, from Spix's
* '' S<iit(U-ui buliH icti mill diu )(aiize Siiinnilnng von Natterer vcrijleirlien kujneii iiud bio iloilnrcb
mit iliiii 7MV Uol)t>rz» iignng gelaiigt, diMH niirbt ntir iiieine 'A vorbin genanDleo Kxeiuplan^ gar nicht dHiii
Sciarut lan<iiii!j)rffii angubureii, Bouderii daati unter den gronen bnailiMbea Eicbborncben mebrrro Arton
III iinterHcbuiileo Heyen, wie icb dies nan aiuemandei aetxeii will." — {AUtandl. der math.-ph^ik Claim
Bayrr. Aiad. der WimenHh. v, 274.)
SCIURID^E— SCIITRUS VARIABILIS.
771
collection, also similar, is the first of the four specimens previously referred
by him to S. langsdorffi. lly single specimen from Manaos (mouth of the
Rio Negro) agrees most nearly with this species.
The Sciurus tricolor, first described by Tschudi, Wagner here discusses
at some length, recognizing ii, as specifically distinct from the others. De-
scriptions of two specimens of this species are given from Tschudi, both
from Northeastern Peru, and of two others collected by Spix, wi.ich he had
previously referred to 8. langsdorffi. One of Tschudi's specimens has the
upper surface black, with eacii hair tipped with light ochre-yellow ; the ven-
tral surface soiled yellowish-white. The tail is black at the base, mixed
with hairs ringed with brown or yellow-brown; the rest of the tail with
the hairs broadly tipped with light fox-red. The other has the dorsal surface
black, with the hairs broadly ringed with reddish-yellow {mit breitem roth-
gclben Ringe); the ventral surface, sfdes of the head, and whole inner sur-
face of the limiis rust-yellow. As already stated, Wagner refers to this
species two specimens mentioned in bis first account of S. langsdorffi (the
second and third). One of them is black above, sprinkled with brownish-
yellow, passing pnthe hind limbs into rust-red ; below, grayish-white. The
other is similar, but the black more predominates over the yellow, and the
under surface is rusty-brownish, and the tail is also somewhat darker.
The S. stramineus, described by Eydoux* in 1844, from specimens taken
in Northern Peru, is scarcely different from the so-called 8. igniventris, and
belongs to the same group. It has essentially the same size, the same large
ears, and, judged by the description, the same coloration. The Macroxus
fumigatus of Gray from the Upper Amazons is evidently based on a mela-
nistic example, which is probably identical with the melanistic specimens
from the Rio Negro referred by Wagner to liis S. igniventris.
*"Le corps de cut £oareuil eat oouvert de polls assez courts, uoir&tres, termlD^ de jaaae paiUe
Mti. La teinte sar glacis fauve est pins vIve am lunibes et i^ la face externe des membres post^rienrs.
La queue a de long polls nolrs terminus de Jnnne-blancli&tre, et elle paralt comme lav^ de oette deml^re
coaleor ; elle est plotAt en paoaobe que distique Les Joues et le mentoc sont de cooleur
faave clalr, et la face iofdrlcnre des membres, ainsi que le doasous dn corps sont figalement pAles.
" Longener du corps et de t£te, 10 poucus lfi.'J7). Longeuor de la queue en oomprement ses poilei
t^rmineanz, 11 ponces (0,30).
" Cet £cnrenil a 6ti trouvtf li Oinatope an P<Srou."— ( Toy. de la Bonilt, Zool. i, pp. 38, 39.)
The plate sbows large ears, but the color is quite nnlike tbat given in the description, aud better
agrees with that of the Sduriu iieboKxi of Oeoffroy than with any of the nboTe-deaoribed forms of S,
variaMllt.
772
MONOGKAPHS OP NORTH AMEKHCAN KODENTIA.
r : !,
"■"[;'<
Pi.! :p'
\m
■.•i
The measurements of these species, as given by authors (mainly hy
Wagner), are as follows : —
Soluraa varinbilia —
Sciarua langadurfll . . .
Do ,
SciuruB Ifcniventrja . .
Sciurus pyrrhonotna . .
Sciurus tricolor
Do
Sciuraa atramiueus . .
Looallty.
Eastern Peru
Ooyubn, Uatto Oroaao, Bnuil..
Dniall
Klo ?1egro, Brull
Moutb of Rio Uwlcira, Brniil..
Nortlieru Peru
do
Omntopo, Peru
h
10.00
iae4
0.83
11. 7S
II. 85
13.^4
i£n
10.00
10. w
S
S
1
10.16
11.00
II. S5
11.90
19.00
13.00
13.10
13. SO
1.90
1.00
1.03
1.00
1.00
i.oe
Qioted froni'
Tachaili.
Wagnor.
Bnndt.
Wigoer.
.. d&
...da
TaekBdI.
Cydonx.
My single specimen (a mounted example) from Manaos, Brazil, exceeds
the largest of these measurements by nearly an inch (English scale), but
agrees in coloration with Wagner's S. pyrrhonotus. As, however, the meas-
urements given in the table are in the larger German inches, 'he difference
is more apparent than real. The whole range of variation in size and color
is not greater than usually occurs among the Sciuri, and is eten iar less
than is often met with. There is the same style of coloration in all ; the
same short, thin, stiff pelage and long, pointed ears. The coloration of the
lower parts in all is sharply separated from that of the upper surfa^'e of the
body, reference to which is made by almost every author in describing these
several supposed species. The lower surface varies only in the amount of
rufous, being, in some specimens, only jHtle soiled oi yellowish-wliite, in
others bright rust, with numerous intermediate stages in others. Tht dorsa
surface varies in respect to the greater or less prevalence of black or red, and
in the tint of the red, which is sometimes yellowish-red, sometimes dark rust-
red. The anterior half of the body is generoUy lighter than the post* rior
half, the color generally increasing in intensity posteriorly. All have the 'ail
more or less red at the base, passing into yellowish-red or deeper nd
posteriorly.
According to Tschudi, only /S. 'Kitramineus" occurs west of the Andes
Ihis species having been obtained by the naturalists of the ^^Bonite" at
Omatope, in Northwestern Peru, near Pnyta. S. variabilis he gives as ranging
chiefly in the upper forest region, east of the main Andean chain, and as not
often occurring below 2,000 feet. Between 9° and 12° south latitude, it is
SCICKID^— 8CIUEU8 NEBOUXI.
778
frequently to be met with* D'Orbigiiy and Gervais report the occurrence
of S. igniventrus from Cliiquetos, Bolivia, and Wagner from the Rio Negro.
The same author gives L. lang$dorffi from Cuyaba, Matio Grosso, and 8. pyr-
rhonolus from the mouth of the Rio Madeira. This would give a habitat
extending from the eastern slope of the Andes to or below the mouth of the
Rio Madeira, and from Southeastern Bolivia and Southern Malto Grosso
northward to New Granada, nearly reaching (he coast in Northwestern Peru
III. — Notice of doubtful species.
1. — SciuHus NEBOUXI Is. GeoflV. j {:>
Sciunu nebOHZil Is. GEorFROv, Voy. de la V^dus, ZooI. 1855, 165, pi. xii.
The specimen from which this species was described and figured is
said to have been obtained by Dr. N(3boux at Payta, Peru. It came doubt-
less not from the immediate vicinity of Payta, but from the neighboring
forest-region of the interior. Geoffrey gives a colored figure of the animal,
two-thirds the natural size, with two views of the skull (natural size), and a
figure of the upper molar teelh, as seen from above. Geoffrey states that
there is no trace of the small anterior upper premolar so often present among
the true Squirrels.
According to Geoffroy, this specimen measured 10.60 (270°"") from the
end of the nose to the base of the tail.
"La couleur gdn^rale du pelage est le gris. Cette cpuleur, plus ou
inoins modifi^e, est en effet celle de I'animal entier, moins les oreilles, les
moustaches et les quatre pattes qui sont noires, et une tache blanche, com-
poB^e de poils beaucoup plus longs que les autres, et situ^e sur le col, k peu
de distance de la base des oreilles.
"Le gris est d'une nuance pure et qui rappelle la couleur du Capistrate
[Sciurus niger var. 7iiger'], sur la plus grande partie du dos et sur la face
ext«rne des membres antdrienrs ; mais 11 passe au noir tiquetd sur la tete, et
au fauve sur la partie post^rieure du dos, la croupe et les faces ext^rieure et
postdrieure des membres, ainsi que sur la base de la queue. Dans la portion
qui est d'un gris pur, les poils sont noirs avec leur extrdmit^ [gris ?] ; dans la
portion rousstltre, ils sont de nieme noirs, mais avec I'extr^mit^ fauve.
* " Zaerat enobelnt daaelbst 8c. variabHU Bchon an der untern Giiiusso dei Ccynregion bei 5000' U. M. ;
Id der obern Waldregion 1st Min Iluiiptverbreitiingsbeziik; wir bab«n ibn srwiBcfacn 9-12^ >-. B. sehr
h&aflg KStrofluD. Es scheint, doss er tiefer nls 3000' nicfat mebr getrofien, sondern daaelbst dnrch So. tri-
color and So. tutnatu vertraton wild. Enleren fand Hr. Prof. Povppig uur hi den feiichten Urwiildern
des tiefer gelegenen Theiles von Hnynas, niao ganz im nordnstlichen Pern. Sein weiterer Verbreitnngs-
beiirk is noch ganz unbekannt, docb bat er uacb SUdvn viellcicbt aucb c: t bei 14-16° S. B. auine
OrSnze."— (fsHaa PerHaiia, Theroloj,'!^ y. ICO.)
i
.
!!l'
SiJ
II '
774 MON'OUUAPUS OV NORTU AMBBIOAN RODBNTIA.
"Les parties infdrieures dii corps et les parties internes des membres,
ainsi que le tour de la bouche, sont d'un gris clair It^gferemcnt teintd de jaune.
Les poils des cotes du ventre ont les deirx uiemes couleurs que les poils du
dos, mais sont beaucoup plus courts. Les poils plus courts qui couvrent le
milieu du ventre et de la poitrine, prdsentent aussi les deux m6mes couleurs;
mais avec cette difftirence que le bianc ou le fuuve occupe la plus grande partie
de leur 4tendus.
"La queue, ronde et non distique, est, sauf sa base dont la couleurli ^t^
plus haut indiqude, d'un gris blanch^tre, les poils dtant noirs dans leur pre-
miere portion, puis blanc vers leur extrt^mitd De plus, parmi eux, sont
entrem^lds quelques poils enti^rement Wanes."
In comparing this species with his 8. " aureogaster" (: leucops, nee aureo-
gaster F. Cuv.), described and figured in the same work, he dwells particularly
upon the differences in dentition that exist between them, not only in respect
to the form of the teeth, but in respect to the presence in S. nebouxi of only
a single upper premolar instead of two.
This species, here given provisionally, seems quite different from any
other hitherto described ; it may, however, be merely a gray phase of some
other well-known species, possibly of Sciurus hypopyrrhus.
2. — Sciurus dimidiatus Waterh.
BeiuTut dmi'liatut Waterhousb, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. lf^40, 21.
Macroxua dimidiatus Okay, Aun. nud Mag. Nat. HiHt. 3d ser. xx, 1S67, 434.
This species, described originally by Wuterhouse as probably South
American, I am unable to identify with any American species. It is thus fiir
known only from Waterhouse's original specimen from an unknown locality.
As Dr. Gray has suggested, it is more likely of African origin. Mr. Water-
house's description is as follows: —
"Sciurus ditnidiatus. Sci. supri griseus fulvo lavatus, subtus flavus;
capite, corpore ad latera pedibusque rufuscentibus ; cauda fer^ corporis longi-
tudinem sequante, indutil pilis nigris, flavis at<}ue fulvis commixtis.
nno. Ha.
"Longitndo ab apioe ro8tri ad caudie biuin 10 0
" caudae, feik 7 6
" abapice rostriBd basin anris 1 11
" tani digitonmque 2 3
" Burin 0 8
,1, *^Hab. South America!
' '' "Th.b curiously-colored species of Squirrel was purchased at a sale, and
SOIURID-ai— SCIURD8 BOIT^.
775
in the same lot were specimens of Sciuru,< eesluam and Sc ia.igsdoiffi, well-
known South American pecies ; it is probable, therefore, it may be an inhab-
itant of the same country Its fur is very short for a Squirrel, lather harsh,
and less loose than in the generality of Squirrels: the back is gray, or what
might be termed an iron-gray, having a rusty hue; on the upper part of the
head the rust-like tint prevails, and the muzzle is almost entirely of a rich
rust color; the sides of the head and neck are of a golden-yellow tint, and
the under parts of the body are yellow : a bright rust-colored line rrns along
each side of the body, and separates the yellow coloring of the under parts
from the iron-gray of the upper; on the outer sides of the limbs, and on the
feet, a rich deep golden-yellow hue prevails The tail is apparently cylindri-
cal, and not bushy ; the prevailing hue of the hiiirs is deep rust color, but
they are for the most part more or less broadly annulated with black in the
middle. The ears are slightly pointed, and well clothed with golden-yellow
hairs; those on the outer side are of a bright rust color; they have no pencil
of hairs at the tip. The hairs of the moustaches are numerous, long, and of
a black color. The incisors of both upper and under jaws are deep orange."
Gray's description of Waterhouse's original specimen is as follows: — •
"Fur rather harsh, abnndant, reddish iron-gray; hairs short, close, black at
the base, with a broad pale-brown ring, a dark-brown subterminal ring, and a
white ; upper part of head, shoulders, legs, thighs, and feet, and a streak
along each side of the body rufous ; sides of the head, chin, and beneath yel-
low: tail reddish, black-varied; hairs reddish-brown, with a broad black sub-
terminal ring and reddish end, and gray base."
Dr. Gray adds, — " This specimen was purchased at a sale with some South
American Squirrels; but it has much more the appearance of an AfHcan
Squirrel. No other specimen of this Squirrel has occurred to me; so the
true habitat is still doubtful."
3. — SciDRUS BOTT.*! Less.
Sciunit botim Lessor, Cent. Zool. 1832, 221, pi. Ixxvi ; "Dcsc. dc» Manim. ol Ois. 1847, 140".— Wagneu
Suppl. Schreber'ii SSiiget. iii, lSt.1, 1843, 172 (from LnBwn). — SCHIKZ, Syonp. Hamui. ii, 1840
10 (from Ltisson). See also Baikd, Malum. N. Amer. 1S57, ilSl.
The Sciurus botta, described by Lesson from a specimen said to have
come from California, agrees well with nothing I have as yet met with,
and is certainly in some respects unlike any animal at present known from
either the California of to-day or the California of fifty years ago. It is evi-
776
MONOGUAPH8 OP NOKTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Ml li
E: 1
mm
dcntly a true Sciunis, nnd in many points recalls S. hudsontus vnr. douglasn,
as in the proportional length of the tail to the hotly, the form and color of .
the ears, the color of the ventral surface, and somewhat in the color of the
dorsal surface. It diiTers, however, in heing larger, in the pelage being rather
harsh, in the tail being rounJcd (though somewhat distichous), and somewhat
in coloration. The length of the body, being ten inches, is fully an inch
greater than in large specimens of var. douglassi. The hairs of the latter are
not, however, colored, "par portions presque dgales, de blanc, de brun, de
blanc fauve et de roux", although the general tint of the dorsal surface —
"d'un roux-fauve clair, varid de noir" — is occasionally not great', ilifferent
If the locality is correctly indicated, it can, however, scarcely be anything else.
According to Professor Baird, Dr. J. E. Gray believed it referable ioSpermo-
philus heechfiji, but this, as suggested by Professor Baird, is highly improbable.
Lesson's description in full is as follows: —
"L'ficUREUIL DE BOTTA.
'' Sciurus bottce Less.
"Get ^cureuil, rapports de la Californie par le docteur Botta, nous a Hi
communique par M. Florent Provost 11 a de longueur totale seize pouces, et
dans ces dimensions la tete entre pour deux pouces et la queue pour six
pouces six lignes Les membres ante'rieurs ont deux pouces et demi de
hauteur, et les post^rieurs trois et demi.
"Cette esp^ce a la queue arrondie, t\ polls m^diocrement distiques, et sa
forme est l^g^rement pointue k I'extr^mit^ par I'amincissement successifj
depuis la naissance des vert^bres coccygiennes jusqu'k leur terminaison.
" Les moustaches sont compose'es de poils fins, grfiles, assez nombreux
et noirs. Les oreilles sont pointues, garnies en dedans de poils trfes-courts,
qui s'alongent au sommet en un petit pinceau gr^le et mince. Tous les doigts
sont rcvetus jusqu'aux ongles, en dessus et sur les cGt^s, de poils ras et serr^s.
Le dedans des mains et des pieds est nu, h, partir des surfaces palmaires et
plantaires. Le pouce de la main est compl^tement rudimentaire; eelui du pied
est assez robuste, bien que plus court que le doigt externe. Les trois doigts
moyens sont au pied h, peu pr^s de mSme longueur.
"Le pelage de cet dcureuil est partout mediocre, serr^ assez dense et
peu rude. Les poils s'alongent sur les lombes et sur les fesses, et principale-
ment sur la queue. Chaque poil est colore*, par poi-tions presque ^gtiles, de
nm
;it*fl 'J.^:.
I. .«
SCIUUID^— 8CIUKU8 CLARKEI.
777
blanc, de brun, de blnnc fuuve et de roux. II en r(^sulte une teinte g6nira\c
fauve, ondue de roux et surtout de noir sur toutes lea parties siipdrieurcs et
externcs. Le dessous du corps, au contraire, est en ontier, k partir dii men-
ton jusqu'Jl I'anus, d'nn fauve clair, tirant au blanohfttre. Ainsi le sommet de
le tfite pard.it roux, les joues et les c6t^8 du cou sont gris, le milieu du dos et
les flancs, le haut des membres en dehors, sont d'un roux-fauvc clair, varid de
noir. La queue est de la nuance fauve et brune, chaque poil se trouvant ter-
mini de fauve tr^s-clair. Les pieds et les mains en dessus sont fauve clair.
Les ongles sont cornds, petits, peu robustes et assez aigus. Les parties nucs
sont couleurde chair.
"Les oreilles de cet dcureuil sont remarquables en dessus par le noir
qui les colore, et qui s'affaiblit sur le bord postdrieur, en prenant de I'intensitd
au sommet.
"L'dcureuil de Botta rappellera les voyages d'un jeune mddecin qui a
enrichi les sciences natu relies et provient de la Californie, contrde neuve et
curieuse, encore trfes-mal connue. On ignore quelles sont ses habitudes." —
{Centurk zoologique, par R. P. Lesson, Paris, 1832, pp. 221, 222.)
4. — SciUKUS CLARKLi Ham.-Smith.
&.'iiiriM clarkli Hamilton-Smith, Oriffltb'8 CiiTier's Ad. King, iii, 1827, 189 (with a plate) ; ib. ▼, 1827.
Sdurui olarkii *ad Spermopkiliu clarkii of nuffleroas compilers ; see also Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 279.
This species, figured by Major Hamilton-Smith from a specimen in the
old Peale's Museum of Philadelphia, said to have been "brought there by
the American Missouri travellers, Messrs. Lewis and Clarke", agrees strictly
with no known American species of Sciurus, No indication is given of the
size of the animal, but, judging by the colored figure, the proportions recall
more strongly Sciurus carolinensis than any other North American Squirrel.
Professor Baird thought it reasonable to suppose that there "is some error in
the locality given, since Lewis and Clarke make no mention of such an animal
in their very full notices of the zoology of the regions explored by them".
He adds, — "Thi.s animal has, by some, been referred to as a Spermophile, but
with no definite reason. I know of no permanent variety of Squirrel resem-
bling this description at all. It has much the characters, in part, of an albino.
At any rate, there is little doubt that no such animal inhabits western North
America as a distinct and true species.''* The "slight ochery tint" of the
belly, it seems to me, is the only discrepancy of importance between the
described characters of "Sciurus c/arki" and the light whitisk-gray phase of
' * Ham. M. Amer. pp. S79,im
llll
M
mm
778
MONOOKArUS OF NORTU AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Sciurui^ carolinensis. If tlio specimen camo roally from North Americn, It is
far morn likely rc('oral)lf! to this s|)ocics than to any other.
Ilamilton-Sniith's iloscripfion in lull is as follows : — "C/arfrr's Sguhrel
lias the hack, npper part of the iiead and neck, cheeks and tail, of n delicate
silver-gray colour ; the shoulders, flanks, belly, and posterior extremities, both
within and without, are white, with a slight ochery tint; on the sides of the
nose anil fore arms this tint deepens in intensity; the bend is rather flattened
and thick, the cars small and round; the eyes black, and situate on the sides
of the bend very far distant from each other, leaving a wide expanse of fore-
head ; the nostrils are semilunar in shape ; the upper lip is cleft, and there is
a black spot on the chin ; the tail, which is flat and spreading, is very beau-
tiful, not so full near its insertion as toward the middle, and again diminishing
in breadth till it terminates in a point." — {Griffith's Cuoiet's Animal King-
dom, vol. ii!; pp. 189, 190.)
5. — ScicHUs 80CIALI8 Wagner.
Sciuriu locialh Wagnkr, Abh. tier malh.-pbyit. KlaHXo ilnr K. Bayer. Akad. d, WiHttensch. ii, 1837, 504, pi.
V ; 8up;>l. Sobreber's Sanget. hi, 1843, 171.
In 1837, Wagner described two species of Mexican Squirrels under the
names S. alhipes (subsequently changed to S. varius) and S. socialis, neither
of which I can satisfactorily determine. The first I have doubtfidly referred
to Sciurus boothite (see anted, p. 741), to some phases of which it seems to
have a close resemblance. The S. socialis, in its small size (length S.M) and
short tail (somewhat shorter than the head and body), differs from anytiiing
as yet known to me. It is perhaps based on an immature specimen, in which
case its small size would be readily accounted for. I have met with no
description of a species of this size from Mexico or Central America, except
S. iephrogaster and S. etstuans var. rufoniger, from which it differs widely in
coloration. Its short tail and small size suggest Sciurus carolinensis, but its
rusti/ -yellow lower surface and tail rusty-red below, bordered with black and
edged with white, render its proper reference here wholly improbable. Pos-
sibly it may have been described from an immature example of 5. aureigaster
(F. Gny. zzS. ferruginiventris Aud. and Bach.), to which I have been strongly
inclined to refer it. Its short tail is here the chief point of discrepancy.
Wagner's later description is as follows: —
"Sc. sociAua Wagn. Das gesellige Eickkorn.
" Sc. supra ex albo, cinereo et flavescente mixtus, subtus pallide flavus,
aurieulus fulvis, pedibiis a'niJis, vellere molli " ....
aCIUBID^— TAMIA8.
779
"Von mir nncli eiiiem Exemplnre, <lns Ilerr von Karwinnki aim Mexiko
mitbrachtc, auCgcstellt. Kleiner aU Sc. variux, dtsr Pola unnlcicli feiner,
weiclicr iind milder akbei diesem, sonst ihm in Form iind zurn Tlicil in dr-r
Fiirlxing iilinlich. Die Haaro sind ebenfalls mcistenthciU nus drci Furhcn
geringelt, niiinlicii hell ockergclb, Bchwiirzlicli und weiss, wochirtli eine ge-
sprcnkelte Zeichnung entsteht, und zwar in dcr Weisc, dass auf der Schnaiitzc
die schwarz und lichtgelbe Farbe erscheint, welche letzterc auf dem Ilin-
terkopf, Nacken und Oliren Icbhail rostgelb wird und iiber das Scliwarz
vorherrscht. Auf deni Riicken hat die weisse und schwarzc Sprcnkelung die
OI)crhand, zwiflciien der hie und da das Licfatgelb durchschimmert, das auf
dem Kreuz und der Schwanzwurzel starker hervortritt. Auf dom iibrigen
Schweifriicken erscheint fast bios die schwarze und weisse Far')e, wiihrend
auf der Unterseite das Rorttroth zurn Vurschein kommt, das beiderseits
schwarz und dann weiss eingefasst ist. Am Hintergrunde der Ohren steht ein
Biischul schneeweisser Haare; die Angeu sind von einem hellern Ringe
umgeben ; die Schneidezahne licht gelblich angeflogen, die untern und seit-
lichen Theile des Kopfes weisslich, die Schnurren schwarz. Der ganze
Unterleib licht und zart rostgelb, ebenso die Innenseite der Gligdmasscn,
wiihrend ihre Aussenseite weiss und aschgrau gesprenkelt ist; die 4 Pfoten
sind oben ganz weisslich, die Krallcn dunkel hornfarben. — Lange 8i'', des
Schwanzes etwas weniger. Die Heimath des Tliieres sind, nach Herrn von
Karwinski, die heissen Striche von Tehuantepec an der Siidseekiiste im Staato
von Oaxaca, wo es in grossen Truppen gesellig sich zusammenhiiit und nicht
aus der Tierra caliente ins Gebirg iibergeht." — {Suppl. Schreber's Sauget. iii,
pp. 170. 171.)
Genus TAMIAS 111.
Soiurm, in part, of most early anthora.
TamUu Iluobr, Syiit. Mam. ot Avinm, tSlI, 83 (type "Sciurat tlrialm Lin.")
T(moU$ Rafinksqub, Amer. Month. Mng. i, 1817, 363.
Genkbic chars. — Skull narrowed anteriorly ; postorbital processes long,
very slender, directed downward and backward ; plane of malar bone more
oblique and the zygomatic process of the maxillary more expanded and
depressed than in Sciurus, but rather less so than in Sperntophuu-s ; anteor-
bital foramen oval, situated in the base of the zygomatic process of the
maxillary; upper premolars two or one; when two are present, the first is
generally minute; ears of medium size or small, well clothed, but never
tuiled ; cheek-pouches large ; poUex with a well-developed nail ; tail shorter
than the body, flattened and rather broad, shorter and much narrower than
lii m\\'
I !
ya\i.
n
780
MOXOGRAPH8 OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
in Sciurus; pelage generally full and soft ; dorsal surface generally with two
(sometimes four) longitudinal wiiitish stripes, bordered on each side with a
stripe of black, and with (except in one species) a central dorsal stripe of black.
As already stated {anted., p. 63f»), Tamias l)ears a strong resemblance to
?,r;M!e of the smaller species of Spermophilus, the two groups being in fact
not sharply separable. The more important differences are the following: —
In Tamias, there is sometimes but a single upper premolar, and when two
are present the first is very minute, scarcely larger than in Sciurus hudsonius;
in Spennophilas, two are always present, and the first is functionally devel-
oped, being from one-fourth to one-half the size of the second. In TamioK,
the whole dentition is weaker and the teeth relatively smaller ; the ante-
orbital foramen is oval (sometimes quite narrow), and the outer and lower
border is not generally developed into a projecting bony rim, culminating in
a tubercle, as in Spermophilus. The notch in the posterior border of the zygo-
matic maxillary process is situated more anteriorly than in Spermophilus.
The skull is much more delicate and papery than in Spermophili of corre-
sponding size, and showd no traces of the muscular ridges often seen in old
skulls in the genus Spermophilus. The tail is usually also more flattened, and
the general form of the animal is more Sciurine.
Tamias differs from Sciurus in the form and position of the anteorbital
foramen ; in the greater obliquity of the plane of the zygoma and its more
gentle downward deflection ; in the more regularly oval, flattened, and
depressed form of the skull, and especially in the skull being more narrowed
anteriorly and in the nasal portion being more produced; in the molar series
being divergent anteriorly instead of parallc^I; in the form of the lower jaw,
which is slenderer, with the coronoid process longer, narrower, and more curved;
in the possession of capacious cheek-pouches, and shorter and narrower tail.
As above diagnosed, Tami'is includes two species referred by Professor
Baird to Spermophilus, and hence members of the two commonly recognized
"subfamilies" of the Sciuridce! These species are Spermophilus harrisi and
Spermophilus lateralis. The latter makes a considerably nearer approach to
the Spermophiles than does the former, but in all essential features they both
much m-^re nearly agree with the species usually referred to Tamias than
with any of the Spermophiles. In respect to the skull, T. harrisi scarcely
diflicrs in any feature from T. asiaticm (^iquadrivittatus et paUasi auct.) var.
towiisendi, and could scarcely with certainty be distinguished from it except
that the skull of T. luirrisi is rather the larger. The first premolar is us
Ft :'
SClUniDiE— TAMIAS.
781
small ns it is in T. asiatkux, and is sometimes wholly wanting, as in skull No.
4239, from Cape Saint Lucas. In T. lateralis, the first of (he two upper
premolars is as large as in some of the Spermftphill, the dentition is iieaviesr
than in the other Tamia, and in other cranial features this species is about
as well referable to the one grou]) as to the other. 7'. asiaticug has, as already
intimated, two upper premolars, but the first is very small and slender. T.
striatus has but a single upper premolar, and the muzzle is narrower and more
pointed thiin in either of the other species. , :!:
The coloration of T. lateralis is quite similar in pattern to that nf T.
striatus and T. asiaticvs, namely, an alternation of dark and light longi-
tudinal stripes on the dorsal surface. T. harrisi, however, has only the white
stripes. In respect to pattern of coloration, we have the following transiticm
from T. harrisi to T. asiaticus: — T. harrisi has simply a single longitudinal
white stripe on each side of the median line of the back ; T. lateralis lias
the same stripes in the same position, but they are bordered on each side by
a stripe of black, that on the outer side being usually mucli the broader ;
T. striatus has the two white stripes, bordered on each side by a broad line
of black, the outer of which is the wider, with, in addition, a narrow median
line of black. There are thus five black stripes and two white ones, the
spaces between the inner black lines being gray. In T. asiaticus, these spaces
are white or whitish, thus making in this species yowr white stripes, instead
of two, which alternate with black ones of about the same width. The
number of stripes thus increases from simply two white ones in T. harrisi
to four white ones and five black (mes in T. asiaticus. None of the true
Sjtermophili are thus marked, although some have interrupted lines of white,
as 8. tridecemlineafus and S. mexicanus. In all the species of Tamias, the
general color of the dorsal surface is gray, with the sides and sometimes the
rump washed with rufous.
In both T. harrisi and T. lateralis, the tail is much shorter than in ti.e
other forms of Tamias, while T. harrisi diflers from all the others in its much
smaller ears. Externally, however, there is not only a general similarity in
the pattern of coloration, but also in general form, while in cranial charac-
ters there is also a strong degree of similarity, these species agreeing in cer-
tain common cranial features, by which they are distinguished from the
restricted Spermophili*
* TamUu laUmUlt i», however, almost au ezoeptioo, ita oranlal cbaraoters perbapa ratber better
ogreeing with one of the Motioni of Spermopkilut than with Tamku.
tl ■
lil'
W'
■!!■■
■MPM
I:
it
: i
:
I
782
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN llODRNTIA.
SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES AND VAKIETIE8 OF TAMIA8.
I. Premolars \ :
1. Doreal surface with two white stripes and fire black ones; mmp rnfons; tail (with the hairs) three-
fourths of the leugth of the head and liody stiiiatii8,
II. Premolars f :
2. Dorsal surface witli four white (or grayish-white) stripes and five black ones; rump grayish; tail
(with the hairs) eijual to the head and body asuticun.
a. Sides of body fulvous; dorsal stripes distinct, the white ones more or less mixed with grayish,
the dark ones black var. borcalu.
b. Sides of body bright rusty or golden ; white of the dorsal stripes purer; the dark stripes strong,
varying from dark chestnut to black var. quadrivittaiua.
c. Merely a faint wash of fulvous on the sides of the body ; the dark stripes of the dorsal surface
very pale chestnut or dark brown rather than black ; rump and nai>e pale whitish-gray ;
size small var. jjal/idNs.
d. Colors everywhere nalo ; the dorsal stripes obsolete, or nearly so, the medial only being very
prominent var. iforsalis.
e. General color above dull yellowish-brown ; the light stripes scarcely lighter than the general
color of the dorsal surface; the dark stripes black and strong; size large var. (oivsMsdi.
3. Above gray, with two broad stripes of white; sides reddish-gray; tail (with the hairs) rather more
than half the length of the head and body, with the central portion white bene«th ; eaia
small HARRIBI.
4. Above gray, with two white stripes, each bordered on both sides with black, the outer black stripe
much broader than the inner; tail (with the hdirs) about one-half the length of the head
and body latkiialih.
Tamuis as above defined includes four species, one of which runs into
several localized races, or subspecies. All are represented in North America;
three of the species (7. striatus, T. harrisi, and T. lateralis) are not found
elsewhere, while the fourth (1'^. tmaticus), in some of its forms, ranges over
not only the western half of North America, but over a large portion of
Northern Asia and Eastern Europe.
TAMIAS STRIATUS (Linn.) Baird.
Striped Squirrel ; Common Cblpmunk.
Sciurut itrialut Catemby, Carol, il, I7:tl, 75, pi. Ixxv. — LINN.EU8, Mus. Adqlph. Frid. Regis, i, 1754, 8
(based wholly on an American specimen; cites only Cutesby and Edwards); Syst. Nat. i,
1758, 64 (same as the piecedlng) ; ib. 1706, 87 (almost wholly, bat includes references to tbe
Siberian animal). — Sciikkukii, Siinget. iv, 1791,791 (in part; " U. I'm amerikanitcke" and its
synonyms only).— Kbxlkukn, Syst. Keg. Anim. 1777, 42fi (refers almost exclu.ively to the
American " Ground " Squirrel of the Eastern United States).— Desmahest, Mara. 1»*K, 331)
(In part).— Ha' ••■, I'auii. Amer. IttS, 183 (in part).— Oodman, 11, ISiiti, U'2. — E.mm<)nb,
Quod. Mass, 1« ' , . .—Thompson, Hist. Veruiont, 1848, 46.— De Kay, New York ZrOI. 1, 184*,
O-i, pi. xvl, „ 4.
Myoxui itriatiit Bodvmkt, Elenchus Animal, i, 1784, 133.
iScinnn tlrialut, ft ummcanus Gmklin, Syst Nat. i, 178H, 1.10,— FlscincR, Synop. Mam. 1889, 348.
Jasiuu amfricana Kliil, Ueitriige rnr Zoologie, 18!M, 68.— Okay, Ann. and Mag. Nat. UisU 3d aer. xz,
l«i7, 4;)r. (= T. mrialui BaIrd).
Sciurut ameri'anui Finciikii, Synop. 1839, 349 (= T. americana Kubl).
Ictinias itriatuf Uaimd, lllh Ann. Kep. Smiths. Inst. 1857, 55, foot-note ; Ham. N. Amer. 1857, 399, pi. zlv',
tig. 3.- Kennicott, Rep. U. 8. Pot. Off. Agric. for 1856 (1857), 7(1, pi. viii.— Thomas, Trans
III. State Agr. Soc. iv, 186(), 6.'>7.— O11.PI.N, Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. 8cl. ii, pt. 3, 1H70, 15
(Nova Scotia}.— Ali.en, Hull. Mus. Comp. Zolil. i, 1869, 335; Pmc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi,
1874, 189.
. I ''••'•■,
SCIURIDiE— TAMIA8 STRIATT'S.
783
Sdurui ( 7'o«iia«) ttriaUit Hall, Canad. I.'at. and Geol. 1861, 290.— Adams, Field and Forest Baniblea, 1873,
100 (New Brunswick).
Sdunii carolinertit BniBSON, Qnad. I'rC, I'W.
Sclum (Tamiaa) hjatiri Gicuaiidsom, Fann. Bor.-Amer. i, 1829, 181, pi. xv.— DorCHTv's Cab. Nat. Hist. i,
1S;0, 169, pi. XV.
TaPtiai tyileri Waqnfr, Snppl. Scbreber's Siinget. iii, IMS, 232, pis. rcxiv, ccxix.— ScniNZ, Synop. Mam.
ii, 1845, 47.— AtDUBOK & Bacdman, Qnad. N. Amer. i. If 49, 65, pl. viil.— Gikbel, Piinget. 1855,
6S9.— Maximilian, Archiv f. Nnturgesch. 1861, 79.
Ground Sqvirrel, Lawsuit, Nat. Hist. Carol. 1718, 124.— Biiickkll, North Carol. 1737, li;9.— Catesby,
Carol, ii, 1743, 75, pl. Isxv.— Euwaiids, Birds, iii, 1751, 181, pl. clxxxi. — Pennant, Synop,
Qoad. 1771, 288 (in part).— Kalm, Travels (Forster's transl.), i, 1770, 322, pi. i.
£ciirmil <SiiiM«, Saoard-'I'b^odat, Hist, du Canada, 1636, v, 746.— Dknys, Descrip. de I'Aiu^r. Sept. ii,
1672, 3:11.— La Hostan, Voy. dans I'Ani^r. ii, 1709, 43.
i« Suittt, Charlevuix, Jonm. (Pun Voy. dans TAni^-. Sept. v, 174-4, 198.— Du Pbatz, Hist. Lonis. ii, 1758,
98.— BiiKKON, Hist, Nat x, 1763, 126, pl. xxviii.
Erdeiehhorn and ESiKlwiuttxr, Kajm, Reisen (German edit.), ii, 1757, 462.
Jmtrican Ground Sgulrrfl, Gilpin, Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. 8ci. ii, pt. 3, 1870, 15.
Slriptd Squirrel, Chipping t'guirrtl, Ground Squirrel, CUpaunk, Le SuiMt, Uaekee, VuLOO.
Specific chars. — Length (head aud body) 5,75; tail to end of verte-
brse 3,65 ; to end of hairs 4,25. Middle of the dorsal region gray, passing into
rufous posteriorly, with five longitudinal narrow stripes of black, the two outer
on either side separated by a line of white ; sides washed with yellowish ;
head above brownish ; whole lower surface of the body white ; tail blackish
above, edged with while, centrally below yellowish-rufous, bordei- d with black
and edged with white. A light superciliary lint: extends from the nose nearly
to the ear, which immediately above the eye is nearly pure white; a less
distinct light line below the eye, which on the lower eyelid is nearly white;
below this a faint stripe of reddish-brown, and another somewhat darker
behind the eye. Nose whitish ; feet like the sides of the body.
The color varies somewhat in different specimens from the same locality,
especially in lespoct to the brightness of the yellowish wash on the sides of
the body, and of the rufous of the posterior portion of the back, and also in
the color and size of the dorsal stripes. The light stripes are generally yel-
lowisli- or creamy-white, but are sometimes nearly pure white. The black
stripes are generally distinctly bordered with dark rufous or chestnut, and
vary in respect to width and longitudinal extension. The middle one begins
at the occiput as a narrow, often indistinct line of dark rufous, generally
mixed more or loss with black. At the shoulders, it expands, and passes
thence posteriorly as a narrow black stripe bordered with rufous to within
u short distance of the base of the tail. The two lateral black stripes are
rather broader, but much shorter than the middle one, extending only from
the posterior edge of the shoulder to the hip. The outer on eith<!r side is
M
\.t;..i
i:!'
784
MONOOItAPna OF NOUTH AMEKICAN IU3I)EXTIA.
rather broader and shorter than the inner. The inner is narrowlj edged on
the inner side with chestnut, as is the outer on the outer side. They are
separated by a rather broad stripe of yellowish-white, which e.xtends rather
further both anteriorly and posteriorly than its enclosing stripes of black.
The light stripes begin at a point directly above the shoulder, and are often
faintly traceable to within half an inch of the base of the tail. The space
between the dorsal line and the first lateral line on either side is gray, as is
the region over the shoulders. The top of the head is more brownish ; the
sides of the head, neck, and body are yellowish, brightest on the sides of
the neck. The extreme basal portion of the tail and the posterior fifth of
the dorsal region and sides are dark rci ish-brown or chestnut, generally
wilh no indication of stripes. The hairs of the tail above are yellowish-
white at the base, with a broad subterminal bar of black, and tipped with
white. The middle of the lower surface of the tail is generally fulvous or
even bright golden. The ears, which are well developed and pointed, are
clothed internally and on the anterior surface with short yellowish- or reddish-
brown hairs ; the posterior border is narrowly edged with whitish, and there
is a white spot at the base of the ear postero-internally.
The very large number of specimens before me indicate that the present
species preserves great constancy of coloration. The variation exhibited by
nearly a hundred New England skins consists merely in the more or less
grayer cast of the upper surface in some than in others, in the sides being
more strongly yellowish, and the rump of a darker or lighter shade of chest-
nut; the stripes vary somewhat in breadth and in the purity of their color.
In a few specimens, the light st ipes on the sides are nearly pure white (some-
times quite so anteriorly); in others, they are strongly yellowish or deep
cream-color. The dark stripes are, in some specimens, twice as broad as
in others. In No. 1668 (Coll. M. C. Z.), from Maine, the stripes are all
very obscure, almost as pale as in the T. "dorsalis" of authors, and presents
an exactly parallel phase of coloration. Melanistic examples are rare in this
species. No. 1592 (Coll. M. C. Z.), however, from Norway, Me., is intensely
black throughout, excepting a narrow white streak on the breast. Dr. Adams,*
however, states that he h^s met with several instances of melanism in this
animal in New Brunswick.
Specimens from southern localities are considerably brighter-colored
* Field nnd Forest Rsniblea, p. 100.
SCIURIDiE— TAMIAS 8TRIATUS,
785
than those from more northern sections, and average a little smaller. The
difference, however, in either respect, is not very great.
This species is easily distinguished from its congeners by its coloration,
as well as by other characters. Its nearest ally is the T. asiaticus; from the
others {T. Jiarrisi and T. lateralis), it is too distinct to require a comparison
with them. The northern and eastern varieties of T. asiatictis (vars. borealis,
pallidus, and quadrivUtatris) differ from T. striatus in their considerably
smaller size, in having the tail relatively longer (with the hairs as long as the
head and body, instead of one-fourth shorter), and in having the markings on
the sides of the head much stronger, and the black stripe of the dorsal sur-
face broader (nearly or quite equalling the interspaces, instead of very much
narrower), and continued much further, both anteriorly and posteriorly, the
three middle ones reaching the base of the tail instead of terminating con-
siderably in front of it. The inner light stripes are also not only much nar-
rower but much lighter-colored than in T. striatus. The Columbia River
variety of T. asiaticus (var. toumsendi) is about equal in size to T. striatus,
but differs from it in proportions in the same way as do the other varieties
of T. asiaticus. The coloration, however, is still more widely different
through the much browner coloration of var. tovmsendi. T. striatus differs
from all tiie other members of the genus in possessing only one upper pre-
molar instead of two, and in its more elongated and narrower muzzle.
Synontmy and nomenclatore. — This species was first described and
figured by Catesby (though previously mentioned by Sagard-Th^odat and
other early writers*), in 1743,t under the name Sciurus striatus. This
* TheHe early acconuta are of eapucial interest from their giving the origin of the name Suiaie, so
generally applied to this and the following species by the French settlers of Canada and their descend-
ants, even o the present time. In describing the Squirrels of Canada, 8agard-Tb<Sodat says : — " La se-
ooDde espece qu'Us appclent Ohihoin, & nous Suisse, & cause de leur begamre, sent ceux qui sent rayez &
banez uDiversoUeaient par tout le corps, d'uue raye blanche, puis d'une ronsse, grize & noiraste, qui les
rendent tres-beanz &, ogrcables, mais qui mordent comnio perdus, s'ils ne sont apprivoisez, on que I'on
tie s'en donne de garde." — (Iluioin du Canada, tome v, p. 746.) Denya, in his " Oescrintion do I'Amdrlqiro
Beptentrionale" (tume ii, pp. 331), published iu IfTi, says of the some species: — " . . . . il y en a uno
eapeee un pne plus petite qui se nouiuio Suiue parce qn'ils scut tons rayez de la teste & la quenii par nyes
blanobe, roosae & noire toutes d'une mosme larguer d'onviron la nioititf d'nn travers de doigt."
La Hontan also says :— " Les l^curcuiis Sulsscs, sont de petits animaux commc de petits rats. Ou
lea appellent Suiitet parce qu'ils ont sur le corps un poll ray6 de noir & de blauo, qui reesemble i\ un pour-
point de Suisse, & que ces ni6ines rayes faisant nn rond sur chaqne cnisse ont beanconp de rai>ort & la
calote d'un Suisse."— (AToue. Fay. dam l'Am&. tome il, p. 43.) Charlevoix, writing somewhat later, says,
in his account of the Squirrels of Canada :— " On en distingue de trois espeoee ; les rouges, qni ne diffe-
rent point des nAtres ; les Suiases, qui sont nu pen plus petits, & qn'on a ainsi nommtfs. parce quo lenr poll
est rayi on longueur de rouge, do blanc &. de noir, & pen prte comme lea Suissea do la Oarde dn Pape." —
{Jomm. BUL d'lta Toy. de VAwUr. Sept. p. lOH.)
tThe description and figure given by Heba, in 1734, of his "Sclunu, Oetului, ex Aavd HhpatM"
(Tfaeaan. i, 76, pi. xlvii, fig. 3), is doubtless to be referred to one of the species of Tamiai, bat whether to
&0M
f^i . mM
786
MONOOHAPHS OF NORTH AMEBICAK KODENTIA.
.('!.!
1^ .::!.
> - ,5
'I'i ' ■;
.T s'l'ijl
jiil
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u
i; II
name was adopted by Linnaeus in 1754, who describes the species and
cites the descriptions and figures of both Catesby and Edwards, and refers
to no others.* In the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae (1768), Linnaeus
again describes his Sciurus striatus, of which he suys, " Habitat in America
scptcntrionali sub terra", and cites only Catesby, Edwards, and Kalm.
His diagnosis is changed to read " ^.Jlavus striis", etc., instead of " Sciurus
pallUlm striis", etc. In the twelfth edition of the same work, he gives its
range as including Siberia, but his first reference is to his original descrip-
tion of Sciurus striatus (now further emended to read " S. Jiavus striis
quinque fuscis longitudinalibus"), already cited ; his second is to G. Gmelin's
Sciurus minor virgatm,\ which refers to a Siberian animal, Gmelin under
this head giving the first description of the Europeo-Asiatic form of T.
asiaticus. His other references are to Catesby, Edwards, and Kalm,
whose descriptions refer exclusively to the Striped or Ground Squirrel
of the Atlantic States. Pallas, in 1778, described the Siberian animal under
the same name {Sciurus striatus). Although his description is based wholly
on Siberian specimens, he also refers to S. striatus the American species,
which he states he had not seen and knew only from authors, but from their
accounts of it he considered it as evidently the same animal. Thus two dis-
tinct species became thoroughly confounded under the same name. Gmelin,
in 1788, made ti)e first division of the group, separating the Asiatic and
American animals as varieties. The former is his Sciurus striatus, a. asiati-
cusz= Sciurus striatus Pallas, exclusive of his synonyms; the latter is his
Sciurus striatus, /3. americanus=: Sciurus striatus of Cutesby and Linnaeus
(Mus. Ad. Frid. and 10th ed. Syst. Nnt.). In respect to the distribution of
these tbrms, he says: — "Habitat a) in omni Asia boreaii ad fluvio.9 europaeos
Dwiiia et Kama usque, /?) in America septentrionali magis orientali minusque
frigida ad novam Ilispaniam usque.'' The references to the Siberian animal
are properly brought together under the head of asiaticus, and the references
S. ttjialiu or to S. <uiaHo»i via. quairivittatut cannot weU be determinetl. From the len^tk of the tail, it
would Beem more lllcely to be tbe latter.
* Tbe account in full is aa fullows : —
"8CIDHC8 8TIUATD8.
" SciURua pallidtu tlriii quatuor fiuoi* lonyitudinalibut.
" Sciitnu ttrinhu Oateab. Car. i. p. 75. (. 79. Rdw. Ornith. 181. t 181.
"Habitat io Amrrica septentrionall.
"MAGNiTUDn Maris. Color pallidus, capite nigrioanti, exennte in foacias a. strias quataor loa<
gitudinales, distaotos, ad candam eztensaa, quaraui intermedin laliorea. Pjcdks paluiii, tetradaotjiia,
piantis pentodactylis.'— ('Vm. Adolpki fVidorM £<v<f,1754, p. 8.)
lAot. Petrop. V, 17G0, 344, pi. ix, lig. 1.
.^^■^-
SCIURID^— TAMIAS STRIATDS.
787
to the American animal under americanus. In 1820, Kuhl described an
American specimen contained in Bullock's Museum as Tamias americana,
stating that it differed from the Sciurus striatus of Pallas preserved in the
Berlin Museum. He, however, makes no other reference to previous authors,
and does not inform us whether he considered his " T. americana" to be a
previously unknown species, or whether he intended merely to separate the
American from the Siberian animal ; but that he regarded it as a species previ-
ously unnoticed is the natural and usual inference. Fischer, in 1829, follow-
ing Gmelin, makes the American animal a variety of the Asiatic, for which
he adopts the name americanus {Sciurus striatus (Linn.) var. americanus),
and says of its distribution : — " Communis in America septentr. nee non in
Asia boreali." He quotes Linnseus's original diagnosis (" pallidus, striis 4
fuscis", etc.) in Mus. Ad. Frid., and cites Catesby, Lawson, Brickell, and Du
Pratz. Fischer also gives as an additional species the " Tamias americana^
of Kuhl. In the same year (1829), Richardson applied the name lysteri to
the American animal, wrongly crediting the name to Klein, as had Desmarest
before him. This name is based on Ray's ** Sciurus a Cla. D. Lyster obser-
vatus", etc. The earliest use of the name Sciurus lysteri was doubtless made
by Pallas in 1778, who cites '^Sciurus Listeri Raj. Syn. p. 216 ". Desmarest,
in 1822, in his synonymy of Sciurus striatus, also cites "Sciurus Lysteri,
Rai, Syn. quad. pag. 216". The name lysteri was subsequently adopted for
the American species by Wagner, Schinz, Audubon and Bachman, Giebel,
Gray, and others, and almost uniformly accredited to Ray; while the name
striatus was applied by the same writers exclusively to the Asiatic animal.
Professor Baird, in 1857, claimed the name striatus for the Ground
Squirrel of Eastern North America, on the ground (as fully set forth in the
preceding remarks) that the name was originally applied exclusively to
American specimens. Finding, as he believed, the Asiatic species thus left
without a name, he called it " Tamias jiallasii, after the eminent naturalist
who was the first to give an account of it to the world''.* The name striatus
has since been currently adopted among American writers for the Striped
or Ground Squirrel of Eastern North America, while Dr. Gray adopts for it
Kuhl's name americana, and retains striatus for the Asiatic form. The use
of striatus by Linnaeus, in his tenth edition of the Systema Naturae, strictly
ami solely for the American species, is sufficient to fully establish it as
* Mam. N. Amer. p. S96.
788
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
1!' /;■
I \-"'
w
belonging exclusively here, even if its earlier exclusive use in this sense be
ignored on the ground that it antedates the introduction of the binomial sys-
tem of nomenclature.
G' 'IRAPUICAL DISTRIBUTION. — As will be sccn by a reference to the
subj' list of specimens, the present species has quite an extensive geo-
grapiiical range, being found from Pembina, Minn., eastward to the Atlantic
coast, and from the Red River Settlement and Canada to Georgia and West-
ern Missouri. It is said to be common in the mountains of the Carolinas,
and Audubon and Bachman state that "it is found in Tennessee and through-
out Louisiana". It is not, however, found in the "alluvial districts of Carolina
and Georgia", nor in Florida, and is presumably absent from all the low-
lands of the Gulf coast, and probably not to be met with " throughout Lou-
isiana", but only in the higher and more northerly portions. The authors
above cited state that in South Carolina it is not found nearer the seaboard
than Columbia. It is not enumerated by Roemerns an animal of Texas, nor
is it mentioned as occurring in the Southwest beyond Western Missouri.
Richardson gives it as common on the northern shores of Lakes Superior and
Huron, but states it as his belief that it does not range northward beyond the
fiftieth parallel. Hall enumerates it among the animals of Canada, and Gil-
pin among those of Nova Scotia.* Adams gives it as very common in New
Brunswick, as it likewise is in Maine and throughout the Northern States.
Tadle LX. — Meaaurementa of te» tkalU of Tahias striatus.
i
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ae5
0.87
a 44
a 41
a55
0.55
a 5a
0.5S
0.80
o.t»
0.80
a 15
a 10
0. S4
0.9.')
0.88
0.90
0.40
0.43
....
0187
0141
do....
AUi'f^luinv, Pa
l.M
1.9)
a87
0.45
0.4il
0.51
a50
0.5S
0.90
0.77
0.80
0.31
aai
a 15
a 15
0.i5
0.91
0.(0
a87
0.41
0.38
4H41
Chrator County, P*
1..'.7
0.93
0.43
0.55
0.53
0.fO
0 33
0 16
0.95
0.99
0.44
3843
do
I.S6
1.45
0.M
0.77
0.41
a 41
a. VI
0.90
0 51
0.47
0.M
0.7S
aas
a 94
0.88
0.80
0.41
0.4*
0.18
a 13
* Mr. R. K. McLeod, of Houltou, Me., also writes mu tbut it is Tory numoioDs tn Sbolbourno,
Kind's, uiid Queen's Countieo iu Nova Scotia.
M:
iiJx,lidkid.vi^s)iiM-
••^ •..,-,.-. .j'^: .,:i.„,i{siM.lsfet..%s^.
' SCIDRIDJ?— TAMIAS STRIATDS
TAiir.K hXi.—Weaturemtnlii of Uemtf-teren tpcctinent of Tamias srniATUd.
789
•1693
•1090
•1691
•1609
•1693
•9319
•1099
•110
•1101
•1109
•2590
'1104
•1105
19418
t94iO
)94l>0
13481
19483
19483
19481
19485
19486
19481
19488
11155
Loollty.
Ipswiob, Mosa .
NowUm, Mam .
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
..do.
..do.
do
do
Oneida Gonnty. N. T
Nichols, Tioga Connty, N. T.
do
do
.do.
..do.
.do.
do
do
do
Raolne, WU.
From tip of noM to—
0 61
a65
a 14
0.65
0.01
0 65
0.10
0.10
O'O
0.66
0.19
0.10
0.19
0.11
0.15
0.16
0.16
0 64
C.15
a 14
0.13
0.19
0.68
0.66
0.80
0.60
0.10
1.39
1.96
1.35
l.3.->
1.39
1.45
1.40
1.33
1.37
1.39
1.40
1.97
1.40
1.49
1.35
1.40
1.40
1.97
1.35
1.40
1.38
1.40
1.98
1.95
1.50
1.90
1.30
1.65
1.60
1.(0
1.15
1.79
1.19
1.66
1.60
1.13
1.63
1.15
1.10
1.10
1.15
L73
1.80
l.^'0
1.35
1.73
1.57
1.60
1.78
1.50
1.60
5. CO
3.55
(i.91
3.C«
5.7J
5.93
aou
6.10
6.00
3.50
3.40
3.37
5.70
5.60
3.80
6.08
5.60
4.70
3.90
5.30
5.10
«.60
5.10
5.10
3.63
4.80
0.00
rail to end
of-
3.83
a 44
3.04
a40
3.31
3.36
3.60
a 15
aoo
3.49
3.65
3.86
ai3
3.40
a 15
ass
a 98
a 10
a 40
a88
aao
a 18
a 00
a36
a34
a35
a3o
4.19
a 114
4.84
4.00
4.04
4.96
4.38
4.40
4.41
a80
a85
4.30
a 84
a 13
a 93
4.39
4.93
a 75
110
aeo
auo
Length of-
0.85
0.73
o.n
013
Oil
0.80
0.13
0.H
0.19
0.19
0.19
an
0.70
0.13
0.80
0.18
0.88
0.10
0.83
0.80
0.15
0.18
0.15
0.80
0.14
0.68
0.80
1.40
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.36
1.37
1.30
1.43
1.35
1.90
1.30
1.93
1.40
1.36
1.40
1.40
1.39
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.40
1..35
1.35
1.38
1.33
1.38
^ a
s ^
A.
FrsBh.
...do.
...du
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
..do,
...do.
...do.
...da
Alcoholio.
...do.
' In MoMuni a( Comi^ratiTe Zoiilogy, Uambridge, Kau.
1 From Balrd, Mam. M, Amer. p. 3116.
Table LXII. — U»t of tptdnm* eramincd of Tamias striatus.*
"S
a
o *
B
a
a
5- '8
1*
1
i
a
1
1
1
LooaUty.
When collected.
From whom ro.
ooived.
Collected by-
•3
1
111340
111.143
111344
111541
t.SM
m
17193
t;no3
1644
lOTO
1017
3175
3177
9099
.1170
Pembina, Dak. Tor
do
4nne9«,;.n3
Juno 96, 1873
Juno 14, 1873
Jnne9e,1873
A. Campbell
....do
Dr.K.Coneg
.. do
Skin.
...do.
do
...do
. do
.. do.
do
....do
....do
.. do.
Ked River SotUemont..
Or.EraM
Dr. Rvann
. . .do.
...do.
Malamagamlnqas, Can
T.Kiohards
O.E.OarTiaon
Prot8.F.Balrd...
H.MAnn,Jr
...do
T.Kiohards
...do.
...do.
17W
Pn)f.S.F.Baird...
H.Mann,Jr
....do
Skin and skoU
Aloobolic
...do.
MlnneapoUi, Minn
do
• CuDAiilcrablo addttioDal material betoDKlug to the Mummtn of Comparative Zoology, not here nientioDe<i, boa also
been uBe<l.
t In the National UuMtim, WMhington, D. C. ; all the otbers In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Maw.
m A
790
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Table LXII, — lAtf of ipecimeiu cxamintd of Tamus striatus — ContioDod.
IVn l:^
m
•o
1
1
a
a
a
■a
■3
1
o
a
1
g
t
s
1
Locality.
1
1
From whom re*
calved.
Collected by-
1
i
1410
1411
873
gae
1593
CIO
1508
isgs
1570
1571
3740
006
979
373«
3737
373S
3739
37M
1003
960
9C1
1102
1103
984
4917
3745
3746
3717
3748
75«
3758
153
154
3759
753
754
755
956
990
3557
37!n
3788
3559
3500
3561
1040
149S
1500
1501
1578
1573
1574
Uptoo.MB
do
J. 0. Rich
...do
J.O.RIeh
Skin.
...do.
AlcohoUe.
..do.
Skin.
AlcohoUa.
Bkln.
...do.
..do
Norw>y,M«
A.K.Vermi
Ora;Fund
...do
A.B.Verrlll
B. D.Verrlll
...do
do
do
do
...do
....do
Uaino
t-Anaaala
...do
L.Agaaaia
...do
do
... do
...do
...do
...do.
do
....do
...do
...do.
Milan, N.H
J.B.Fnlaoiiie....
MlsaA.M.Edmana
....do
J. B. Fulaonw
MJraA.M.Xdmana
...do
Alcoholle.
...do.
...do.
do
do
A.H.MeUdDd7...
....do
A.n.Mellondy....
do
...do.
do.
do
do
....do
do
do.
. do
....do
do
do.
do
...do
do
do
do
... do
. do
do.
,, do
....do
do
..do.
...do.
..do.
do.
do
...do
do
. do *.
do
...do
..do
. do
....do
DamiDor, K. H
John Veaey
F.W.Putnam
L.Agaaala
...do
do.
Warwick, Maaa
Haflaachuaetta
F. W.Fabinu
UARaaaia
...do
..do.
...do.
do.
do
do
... do
...do
...da
do.
do
....do
....do
do
....do
...do
...do.
do.
H. Moon, Jr.;
...do
ILUann, Jr
do
...do
Bkln.
do.
do
....do
...do
do
...do
...do
AlcohoUe.
...do.
...do.
do.
C.Clark
GCIark
F.W.Polnam...
J.O.Sbute
Eaaex Connty, Maaa . . . .
Wobam, Maaa
Yellow SprlDgs, Ohio
F.W. Putnam....
J.O.Bhate
H.Mann, Jr
L.AKaHla
F.W. Pntuam ...
....do
U.Manu,Jr
I-AgawU
F.W.l'ntnam...
....do
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
Weatem New York
Baleoi, Maaa
do
do
....do
...do
SprioKaeld, Maaa
do
J.A. Allen
....do
J.A. Allen
...do.
...do
...do.
do
....do
...do
...do.
do
...do
....do
...do.
■•
Maaaaohuaetta
UAgaaala
... do
I-Agaaato
...do
Skia.
...do.
do
do
do
do
do.
do
. do .
do
do.
do
.. do ..
.do
. do.
do
.. do
.do
do.
SOIUEID^-TAMIAS 8TRIATUS.
791
Tablk LXII. — Lilt of ipecimmt czaminrd of Tamils btkiatus— Continacd.
•s
1
1
1^
i
i
a
u
m
1
H
Looftllly.
1
a
From whom to*
cuivud.
C'olleotcd by-
o
£
o
1
l.'ilS
I.M6
1S77
l.MH
inoo
1881
IC»1
1003
lOM
I-Oi*
iep5
1696
1697
I69A
1690
1700
1701
170-1
1703
1704
17a>
1706
1707
1700
8909
SSIO
9S1I
9SI3
SSI3
mu
mi
wt
an
mio
suo
USl
van
3M3
!.»94
SjQS
MO*
9610
9611
9619
9613
037
4016
963
1007
1008
no4
MauftchaMtta
L.Affanl<
... do
L. Ago Mil
..do
.i.JillBon
...do
Skin,
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
..do.
do
ilo
Uudaon Uaaa
H. JillMD
.. do
... do
....
19
16
17
10
90
60
50
91
94
3S
34
3S
38
39
43
.11
99
60
68
70
It
75
rf
C.J.Maynanl
...do
C.J.Maynard...
do
do
do
...do
. do
do
....do
. do
...do.
do
do
...do
.. do
do
....do
...do
..do.
...do.
...do.
.. do.
do
...do....
.. do
9
?
?
?
?
9
9
9
9
<f
rf
<f
....do
.. do
....do
do
...do
....do
do
...do
do
.do.
...do.
. do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
..do.
..do.
...do.
...do.
..do.
...do,
...do.
...do.
...do.
.. do.
do .
...do
...do
....do
do
.ilo
...do
...do
do
do
...do
do
do
do
...do
...do ...
...do
... do ...
do
...do
....do ....
do
...do
..do
do
do
do
....do
...do -....
...do
...do
....do
...do
do
do
do
... do
...do
...do
11
67
66
64
74
63
64
41
40
33
110
119
187
9
9
rf
rf
9
d
d
9
(f
9
cf
9
do
do
. do
.. do
do
...do
. do
...do
. do
do
■ ....do
...do
....do
...do
...do
....do
do
....do
do
...do
....do
...do.
...do. ,
. . .do.
do
....do
...do
do
....do
....do
do
....do
...do
....do
...do,
...do,
...do.
...do.
....do
do
....do
do
do
do
....do
do
...do
...do
...do.
nio
311
319
313
314
9
9
rf
9
9
do
....do
.. do
do
..do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
do .
. do
do
...do '.
. do
do
do
....do
do
....do
do
...do.
Aloohollo.
...do.
Hadley.Ku*
Wan), Hms
T. W. Hantlngtou.
A.P.Chuto
....do
T. W. nnntinnton.
A.P.Cbate
...do
...do
...do.
U>MeD,Mau
D. HlKKlua
...Ilo.
..ilii
D. Biggins
.. do
...do.
.. do.
do
do
...do
...do.
1
1
fWW — p
!■
r
j .
;
792
M0N00RAPH8 OF NORTH AMERICAN HODENTIA.
Taiile LXII.— £i«< of ipecimmt examintd of Tamiab dtriatus— Continned.
I i
; .li
■3
I
i
a
llOS
3114
3119
3116
3111
3118
959
•MM
•ISM
•1900
•MO
•Ml
•MS
•869
11113
19H
-1S38
•IIHO
•7046
•ioa<
•901.
•3850
•3131
•3161
•3164
•341
•509
9491
9303
1808
6141
6182
'6110
'6184
6185
'6186
'6187
•14
'4844
'4848
3001
•3843
1998
1644
iMSlMtJ.
UaldoD, Man
8t Lawranoe Co., N. ¥.
do
do
do
do
do
Uonnt CUToll, III
EtMX County, N.Y....
do
Bllubethtoini,M.T...
do
do
do
.do.
Allegheo; Comity, P*.
do
GrMubarg, Pa
do
do
do
do
do
Carlialo.F*
Chester Coooty, P» . . .
do
WaablDgton, D.C
do
, do
.do.
Ooorgia
Wajne Coanty, Ind. . .
Independence. Ho ....
do
do
HlMoori:
Saint Louie, Mo
When
collected.
Aug. 14, 18SS
Aug. 14, 1899
Aug. 14, 1899
Sept. -,1899
Feb. — . 1899
May 90, 1891
Usy 99, 1897
From whom re.
ceked.
D.HIgglnt
J.aFoley
...do
....do
....do
....do
....do
Dr. E. Shiner
Dr. 8. B. Hale
....do
Pro{B.F.Balid..
....do
....do
D.Welab
PrDf.8.F.Batrd...
..do
a L. Walker
...do
F, Cowan
...do
...do
...do
....do
....do
Prar.S.F.Baird...
Dr.E. MIcbner....
....do
Dr.E.Conee
...do
C.Drezler
Pror.&F.Baird...
A.OerbanIt
B. Menilonball . . ■
J.Q. Cooper
... do
....do ,
Dr.P.R. Hoy
Dr. O. Engelmann
CoUeoted by-.-
DBIgglna
J.aFoley
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
Dr.U.BIiloer....
Dr.?, KEale....
...do
PntB.F.Baird..
...do
...do
D.Welab ,
Froi:B.F.Balid..
...do ,
B.L.Wi<lker
...do ,
F.Cowan
...do...
... do
...do
...do
....do
Fro£&F.Balrd.,
DrLMtcbner..
...do
Dr.E.Conee....
...do
C. Drexler
Prof.aF.Balrd.
A.Qcrbardt
RMendenball..
J.O. Cooper
..^.«o
Dr.P.R. Hoy....
Dr. O. EDgelmann
Aloobollc
Skin.
..do.
..do.
..da
..do.
..do.
..do.
Skin and akuU.
.do.
..do.
..do.
Skin.
...do,
...do.
..do.
..do.
Sknll.
...do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
..do.
Rkln.
..do.
..do.
Skin and aknlL
Sknll.
Skin.
...do.
...do.
. do.
Skin and akuIL
...do.
* Id National Museum, Washington, D. C. i all tbe others In Unseun of CompantlTe Zoology, Cambrldgo, Uai
■n-
i:.,.'
BOIUHIDiB— TAMIAS A8IATICUS AND VAUIETIE8.
793
TAMIAS ASIATICUS (Gmelin) Allen.
, Var. noBEALis.
Northern Chlpnank.
Soiiinu minor virgaliu 0. Omcun, Act. Putrop. v, 176P, 344, pi. iz, 6k. 1 (Siberia).
8ci»rtu $lriatu4 Paixab, Nov. Qlirti, 1778, 378 (uot 8. itriatu* of CaUwby and Linnmus) ; Zoog. Kouo-
Aaiat. I, 1831, 187.— 8CIIKBBKR, Siinf{ct. iv, 1701, 700 (inaiuly).— Dksmarkst, Diet, d'lllst.
Mat. X, 1817, 131 (in part) ; Ham. 1822, 330 (in part).— FiscnRR, Bynop. Ham. 181!0, 348 (In
part).
Mum itriatui, a atUtticMt Qhklin, Syat. Nat. i, 1768, 150.
aeiunu {Tamiiu) quadritiltolu* Ricuahdson, Zool. Jonro. iii, 1828, 570; Fano. Bor.-Amer. i, 1829, 184, pi.
xvl (mainly).
2liM<a> quadrivitlatiu Waoncr, Audubon 4e. Bachman, Baird, Oray, and of other antliora, in part.—
Boss, Edinb. Naw Phil. Joorn. xiii, 18G1, 162; Nat. HiHt. Rev. 1862, 274 (to 67° north).
Tamiat pallati Baikd, Ann Bep. Smiths. Inat. for 1806, May, 1857, 55; Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 205— Lilljk-
DORO, Fann. Sfver Sver. ooh Nor. Byggr. 1871, 407.
Tamiat q»adrMtlal»$ vu.pallati Alun, Proc. Boat. See. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1H74, 200.
Itamios tiriatu* Rkysbruno & Blabiub, Wirbelt. Eoropas, 1840, 4:1.- Waoner, Snppl. Schrelier's
Siiugel. iii, 1843, 231.— SCHINZ, Syn. Ham. ii, 1845, 47.— OiKBEL, Siluget. 1655, 630.— HlD-
DENDORPr, Bibiriscbe Belie, ii, pt. 2, 1853, 83, pi. ii, fig. 10 (embryo).— Schrenck, Amnr-
Lande, i, 1850, 124.— Oray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. z, 1867, 434.
Mania uthauit Pallas, Zoog. Bosso-Asiat. i, 1831, 180 (melanlstio). See also Waoner, Snppl. Sohreber's
Silnget. HI, 1843, 232.— HiDDENDOBrr, Sibirisobo Seiso, ii, pt. 2, 1853, 83.— ScuiuCNCK,
Aninr-Lande, i, 1850, 125.
Var. QUADBIVITTATC8.
lockr Monnlain Chlpmank.
BeUwiu quadriviUaliu Say, Long's Ezped. to Booky Uts. ii. 1823, 45.— Harlan. Fann. Amer. 1625, 180.—
GoOMAN, Amer. Nat. Hist, ii, 1826, 137 — Hamilton-Smith, Griffith's Cuvier's An. King, v,
1827, 2S5.— FiscnRR, Synop. Ham. 1839, 300.— Waoner, Schrober'a Siiaget. pi. ccxiv, A
{Tamiat qaadriiiUabu In tat).
" Spermopkilui guadritillaitii F. Cuvikr, Snppl. Baffon, i. Ham. 1831, 340."
Tamiai q»airitHtat»i Waoker, SnppL Sohreber's Siinget. iii, 1843, 234 (in port).— ScniNZ, Synop. Mam.
1845, ii, 46.— Audubon &■ Bachman, Quod. N. Amer. i, 1840, 105, pi. xxiv.— Cabot, Agos-
siz's Lake Snperior, 1850, 52 (northern shore of Lake Saperior; common).— Baiho, Mam. N.
Amer. 1857, 297, pi. xz, flg. 9, head and feet (in part).— Sucklev, Nat. Hist. Wash. Ter. pt.
iii, 1850, 07.— Maximilian, Arohiv f. Natnrgesoh, 1861 81 (in part).— Hayden, Trans. Amer.
Phil. Boo. Philo. zii, 1863, 145 (in part ; mainly var. patHdus).—GnAV, Ann. & Hag. Nat. Hist.
3d ser. xz, 1867, 14S (in part).— Stevenson, Hayden's Bep. U. S. Gieol. Sarv. Wyoming, 1871,
462.- Mbrrum, U. 8. Oeol. Sorvey Terr. 6th Ann. Bep. 1873, 663.— Allkn, Bull. Essex lust,
vi, 1H74, 57, CO.— CouES A Yarkow, Wheelei') Ezpl. and Snrv. West of lOOlh Merld. v,
ZoSI. 1876, 117.— Orinnell, Lndlow's Black Hilli of Dakota, 1876, 82.— Hensuaw, Ann. Rep.
Chief Engin. ifor 1876, App. JJ, 1876, 311 (Sonthem California).
Ikmiai qtudritiUtttu var. qwairivUlatut Allen, Froo. Boat. Soo. Nat. Hist, zvi, 1874, 389.
Tamiai miniUtu Bachman, Jonm. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. viii, 1839, 77 (yonng) ; Towusond's Narrative,
1839, 323.— Waoner, Arohiv f. Naturgesch. 1643, pt. ii, 44 (same).— Schinz, Synop. Ham. ii,
1845,48.
Var. FALLIDU8.
Pale Cblpmnk.
IbMia* qiuirivHlaliu ArovBON A Bachman, Baird, Gray, ind others, In part.- Hayden, Trans. Amer.
Phil. Soo. Phiht. xll, 186.1, 145.— Grinnell, Lndlow's Rec. Black Hills, 1875, 81.
Tamiat quadrieittotut var. ptMidiu Allen, Proc. Boet. Soo. Nat. Hist, zvi, 1674, 289.— CouBS & Yarrow,
Wheeler's Ezpl. and Snrv. West of lOOth Herid. v, Zool. 18;6, 117.
794
MONOGUAl'US OF NORTU AMKUICAN RODBNTIA.
im'w
!l n
Vlir. TOWNSENDI.
Townsend's Chipmunk,
Ta.miat loumiievdi Baciiman, Journ. Acad. Niit. 8oi. Phila. viii, 1«19, 68 ; TownsendV NirroUve, ia39, 321.—
Waonkr, WieKinanii's Arcliiv, 184:1, pt. ii, 44.— Audubon & Baciiman, Quad. N. Am. i, 1849,
l.W, pi. XX.— Baihd, Mam. N. Am. 1857, ;«X), pi. xlv, fig. 4 (skull) ; pi. v, tig. 2 (" var. cooperi";
animal).— CooPRR, Nat. Hist. \Va«li. Territory, pt. iii, 1859, 80.— Sucklky, ib. 97, 122.—
Gkay, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 'M sur. xx, 18()7, 435,
Tamiat loifimendi var. moiwri Baird, Mam. N. Am. lH.'i7, pi. v (nsino on plate),
Tamiat hindtii Ora v, Ann. .ind Ma;;. Nat. Hist, x, 1H42, 2(i4 ; ZoSI. Voy, of Sulphnr, 1844, 34, pi. xii, fig. 1 ;
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ger, xx, 18fi7, 4 15.
;:,'Vimin< cooperi Bairi>, I'roc. Acud. Nut. 8c.'. Pliila. vii, 1855, :)34; Mara. N. Am. 18.57, 301, foot-note.
lamiaa qaadrintactilaliu Okay, Aud. and Mug. Nat, Hist, 3d sur, xx, 1867, 435,
Var. DOK8ALI8.
IIIU Chipmank,
ic'i ,'«??. ,(i;! i- i.,',i!
Tamiat dorialis Baird, Proo, Acad, Nat. 8oi. Phila, vii, 1855, 332; Mam, N, Am. 1857, 300, pi. xlvi, animal ;
U. 8. and Mex. Bonnd. 8arvey, ii, pt. ii, 1859, 37. — Okay, Add. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser,
XX, 1867, 436.— CoUES, Amer. Nat. i, 1867, 358 ; Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Pbila, 1867, 134 (Arizona).
Timiai quadrivitlaiut var. dormlii Aij,en, Proo. Host. 8nc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 290,- CouKS &. Yii.. J.OW,
Wheeler's ExpL and Sarv. West of lOOtb Murid. v, Zodl. 1876, 119.
. . ; ■ . ... ■ ... ," 'i,,;4r. ■ .)l-.,vv.:-^. :■ .
Var. borealis. ■'
Northern C ^^utik.
Varietal charo, — Size of var, townsendi or smaller. Length of head
and body 5,50 ; of tail to end of vertebrae 3.92 ; to end of hairs 5.00 {Pallas).
Above, pale yellowish-gray, with a faint wash of brownish-fulvous on the
sides ; back with five lines of bl»ck, alternating with four lines of yellowish-
gray, all of nearly equal breadth and rather sharply defined ; beneath, gray-
ish-white ; sides of the head with rvo narrow lines of grayish- white extending
from the nose to the ear, separated by a brownish-black stripe ; a narrow
blackish-brown stripe above the light ones, and another below them. The
middle black stripe of the back extends from the occiput to the base of the
tail. The next on either side begins nt the front edge of the shoulder and
extends also nearly or quite to the base of the tail; the outer on eitiier side
extends only from the posterior edge of the shoulder to the hip. The black
stripes are eulier not at all or only very faintly edged with pale rufous. The
tail above is blackish, with the hairs pale yellowish at b; crossed bv .; sub-
terminal bar of black and tipped with white. The lower surface of the tail
is pale yellowish centrally, with a subterminal border of black edged with
ycllowisi. -white.
Habitat. — Northeastern Europe, Northern Asia, aud Northwestern North
SGIUKID^— TAMIAS ASIAT10U8 AND VA111ET1B8.
705
America southward nearly to the United States, decreasing in size and
becoming brighter in color southward, in the interior, and thus passing grad-
ually into var. quadrivittatus.
Var. QUADRIVITTATUS.
Rocky Movntain Chipmunk.
Varietal chars. — Length of head and body 4.50 1o 5.00; of tail to end
of vertebrae about 3.50; to end of hairs about 4.50. Pattern of coloration
strictly the same as in var. borealis, but the colors brighter, with much more
rufous, and the size smaller. Under parts sometimes faintly tinged with fulvous.
The black dorsal stripes are edged and more or less mixed with rufous; the
light stripes, particularly the outer, are whiter, varying from grayish-white to
pure white ; the sides of the body, especially anteriorly, are bright reddish-
ferrugineous ; the tail yellowish-rusty, with a subterminal border of black
edged with yellowish.
Habitat. — Middle and southern portions of the Rocky Mountains, from
near the northern boundary of the United States to New Mexico. Also in
the mountain-ranges, thence westward to the Pacific coast, and in the Black
Hills. Most specialized in the mountains of Colorado. Passes insensibly, at
the northward, into var. borealis ; at the eastward and in the Great Basin,
into var. pnllidus; in Northern California and Oregon and in the Bitter Eoot
and Cascade Ranges, into var. /ojcwicnrfi. .... ; ...
Var. PALLious. • ' • '\
Pale Chipmunk. .„.>,„,. ...._,,
Varietal chars. — Smaller and paler than var. quadrivittatuf. Length
of head and body 4.25 ; of tail to end of vertebrae 3.25 ; to end of hairs 4.00
to 4.25. General color above pale whitish-gray, the sides slightly washed
with pale fulvous. The dark dorsal stripes are A\ \y, faded reddish-brown ;
oute.' pair of light stripes nearly white, inner g. h-white; generally only
the middle dark stripe decidedly blackish. Yellow i the tail very pale
clay-color. ' • '^ '
Habitat. — The dry plains of the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone and
tiie desert plains of the Great Basin. Everywhere passing into var. quadri-
vittatus at the edges of the wooded mountain-ranges, of which it is merely a
depauperate pallid fo m. The prevalent form over the plains of the Yel'ow-
■:i: '
,, !!!•'
, ■■»■>'
■u.
796
MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTU AMERICAN RODESTIA.
stono and adjoining region, and of the arid districts of Wyoming, Soutliern
Idalio, Utati, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico. Reaches an extreme phase
of specialization in the Yellowstone region in respect to both pallor and
smallness of size.
Var. T0WN8ENDI.
Townsend's Chipmunk.
Variktal chars. — Size large, equalling that of Siberian specimens of
var. horealis. Length of head and body 5.30 ; of tail to end of vertebrae 4.25 ;
to end of hairs about 5.00. General color above nearly uniform dull rusty-
brown, with usually five (sometimes only three) distinct longitudinal stripes
of black. Intervals between the dark stripes generally, but not always, some-
what lighter than the general color; sometimes much lighter (yeliowisa jray);
occasiondly the outer light stripes are clear grayish-white. Markings on the
head the same in number, size, and position as in the preceding, but the light
ones are more rufous and the dark ones- blacker. The tail-hairs are deep
rust-red at base, with a subterminal bar of black and clear grayish-white tips.
Habitat. — Pacific coast, from Northern California to British Columbia ;
at the southward and eastward' passing into /ar. quadrivittatus and at the
northward into var. borealis. Most specialized near the mouth of the Colum-
bia River, where it attains the largest size Und darkest tints.
Var. DOR8ALI8.
Gila Chipmunk.
Varietal chabs. — Of medium size for the species, being intermediate in
this respect between the extreme phases of vars. townaendi and quadrivittatus.
General color above ashen-gray, varied slightly with yellowish-brown ; sides
pale dull yellowish. Dorsal surface with a single blackish stripe along the
middle of the back, extending from the occiput to the base of tlie tail. The
other dorsal stripes are nearly or quite obsolete, though generally traceable;
the outer white stripes generally more distinct than the others. Hairs of the
tail pale rust (sometimes bright rusty-red) at the base, with a subterminal
border of black edged with whitish. Markings of the head as in the other
forms ; the light stripes rather whiter (sometimes nearly pure white) than
usual in the others.
■^^ >»'t phase of var. townsendi, holding the same relation to that form
SCIURID.?-:— TAMIAS ASIATICUS AND VAltlKTIHS.
707
that vfif. paliidus docs to vur. quadrivitlatus — a liglit gray form, in which all
the dorsal stripes, except the central one, are nearly obsol'.-te. I have yet to
see a specimen in which there are not faint indications of the others. The
specimens thus far known are nearly all from the desert region adjoining
the Gila River.
Habitat. — Southwestern New Mexico and adjoining portions of Arizona
and Nevada.
GENERAL REMARKS ON TAMIA8 ASIATICUS AND ITS VARIETIES.
Differential characters. — As already noticed under thd head of T.
striatus, the present species finds its nearest ally in T. striatus. In size, there
is little difference between the larger varieties of T. miaticus and 2\ str'uUm,
the latter averaging rather the larger than any form of tlie former. The
longer tail, different coloration, and presence of two upper premolars in T.
asiaticus, as compared with T. striatus, serve at once to distinguish the two
species. T. asiaticus diffiers too widely from either T. lateralis or T. harrisi
to render a comparison with them necessary.
While the five varieties of T. asiaticus above characterized so thoroughly
intergrade that they are not to be trenchantly defined, the extreme phases of
differentiation are often quite widely diverse, and would require recognition
as distinct species were they not found to be so inseparably connected. The
extremes of the series in size as in color aro vars. pallidus and townsendi, and
are developed where the conditions of environment are the most diverse.
Specimens from the same locality, of either variety, differ very considerably
in color, and sometimes agree quite closely in this respect with the average
type from a quite distant region. Thus, occasionally, specimens are met with
in the wooded mountainous districts of Colorado that closely approach the
pale form of the open arid plains. As will be seen from the subjoined lists
of specimens, a considerable portion of the specimens I have had before me
are as well referable to one variety as to another. These, as a rule, come
from regio.18 intermediate to the localities where the several forms above
rccogiii/ed reach respectively their greatest degree of diflferentiation.
Specimens from the northern portions of the continent are almost
indistinguishable from others irom Siberia. Tiie two examples of the Sibe-
rian animal I have had an opportunity of examining correspond in cry
detail with examples from the Mackenzie River district and other northern
m
m
'm
.If
Hi'.
4i\
i
vf
'M
798
MONOORAPITS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
localitios, as well as with the detailed descriptions giren by authors of the
Old World form. P'iXamples from Fort Resolution, Fort Rae, Fort Liard.
Fort Simpson, and Nelson's and Mackenzie Rivers are much paler than
those from the region more to the southward, with less rufous edging to the
black stripes of the back (many of them being quite without such edging,
just us in Siberian examples) and less rufous on the sides of the body.
Specimens taken along the forty-ninth parallel are intermediate between
tliose from the far north and the bright richly-colored phase commonly met
with in the mountains of Colorado. Many of the specimens from the Black
Hills of Montana are equally rich in color with those from Colorado, being,
in most cases, absolutely indistinguishable. Others of like tint come from
the Uintah and Sierra Nevada Mountains In the Coloradan or quadrivittatus
form, the rufons of the sides assumes a peculiarly rich, lively tint of rust, the
light dorsal stripes pre whiter, and the dark ones are more intensely black
and more narrowly edged with rufous. A much paler form is met with on
the plains east of the Rocky Mountains, wherever the species is represented,
becoming palest in the Mauvaises Terres region, where it also decreases very
much in size. The form met with in the Rocky Mountain ranges north of
the South Pass is larger, and has the rufous parts of a duller brown than is
seen in the form which prevails in the mountains more to the southward.
In the Bitter Root and Cascade ranges, the size still further increases, and
the colors become still duller and heavier, jmssing here into the very ' .rge
anu peculiarly dark form of the coast region of Washington Territory and
British Columbia. In this phase, the rufous tint of the sides no longer
brightly contrasts with the general color of the dorsal surface, which has
become of a nearly uniform shade of dull yellowish-rusty-brown, varied with
three or five (generally five) more or less strongly defined longitudical stripes
of black ; in many instances, the spaces between the stripes are not different in
tint from the general color. In some cases, the general color is so dark that
the outer black lines are effectually obscured, and the others are only dimly
defined. In other examples, from the same rogion, the intervals between the
dark lines are decidedly lighter than the general surface, varying in some
specimens (especially the outer stripes) to grayish-white. The hairs of the
tail become deep reddish-brown at the base, and tipped with white instead
of yellowish-white. In passing southward, the jize decreases, the general
color lightens, especially on the sides, and the 'i^ht and dark stripes become
'■•4;'«
S*;-
SCKJRIDiE-TAMIAS AS1ATICD8 AND VAUIETIKS.
ry9
more stroiigl)' difTerentinted. Specimens from Nortln'rn Caliroriiia sliow u
strong resemblance to specimens from the Rocky Mountains near the forty-
ninth parallel, and from the Bitter Root region ; in some cases the white
edging of the tail in the Californian form being the only really distinctive
feature. Further southward still, in Southern California, the general colors
become still paler and the dorr.al surface grayer. The tail, however, retains
the greater blackness and whiter edging which characterize the townaentli
type. The desert region of the Gila River presents also a quite peculiar type,
in which the general color of the dorsal surface becomes of a nearly uniform
ashen-gray, with all the stripes obsolete except the middle one. Very few
specimens of this form have as yet been received, and from finding occa-
sionally specimens from other regions, and even also in another species
(7'. striatui), with the stripes but faintly developed, it seems possible that
this form may be scarcely entitled to varietal recognition. I have seen speci-
mens from the Great Salt Lake Valley and from Colorado with all the stripes
except the central obsolete. Field observers, however, refer to it as a com-
mon form in Arizona and neighboring regions. In its rather full, bushy,
white-edged tail and rather large size, it evidently finds its nearest ally in
the Pacific-coast type, of which it is probably the desert representative.
No. 3385, from Fort Defiance, New Mexico, however, agrees with var. gua-
drivittatm, except in the obsolescence of the stripes, the sides being strongly
fulvous.
According to von Schrenck, the Asiatic animal presents everywhere great
constancy of coloration. Even those of the partly open prairie-country of
the Ussuri, he affirms, difier not in the slightest degree {zeigen jedoch nicht
die geringste Verschicdenheit) from those of the poniferous forests about the
mouth of the Amur River. He further adds that a specimen brought by
Temminck from Japan was not in any way diflTerent from those from the
Asiatic continent.* So far as can be at present determined, the Siberian
animal differs far less from 'hat found in boreal America than does the latter
from the form found in the Upper Missouri Bad Lands, the mountains of
Colorado, or the region around Puget's Sound, or than these several strongly
marked but demonstrably intergrading forms do from each other. • * ' '
From the subjoined tables of measurements, it will be seen that the vari-
ation in size among American specimens ranges from an average length of
• Amur LaDde, pp. 124, 125.
-4 -v i
if
F— -^
;^/ ' \ , - ,
ii- ^
; ; i ■ ■
Ii, :' ■ '
800
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMRRIGAN RODENTIA.
4.00 to 4.20 ill the typical pallidas (from tlie Yellowstone Plains) to r).25 in
the towtuiendi type of tlie northwest coast; that the latter fully ecjuals, and
probably cxc(!<!fls, in size the Siberian type; and that those from the Pacific
coast are considerably larger than tiiose from the interior, from localities hav-
ing the same latitude; also, that in the interior there is a well-marked
decline in size southward.* The difference in dimensions between the
smallest and largest form is about one-fourth of the average size of the whole
series. The skull in var. townsendi has an average length of about 1.55,
against 1.25 for the same measurement in \&t. pallidus.
Specimens from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, in latitude
49°, and from the Uintah Mountains and the region north of Fort Bridget,
present a peculiar dull brownish phase of coloration, with the stripes very
distinct and the sides pale. These are about equally well referable to either
of three varieties, namely, barealLs, pallidus, and quadrivitiatus, though per-
haps they most resemble horealvs. They also show an approacli to the dull,
heavy tints of var. ^ow««e«rft; particularly is this true of those from the
Uintah Mountains.
The striking amount of variation with locality among the American
forms of Tamias asiaticus, and its exact correlation with differences in the
conditions of environment, make this one of the most instructive and interest-
ing groups among North American Mammals. These correlations seem to
have been first noticed by Dr. J. G. Cooper,t who, as early as 1869, in
speaking of the pale form of Tamias "quadrivitiatus" of the Upper Missouri
Bad Lands, called attention to the difference in color seen between specimens
inhabiting the open plains and the forests, and expressed his belief that the
pale form of the Plains owed its paler tints and smaller size "to the influence
of more sunlight and heat, combined with inferior food". He adds: — " Varia-
tions in color connected with exposure to the sun and heat, are noticed in
T. townsendi and T. striatus, as well as in other animals, so that allowance
must be made for such influences in the determination of species. The
variety found by me in 1863, at the Clickatat Pass, Cascade Mountains, 4,500
feet above the sea, and at first named T. cooperi by Professor Baird, is so
nearly intermediate between the form found on the west ( T. townsendi) and
* Unfortunately, I inadvertently oniittpil to take moaaurenients of (be northern specimens at the
time (three yean* since) I bad the whole material before me, which has since been widely dis^rsrd. , / ,.
t Amer. Nat. vol. ii, pp. DSO, 531.
r..
1
1
! f t
1
1 ■■
He
iff
f
iJ
1
S01UKIDJ3— TAMIAS ASIATICUS AND VAHIKTIES.
HOI
that on the east of those mounlains (T*. quadrivittatui) as to suggest a (h)ul)t
of their (listinclness, and at least a suspicion of a liyhrid race.''
Synonymy and nomenclature. — As already shown (see anted., under
Tatnias stria(us), the Old World form of Tamias was formerly confounded
with the species of Eastern North America under the name Tamias striatus,
which is still by many writers retained for the Old World type, though orig-
inally based exclusively upon the Striped Ground Squirrel of Eastern North
America. The use of the name striatus, in this restricted sense, by Linnseus,
in the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae, renders it unequivocally pertinent
to the latter species, and to that alone. The name striatus was first applied to
the Siberian animal by Pallas twenty years after the publication of this edition
of Linnaeus's work, Pallas supposing it identical with the striatus of Linnaeus.
The first name distinctively applied to the Europco-Asiatic form was asiati-
cus, given by Gmclin, in a varietal sense, in 1788, who properly discrimi-
nated the two forms, and correctly assigned their habitats and their synonymy.
Professor Baird, apparently overlooking this fact, supposed, as late as 1857,
that the Old World Tamias was without a name, and bestowed upon it that
of pallasi. The only objection to asiaticus is its unfortunate geographical
significance, since the Old World forms prove to be specifically the same as
several of the forms of Tamias of Western North America, subsequently
named quruirivittatus, totonsendi, dorsalis, f tc. Rigid adherence to the rule of
priority renders it necessary to adopt asiaticus as the specific designation also
of the American forms of this group, which will stand as above, namely,
Tamias asiaticus vars. quadrivittatus, toicnsendi, etc.
The Sciurus uthensis Pallas, known only from Pallas's description, is
commonly believed to have been based on a melanistic example of the com-
mon form. The species was originally described by Pallas, in 1831, from
skins brought from the river Uth. The examples were wholly black, with
^ve white dorsal stripes and a wliite streak on the throat and breast*
Middeudortr, von Schrenck, and other explorers have since diligently searched
the same general region without meeting with other examples, and incline to
the opinion that it is merely a melanistic form of the common species. The
* Pallas states, in bis diaf{<i<>sis, " S. anriculis imberbig, corpora atro striKis ilorsnlibas qainis albis ".
It is further described as smaller tban Soiunu atriatua, with smaller ears and relatively shorter tail, but
with the dorsal stri,ies similar ("strif^ie dorsi item similes"), nud with a longitudinal band of white oa
the throat, extending from the lower lip to tUo breast.
CI B^ ■ . •
'I^
.1" ■<!
■nun
m
III
802
MONO(JllAIMI8 OF NOUTH AMKUICAN KODEXTIA.
siii},'l<! black HpocliiiPH of T. siriatus I luivc seen was also markod on (he
throat, will) a l()n>,'itu(liiial Mtripe of white, but was clsewlicre wholly black.
GKoaRAi'JiiCAL DisTKinuTioN. — Tlic inost easterly points from which I
have seen specimens of this species arc the northern shore of Lake Superior
and Nelson's River, Hudson's Bay Territory. To the northward it ranges
nearly to the Barren Grounds.* In the United States, it is met with all along
the I'orty-ninth parallel; it is common in the Bad Lands of the Upper Mis-
souri and Yellowstone Rivers, in the Black Ilills of Dakota, and in the eastern
foot-hrils of (he Rocky Mountains southward to New Mexico. It is repre-
sented by sonic one of its forms thence westward to the Pacific coast, and
as (iir southward as Ariz(ma. In respect to the distribution of the several
varieties, little need be said in addition to the remarks respecting their habi-
tats already given. The ranges of vars. pallidus and quadrivittalus curiously
interblend, the latter occupying the wooded mountain-ranges of the Rocky
Mountain plateau, while the former occurs generally over the sterile plains
and desert areas from the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains to the
Great Basin. East of the Missouri, the species appears to o;cur only in
Northern Minnesota and Northern Dakota, its range gradually extending
southward west of the Missouri. In the Upper Missouri country, Dr. Cooperf
found them in the Bad Lands fifty miles west of Fort Union, and at the
eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. I found them also common in the
Bad Lands of the Yellowstone River, J and even as far eastward as the Little
Missouri, and they occur doubtless thence westward to the Rocky Mountains,
wherever there is shrubbery.
In the Old World, this species ranges from the shores of the Okotsk
Sea westward over the whole of Northern Asia, and to the Dwina River in
European Siberia. According to von Schrenck, it occurs on Saghalien Island,
as far southward on the mainland as Hadshi Bay, in lat. 49°, and in the inte-
rior along the whole course of the Amur River and its tributaries. The
same writer states that Temminck obtained it in Japan.
" Rpsiwctiiig its rongo in the Fur Countries, Mr. DuiiaUl Giimi oliservia: — " 1 have not seen »ny of
thorn in llie .Suvcrn Itivcr District; but tlioy are at Oxford House -inil Nelson River. They may Inhabit
other loculiiies to tlio nortlioast of Lake Winnipeg." — {MS. Xotm in ike Smilheonian Imlitution.)
Mr. 15. K. Ross gives its range as extending to Fort Good Hope, but as bring " rare at Fort Simp-
son and north of Liurd's River. At Forts Resolution and Liari), theF« nnlmals aro very dMtrnctive to
sucli giirden produce as is raised there."— (AfS. Nolo <» Smitlumnian IiuHtution.)
tArner. Nat. vol. ii, p. 5:10.
t I'roc. Uost. Soc. Nit. Hist, xvii, 1874, 43. . , '
BCICRID^— TAMIA8 A8IATI0U8 AND VARIKTIK8. 803
Tablk LXIII ilcatureineiitii of four tprelment «/ Tamiab abiaticuh var. luiREAMit.
1
f
c
LooAllty.
Prom tip of Dose
U>-
Tail toond
ur—
Ungtbof-
t
B
I
•s
£
fi
. Remuki.
1
i
1
t
>
1
1
1
1
1
n
1463
mi
81borl»
...do
0.09
1.87
MM
S.R3
6.75
S.U)
:130
9.00
4.33
4.15
a 79
1.33
Skin
..dn
..do .
Vnm Palla^ Nov. 8p«o. OUron, p. 383.
From Wngner, SuppL Scbreber's HAanot. iil, S33.
...do
Eastern Hibsrla.
i.es
0.89
1.40
1.40
Tablk LXIV. — UeauHKmoHtt of thirli/ tpecimeni of Tamiab abiatioub rar. quadiuvittatv)).
I
/.'
•3733
*-J734
•3735
•2736
•3737
•27.18
•27:10
•2740
•2741
•274S
•«743
11:44
111004
tuooo
tll0«6
111988
111092
111909
111980
111093
H1991
111087
110
4918
4S10
4983
4365
4613
4613
4983
4966
4906
4517
LoOAllty.
P»rk County, Colo
do
do
Fulrplsy, Park County. Colo . . .
Mon tgomory, Park County, Colo
, do
do ,
do
do
Peroy, Carbon County, Wya Ter
Fort Garland, Colo
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
South Park, Colo ,
Twin Lakes
Chief Uounkiln Lake .
do
do ,
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
From lip of nom to—
0.70
0.70
0.79
0.70
0.73
0.70
0.60
0.07
0.56
0.60
0.70
0.65
0.63
0.55
0.55
0.50
0.50
0.60
0.90
0.53
0.55
0.55
0.50
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.55
0.60
0.53
1.33
1.30
1.37
l.SO
1.33
1.13
1.10
1.10
1.03
1.15
1.30
1.10
1.10
1.13
1.10
1. 10
1.13
1.10
1.08
1.30
i.ao
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
l.X
1.30
1.64
1.45
1.45
1.40
1.43
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.37
1.35
1.40
1.87
1.39
l.SO
1.39
1.38
1.30
1.37
1.39
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.50
1.50
1.50
l.SO
1.50
1.50
5.40
4. CO
5.00
4.85
4.85
4.43
3.85
4.38
3. 43
3.35
4.13
4.90
4.00
4.50
4.70
4.30
4.M
4.50
4.55
4.85
4.30
4.10
4.73
4.00
4.10
4.40
4.40
4.85
4.00
4.30
Tall to end
of-
3.63
3.15
2. M
3.35
3.40
.1.00
3.10
xn
3.69
3.09
3.45
3.60
2.50
3.33
3.50
3.10
3.90
3.90
3.00
3.40
4. 3:>
3.70
4.30
4.10
3.30
3.79
3.60
4.00
4.73
4.00
3.R0
4.35
4.30
4.40
4.00
4.32
4.33
4.90
4.00
4.50
3.40
4.89
4.40
4.00
4.50
4.30
4.09
4.53
4.80
4.00
4.00
4.75
5.10
5.00
4.70
4.75
4.60
4.80
L«nKthnf—
0.73
0.75
0.73
O70
0 70
0 70
0 57
009
0.96
0 63
0.70
0.70
0 57
0 65
0 63
0.93
0.93
0.62
0.69
0.70
OCO
0.60
a66
0.65
0.70
0 62
1.40
1.83
1.33
1.17
1.20
1.13
1.13
1.87
l.Ori
1.03
1.13
1.30
1.10
1.80
1.88
1.80
1.30
1.20
1.20
1.30
1.30
1.80
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.80
0 49
0 44
0.46
0 37
0 35
B
I
'A
Frpili.
...do.
...do.
.. do.
.. do.
...do.
.. do.
...do.
...do.
....do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
Alcoholic.
....da
....do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
Freali.
— do.
...do.
...do.
...da
....do.
— da
....da
....do.
...da
• Spocimens In Uusenm of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, Maas.
t The apeoimena ftom Chief Mountain Lake, 40th pamllel, were meoanred freab byDr.Gouea; tbeyabowconaidorabib
approach ir coloration to rar. borealU. \
-/-
m
'i m
804
>U)NO(iKAJMI8 OF NOKTII AMEUIOAN UODENTIA.
Taoi.k LXV.— A/cwiKrfMoii/i of iltrm
tpeoiiHtHt
of TAMIA8 AHIATICUS VOr.
PAI.U0V8.'
i
Locality.
1
From Up of noM l»-
Tall to cud
of-
Length of—
f
1
i
M
0.M
au)
O.M
0.SO
0.30
0 50
0.U
1
•J
1
k
E
8
H
i
1
i
1
m
9471
mn
9473
1149
947.1
9470
irae
iixn
1910
1919
1.07
1.10
1.00
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.33
l.'JO
1.9<
1.39
1.33
1.34
1.35
1..10
4.03
4.10
4.90
4.00
4.90
4.30
5.00
5.3«
5.00
9.95
a 10
3.00
3.10
350
3.35
359
393
9.00
335
3.93
4.10
4.00
4. SO
4.30
4.40
130
3.95
4.93
4.00
0.81
0.35
0.60
aso
0.00
0.53
0,30
i.ia
1 90
1.91
1.90
1.17
1.90
1.S9
l.CO
1.13
1.13
Alcobollo.
...da
...da
....da
Skin.
Alcobolla
...da
Skin.
...da
...da
da
do
do
do
Port Bnrpy, Yoltowstono Klver
Mouth of Judith Klvor
BlMk Hllla
<f
PoleCroek
North PliUlo
1.93
do
*CompUod from Bnlrd's Mitu. N. Amer. p. 990.
Tahi.k VS.V\.—il(aimremeHti of tieelve tptoiment of Tamias AsiAlicua var
. TOWNSENDI.'
1
i
a
•
Looolity.
^
From tip of nose to—
Tall toond
of-
Length Of—
•s
s
1
1
i
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1X09
9414
9413
9416
2417
9418
9410
9490
9451
9493
l.WJ
94n
Cape Flmttery, Wnsh. Ter
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
d
d
0.63
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.G3
0 03
0.70
0.65
0.00
1.33
1.30
1.30
1.33
1.33
1.35
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
l.CO
1.60
1.60
1.60
l.CO
1.60
1.50
1.35
l.CO
I. SO
1.80
1.W
3.30
3.30
3.90
3.40
5. CO
5.30
5.10
5.10
5 90
4. SO
3.9.-)
.\60
4.70
4.00
4.11
4.30
4.90
4.90
3.30
4.00
3.00
4.00
4.70
0.80
0.70
0.70
0.00
0.80
0.80
0.80
aso
0.30
0.H)
1.45
l..-iO
1.30
1.40
1.3.5
1.35
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.30
Aloobolla
...da
...do.
...da
... da
...da
...da
...da
...da
...da
Skin.
Alcobollc.
Stolloroom, Wiuh. Ter
do
do
do
.... do
do
•'"
do
do
4.90
3.85
4.08
4.60
3.00
4.70
3.16
3.40
do
0.73
1.39
0.89
1.50
' Compiled frum Balrd'a Mnm. N. Amor. p. 303.
Table LXVII.-
-McaturemmU of three shulh of Tamiah
A8IATICCT8
var.
PAI.MnUS.
a
Loaillly.
i
-a
1
1
1
%
%
i
1
s
E
S
i =
If
1
i
11
% s
i
1
4)
.a
*
sf
ti
1
!
s
2
1
I
1
1
•s 1
ll
II
.a
1
ll
If
I
3
o
Ji
H
o
a
^
s«
!«
&
Ci
p
0
p
l.-OO
9605
9380
d
1.95
1.96
1.99
0.75
0.73
0.06
0.31
0..11
(1.30
0.38
0.38
0 39
0.11
0 90
0.40
0.38
0.37
0.C0
0.16
0.19
0.90
0.71
0.33
Polo Creek. Wyo. Ter ..
....
0
0.57
0.19
0.66
0.31
■M
SClUKIDiE— TAMIAB A8IATI(!Ua AND VAUIKTIKH.
805
Taoi.k LXVUI.— .Wm»iir«iiirtiM o/ Ihrre nlulli of Tumiah akUtici's rar. townhkmu.
a
o
tMDtl
Localhy.
Ilrilwooil, Cnl
Wnahinfttoii Territory'
Cape Pla(t4<r]:, Wwh. Ter .
I
H
I. nu
I.HI
I.M
s
8
I
ti
O.WI
0.83
0.80
o.m
0.34
C'lO
0. 4rt
0.4(1
(I. tA
0 i:i
0.10
o.tw
0.IO
■I
^1
tl.it
O.U)
0.44
0.94
0.10
11
I]
S3
II
0.10
0. i:i
II
0.86
Ota
s"
t
0. HI
0. 8.^
a8i
0.44
0.3H
0,40
TaBLR LXIX.— £<•( o/ «pec{>ii«ii« atamiHod of Tamiab asiaticus var. uorbaus.
3
«
u
1403
1071
303S
3031
4S«4
413a
6309
7006
7007
7008
3637
KOt
6308
11343
M567
•1573
11983
11987
11993
11988
11900
11994
11991
111193
11986
11989
1307
630
1086
1084
3843
4367
4317
4S«6
4563
4610
4318
4396
4613
4383
4582
4013
LocitUty.
Siberia
Eaatem Siberia
NeltonBlTer.n.ax
do
Fort Simpson
Oi«|{od1
Fort Beaolntion
do
, do
FortBae
Maokenzle River
Fort I.Urd
Salt RWer, H. B. T
Pembina, Dnk, Ter
Lake Superior
do
Bear'a Paw Uoantaina, Moot Ter. .
Chief HonnUIn Lake, R Mta., 49°.
do
t:
■When
ooUucUmI.
From wbom raeelved.
May 8,
Sept. SO, IW!
Sept. 30, 1863
Sept. 30, IMS
Jono — , i87J
..do.
..do.
,.do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
July 35, 1874
AOR. 19, 1874
Ang.93,1874
AOR. ;i3, 1874
Aog 33, 1874
Aag. 19, 1874
AofC. 34, 1814
AuB. 36, 1B74
Aag. 33, 1874
Anp. 3 :, 1874
Aug. an, 1874
Dr. O. Harllanb..
Imp.Mns. St.Petersb
Doonld.OaoD
...do
BBBuu
Llent. John MuDan
A. McKeDcIo
J. Lookhnrt
...do
I.e. Clark
B. McFarlane
W. L. IlardlDly ....
B.B.B0U
A. CainpboU
L. Agaaats
....do
A. Campbell
...do
...do
....do ,
....do ,
...do
...do ,
...do
... do
...do
...do
Collected by-
Donald Onnn
...do
BBRom
Llent. John If ullan
A. HcKeoile
J.LookhArt
...do
L. C.Clark
BMoFarlane
W.L.H«rdl»ty ....
BRRoia
Dr.E.Coue«
L. AgaaalB
....do
Dr.E.Conea
....do
....do
....do
.do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
. do.
* In Mnaeum of Comparative ZoSlogy, Cambridge, Haaa.
e
§
'A
Skin.
..dn.
.do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..dn.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do,
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
do.
.do.
*.i1<»
v
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
lU lii 12.2
■u ». ■■■
u tili
Z 1:° 12.0
^1^
— 6"
J^
^^/ ^
V/.^ ''^
^'
'/
Photographic
Sciences
Co'poration
"^V^^"
^.V^
23 WIST MAIN STRKT
wnSTIR.N.Y. MSM
(716) •72-4501
'^
if 4^
^
806
MONOORAPnB OF NOBTn AMEBIOAN BODBMTIA.
Taiiuc LXX.— £M of ipa*mau uamimtl of Tauus asuticus nor. QUADRtvrrTATVS.
'M
:ii}^
i!i
i'^
! I ! ;!'
ill'
i^^
!ii: *;
'i
"8
|d
11
II48S
IIM3
IIWI
ntti
3763
3109
3«3«
3137
333B
mn
3037
30M
3070
3073
33M
3341
■SMI
3341
33 M
334.-I
3340
IIIM
mil
lino
0887
0814
0819
aeio
0804
11330
11398
II33I
1130
III90
i4<8
4130
4131
41»
•«733
•0734
•«739
■»I3R
•0737
I*
a
0
a
1
1
1
LoeoUty.
Wbon
Fnm whom i»
ooiTod.
OoUoeledby-
1
1
RMnorko.
Coiomdo
,1813
,1873
,1873
,1813
Dr.r.T.Ibydao.
....do
J.H.Batiy
....do
Bkla.
..do.
Balkw atftngly
eolorod.
ApprauhlBg T«r
polluiat.
....da
....da
...do.
...dp.
...da
...da
Tory bright.
...da
...dn.
ElMrdlDflyiSraat'
iyeokifad.
...da
...da
■xtrrfaoly ttroag.
lyaokirod.
....da
Very otrongly ool
ond.
...da
....da
...da
Pde,batlb«bU<k
■Irlpomiy iltoag.
., |)o
....
„ do
....do
....do
..do.
7
9
... do
....do
....do
..do.
..do.
Dr.F.y.Hoydo*
....do
Dr.F.T.Haydoa
....do
..do.
..do .
....do
....do
....do
... do
..do.
...do
....do
..do .
....do
...do
....do
..do.
I34S8
1»M7
iia
308
341
m
170
970
<33
m
171
149
40
30
W
9
«
d
"i»x<i Rin*
Aug. 10, 1897
Aog. 10, 1897
July 10, 1897
Jaly 17, 1897
Apr. 11,1898
Apr. II, 1898
May 31, 1898
Not. 18, 1898
Jam 4,1898
Apr. II, 1898
Apr. 8,1898
Oct. 9,1871
Oct 9,1878
■opt 17, 1879
Dr. W. A. Hu.
Dond.
....do
...do
LLF. T.Bryan..
W. M. F. Mo.
grow.
...do
■:::1 ::::::::::.
Dr. W. A. nam
moad.
....do
... do
W.|lWood
CDroxlar
..do.
..do
in.
. .\
..do
...do
...do
ModiclmBowlIt*...
FurtBridgar
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do.
....do
....do
....do
..do.
..do.
.do
....do
....do
do
...do
....do
....do
...do
.do.
.do
....do
Dr.F.T.Haydea
....do
C. U. ManiMB
....do
..do.
.do
....do
....do
....do
do
MoatoBA Torrltorr ...
....do
F.J.Baoo
....do
....do
..do.
..do.
..do
8
18
(7
ID
....
PInHulVoUeyllU..
TlrgtalaClty Mu
....do
Jam 10, 1871
Jaly 8,1871
Jaly 8,1871
Jaly 8,1871
....do
....do
....do
....do
..do .
... do
....do
..do.
....
ntah
Lt-O.M.Whookr
....do
aW.HoMhaw
...do
..do.
do
...do
...do . .
... do
....do . .
do
....do
"
....do
....do
..do .
188
190
180
9W
8«7
098
710
798
CboTwIor
....do
r. Biiohotr
..do .
Baagnd'.<iCriMoPMt
Bitter Id. AlionlalH
....do
JohB Xaatao...
LLJohnMaUiui.
....do
John Zoo taa...
JohaPoatoaU...
....do
..do.
..do.
..do
....to. .
....do
....do
.do
?
9
RMil'aMUIaPwkGa,
Coa
....do
Jaly 7,1071
July 8,1871
July 8,1871
Jnl> 11,1871
Jol.v If, 1871
Rocky MoaatalB
BipodltloB.
.. do
Alloa, BouMtt,
aadBllM.
....do
..do
.do
....do
...do
....do
..do
...do
... do
....do
..do .
rRlrplay,l>*rkCount.T,
Colo.
...do
....da
..do .
* In MoMuoi of (.'ompariUTA Zottlogy, Cimbrldgr ifuo.
SOIUBIDiB— TAMIA8 A8IATICUH AND VAHIBT1B8.
807
Tauli LXX.— £i<( o/ tpecimnt eiamiiud of Tauias a8Iaticu8 nir, qiiADHiviTTATUH — Continned.
•mso
•8740
•9741
♦874!!
•9743
•in4i
oaoo
oaoi
i
Umdlty.
UaDtcoia«ry,l*M'kCo ,
Colo.
....do
...dp
...do
...do
...do
...do
Iilabo City, Cola Tor..
Ilada AprlDg*, Colo. T«r
Doa CAlioo, Colo^ Tor
Wlion
oollKled.
Jidy so, 1871
July
July
Joly
July
Jl'ly
July
July
July
Au(.
Ann
90,1871
90,1871
90, 1871
90.1871
90,1871
90, 1X71
10,1800
10,1800
10,1800
IC, IMD
From whom ro.
edrcd.
Kooky Moantain
Bi|wdilioo.
...do
. ..do
...do
...do
....do
...do
Ur.F.V.Uaydon.
....do
....do
....do
ConocUdby—
Allen, BcanotI,
nod BIlH.
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
... do
J. StoTonwm .
....do
...do
Skin
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
..do
-do
Bcmarkc
• ■■ Miuoum of CompMBtlTo Zofiloxy. Cun bridge. Mum,
TaBLB IJCXI. — LM of tprdment czaminti af tiiiiiK6 A8lATl(n:8 tar. PAUJUua.
J
8
un4
039*
93M
0089
oon
0084
DWt
9080
0087
0088
0*80
0000
9*01
0«09
oon
0004
00*3
3773
n74
iioa*
iim
i
a
•"s
1
u
1
1
t
1
1
1
Lowllly.
Wlini
collwlsd.
Prom wbom.n>.
oelvcd.
•
Collected by-
•
■s
Ibiuwki.
ITtah
Oaiit J. H.
BiuiMon.
ClannceKlDg
....io
C.8.UcC*rth}
R.KIdgw*y..
....do
Skin
...do
...do
.. do
....do....
....do
EiUcmely |i«le.
Medlnm ndor.
Very polo,
yery pole, but
imM of the point
typo.
do.
do.
934
133
000
(00
710
70*
7*8
7*9
7«C
794
709
803
800
810
890
8*8
900
189
183
10
<f
nnnboldtMto
do
Iloory'o FVirk of
Omn BlTcr.
Qnoi Blm, Wjo.
do
Oct 0,1874
Oct 10,1874
Ort 13,1874
Oct 13,1874
Oot 13,1874
Oct 14,1874
Oct 10,1874
Oot 10,1874
Oct 18,1874
Oct 10,1874
Oct 10,1874
Oct 90,1874
Oot 99,1874
Oot 99; 1874
An|!.30,l8S8
A«g. 30,1338
July I8,l8n
July 18, 1873
July 18, 1873
July 98,1873
Dr. P. V. U»y.
doa.
....do
....do
n.D. Schmidt
...do
....do
do
....do
....do
....do.. ..
.Mo.
do
...do
....do
...do...
...do
....do
do.
...
do
....do
do.
■tUmCnak.Wyo..
do
...do
....do
....do
....do
do.
....do
....do
do
..it
...d*
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do
Copl.BlmiKoa
... do
0*o.D.A.8Un.
ley.
...do
.. do
...do
do.
do.
do.
8alpharSprln(>,Wyo
do
...do
....do
....do....
....do
North PUtta RItot
do
...do
....do ...
do.
.. do
...do
da
do '
....do
...do
da
9
OrMoKlTrr, Wjro..
do
C.B.lloC*rtby
-"•
J.A.AI!lHl...
... do
...do....
-■do
...do
do .
do.
Verypola
.ia.
Cunp ThofiM, Ta|.
low>tomR.,M.T.
... 4«
do
...do
...do
....do .
da
da
Powder RlT«r,M.T
C.pt W. F.
Raynoldi.
Dr. P. V. n»y
den.
...do
';!■ I :
I r \,n
,'i'
■ l
808 MONOQBAPHS OF NORTH AMUBIOAN BOOEKTIA.
Tabijc LXXI.— £4(1 qf (pwiiiitiM emmined <4 Tamias A8IATICU6 Mr. PAlxiou*— Continned.
gan
gm
gees
g«ee
gee?
gees
geeg
g«?o
geri
gnt
13a
1138
3SW
ITI3
m«
4981
M18
Mil
tgOT
gsM
teoo
4713
345
v»
Lorallty.
Powder Uwr, M. T
MIi|»bCrMk
do
North PUtto, Wjo.
do
do
PaolOo Bpriii(i
do
UUIe 8udy, Wjo.
Graen RItot, Wyo .
Big Sudy, Wyo ...
OiMB KlTtr, Wyo .
..do.
Tellowttone BlTor.
do
do
WlndRlnr..
Nabraik*.
Xrortli FUUo..
PoloCnak....
nnnboUtUti.NoT.
Traokm VaUay, Kiif
Whan
oolkolod.
July W^ 1873
Ang. 94, 1870
Aag. 'M, 1870
Aug. 94, 1810
Sopt 4,1810
S«pt 4,1870
Sept e,1870
Sept. 8,1870
Sept. 7,1870
Sept. 10, 1870
Sept II, 1810
Sept II, 1810
Sopt. 3,
Aug. 10, 183e
M.y3ei-
Joly 9e^ 1831
From wboB n-
eel Ted.
Copt w. r.
Kaynoldo.
....do
...do
Dr. P. v. Hoy-
den.
...do
...do
....do
....do...
...do....
....do...
....Jo....
....do...
....do....
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do'.
..do.
..do.
..do.
CUmooKiag
....do
Collroted by—
Dr.F.T.IUy-
deo.
...ilo
...do
H.D.8ahiBidt
,.do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
..do..
do
do
do
do
do
Dr.P.V. Hoy-
den.
....do
...do
....do
....do
....do
..do.
..do.
..do.
,.do.
..do.
W.S.W001..
Kob'tUdgwoy
Skta.
...do.
..do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do..
...do..
...do..
...do .
...do..
...do..
....do...
....do...
....do...
...do...
Skia OB
•kuU.
SklB ....
...do...
...do...
flkia «a
ikiilL
Sklo oad
.do.
..do.
Vary pole.
..do.
..do.
do.
do.
Darker.
do.
Leiadork,
lynf the
typ^
..do.
..do
Tarypdk
Median.
Quite bright
\ if
ii
I- 1
i
SOinBIDJS— TAMIAS ASIATICnS AKD TABIETIES.
809
Tadlr IXXU.—tAit of tptiimtni aamdmti qf Tamias asuticub our. TOWHBKNDt.
1301
M
1»S4
l»5l
\«a
SM
6ST
tn
13M
l»f
Ml
111
MM
inei
an
esis
3171
1981
9»
iin
1183
«M1
Mie
LomUUt-
C*p« ruttorjr, Waih. T.
Colanbla Rlrar
Foit8MI<wa«, WMh. T
do
do
do
.do.
.do.
..do.
Shoolwoter Bojr.Wooh. T
do
Aolorto
PogatBooBd
do
Kodwood, 8oaonCo..Cal
do
FMBoodlBg
|loirtCraoli,Ool
Whoii
Tntt whoa ncolnd.
Apr. II, M«
Yjt. — , 1M6
llor.-,l«M
Juo-,ieS4
Jae-,iaSS
JODO— ,UH
Ai(«.>(H
LLW. P.Tmwbtldgc
PkUa.A<iod.N*L(M.
Or. 0«o. Bookloj. . . .
4a
do
do
do
OOT.LtaiOTMO..
do
do
J.O.amD
Dr.C.a&KauMrij
Dr.J.F.BoBUDoad.
.1 Cop*.JotaNiMr.
CoUwiladby-
r.tW.P.Trowbridn*
J. K. Townoood . .
Dr. Gm. Baaklojr .
do
do
do
do
Dr.J.O.Cooptr....
do
do
.... do
do
do
do
J.O.Swu
Dr. C. & B, Koanorly
E.8oaaoh
8Ub ud ikulL
8kl&
..do.
..do.
I AM.
..do.
..do.
Sklnoi
Skin.
..do.
8kln ud •koll
Skin.
Dr. J. F. HommoDd .
OoplJoknlMlMT.
..do,
..do.
Skin ud tknll.
..do.
Sknll.
Skin.
Tablb LXXUL— £4<( of tptcimau CMaiaol tf Tamias asiaticds vtr. dorsalis.
I
Locality.
Wkoa
non whom rcoolTod.
CoUoetadbjr-
1113*
IK
Fort WUppla, Aril.
Sopk aUM
Aoc.«T,ieM
Dr.B.OoMO.
Dr.B.C«««a.
Fiirtl>«tHMO,ir.Ifoi....
Otdoa,Trtak
CoppamlM% OUn Km..
n Mans H. Mas.
Jno *,vm
Jatymisn
Dr.J.B.lleKaa...
Dr.F.T.HoTdaa.
OaLJ.nOrokoa.
Or.J. ItUoKaa,.
aKUarrlaa....
J.acivk
UaaiO.ll.Wliaelat
B.W.HanabMr..
sua.
.do.
Mnutod.
Skin.
1,1
1. ' I
Hill!'!!"
iiti:
m
810
MONOOUAPnS OF NORTH AMBBIGAN BODENTIAia
TaDLK LXXIV.— '£<•( of ipeoinunt txamtnei of Tamias ahiatious tariotuljf MermaUate Mwcm tart.
BOIIKAU8, (lUAI>MIVlTTATt'8, and TUWN8KNDI.
oiin
Ufi74
ano
WI70
iwn
imii
inrrn
OOM
4li»
in
i»3
DM
ma
SI3
.-ii;
SIri
SID
M!i
set
964
LoukUtjr.
UlnUh MonnUins . ■ .
..do
..do
..do ,
..do
...do
...do
BiUwRootMoniittlDO
Columbia Rlrer
WuhlDgton Ton Itory
Blao UountaiDo, Ureg
Fort Crook, Col
...do
MTbon
ooUccUmL
Sopl. 90,
Sept SO,
Sopt.aO,
H»pl.«,
SeptM,
Bopt..-,
gepl.— ,
8opl ,
ino
1010
itm
l«70
ino
ino
July 90,
Oot. 0,
Sept. 97,
B«pl.«7,
1103
I8M
isao
IMO
Krom wboa rocelTod.
Pr.rv.lfayd.o. .
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do ,
...do
...do
Lieal. Jobs Mulbn . .
PbtbLAead.Nikt.8fll
Oot. I, I. Stereu...
Dr. Oeo. gockloj . . .
D. F. FarkinMa
... do
nollMted by-
H.U.Sobnblt..
....do ,
....do
....do
....do
Jobn Pntnall
J. K. Townaend . .
Or. J. O. Cooper . .
Dr. Ota. Hucktoy .
D.F.FarkiBHn..
...do
.do.
.do.
.ilo.
do.
.do.
do.
Bemarka.
Spoclnvaiof largu
alio ami dark
oolor, witb tlw
black Btrtpca
very bread, ate.
Taulk LXXV. — LUI <j/' »ptcime»i nramtHed o/Tamiar ahiaticus inltrmtHtlt belmtm vtr$, guAURiviTTATl'8
]; and VAhUDVS.
36<U
amr
38.10
XIIO
3jm
ami
3709
3liM
I
Looaliiy
Canon LaaUra^Cal
FortTpJoB
do
Fort Crook, N.Cal
'Jant Bnrgwyii,N. Hoi. .....
Fort llaMaohnwtta, K IIox .
do
Ftwa wbcm rMeirad.
JoboXantna ...
do
do
Capt. Joba Follaer...
Dr. W. W. AndonMMi .
Capt.E.C. Bowman..
do
do
Ur.D.CPeteta
CoUeetedby-
JobnXaaloa.,
do
CaptJoba Fellaer...
Dr.W.W.Anderaoa.
CapiKCDowmaa .
do
Dr.D.C.Fotera.
TAMIAS IIARRISI (Au.1. & Bach.) Allen
Harrli'i Chlpmank.
<SjHniui|pAi{iM kanM Aiidudon &. Daciiman, QubA. M. Am. ill, 1854, 987, pi. oxilv, flg. 1,— Baird, Hmd. N.
Aoi. 1H57, U13, III. xlviii, flg. 3 (skull).— CouK8, Amer. Nst i, 1867, SOS (Woatvni Arizona).—
AiJJCN, Pnio, Boat. Boo. Nat Hist, zvi, 1874, 891.— CoUEs & Yarkow, Wbeeler** Ezpl. and
Siirr. W. lOOth Merid. v, Zo8l. 1876, 130 (Lav* Boda, Soulhera Utah).- Uknsuaw, Anu. Bep.
Chief EDRineers for 1876, App, JJ, 1876, 311 (Southern CaHfomia).
Specific chars, — Length of head and body 5.00 ; of tail to end of ver-
tebra3 2.G5 ; to end of huirs 3.50. Above, finely grizzled grayish-brown,
SCIUBID^— TAMIA8 HARRISI.
<}<*nf.
811
lighter anteriorly and more vinaceous posteriorly, with n narrow white line on
each side extending from the Hhouhler to the hip. Ring surrounding the ey*i
and lower parts pale yellowish-wiiite, varying to clear white. Sides of the
body below the white line, especially on the limbs externally, washed willi
a pale shade of chestnut Tail flat ; above, black, varied and edgc<l with
white; lower surface white centrally and at the edges, with a subterniinal bar
of black. The hairs of the sides of the tail and some of those of the upprr
surface are black ut the extreme base as well us subterminally. Ears small,
pointed, clothed with short hairs. Soles partly naked in summer, well clothed
in winter. The winter pelage (especially at the northward) is full, soil, and
silky ; Uiat of the back mostly white beneath the surface. In summer, par-
ticularly in Cape Saint Lucas specimens, the pelage is very short, stitf, and
harsh.
In this species, the variations in color are very slight. The light mark-
ings range from nearly pure white to soiled yellowish-white; the sides vary
slightly in the amount of chestnut they present, and the prevailing tint of the
dorsal surface varies from grey to pale vinoceous. The hairs are black at the
base ; those of the dorsal surface, in winter, are mainly white below the sur-
iaco, with narrow basal and subterminal bars of black and yeliowish-gniv
tips. In summer specimens, the pelage is very short and stiiT, with no under
fur; in winter, long, very soft, with an abundance of silky under fur.
The present (.pccies diflfers from the other members of the group mainly
in having much smaller ears, a shorter tail than either T. asiaticus or T. ilri-
atui, and in wholly lacking the black dorsal stripes present in all the others.
The absence of ^,hese, as well as its short ears, serves at once to distinguish
it among its congeners. It is, in the average, rather smaller than T. striatus,
but rather exceeds in size the smaller varieties of T. asiaticus. It also dif-
fers somewhat in habits and in the form of the angle of the lower jaw. It
might, in fact, perhaps stand as the type of a new subgenus, coming nearer
to Tamieu than to SjiermophUut. Its chief points of ditfcrence from the typ-
ical Ground Squirrels consist in its smaller ears and in the very much greater
development of the angle of the mandibular ramus, which gives rise to a
more strongly marked ascending square process at the posterior upper Imrdcr
Tamias harrisi was first described by Audubon and Bachman in 1854,
from a single specimen obtained by Mr. J. K. Townsend on his journey to
Oregon, but the precise locality was unknown. Its habitat was first accu-
812
MONOGRAPHS OF NOBTO AMBBIOAK BODENTIA.
111-
I'!
' It'
,!i , f
1 I
ij 1^
rntcly ascertained by Dr. A. L. Hecrmann in 1853, who at that time trans*
mitted specimens to tlic Smithsonian Institution. The species was rcdescribed
by Professor Baird in 1859, from Dr. Heermann's specimen, and From a skin
in alcohol received from Mr. J. G. Bell, who erroneously supposed it camo
from Wisconsin. Soon after this date, a large suite of more than twenty
specimens was received at the Smith.sonian Institution from Mr. John Xuntus,
who collected them about San Jos^ and Capo Saint Lucas, nt the southern
extremity of the peninsula of Lower California. It has lieen since obtained
by Dr. D. C. Peters, at Fort Massachusetts, N. Mex.; by Dr. Palmer, at Camp
Grant, Ariz.; by Mr. F. Bischoff, in Nevada;* and by Mr. H. W. Henshaw,
at Cove Creek, Utah, and in Southern California. Its known range hence
extends from Northwestern New Mexico westward across Southern Utah and
Southern Nevada to California, and southward along the coast to the southern
point of Lower California. It probably extends in the interior far southward
into Western Mexico. It is, however, essentially a species of the deserts.
Mr. Henshawf speaks of it as living in communities, on dry sandy plains,
where there is very little vegetation. It thus dificrs in habits from the other
species of Tamiaa, whici. arc all woodland species, and in its preference for
open plains quite resembles the Spcrmophiles.
Tablb LXXVI.— Ifeanimiwiih <tf/lvt ihtilU of Tamiab nARRiBI.
u I
m
4HT
4IM
Lwwiitr-
Ci«w8I.I.iiaM,L.C*l..
, 4o
do
8aBj(a«,L.Cal..
l.«7
I.M
LM
1.99
I.M
aw
an
CM
«.«
aw
am
aa
aM
a 48
a4i
a«
a 47
a4s
ait
a IS
an
aM
11
aa
a4e
aae
ato
u
I"*
I
aas
ats
a«i
aM
an
an
an
an
i
ll
if
a 14
ai«
ait
!
an
aM
aso
an
an
an
an
a*
an
am
a47
a4T
a4s
a 46
' Or. Cones Informa me that he has inspected • drawing of • speeimen laciired at Pjnmid Lake,
Nevada.
t Ann. Bep. Chief Engineen lot 1876, App. JJ, p. 311.
Hi: I
BCIDRID^— TAMIA8 IIARRISI. k V. 813
Tablr LXXVII.— JffiuiiniMiiM of rii ijNvimfKi 0/ Tamus uahmisi.
vtx
ami
til
Ma
m
LnaUljr.
Tr«ekOT If «a4oira, Ker. .
Cunp Ormat, Aril
Dm Jo*«,Ot)
Cipe St. Loom
do
IlolUT* DMWt
Frvm tip of noM to-
ft 10
Oitl
1.36
LIS
I.W
S.M
a. CO
Tall to eDd
of-
1.75
!.<•
t.«»
3.10
8.30
«l3S
S.M
Xti
3.10
an
«.«i
L«iigth iif—
0;it
aw
aw
an
1.M
1.33
1.40
l.M
I.M
1.33
aw
aw
aw
a«i
RUo.
...do.
..do.
..do.
.. do.
..dm
Taiilk LXXVIII.— £(•< of tpeoimfiii emaiiiieii o/ Tamiab UARiiigi.
I
IIIM
11333
1133:1
3183
SMI
MM
aM3
WIO
ant
gas
an4
aam
aw?
wn
4I«
a
I
370
nt
37R
008
310
313
381
308
aoo
t»4«
«M
1118
4S«
aat
3*r
3««
471
LooaUlty.
CampOrut, n nil<««
ciut uf TnoKio.
00 dillM mat of Uw
Colonido.
Xavada
CoTaCraak, Utah..
do
yioit If aaaochaaatta
Ca|wBt.I.ucaa,L.Cal
do
do
do
..do.
..do.
..do.
.do.
..do.
,.do.
..do.
..do.
.do.
BaaJuai,L.Cal.
do
CapaSt..'iiMaa,L.Cal
do
do
do
aaaJoat, t..Cal
Hobaro Uaaart, Cal
Whm
flolloetod.
From whom ruoolvod.
JomM,IIIN
AOR. — , 1819
No*. I.% ign
Not. 17, 1811
Apr. — , I8S0
JoaolS,liM
Uaj — , i8W
Apr. — , 1890
Apr. — , 18S0
JdiM— ,I89V
Aug. le, laao
JniMis,ies»
JOM ta, 1890
Vofc. — ,iew
May -, 1890
Maj — , 1890
May -, 1890
May -, 1890
May — , 1890
Dao. I,18W
Dr.X.Paln»r..
LtJ.O. ITM..
UO. M.WIi<ioler.
Dr.D.C. Patora.,
JohoXaotoa
do
do
do
do
.do.
.do.
..do.
..do.
.do.
do.
.do.
.do.
..do.
.do.
, do
do
U.B.8.Wimanaon
OoHMtod by—
Dr. X. Palmer..
J.MWhauea.
F.UtMboff.
2amiwaad DeaaliBw
do
Dr.D.0. Patan
John XaatiM
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
da
.do.
..do.
.do.
.do.
do
do
do
do...„
do
do
Or. A.I>HMt<Baan.
8kla.
..do.
...do.
..do.
.. do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
...do.
..do.
...do.
...do.
..do.
...do.
BkiD and aknll
..do.
...do.
...do.
8Ub.
...do.
...do.
Skin and aknll.
Skin.
...do.
..do.
..da
da
814
MOMOOItAPnS OF NUltTIi AMERICAN kODISNTIA.
rm
' i
, I
¥
'' TAMIAS LATERALIS (Say) Allen.
Bai'i Cblpmonk.
Boiunu lattralli Bay, Lodr*! Eiped. li, ISSS, 40.— Harmn, Fann.Amer. 1833, 161.— Oooman, Am. Nai
nut. ii, IHSW, 144.— H. Smith, OriflBtb'ii Cuvior** An. King, v, ie97,«!>G.— Waunkh, eehnbor*!
HJiugnt. Iv, p). ooxlv, U.— FiaCHMt, Bynop. Mam. 1889, 360.
Arekmf (SptmopliUut) lattratlt RiciiAKuaos, ZuOI. Joorn. ill, 1888, CIS; Fouua Bor.-Am. i, 1880, 174,
pi. xiil.
SpemofkUtt lakraU* "F. CuviRK'a Sappl. ilaffon, I, Uam. I, 1831, 335 ".— Waonkh, Bnppl. Bohrelier'i
8«ag«t. Ill, 1843, SUL- BnANlxr, Bnli. CUmmi Phyaloo-inatb. Acad. St. I*<tenb. II, 1844, 38U.—
■;. ' f AuDvmuf A. Bacuman, Quail. N. Am. Ill, 18G3, OS, czW.— Oibbkl, Siloget. 16&6, 63a— Baiiio,
Mam. M. Am, 18r>7, U18, pi. xx, flg. 3 (bead and feot) ; pi. xlv, IIk. l>(tkull).-CooPEH, Froo.
Cal. Acad. W, 1800, 4.— Mirmam, U. 8. Oeol. 8nrv. Torr. 0th Ann. Rvp. 1873, «ie4.
IbiriM iafcraU* Au.kh, Pnio. BtMt. Soo. Nat. Iliit. xvl, 1874, ttOO.- CoUiU & Yarrow, Wheeler's Eipl.
and Burv. Weat of lOOtb Herld. v, ZoOI. 119 (Apaobe, Arixona).— HK.<rtiiAW, Ann. Rep. Chief
Engineers for 1870, App. JJ, 1870, 311 (Soutbern California).
Spkcific cuarb — Largest of the genus. Length of head and body 7.25 to
8«00; of tail to end of vertebrae about 3.25; to end of hairs 4.35. Above, yellow-
ish-gray, with two broad stripes of white and four of black, which extend from
the shoulders to the hips. No central dorsal line. Sides of neck and shoulders,
and oilen the whole upper surface of the head, dark rufous or chestnut, varying
greatly in intensity in diflerent specimens ; posterior edge of thighs and sides
of rump also rufous, but paler than the sides of the neck and shouhlcrs.
Beneath, yellowish-white, the yellowish tint strongest on the breast. Eye-
lids white, with an indistinct pule ocular stripe. Tail above, blackish, varied
with whitish and edged with pale yellowish ; middle of the tail below, pale
yellowish })rown, varying to reddish-cinnamon and chestnut, with a subtcr-
minal bar of black and yellowish-white edging.
The present species varies greatly in color, even among specimens from
the same locality. The light stripes on the sides of the back range from
nearly pure white to {mle yellow; the bLick stripes by which they are enclosed,
from pale brownish-black to intense black. Of the dark stripes, the outer is
gcnei-aliy considerably broader than the inner; sometimes they are equal in
wi('.(,^ j the inner is occasionally entirely obsolete, and in about one-third of
the specimens before me is less than one-fourth the width of the outer and
much shorter, while in rare instances it is considerably wider than the outer.
Occasionally the stripes are all only indistinctly indicated. The general color
of the upper surface varies from whitish-gray to reddish-gray. In some speci-
mens, the head and neck are scarcely more rufous than the back ; in others,
the upper surface of the head is much more strongly rufous than any other
portion of the animal. To describe these variations more in detail: — 'So.
>l
BCIUItlDJi!— TAMIAB LATRKAMS.
815
9820, from Yellowstono Luke (taken in July), is very strongly coltired tiirimgli-
out. The whole upper surface nnd sides of the hcnd and neck urn hright
reddish-brown, passing into hrownish-ycilow on the tlirunt and brcnst. The
light stripe on either side of the back is yellowish-white, the dark ones intense
black, and of about the same width as the light stripe by which they are
separated. The middle of the back is yellowish-gray ; the sides of the body
dull brownifth-yellow ; the lower parts are strongly yellowish, and the tail is
edged with the same color. Another 8|)ecimen (No. 2748, Coll. M. C. Z.),
from Montgomery, Park County, Colo., is nearly an strongly rufous as the
last, but the back of the neck is gray, like the back. The inner black dorsal
striiies are obsolete; the outer is short and broad, and dull blackish insteatl
of inte.ise block, as in No. 9820. Several others, from the same locality, are
very much paler; they show very little brownish on the sides of the nock
and head ; the light stripes are well defined and extend from the ears to
the hips, but the Idack stripes nre wholly toanting in one specimen (which lias
hence exactly the pktura of T. harriii), and in others only the outer arc pres-
ent, and nre reduced to n short dusky band. Generally, when the inner black
stripe is wanting, the outer is double the width it usually has when both are
present. Some specimens show no more rufous on the head than elsewhere,
except over a small urea on the forehead.
In this species, there seems to be very little variation in color with age,
and I am unable to correlate any variations with differences of locality. Some
of the most diverse examples were obtained at Montgomery, Colo., the seri&s
obtained there by myself in 1871 representing nearly the whole range of
variation in the whole series.
Tamias lateralis is the largest species of the genus, and is easily distin-
guished by its coloration, especially by the absence of a black dorsal line.
With this exception, it has essentially the pattern of coloration seen in T.
striaius and T. asiaticus. The white stripes begin at the ears and terminate
at the hips, but anterior to the shoulders they arc oflen much obscured by a
strong suffusion of rufous. In voice, habits, mode of life, pattern of colora-
tion, and external features generally, T. lateralis is a true Tmnias, differing
from the other species mainly in the larger size of the first upper premolar.
This tooth, however, is still much smaller than in the SpermophiU. The
•kull, however, is rather broader and deeper than in the other TamuB.
This epecies was first described by Say, in 1823, from specimens ob-
-:t^^
810
MONOORAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
tiiincd ncnr llio sourcca of tho Arkansas River. Mr. Say properly regnnle<l
it 118 a Ground Squirrel, though describing it ns a Sciurut. lie says : — "It is
allied to the Sc. ttruifut, and belongs to the same subgenus (Tamias, Illig),
but it is of larger Rize," et«., etc. Dr. Richardson, in his excellent account
of the 8|)ecies, transferred it to Spermophilut (regarded by him as a subgenus
of Arctomyi), to which genus it was afterward uniformly referred Mil 1874,
when I again placed it in Tamias,
Up to a comparatively recent date, this has been a rare species in col-
lections. Professor Bainl, in 1857, was able to refer to but two examples,
and few others had been seen by other naturalists. In the preparation of the
present article, I have had access to upward of seventy specimens, nearly
ail of which have been collected since 1868, and most of them under tho
auspices of the present Survey.
Its known range extends from Apache, Ariz. {Coue* and Yarrow), north-
ward in the Rocky Mountains to latitude 57°, where, according to Richard-
son, it was obtained fifty years ago by Mr. Drummond. As shown by tho
subjoined list of specimens, it has been met with by Dr. Elliott Coues in
Northern Montana ; by Dr. Hayden and Mr. W. S. Woo<l, in the Black Hills ;
by Mr. F. J. Huse, at Yellowstone Lake, Montana Territory; by Mr. C. H. Mer-
riani, at Henry's Lake, Idaho; by Dr. J. S. Newberry and Capt. Charles
Bendire, in Oregon ; by Mr. J. Stevenson and others, in various parts of Col-
orado ; by Messrs. Ridgway and Bischoff, in Nevada ; and by Capt. J. H.
Simpson's party, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Dr. J. G. Cooper al8o
refers to it as "common" near the summits of the Sierra Nevada Mountains
in latitude 36°, and Mr. H. W. Henshaw reports it as frequent in the mount-
ains of Southern California. Dr. Coues has lately found it "very common"
in the pine-belt of the mountains of Northern Colorado. It hence may be
supposed to occur throughout the mountainous districts of the interior, from
the Black Hills of Dakota westward to the Sierra Nevada and Cascade luinges.
It lives among rocks in wooded districts, and appears to be chiefly alpii:') \a.
its distribution. Its habits closely resemble those of the Chipmunk (TT
striatus) of the Eastern States, as was noticed by Mr. Say, and later by
Dr. Newberry and other writers who have had the opportunity of observing
it in life.
r •
I, ■.
w
BOIUItlDif:— TAMIAB LATRRALIH.
Hf
Tadlb LXXIX.— <V«ui(r«M«N(<(^ Ihnt tkulUqf tkuiAH latkralm.
isaM
laMT
I3*H
LoeiUllj.
Colorada.
do..
i.ra
i.n
I. a
0.M
}
0.M
ass
0.17
•lit
0.1)
•.M
•lW
0.M
11
11
•lM
0.«B
«.S9
•.M
0.U
0.W
O.IS
a 18
f
&33
0.33
!
1.07
0.01
1.00
0.47
CM
0.47
Tabuc LXXX.— itf«uiiraiii«ii(t of tUrleen iptoimtmi of Tamia* iJkTKliAUN.
i
i
J
4Slf
09*
CM
m
198
Loaattlr
i
Fraa Up or Boot to-
Toll lo Mid
of-
LeDgtbof-
i
3
•s
1
&
A
i
t
!>•
1.90
3.00
3.0]
3.(9
3.00
1
1
1
1
I
lion
1741
; 1740
1 (747
t74d
CkM Moutaln Lain, #•
OlM
0.U
ai7
0.M
(.13
0l73
0i7»
A78
Oil*
0.79
LOO
I.8S
1.70
i.g«
L4S
L7S
LS5
1.00
LSO
1.90
1.N
LOO
too
I.7S
l.»7
I.M
LOS
aoo
Loa
L7S
LOS
LOO
LOO
LOO
noo
0.00
B.0O
7.00
ftOS
•lOO
&00
7.M
7.40
7.79
&80
7.09
xaa
4.M
90
3. as
4.09
iSS
LOO
1.00
LOS
LOS
ao3
1.17
1.03
1.00
LOS
L09
L07
L03
L4«
LOO
LSO
LOS
LOO
1.99
L79
LOO
LOS
L«8
LAS
LOS
LOO
L<3
rmh.
...do.
Park CiMlllv. Colo
o
do
...do.
do
do
...do.
...do.
4o
...da
Its
3.39
3.09
3lW
tos
3. IS
3.00
4.30
4.99
4.79
4.79
iOO
i49
409
O.BS
a4H
0.93
O.SI
as3
AloohoUo.
..do.
...do.
..do.
...do.
...do.
Bkla.
Twin Lok«% Colo
do
1
do
do
do
1
Tablb hX\Xl.~Utt of ftdmatt «nm<a«l t^ Tamia* lateraus.
LoMllty.
Whoa
eollootod.
Fnm wliom noalTod.
CUIoctodliy-
»
31t7
vm
sin
KM
UC78
iim
lion
IMOS
Hayakwitooa Dopot, W. T. .
Madlkftoa.W.T
TTpparDoaOkatoa, Ong. Ttr
fut% KiOMdnaoUa, K. If ox
OwmbCUjiHot
rwtOadaad.Oolo
Aaftaa.Oolo
do
TwtaLakoo,Colo
Him NoToda Itouatalao. . .
7al7 S,UO0
SoptHUH
lUr.— ,UN
Judo — ,1073
Aog. — , ins
Ang. — , 1873
Ang. — > 1873
JoaaUiiagO
A.Camplioll
,...«o
U.R&WIIU*Moa.
Dr. D. 0. Petan
ClanaooIUDg
Lt.0.1I.Wh«alor..
...do
...do
... do
Copk xaUapaoa
Dr. C B. R, KesBorl J
...do ....
Dr.J.&Nowborry
Dr. D. C. Poter* . . .
B.KIdgw«j
H. W. Htnaluiw ..
Dr. J. T. RoUiniok
...do
...do
C.8.1toCit]Uiy....
Skin.
..d&
da
..da
.da
..da
..da
..da
..da
fi2 K
■'^K.
'mr^ssf^-
818
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA,
Tablk liXXXl.—IAtI of tpteimeim examinei of Tauiab utkralis— Continoed
liP'l
1
e
a
I.
0
s
S a
i
i
a
1
i
1
Locality.
Whon
oollootad.
From whom recelMd.
Colleotad by-
"S
9319
11149
11083
3065
1011
11486
11487
114»8
um
11489
tan
08*5
08tM
0890
11103
0571
9579
0573
9574
0575
0576
0577
0570
0S80
0581
0589
9583
9584
0S7B
9S8S
9586
0387
0388
0980
OSSO
0501
0599
0993
0505
9506
0C07
0399
oeoe
931
J
Humboldt Ifonntolni, Not. .
NoTKta
Gbler Mt Litke, Hont Tor. .
BlaokRIII«,Di>k.Tor
MmUoIuo Bow Crook
Colomdo
Sept -,1869
Jnno 90, 1879
An«.10,1874
July 91, 1899
An*. 7,1836
GlarenooKlng
I.t.O.H.Wbe»lor...
A.C»nipboll
KRidgway
Skin.
..do.
F.BiMhoff
4516
304
891
..do.
W.S.Wood
.. do
..do.
do.
Dr.F.V.Haydoo...
....do
J. H. Batty
..do.
13986
13967
13968
..do
....do
akin and
■knil.
do.
do
....do
...do
do
....do
...do
..da
do
....do
...do
Skin.
..da
..da
44
96
98
93
95
Black mill
Jnno 1,1807
Jnly — , 1871
Jnly -, 1871
July — , 1871
Aug. 10, 1879
July 17, 1869
Jnly 16, 1869
Jnly 16,1869
1/t.O.K. Warren...
Dr.P.V.Hayden ..
....do
Dr.F.V.HaydMl...
F.J.Bnwi
do
....do
..da
do
Henry'! Uike, Idabo
Idaho City. Colo
....do
...do
da
....do
...do
....do
C.H.Herriam
J.StoTeuoa
..da
..da
do
...do
..do.
do
...do
....do
..da
do
....do
...do
da
do
Jnly 16,18(9
Jnly 16, 1869
July 97, 1869
Jnly 97, 1860
Jnly 97,1869
July 97, 1869
July 97, 1869
Jnly (7, 1869
Jnly 17,1869
July 17,1869
Jnly 17, 1869
Jnly 16,1869
Jnly 16, 1869
Jnly 16, 1869
Jnly 16,1869
Jnly 17, 1L69
Jnly 16,1869
Jnly 16, 1869
July 17, 1869
Jnly 17, 1869
July 16,18(9
July 16, 18(9
Jnly 16,1869
Jnly 16,1861
Jnly 93, 1873
An«. -, 1873
Jnly 18, 1873
Jnly 18,1873
Jnly 18, 1873
Jnly 8,1871
July 6,1871
.. do
....do....
da
do
....do
....do....
da
Near Bortbond'o Piw, Colo. .
do
....do
....do
..da
....do
....do
da
do
do
....do
....do
..da
....do
....do ...
da
do
do
...do ,..
....do ......'..
...do...
....do
..da
..da
Idaho City, Colo
...do
....do
...do
....do
..da
..da
do
do
....do
....do
da
do
....do
....do
. da
do
....do
.do.
do
....do
....do
. da
do
...do
....do
..da
da
do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
da
do
....do
....do
. da
do
... do
....do
da
do
.. do
....do
da
do....::....:::....:::
.. do
....do
da
do
...do
....do
da
do .»
...do
....do
da
do
...do
...do ....
.'da
9
3
S
6
7
690
630
Twin TjtkM Coin , j
LtO.U.Whedar...
...do
Dr.J.T.Bothroek ..
....do
AleohoUe
..da
do
do
.. do
....do
..da
do
... do
....do
..da
do
....do
....do
..da
Skin.
..da
•9745
•3746
Park County, Colo
Rooky Honntain Ex
pedillon.
....do
Allen, Bennett, and
Bllei.
...do
do
* In llnioum of CoBparative ZoUlogy, CanibrMge, llaia.
^#*
aOIUBID^— SPBRMOPHILUS.
Tablr LXXXI. — £<•( o/»pecimeii$ eiamincd of Tamia8 i^TEnAUS — Continnal.
•«7M
•no
•9T50
•*r5i
•5317
031
838
MS
looe
IrtCOlltj.
Puk Oamity, Odo .
do
do
do
11 Pwo CoDDty, Colo .
B«u Creek, Ong
When
oolleatod.
July 8,1871
July 90, 1871
Jn>y M,1871
Jaly 90, 1871
Jaly », 1871
Aug. 11,1876
From whom re-
oeived.
Boeky Hocntaln Kx-
pediUoB.
...do
....do
...do
....do ,
Cipt. Chu. Bendlre.
Colleoted by-
Allen, Bennett, ud
Bll**.
,...da
...do
....do
...do
C>pt Chaa. Bendlre.
•8
in
Skla.
..da
..da
..da
..da
..do.
' ta Jfuenm of OonptnttlTe ZoHegy, Cunbridgo, Mmi.
Genus SPERMOPHILUS F. Cuv.
Spermopkaiu F. Cdtikb, H^m. da Hob. ix, lte3, 893; Denta dea Hamm. 18SS, 161, 3&S, pi. It (type "Jfni
cUiUut, Linn.")-
SpermopMa Biciiaddson, Parry'a 8«oond VoyaKe, App. 1835, 313 (= Spermofltatu F. Cnv.).
SpermatopkUw Waolkr, Sysk Aviam, 1830, 32 (accredited to F. Cuvier).
CMltiu LiOHTKNSTBiN, Dttcst. Dcuer ':der wenig Iieliannt. Silaget. 18i27-34 [1830f], pi. xzxi, fig. 2 (not
paged).
CoIototM Bbamdt, Ball. Claaae Pbyaico-matb. de I'Acad. Imp. dea Soi. de St. P<Stonb. ii, 1844, 360.
OloeoMmi Brandt, Ball. CUaae Fhyaico-math. de I'Aoad. Imp. des Sci. do St. Pdtenb. ii, 1844, 368 (=
ColcioUi).
OtoipermopkUiu Brandt, Ball. Claaae Phyaioo-matb. de I'Acad. Imp. doa Soi. de St. P^terab. ii, 1844, 379.
Q-ENEBio CHAB8. — Skull very variable in form, being either narrow and
elongate or short and broad, with the dorsal outline moderately or strongly
convex, and the zygomatic arches greatly or only moderately expanded ; post-
orbital processes generally triangular, strong, and directed downward ; zygo-
matic processes of the maxillary greatly depressed and expanded ; plane of
the malar turned outward, sometimes anteriorly nearly horizontally flattened;
zygomatic arches spreading ; position of the anteorbital foramina more for-
ward than in Tamias, subtriangular, with a strongly developed tubercle at
the outer lower corner ; upper premolars always two, the,first variable in
size, generally much larger than in Sciurus or Tamias, and sometimes nearly
as large as in Cynomys; grinding-teeth variable in strength and size ; cheek-
pouches well developed ; body slender or thick-set ; tail long, moderate, or
short, cylindrical or flattened; ears large, of medium size, or rudimentary,
never tufled ; nail of pollex generally undeveloped ; character of the pelage
and pattern of coloration variable.
As previously stated, the genus Spermophilus, as commonly recognized,
V I
I- I
i J
k- , ,
'M 1
w
820
MONOORAPHS OF NOKTH AMKRICAN RODBNTIA.
is a lietcrogcncous group, cmhracing quite diverse species, some of which
strongly approach Scivrus, while others foreshadow Cynomys, and others
still grade by almost insensible stages into Tnmias. The group was Rrst dis-
membered* by Brandt in 1844, who divided it into two "subgenera'', namely,
Colobolis (also written later in the same paper " Olocolobus") and Otoxpcrmo-
philus. To the first he referred all the Old World species known to him, and
also three of the North American species; the latter is exclusively American.
These two groups are based ou slight peculiarities of dentition (particularly
in respect to the size and form of the first upper premolar), the size of the
ear, and the length of the tail. The Old World species of Colobotit are all
short-tailed, with small or rudimentary ears, the tail with the hairs exceeding
a length of two inches in only one species {S. eversmanni), being generally
considerably less than one-fourth of the length of the head and body. Only
one (5. richartboni) of the three American species referred by Brandt to this
group really belongs here, the others {8, "hoodi" z= tridecemlineatus, and S.
franklini) having few characters in common with the others. Otosj)ermophi-
lus is a much more natural division, but was made to include 8. mexicanux,
which, as will be shown later, belongs to a wholly different division. The
other species referred to Otonpermopkilua were S. grammurus (with its varie-
ties and synonyms) and iS?. lateralis; the affinities of the last named are
divided between this group and Tamias, with a preponderance toward the
latter. Brandt divided the Old World representatives of Colobotis into three
sections ("A", "B", and "C"), based wholly on the seasonal and valueless
character of the pilosity of the soles, which he appears to have supposed to
be a constant character in adults. His section "B" (consisting of S. evers-
manni and 8. parryi) he says resembles Otospermophilas in the length and
structure of the tail. This is also true of other characters ; it hence forms
a natural and well-marked subdivision of his subgenus Colobotis.
In 1855, Brandt's divisions and subdivisions were adopted by Giebel.
Baird, in 1857, while pointing out the worthlessness of any distinctions based
on the pilosity of the- soles, thought Brandt's subgenus OtospermophUus enti-
tled to permanent recognition, and adopted it with merely the removal there-
from of S. mexicanvs to Colobotis, under which latter group Professor Baird
* Lichtenatoin, however, nbont 1830, propoMd the nsme CHtilltii for oertain ■pcolea, but witbont
giving for the gronp any tangible diagnosis. The flnt specie* deioril)ed under this Dome tm S. maci-
caniu, bnt he also dfscril)e<l two Old World species (C.fultui and C. nugovtrictu) that differ widely from
S. mnieaKM, lielonging in fact to an entirely different section of the genns. Brandt makes, and qnita
properly, as it seems to me, CitUl»u merely a synonym of SpermopHliu.
SCIUUID^-aPEKMOPni LUS.
arranged all the other American Sptrmophili. He also recognized Uic highly
Sciurine character of the OlospermophUi, which he regarded as "only distin-
guishable externally by the cheek-pouches" from the true Squirrels. Colo-
botis, however, as thus left, embraced very diverse types.
While, as already stated, it is impossible to subdivide the American
Spermophili into sharply definable groups, they admit of arrangement in
three sections, of which the extreme phases of differentiation are as wide
asunder as are most allied modern genera, but which still thoroughly inoscu-
late through variously intermediate specific forms. If their most differentiated
specific representatives stood alone, even the generic distinctness of these
groups would be unquestioned. An already intimated, one of these deviating
lines is in the direction of Cynomys, another in the direction of Tamias, and
the third tends strongly toward Sciurux. Provisionally recognizing these
sections vs subgenera, they may be characterized as follows: —
Sabgenos Otosfbrmofiiilus Brandt (emend.)-
Eara larKo, high, pointed (larger and more pointed thnn in aome apeciea i>f SctHma) ; tail long,
full, anil broad, with the haira tno-thirda to three-fonrths the length of the head and body; general
form of the akuU, and the dentition, atronglj Boinrine. Species, 8. grammmnu, 8. aanuIalMf.
Subgenus Coix>boti8 Brandt (emend.).
•
Eara aoiall, aometimea marglniform ; tail abort, flattened, with the haira one-third to one-half the
length of the body ; aknll abort and broad, the zygomatic orchea broad, generally greatly widened poa-
teriorly ; dentition haary, and the first upper premolar generally large. Speeiea, 8. rickafd$oni, 8. empttra,
8. melUi, 8. ipUonma, 8. obtoletut.
Subgenna Ictioomtb* nob.
Eara generally amall, aometimea rudimentary; tail long, cylindrical, or narrow and flattened, or
quite broad, with the hairs one-half to three-fonrtha the length of the \yoAj ', aknll very long and narrow ;
flnt npper premolar uanally rather amall, and the dentition nr.t heavy. Species, S. tenttoautbu, 8. moci-
oa«M, S. MdeoemliKeatiu, 8.fmikHHi.
In Olospermophiltts, the first upper premol-.' is scarcely larger than in
some species of Sciurus ; the skull is similarly nr r.hed and expanded ; the
anteorbital foramina are narrower, and their outer walls are thinner than in
the other Spermophiles. The cranial differences relate mainly to the greater
obliquity of the malar bone and the greater lateral expansion of the zygo-
matic processes of the maxillaries. S. empetra (=parryi of authors) is but a
little way removed from the group, and forms an easy passage to Colobotis.
In Colobotis, the skull is shorter and broader, generally much arched,
the zygomatic arches more spreading, and the dentition he&vier; in all these
characters, as well as in the short flat tail and the thick-set form, the group
• Ettm.— lurir !
the species.
: weasel, and /ivt » moose ; in allusion to the slender Moateline form of most of
■i :
I igfilS;!: -. -ilMl'; ■;■.,
822
MONOORArnS OF NOUTH AMERICAN EODENTIA.
approaches Cynomys. While S. empetra deviates toward Otospermophilus, S.
richardsoni strongly approaches Cynomys, as do 8. spilosoma and 8. obsoletus
to Jctidomys, especially in the general contour of the skull. In IcHdomys,
there is an approach, through S. mexicanus, toward Tamias, while S. Jrank-
lini, in its full, broad, and rather long tail and prominent ears, and sonaewhat
in the general shape of the skull and rather small first upper premolar, rather
inclines toward Otospermophiuu.
As is evident from the foregoing remarks, the complex inosculations of
Sciurus, Tamias, Cynomys, and the several divisions of Spermophilus, render
it impossible to arrange them serially in a single line. The following dia-
grammatic disposition to some extent expresses their mutual aflSnities, as well
as their relationship to Arctomys.
SCIURDS.
\
OTOaPBRMOFHILUS.
Tamias.
Cynohtb.
ICnDOMYS.
Akctohts.
The absence of any broad gaps among the many species composing the
above-named groups leads to the inference of their comparatively recent diverg-
ence from some common ancestral type, which may or may not have been
something nearer Arctomys than Sciurus, or something quite diflferent from
either. The extinct species of the Tertiary formations,* of which there are
indications of a large number, none of which, unfortunately, are as yet well
known, were mainly of large size, most of them exceeding the existing
species of Cynomys, while some equalled and even exceeded the largest species
' For BU ocGoant of theM, boo the ooDolnding portion! of tbli memoir.
SCIURID^— SPEBMOPniLUS.
823
of Arctomys. As far as can be judged from the characters afforded by the few
mandibular rami, from which as yet they are in the main only known, they
more resembled, at least in dentition, the existing species of Arctomys and
Sciurus ihan those of Cynomys, or the heavier-toothed forms of Spcrmophilus.
As regards their present distribution, the Spermophili are confined mainly
to the colder portions of the northern hemisphere, and are numerously and
about equally represented in North America and the colder parts of the Old
World. All the Old World forms, with one exception (jS. everamami of North-
eastern Asia), are short-tailed forms, while the American species, with two
or three exceptions, are long-tailed, and approach more nearly to Sciurus and
Tamias than do those of the Old World. Several of the species range as far
westward as Central Europe, and are more or less numerous thence eastward
to the eastern shores of Northern Asia. In North America, none occur east
of tlie plains and prairies of the central portion of the continent, ranging
thence westward to the Pacific coast. The genus has representatives from
the shores - '' the Arctic coaBt southward to the plains of Northern Mexico.
All of the known species, except one, have representatives within ihe United
States, this being the S. annulatus, known as yet from a single specimen (of
which the locality is authentic) from Colima, Western Mexico. Another,
however (S. empetra), only just reaches our northwestern border, while no
less ^):xn three (S. mexicantu, S. spihsoma, and S. grammurus) are known to
occur onsiderably beyond the noi-thern boundary of Mexico. Only about
onc-fouith of the whole number of species are found nt any one locality.
It may be further noted that the ^^elage of all of the southern species
consists of rather coarse, harsh, stiff hairs, generally flattened and grooved on
the outer surface, with very little or no under fur, especially in summer ;
while all the northern and alpine species, with one exception (S. franklini),
have a soft, thick, furry pelage, with abundant under fur. In respect to
geographical variation, there is, as a rule, a decided decline in size southward
in individuals of the same speciex, with quite often an appreciable increase
in the size of the ears. In respect to seasonal variations, the pelage is every-
where softer and heavier toward winter, with the soles quite fully clothed,
while in summer they are generally more or less naked. All the northern
species are known to pass the colder portion of the year in a stat« of hiberna-
tion. Southward, the period of hibernation is of course much shorter, while
the most southern forms continue more or less active throughout tiie winter.
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824
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA.,
Several of the species nre remnrkablc among our North American
Rodentin for their carnivorous propensities. This has been especially noted
by Dr. P. R. Hoy in the case of S. tridecemlin^atm, who has made the habits
of this animal the subject of careful study.* He has not only observed the
destruction of mice and small squirrels by them while in a state of confine-
ment, but has convinced himself that they are a useful check upon the increase
of the ditferent species of Arvicola and other field-mice, and says that Ground
Squirrels cannot inhabit the same locality. He soys,' — "When a Squirrel or
other small animal is put into a cage with one of these [Spermophiles], it
will, in a moment, be all animation and activity, darting at the intruder,
inflicting a wound and flying ba«k with such rapidity as to leave but little
chance for defence. As soon as it has disabled its antagonist, it seizes it Ly
the back of the neck and instantly kills it. During these combats, the
Gopher utters a low snarling growl, and emits n Musteline odor. Afler kill-
ing, they remove the upper part of the skull, suck the blood, and eat out the
brains. The carcass is then devoured as occasion requires ; but if an abun-
dant supply is at hand, they only eat the brains, resembling in this respect
the Weasel.'' He adds, — "I am satisfied that when the case of 'Benefits
versus Injuries' is properly investigated, the agricultural interests will promptly
decide that the 'Striped Spermophile' is an advantage to the country, and is
deserving of protection rather than destruction from the hands of the farmer.
They keep in check the Meadow Mice (Arvicola) and other small quadru-
peds." He further suggests that it might possibly prove useful in extermi-
nating the Pouched Gopher {Geomys bursarius). Mr. Kennicott adds that
Dr. Hoy had informed him that he had found the skins of Meadow Mice in
the burrows of this animal.
Mr. Kennicott states further, that the Gray Spermophile {S. franklini) is
aliio to some extent carnivorous, and that he had heard farmers complain of
their destroying young chickens.f I have also been informed byMr. S. Jill-
son, of Tuckerton, N. J., that the small colony of these animals that have
recently become, by accident, established in that neighborhood, destroy young
chickens and turkeys. Dr. Couesl has recorded that 8. richardsoni feeds
largely upon the carcasses of buifalo. Mr. H. W. Henshaw also states that
* See U. 8. Patent Oillce Report, AKricultural, for 1653, pp. «8-70.
t U. 8. Patent Office Beport, Agriooltanl, for 1866> p. 80.
.IV t American Natunlist, ix, Mar. 1876, p. 173.
m
BOIUBIDiE— SPEUMOPUILUS.
825
S. grammurus is well known to the residents about Camp Bowie, Ariz., "for
its depredations on the hen-coops, its aim being the eggs, which it was often
successful in carrying off".* . ,
SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBOEMERA, 8PE0IK8, AND VARIETIES OF 8PERH0PHILUS.
I. Form Sclnrine ; skull broid inter- and snteorbitally ; fint npper premolar imall, leu or not mora
than one-fonrth the site of ths aecond ; molan relatively email ; edge of enter vail of tba
anteorbital foramina not thickened; ooronoid prooeaeea of lower Jaw long and slen-
der; eara very large; toil long, full, and bnsby (two-tbirds of the length of head and
body) OT08PERMOPHILU8.
1. Body finely mottled above with yellowish-brown and black ; beneath pale yellowish-brown ; tail
below yellowish-brown, with three loogitndioal bands of black, lesa distinct above. Runs
oooasionally into melanistio phases oiuHHunus.
a. General color above mixed black and white, rather lighter on the anterior half of the dorsal
snrface, and more brownish posteriorly ; not d' tinetly whiter on the sides of the shoulders,
nor darker medially on thu nape and anterior portion of the back. Habitat, Colorado,
southward into Mexico, and westward to the Sierra Nevada Mountains var. grammvniH.
6. An indistinct broad hoary or grayish-white band on the sides, extending from the bead to
beyond the shonldeia, and sometimes reaching the hips, narrowing posteriorly, broad
anteriorly, and sometimes nearly meeting above on the nape. Habitat, Sontbem Cali-
ibmla var. heeckegi.
c Similar to the last, bnt with the hoary patches separated on the nape and over the shonlders
by a band of dork brown, varying to nearly black. Habitat, Northern California and
Western Oregon var. doii^IaMi.
II. Ska J abruptly narrowed interorbitolly ; lygomatio arches heavy and spreading, transversely flat-
tened ; mnzile narrow ; first prsniolar large, about one-third to one-half the size of the sec-
ond ; tail generally narrow and short, with the hairs one-fonrth to one^third the length of
the head aod boily ; form rather thick and stont; ears small, often a mere rim, nearly con-
cealed by the pelage C0L0B0TI8.
2. Size large ; abovemixed black, white, and yellowish-brown, the white chiefly in crowded snbqnad-
rate spots; npper surface of the head obestnnt ; beneath jnsty-white ; tail rather short, but
fhll and bnsby ; ears quite small smpbtRa.
0. Strongly mfons below and on the sides ; back varied with black, brown, and white. Hab-
itat, Barren Oronnds of Arctic America var. empelra,
b. Above grayer ; sides and beneath gray, generally with very little or no fnlvons ; tail shorter
and more bushy. Habitat, Kodiak Island (and Peninsula of Aliaskaf) var. kodiaceiuii.
«. Bmaller und darker, the light spots more fulvous, and the tail and ears relatively longer.
Habitat, British Colnmbii, southward into Washington Territory var. erflhngltUoHi.
3. Smaller ; above pale yellowish-brown, varying to pale rufous, mixed mote or less with black,
with generally an indistinct mottling of yellowish-gray niCHABDSONi.
a. Above light yellowish-browD, varied with dusky, and generally faintly mottled with very
small indistinct light spots ; tail gray above, varied with black, brownish-yellow below,
with a partly concealed bar of black near the end, and edged both above and below
with- yellowish-white. Habitat, Plains of the Saskatchewan, southward to Northern
Dakota var. rickardMai,
t. Bmaller than the lost, with larger ears, and much darker coloration ; tail mostly black above,
edged with white; below with a broad snbterminal bar.of black, and another narrower
basal one. Habitat, northern portion of the United States, from Dakota westward to the
Plains of the Columbia, southward to the Laramie Plains, northward Into British Co-
lumbia vor. tmcnimdU
4. Sice small ; ears obsolete ; tail very short ; above finely and uniformly variegated pale yellowish-
brown and dusky, without spots; below gray, faintly washed with creamy-yellow. Hab-
itat, Northern Utah and westward molus.
* Rep. Wheehr's Expl. and Snrv. West of th« lOtHh Merid. vol. v, Zo5l. p. ISN.
■. I
I '
MONOGRAPHS OP NOltTfl AMBItlOAN KODENTIA
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6. Sizo smnll ; above Htronfjly rcdiUnb-brown, with indistinot snbqnailrote spoU of reddlsb-whito,
not arrauKed in rows ; tail very narrow, about half the leoRth of the bead and body ;
• , , :. below reddisb-brown, witb an indintinct narrow line of blauk ; oars very email, almoat obao-
Ilabitat, Soutborn Now Mexico, Sonthweatern Tezaa, and Eaatem Mexico. . bviumomh.
G. In size und general form eimilar to the last; above dull yellowisb-browu, indiatlnotly spotted
witb lighter. Habitat, from the Black IlilU and Fort Kearney westward to the Great
Basin oBSOLBTUs,
III. Skull very long and narrow, the nasal portion relatively broad and very long; zygomatic arches
rather weak, not widely spreading ; first opper premolar of medinni size, about one-third as
large as the second ; tail qnite long, the vertebtie alone nearly two-thirds to more than two-
tbirds the length of the head and body ; ears small ; general form of the body long and
Blender ICTIDOMY8.
7. Above yellowish-brown, finely varied with gray; below yellowish-white ; tail oylindrioal, ooncolor
with the body; ears nearly obsolete. Habitat, vieinity of Fort Ynma, Bootbem Cali-
fornia TBRBTICAUDUS.
8. Above dark reddish-brown, inclining to olivaoeons, with snbqnadrate apots of white rather tt/u-
larlf arranged in nine to eleven nxte; tail about two-tbirds the length of the body ; beneath
dull brownish-yellow, with a band of black. Habitat, Southern New Mexico, Southwestern
Texas, and southward into Mexico (to Vera Cms T) mkxioanus.
0. Larger ; above dark brown, mixed with reddish, varying to pale brown and blackish-brown, with
six to eight light continuous lines, alternating witb five to seven rows of light spots; tail
generally about two-thirds of the length of bead and body, rather nanvw ; below yellow-
ish-brown centrally and edged with yellowish, between whiob is • very broad band of
black TBIDKCBMUNBATU8.
a. Darker above; the light lines rather narrow. Habitat, the prairies of the United States
northward to the Saskatchewan var. <rid«»aiUKea(iM.
h. General color mnch paler, with the light lines and spots broader. Habitat, the dry plains
and deserts westward to the Great Basin ,.var.^(MM.
10. Largo; above yellowish-brown, varied with black, the light and dark markings forming indis-
tinct Bobqoadrate spots ; head grayer ; tail two-thirds the length of the head and body,
rather full and bushy, whitish, with three bands of black ; ears smalt, bat distinet. Hab-
itat, Northern Illinois and Missouri, northward to latitude 64° vrakkuni.
Incerta ledie.
11. (Cranial characters unknown.) Size medium ; ears large ; toil with hairs nearly as long as tho
body; form highly Scinrine; above varied yellowish-brown and black; sides of neck and
shoulders and outer side of limbs strongly reddish-brown ; beneath yellowish, the color of
the dorsal surface nearly meeting on the middle of the ventral surface ; toil above marked
'~ with broad transverse bars of black, alternating witb narrower bars of brownish-
yellow; lower surface strongly reddish -yellow. Habitat, Plains of Collma, Western
Mexico AMMULATtW.
Ml
SPERMOPHILUS GRAMMURUS (Say) Bachman.
IiIned-taiM SperHopkUe.
Var. OBAHMUBUS.
Bockf Mointaln Ilned-UIIetl Spermophlle.
Sctnrtit grammuriu Say, Long's Exped. to the Bocky Mts. ii, 1H33, 73.— Hahlan, Faun. Amer, 18SS, ISit.—
GoDMAN, Amer. Nat. Hist, ii, 18£0, 136.— H. Smith, Griffith's Cnvier's An. King, v, 1637, 8S5.—
FJ8UIIBR, Synop. Mam. 1839, 350.
S^mopMltu grammurut Bachman, Charloswortli's Mag. Nat. Hist, ill, 1839, 390.— Waomrr, Snppl. Sehre-
ber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 353— Brandt, Bull. Classe Physico-math. Acad. Imp. Sci, 8t.Ptftersb.
ii, 1644, 380.— SciiiNZ, Syn. Mam. ii, 1846, 74.— Baird, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 334 ;
Ham. N. Amer. 1857, 310, pi. iv, animal ; U. 8. and Mez. Bound. Snrv. ii, pt ii, 1660, 38.—
Codes, Amer. Nat. i, 1807, 360 ; Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 135.— Mkhriam, U. 8. Geol.
Burv. Torr. Ctb Ann. Rop. 1873, 663.— Allkn, Bull. Essex lust, vi, 1674, C6.— Couae it. Yar.
ROW, Rep. Expl. and Burv. West of 100th Merid. v, Zoiil. 1675, 131.
i-Si^mmmimm
SOIDBIDiE— SPEBMOPniLUS OBAMMDUDS AND VAltlETIliS. 827
SptrmopMlut framrnvnu \u. grammunt$ Aujcn, Proo. Dost. Boo. Nat HUt. xvi, 1874, 803.
SpermopkUm eouchU Baihd, Proo. Aoad. N»t 8ci. Phlla. leOb, XO; Hmd. M.Amer. 1K>7, 311, pi. Ixxzi,
0%. 3, ikuU (meUo'itio form).
BjftrmopkUni buckleti Black, Proc. Aood. Nat. Soi. Pbila. 1801, 314 (mulanUtio furm).
,,1 ^'-..V.i
Var. BEECHEYI.
Calltoraln Llie4-taUed Bperaoplillet Callforalu MflroudSqilrrel".
ArcUmiit [SptrmophUiu) bttduyi Richardson, Faona Bor.-Amer. i, 1889, 170, pi. zii, B ; ZoSl. Bueohey'i
Voyage, Maiu. 1H39, 8.
Arclomgt bttekefi Waunbk, Suppl. Sohreber'ii SUagel. pi. ocz, E.
SpertDophUui ieecJUyi " F. Cuvibr, Sappl. Baffon, i. Ham. 1831, 331 ".—Brandt, Bull. Clawe PhyBloo-math.
Aoad. Imp. Sol. 8t. P«tenU. ii, 1844, 380.— ScniNZ, Syn. Haiu. ii, 1845, 67.— Bairo, Proo. Aoad.
Nat. Set. Pblla. 18GG, 3;<4; Mam. N. Amar. 1857, 307, pi. ill, fig. 8, animal; pi. xlvl, fig. 3,
■kuU.-CooPKR, Nat. Hist. Wash. Ter. pt. Hi, 1859, 81.— Cooper, Amer. Nat. Hi, 1860, 183.—
BUCKLBY &, aiBDS, Nat. Ilist Wash. Ter. pt. Hi, 1850, 133 (Northern California).— CoUES,
Amor. Nat. i, 1867, 3&9 (bahlU) ; Proo. Aoad. Nat. Sol. Pbila. 1867, 134.— IIbmsuaw, Ann. Bep.
Chf. Engineers for 1876, App. JJ, 1876, 311.
BptrmophUiu gramwmm var. beeokeyl Allkn, Proo. Bast. Boo. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 393.
BtemopkUui smctiu-m Bennktt, Proo. ZoOI. Boo. Lond. 1, 1633, 41 (melauistic phase).— Waomer, BuppI,
Bobreber's Siiugot. HI, 1843, 845 (oomplled).— Brahdt, Bnll. Classe Pbysioo-matb. Aoad. Imp.
Sol. St Ptftersb. U, 1844, 380 (oomplled).— SoHlNZ, Byn. Ham. Ii, 1845, 67 (oompiled).—
AVDUBON &, Bacdman, Quad. N. Amer. Ill, 1863, 181, pi. oxxxix (oompiled).
Sohtru {Uacrtxiu) ooIt/brstaM Lesson, Deaor. de Ham. et d'Ois. Noav. 1847, 143.— (Bee also Bairo, Ham.
N. Amer. 1857, 880.)
Var. DOUQLABBL
Boaglau'i LlDcd-Ulled SperMophlle; Oregon "firond Bqairrcl".
Jrelomjiff (SpermopliUtut) doaylosri RionABDSON, Fann. Bor.-Amer. i, 1839, 173; ZoSI. Boeobey's Voy.
Mam. 1839, 8.
eftrmopkiba dougUmi " F. Cuvier, Sappl. Buffou, I, Mam. 1831, 333 ".— Waoner, Bnppl. Bobreber's
BBuget. iU, 1843, 347.— Brandt, Boll. Classe Pbysioo-matb. Aoad. Imp. Boi. St. P6torBb. ii,
1844, 380.— ScHiMZ, Byn. Ham. ii, 1845, 68.— AuDunoN & Bacuhan, Quad. N. Amer. i, 1846,
373, pi. xlix,— Baird, Ham. N. Amer. 1857, 309, pi. xIt, fig. 1, skull.— Buckley, Nat. Hist.
Wash. Ter. pt. Hi, 1859, 98.- Buckley &, Oibds, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. pt. iU, 1859, 138.
BpirmopUttu grarnmunu tot. iougUuti Allbn, Proo. Bost. Boo. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 393.
Var. GBAHUUBUB. ^
Rocky Mountain Lined-tailed Spermophile.
Vabietal cuabs. — Length of head and body about 12.00 ; of tail to end
of vertebroe about 8.00 ; to end of hairs 9.00. Above, coarsely mottled with
white or brownish-white and black, giving the general effect of gray ; gener-
ally, the gray is purest anteriorly, where the light and dark tints are in strong
contrast; the posterior half of the dorsal surface generally more or less
strongly washed with brown, where the white is partly or wholly replaced by
yellowish-brown ond the block by dark brown. The hairs are black at the
base and tip, with a broad subterminal zone of whitish, which, in different
specimens, varies from pure white to reddish-brown. Feet gray. The gmy
is also purer on the sides of the body and neck. Below, pale yellowish-
828
HONOOKArnB OF NOKTU AMBBIOAN UODEMTIA.
i;tl ■ V
i ■(■
"■A.
IWH
white, becoming browni8h-white on the inaide of the limbs; hairs all dark
basnlly. Eyelids white, forming n conspicuous light eye-ring. Ears inter-
nally and posteriorly brownish-yellow ; anteriorly dark brown, varying to
black. Tail white and black in alternating longitudinal bands of nearly equal
widtii — two black and three white. The hairs individually are white at the
tips, with two broad bands of black separated by white; the extreme base is
often also black, but usually white. Occasionally presents melanistic phases
of coloration.
Habitat. — Colorado and Western Texas, southward into Mexico, and
westward to the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
General form much as in the true Squirrels (Sciurus). Ears high and
broad, as large as in most species of Sciurui. Tail full and bushy, distich-
ous; the hairs two to two and a half inches long, giving a breadth to the tail,
when the hairs are outstretched, of four to five inches. Palms and soles
(generally) wholly naked. Claws rather short for a Spermophilc, yet decid-
edly fossorial rather than Sciurine. Pelage coarse but not rigid ; under fur
sparse, especially in summer. The hairs, when magnified, are seen to bo
flattened, with the outer surface grooved.
Diiferent individuals vary greatly in coloration, the color of the upper
surface ranging from nearly pure gray (especially anteriorly) to strong reddish-
brown, while that of the lower surface varies from pale yellowish-white to
reddish-brown. The gray is generally purest over the shoulders, but is fre-
quently developed on the sides of the neck and shoulders, with the inter-
vening dorsal space either darker or more suffused with rufous. There is
thus an approach to the distinct gray longitudir<il bands seen in ywn. beecheyi
and douglam. In several specimens from Soda Springs, Colo, (as in Nos.
9565, 9562, and 956J), and in others from Ogden and Provo, Utah (as in
Nos. 11133, 11135, and 11147), the gray forms a continuous mantle, cover-
ing the whole anterior half of the dorsal surface, sharply bounded behind
by the reddish-brown of the posterior half of the back. In others, the gray
blends gradually into the brownish. In some of the Soda Springs and Ogden
8|)ecimens, the white so predominates over the black as to form a white
ground-cok)r minutely grizzled with black. In some, the gray mantle is more
or less distinctly divided by a mesial space of brownish, thus showing a com-
plete resemblance to var. beecheyi. Occasionally, as especially in several
H|)ccimeH8 collected by Mr. Uenshaw in Arizona, the surface of the i>elage
M^' -IB
^vm
S(nuuii>j*:-8PKRMOPniLiia orammuu[ts and vakirtiks. 829
becomcfl worn off on the posterior part of the back, leaving cxpogetl tlio
dull brownish under fur. In consequence of the weanng-off of the ends of
the hairs, the natural surface-markings wholly disappear, and give place, to a
uniform tint of faded dingy-brown.
As shown by the appended measurements of the skulls of this variety,
tlic largest specimens come from the mountains of New Mexico.
Var. iiEECiiEYi.
Beeclietja Sjiermophile; Californian "Ground Squirrel".
Varietal chabs. — Rather smaller than var. gramtnurua; similar in form
and general details of structure, differing mainly in coloration, the gray man-
tle being divided mesiolly by a rather wedge-shaped, broad area of brownish.
The gray is thus limited to two broad bands on the sides of the neck and
shoulders, extending from the occ'put to the posterior edge of the scapulip,
or even beyond the middle of the body. The dark area by which tiiey are
separated is narrow at the nape and slowly widens posteriorly. These lateral
bands of gray are sometimes quite narrow, sometimes very wide, nearly meet-
ing along the dorsal line over the scapular region. Through such specimens,
a complete intergradation may be traced into the mantled form of var. gram-
murus. No. 3621, from Fort Tejon, has the gray of the raantle strongest
on the nape, with no indication, of a division, and is, in this respect, precisely
like No. 9568 from Soda Springs, Colo. Except in respect to the quite con-
stant feature of the more intense gray of the sides of the shoulders, separated
mesially by brown, the coloration of var. heecheyi is like that of var. gram-
tnurui, with parallel variations in respect to the depth and relative proportions
of the prevailing tints.
Habitat. — West of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, from Northern Cali-
fornia southward into Mexico.
In respect to size, fifteen skulls of var. beecheyi give an average length
of 2.20 against an average length of 2.40 in nine skulls of var. grammurus.
The largest skulls of var. beecheyi overlap the smaller of var. grammurut. In
all the details of structure, the skulls of the two forms are indistinguishable.
Var. DOUOLA89I. '
Douglasses Sptrmopkile.
Varietal chars. — Intermediate in size between vars. grammurus and
beecheyi. Differs from heecheyi^ in color, in the mesial space between the
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MONOORAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
gray shouldcr-patclicH being darker, — black instead of brown. This spaco
varies from dark brown to black, and is either concolor or mixed more or less
with touches of white. It extends generally from the nape to the middle of
the back, but is variable in respect to both length and width. The passage
into vur. heecheyi is by almost imperceptible steps.
The specimen (No. 1180) representing the most extreme phase of dif-
ferentiation from the beecheyi form is from Klamath Lake, Oreg. Another
quite similar (No. 5897) is marked as probably from Fort Crook, Cal. ; it is,
however, somewhat browner. No. 536, from Fort Crook, is much like tbe
last; though marked "beecheyi", it seems to belong to the dl^ug^im scries.
Anotber specimen (No. 3616), from Fort Tejon, is but a step removed from
the typical (loHglasai phase. Some of the numerous Fort Tejon specimens
(var. beecheyi) have the middle of the back uniformly dark brown, with a
very few touches of white; while the pattern of markings is typically like
that of beecheyi, the mesial band, though brown rather than black, is darker
than any other portion of the dorsal region. In both vars. beecheyi and doug-
lassi, the scapular mantle ia oflen divided by merely a very narrow line, and
at other times by a broad band. The shoulder-patches also vary from very
broad silvery-white areas, with slight touches of black, to those that are much
narrower, and with a much greater admixture of black. No. 9318, from Vir-
ginia City, Nev., has the shoulder-patches nearly obsolete, as in vor. gram-
viurus, to which this specimen should perhaps be referred. It is, however,
very like No. 3618 from Fort Tejon. The intergradation between vars.
beecheyi and douglassi is most thorough.
Habitat. — Northern California, northward to Washington Territory.
• Three skulls of var. douglassi give an average length of about 2.30, being
somewhat larger than var. beecheyi and rather smaller than var. grammurus.
The skulls of douglassi afford no characters by which they can be separated
from those of the other varieties.
GENERAL REMARKS RESPECTING SPERMOPHILnS GRAHHURUS AND ITS VARIETIES.
Distinctive characters and affinities. — Spermophilus grammurus is
widely distinct from all other members of the genus. It is at once recognizable
by its long, full, bushy tail, large pointed ears, and its general Sciurine form.
It also differs greatly from all the others in color and size, except 8. empetra,
SClDRIDiE-SPERMOPniLUS GRAMMURUS AND VARIETIES. 831
which is, in fact, its nonrcHt offinc, though diflering greatly from it in color
and ill tliu hIzc of the ears uiul the cimrncter of the tail. ' •
The varieties of grammurus dilFer from eaeh other somewhat in size,
but mainly in coloration. Tiie diflcrcnco in size between vars. grammvrua
and beechei/i, as indicated by the measurements of t'e skulls of the two forms,
is perhaps in pail due to locality ; all the grammurus specimens being from
the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico, while the beecheiji speci-
mens come almost wholly from Fort Tejon, Lower California. Tlie difference
in size between vars. beecheyi and douglaaai seems susceptible of a similar
explanation, the larger (douglasd) being northern. Between beecheiji and
douglnssi, the intergradation is most thorough, while beec/ieyi passes gradually
into grammurus. Specimens from the most distant localities are sometimes
quite indistinguishable, as in the cose of No. 9568, from Golden City, Colo.,
and No. 3618, from Fort Tejon, Cal., between which there ia no essential
difference in coloration. In var. beecheyi, the ear appears to be genen 'ly a
little higher, narrower, and more pointed than in var. grammurua.
SvNONYMY AND NOHEMOLATUBE. — Var. grammuTus was first described by
Mr. Say in 1823, from specimens obtained on the headwaters of the Arkan-
sas, now within the State of Colorado. Its first synonym is the Spermophilus
couchi, described by Professor Baird, in 1855, from black specimens collected
by Lieut D. N. Couch in the provinces of New Leon and Tamaulipas, near
the United States and Mexican boundary-line. It is distinguishable only by
iti color from var, grammurus, of which it is merely a melanistic phase. Its
next and only other synonym is the Spermophilus buckieyi, described by Dr.
Slack in 1861, from a specimen from the Pecos River, also based on speci-
mens in melanistic condition, in which the anterior half of the dorsal surface
is black, and the hairs elsewhere have much more black than usual at the
tips. Another specimen, from near the same locality, also shows a melanistic
tendency. There are also in the collection melanistic spec' mens of van beecheyi
from Fort Tejon. As stated by Professor Baird, the Sci >s grammurus of
Say was wholly lof^t sight of for many years, until it was rediscovered by the
Government expeditions sent out about 1853-56 ; it is not alluded to by
Audubon and Bachman in their general work on the Quadrupeds of North
America; and it is referred to by Dr. Giebel as late as 1855 as a doubtful or
indeterminable species.
Vars. beecheyi and douglassi were both described by Dr. Richardson in
ii
1!
1 ■ ,
. Jl
i
Ji
H'llllH '^1.
m
1
i 'U
tiBH
1 ' ■•''
'
■4
i
H
1*.
i^ ( ■ m
ifm'
i;
,1 - till ;
P
f ^
■;.'
m.,\.
*■' ._.,2
832
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMIJRIOAN RODBNTIA.
1829, and ueither of them have any serious complicatious of synonymy. The
Spermophilus macrurus, described by Mr. Bennett in 1833, "from that part
of California which adjoins Mexico", is undoubtedly referable to var. beecheyi,
if the locality is correctly given ; the only question that can be raised is as to
whether it should be referred to this form rather than to var. douglassi. This,
however, is a point of minor importance. The size, form, and coloration
accord well with var. beecheyi; the only point of discrepancy is the "black
head, on which i very few white hairs exist". This indicates a slight ten-
dency to melanism, such as quite a number of specimens present, in which
tile head is unusually blackish. Several specimens of this type of coloration
are among those received from Southern California. I have hence not the
slightest hesitation in referring 8. macrurus to one of the Pacific-coast forms
of grammurus, or, more definitely, to var. beecheyi, with whose habitat the
alleged locality accords.
The Sciurus ailifornicus of Lesson, described in 1847 as from California,
seems also undoubtedly referable to var. beecheyi, as already suggested by
Professor Baird. It is, in fact, with one or two slight exceptions, an excellent
and detailed description of this animal. The white bands on the sides are
represented as extending rather farther back than usual, but not farther
than frequently happens. The color of the tail is alone erroneously described,
the description implying that there is but a single band of black instead of
three.*
* I here snbjoin a traneoript of Lemon's entire notice of hia Sciurat (Maerozut) californietu, kindly
fiirniabed by Dr. E. J. Nolan, seoretury of the Academyof Natarol Boience* of PbiladelpUia, from the oopy
of Leason's " Descriptiou de Manimif^rea et d'Oineanx ", etc., contained in the library of the Academy.
" L'£cURKUIL DB LA CaUFORNIK.
"(Sciurut (Maeroxut) Californiciu, Lesson.)
"La Califoruie nonrrit plnsieurs espices d'^cnreuils fort voisines les nnee des antres, et qni
appartiennent an gronpe des Guorllnguets on dee Tamias : ce sont les 8. hoUae, Less. (Cent. Zool. pi. 76) ;
Macrox»» nigntcmt (Benn. Proc. 183.1, p. 41) ; ilfacrozvi anreogaaltr, F. Cut. (Hamm. pi. — et Bonite, pi.
lU et 11) ; S. nebouxii, Isid. Oeoff. (Bonite, pi. 13), et 7amui( kindei, Gray (Ann. t. z, p. Si64).
" Le petit mammif%re qui fait I'ottjet de oette description est de la taille do I'fenreoil d'Eorope ;
■es formes sont nnai colles de notre ^onreuil, mais see oreiUes sont sans pinoeaux de polls, et sa qnene,
garnie do polls serr^, mais pen longs, est aplatie.
"Cet animal que nous nommuns oalifomien, parce qu'il vit dans oette partie de I'Ainiriqne, • la
museau ossez att6nu£ et Idgirement comprim^; see dents inctsives sont de I'orang^ le pins vif ; les yens
sont enoadr^ d'un cerole blancb&tre, taodis qne.les poils dn deasns de la tite sont tiqoet^s de bmn snr
un fond vineux p&le ; les jones et le goeicr sont gris-olair ; les oreilica sont Kgirement obovalea, oonvcrtes
de trte-petits polls, mais sans pinceaux ; le pelage sur lo corps est g^ntSralement gris vinenz tiqnetd de
gria-clair et do noir ; le fond de cette coloration est pins i. anohemeut gris snr la nuqne et lar U eon, pint
ronas&tre snr la oron|)e, ot franshement rose vinenx snr lea membres anterienrs on poat^rienrs; le gris
tiquettf da dos est couptf par uoe ^trolte bonde blanche, qni s'ttend de ehaqne o6t^ depais le bant do
SCr HID^— SPERMOPHILDS GRAMMURUS AND VARIETIES. 833
Geographical distribution. — The habitat, of Spertiiophilus grammurus
van grammurus extends from the parks of Central Colorado soutliward into
Mexico, probably to a considerable distance beyond the boundary of the United
States. In some portions of Colorado, as in the vicinity of Boulder, whence
many specimens have been brought, it appears to be a common and character-
istic species. It occurs in Western Texas, but further north does not appear
to occur much to the eastward of the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains.
It ranges thence westward to, and probably throughout, the Great Basin, at all
favorable localities. There are specimens in the collection frOm Ogden and
Prove, Utah, and Virginia City, Nev. Var. douglassi ranges from Nortliern
California to Fort Dalles and Klamath Lake, Oreg. In Northern California,
it gradually passes into var. beecheyi, which ranges thence southward through-
out Southern California, and probably further southward. The most southern
points represented in the collection arc Fort Tejon and San Diego. Speci-
mens referable t j beecheyi have been collected by Mr. H. W. Henshaw on the
eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas. The species grammurus hence ranges
from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, and from
beyond the Mexican boundary northward to Central Colorado, Northern Utah,
and Oregon.*
IMpaule jusqn'i^ la obnte des reins, avant la naiwance de la queue; leR parlies infdrieares, lea llancs, le
dedans des uiembres sont blauoh&trcs, mais tons lea polls de ces parties sunt h moititS noirs ot terniiues
de blanc senleuient.
"Lessoiesde oetdcnreuil sont Hues, peu abondantes et noires; le uu dcs tarses est uoir&tre; lea
ougles faibles et ac<Sr<Ss goDtbruns; laqneuo parfaitement aplatio et & polls distiqnes, est oolor^ eu
dessUH de noir et.do blauo m£lanK6 an milieu, ot blanc snr les bords; ou dessous ello est blanobe, botdlJo
et tenui':6 < do aolr, pais traug<Se de polls blancs, Cettu coloration est due i> ce quo chaquo poll est blano
iV la bas'<, noir an milieu, ot blanc au sommet.
" Co petit &!nreuil doit, ii la faiblesse do ses onglea, vlvre nniquemont sur lee nrbres. Nous n'avons
pa verifier son systinie dentaire paroe que le svul indivldu soamis i^ notro titnde apparteuait ii nn ninstSe,
et provouiiit do la Californie, mais saus indication do locality pr&siee." — (" Daoription de MammifireB et
SOiteaux rioemrnmt itixntverti, prioidie i'»» Tableau ntr la Sacet Bumalnet, par M. LK880N, Paris, 1847",
pp. 143-145.)
" This species is apparently more or less active at soutbern localities (brongbout tbo wiuter.
Mr. T. O. Gary, wbo formerly resided many years in California, and knows (be spccivs well, assures mo
that about San Mateo tbey were to be net with abuudantly at all seasons, apparently spending no por-
tion of the year in a state of hlbernaticr<. This is confirmed by the observations of Dr. Coues, wbo
enjoyed ezcellont opportunities of stadying its uubits in Soutbern Californiu, and wbo found it as active
as ever during the latter part of November, 1865, in the vicinity of San Pedro. Dr. J. O. Cooper also
states that on the Los Angeles Plains, in the southern part of the State, they " dn not hibernato ",
but may bo sen.i there in winter actively ranning about or littlng erect near their barrows.— (.imerioan
Ifatmralttt, vol. lit, p. 183.)
63 U
in- ' I !
'W l
834
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
•II
■|1
*
Taolk LXXXII. — ileaturenienls of eleven ekulU of SrKRMOPiiiLUS giiammuhus var. giummvrus.
1
a
Locality.
^
%
■J
1
i
1
■6
1
■3
1
i
1
•5
s
It
It
•a
1
e
s
i
II
S 2
s
t
1
1.
i
a
S
1
1
i
■3
t
1
.
i
1
1
11
||
1
ii
2s
II
■s.
is
3
u
S
H
a
0
X.
iQ
in
0.40
0.75
P
►
t^
0.45
13t!o4
Sola Springs, Colo
3.40
1.53
0.67
0.85
0.33
1.30
1.45
0.68
txiia
do
0.03
0.78
0.30
0.43
0.70
1.33
0.41
1.31
0.83
13253
13363
Oo
OBden.ntah
9
3.35
l.'iO
0.00
0 65
0.U3
0 78
0.30
0.35
0.43
0.43
0.77
0.73
1.2C
1.3!
0.43
0.40
1.35
1.43
0.C3
0.64
nil
Copper Mlues, N. Mez
3.50
1.53
o.(n
0.90
0.38
0.48
0.80
1.35
0.3S
0.50
1.45
0 70
1113
do
3.50
I.II5
0.69
0.M
0.93
0.48
0.83
1.34
0.43
0.35
0.48
1.5]
0.10
4803
8ant» F6, S. Mox
3.35
0.;.8
0.84
0.18
0.40
0.75
1.36
0.33
0.37
0.48
HS3
Tiunaullpas, Mex
3.40
om
0.83
0.35
0.48
0.75
1. 33
0.50
1.50
0.70
S31S
Victoria, ilex
3.47
I.S5
0.65
0.88
0 34
0.46
0.77
1.33
0.3«
0 38
0.50
I.Sl
0.71
•1432
Now Leon, Mox
3.35
1.4B
0.57
0.84
0 30
0.40
0.75
1.35
0.40
0.30
0.50
1.40
0.70
1355
Vlotorla,Hex
3.33
1.40
ass
0.78
0 30
0.40
0.73
1.35
0.30
0 58
1.40
0 63
' B. eouekii."
Table tiXXXllL—MeoMuremenU of ff teen akuUti of Spkrmophilus ORiMMURUS var. bbechbyi.
1
■5
a
1
»
8
e
t
i
II
s
5
1
* c
J
1
Locality.
1
i
.a
3
i
t
0
1.50
a
1
1
i
0.75
}
0.30
1
1
1
0 40
S
1
1
ft
0.70
C s
11
b
l.to
1
1
^1
1 '
a
0.35
i
u e
I
3
030 I
■ort Tfjon. Cal
3.30
0 63
0.40
0,47
1.45
^60
3586
160 ..
....do
135
1.40
0.57
019
0.31
0 40
0.70
I.SO
0.37
0.36
0 46
1.35
0.60
3^03
086 .
....do
3. to
1.43
0.53
0.75
0.17
O40
0.70
1.17
0.36
0.33
0.47
1.33
0 60
3584
130 ..
....do
1139
1.45
0.17
0.80
a33
0.44
aoo
1.18
0.36
0 37
0.45
1.47
0 67
3r«i
191 ..
....do
9.25
1.43
0.57
0.80
0.17
0.40
0.70
1.17
0.33
0.93
0.46
1.35
ac5
3500
133 .
....do
2.37
1.50
0.53
0 83
0 91
0.44
0.76
1.85
0.45
0,83
0 47
1.48
065
3591
Ill .
....do
3.30
1.38
0.55
0.84
O20
O40
0.70
1.17
0.35
0.34
0 48
1,33
056
3585
703 .
....do
3.35
1.40
0. .M
0 76
0 18
0 38
0.68
1.19
0.38
0.34
0.47
1.43
0 63
3565
1011 ..
....do
2.05
1.85
0.48
0 71
0.S0
0 38
0 63
1.10
0.38
U.33
0 45
1.33
0 53
3560
581 .
....do
2.05
1.33
0 45
0 74
0.18
0.36
0.65
1.13
0 37
0.33
0. 45
1.33
0 57
3554
013 .
....do
8.15
1.35
0.53
0.73
O.SO
0.38
0.68
I.SO
0.38
0.23
0.45
1.34
0 65
3.163
331 ..
....do
....
8.10
1.27
0.58
0,73
0.18
0 40
O.CO
1.13
0.38
0.93
0 46
1.30
0 50
3558
543 ..
....do
2.07
1.35
n.48
0.73
0.30
0 36
0.63
1.10
0 33
0.33
0 45
1.30
0 57
3555
163 .
....do
8.30
1.35
0.5.1
0.73
a 10
0.40
0.68
1.15
0.37
0.94
0 45
1.34
0.69
3357
170 ..
....do
803
1.16
0.48
0.70
0.20
0.36
0.60
1.05
0.30
0.85
0.43
1.18
a 93
SOIUKIDiE— SPEKMOPH ILU8 GBAMM UltUS AND VARIETIES. 835
Tabue LXXXIV. — ifeantremenUi tff three tkiilh of SPVAMuPHiiim aiiAMMumm rnr. douot.aboi.
1
1
1
0
it
i
^1
a
1
J3
1
^
1
^
M
5
a
1
^•5
Is
?;«
g
.a
■a
s
hooaUUf.
f
It
1
II
•
It'
*
1
1
1
S
a
1
1
ll
5 g
if
II
1.39
i
0.05
o
H
o
5
»
!«
•a
0.49
O.BO
1.35
ti
b
O.SO
1831
S.40
i.rio
0.«i
oej
a35
0.36
0.27
410)
Fort Crook, Cal
8.31
1.4S
0.60
0.76
0.93
0.40
0.80
1.93
0 37
0.9S
0.49
1.44
0.69
4804
a. 19
1.30
O.SO
0.7)
0.S3
0.39
0.70
1.90
0.34
0.95
0,45
1.39
0.55
Table LXXXV, — iteiuuremmU of tuc apedmeni of Spekmopiiilus ORAMMUitus rar. craumuhub.
1
D
5
1
a
a
looaUty.
M
From tip of noM to—
Tall to end
of-
LoDgtb of—
s
•3
1
■s
£
1
i
i
1
I
^
1
1
•i
a
•9638
"195
196
11377
593
706
656
FortStiMton N Uex
13. CO
10.50
19.75
19.50
11.00
11.50
7.87
&00
8.50
8.10
7.00
7.50
8.71
9.30
Skin.
...do.
Fort Webiter, N. Mex
CoDDer Mlues. N" Mez
i
9
MO
9.90
9.70
10.30
11.80
9.00
9.10
1.40
1.45
1.49
1.37
9.35
9.30
9.15
.17
0.65
0.60
...do.
...do.
.. do.
...do.
do
do
1
• From Baird, Mam. N. Amrr. p. 311.
Tadle LXXXVI.— JlfeMiirf»eii/« 0/ rij7*< «iwciiiieit» of SPEiiMoriiiLUS ORAMMunus i-or, bekcheyi.
i
u
Locality.
i
From Up of noaa to—
Tall to end
of-
Length of—
i
■s
1
•s
1
Remarka,
k
1
•J
g.
1
E
1
1
i
n
1,'S»7
1380
470
1181
•384
•947
•583
•948
Ban Diego Cal ...
11.99
11.90
10.75
10.00
10.30
11.90
ia95
9.90
7.90
8.19
9.79
8.50
6.95
0.03
8.00
9.10
Skin....,
...do ....
Frim Batrd, Mam.
N,Amer, |>,308.
.. do
Ti^lon Valley, Cal.
Santa Clara. Cal ..
9.79
7.00
7.79
8.05
470
7.30
1.35
1.39
1.40
1.30
9.30
9.10
9.90
9.30
2.09
9.09
...do
..do ....
Sanlbteo,Cal....
...do
do
$
1.08
1.19
1.00
L07
9.15
9.90
9.05
9.03
a. 90
9.40
9. 35
9.49
0.79
0.83
0.77
0.79
Aloohollo .
...do
...do
...do
...do
* Speclmeni in UaBeam of GompAratlTO Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
16
fU
' tu
SI
Ta
MONOGKAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
XXXVII.— iV«Muremo»(« of Uco tpedmmii of 8perhophix,u8 orammurus var. sodolassi.
1009
999
Locality,
Fort Dalloe, Oreg. Tor..
do
From tip of
>
1
1
uoae to—
o
1
^
J
s t
A
£
,
■i"
ri
= s
&
B
£
5
»
t!"
;!i
•n
a
18.00
e.iu
9.50
3.00
Bliin)
..do . 5
?
10.50
7. S3
9.85
From Baird, Mam.
N. Amer. p. 309.
Table I.iXXXVIII.—J^<<(o/«pectmcn< examined o/ Spermopuilus orammurus var. orammurus.
•s
1
a
!
t-9
o
a
a
l"5
o
%
I
a
1
I
i
•a
s
H
9,
Locality.
When
coUcoted.
From whomrecsiTod.
Collected by—
1
9318
11138
11139
11133
U131
9969
9508
9968
9564
0563
9506
9567
9368
UH7
406
1046
89
497
493
4985
186
185
519
8638
•3696
•4001
iisn
Virginia City, Nev
Clarence King
Dr. F.V.Hayden....
...do
B. Ridgway
C. H. Merriman
do
Skin.
Skin and skull.
Skin.
....do.
13863
3
9
Ogdeo, Utah
Juno 15, 1878
Juuo 8, 1673
Juno 17, 1873
Juno 19, 1678
Aug. 10, 1669
Aug. 10, leoii
Aug. 10, 1869
Aug 10, 1869
Aug. 10,1669
Aug. 10, 1869
Aug. 1(1, 1869
do
4
8
do
do
do
. ..do
W.B.PIotl
C. H. Uerriam
....do.
Soda Springs, Colo
do
do
do ,..:
..do
J. Stevaoson
....do.
ia
do
....do.
....do.
do
13894
13893
13838
do
do
do .. .
do
Skin and akull.
do.
...do . .. .
do
do
do
do
... do.
do
do
do
Skin.
...do.
do
do
Lt.O. M. Wheeler..
Dr. T.C.Henry
Mn).W.H.F.inory ..
Phil. Acad. Nat. Sol.
Dr.J.n.Webb
Dr. T.C. Henry
W. J.Uoward
CoL J. D. Orabam . . .
..do
H.W.Henshaw
Dr. T. C. Henrj-
Dr.C.aR.Ki!nnerly
J.K.TawnseDd
Dr.J. H. Webb
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
....do.
Uimbrea and Rio Grande
IXM Angole»,Sooora . ..
Mimbi sa and BioOraodo,
N.Mex.
Santa FA, N. Mox
pr.T.C.Heni;
W.J.Howard
J.H.Clark
....do.
Skin and skull.
Skin.
Skin and iikull.
Skull.
Skin and skull
Skin.
...do.
4803
1111
1113
1633
do
do
do
. ..do
do
Weatem Texas
Dr. T. C. Henry
....do
Dr. T.C. Henry
do
do
Fort Mason, Tox
do ■
J.H. Thomas
..do
. .. do
... .do.
706
933
096
....
<S
?
Srpt. 0,1873
Aug. -. 1873
LtO.M. Wheeler...
...do
H.W.Henshaw
. do
...do.
....do.
do
do . .
..do
. .do
... .do.
338
1423
1438
1893
LtD.N.Coooh
do
Lt.D.N.Coaoh
do
SknIL
...do.
Skin and skuU.
Now Leon, Mox
Victoria, Mei
do
Dr. L. BerbiDdler. . . .
•TypssofAttutfayi.
BCIURID^— 8PERMOPHILUS GRAMMURUS VAR. BEEOHEYl- 837
Tablk LXXX. — £«4(«/apeciiii«n<rTamtncdo/ SFKnMOPHiLVH ouammurus var. beechkyi.
•3
1 =
1^
i
a
m
■■3
1
a
s
t
i
1
1
Tjorality.
When
collected.
From vbom recelvod.
Collected by-
g
a
1
•s
i
>5
583
S84
947
048
5819
Goa
606
404
403
9334
1181
3802
3891
3993
409
4(n
408
470
38m
3637
364B
3639
3040
3640
3597
3588
3619
3598
3590
3606
3594
35f5
36.18
3616
3607
•3647
3589
3600
3018
3509
MW
3691
3601
3001
360 !l
8iuiM»teo,C»l
do .
T.O.Cary
.. do
T. G. Cary
Alcoholic,
do.
...do
to.
...do
...do
CaptJohn Fellncr..
ILD.CnttB
.. do
do.
do... .
do
do.
9
Fort Crook, Cat
Sad FraDcisco Cal
Capt. John Fcilncr..
ILDCntls
...do ■
Skin.
...do.
...do.
do
. do
Monterey, CaI
Dr. A. L. llttcrmHDn.
A. Cassiday
Dr. J. O. Cooper ...
... do
Dr. A. L. HeerxnaUD
A. C.iaaiday
Dr. J. G. Cooper. . . .
...do
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
San Diego C^
SontA Clan, Cal
do
....
Sierra Nevada Mte., near
Genoa.
do
June 17, 1859
June 14, 1850
Capt. J. n. Sinipaon
...do
...do
C. 8. McCarthy
...do
...do.
...do.
191B
3184
do
...do
...do.
Dr.J. F. Hniumond..
Dr.ADtiat'll
Dr. A.L. neermann
do
Dr. J. F, Hammond. .
Dr. Antiafll . . .
Skull.
...do.
GIU Klver, Aria
T<4an Valley, Cal
do
do . .
Dr. A. L. neermann
....do
Skin.
..do.
do
....do
...do.
.. do.
do.
do
....do
1658
1859
9517
1804
1806
9956
31
159
578
183
191
533
154
158
168
Od
09
09
Otf
09
OJ
Fort Tejon, Cal
do
John Xantna
do
JohnXantoB
....do
.. do.
...do.
,. do .-
do
...do
...do.
.do
.. do
..do
...do.
do
do
. .do
...do.
do
. do
...do
...do.
.. . do
..do
...do
...do.
.... do
do
...do
...do.
...d.
do
...do
.. do.
£
do
. ..do
.. do
... do
...do.
...do
....do
...do.
ds
...do
...do
...do.
....do
...do
do
...do.
.. do
...do
...do.
do
.. do
...do
...do.
do
...do
... do
...do.
3586
3554
3J5j
578
647
3
too
777
731
449
084
534
ino
013
109
do
...do
..do
...do.
Orf
do
.. do
....do
...do.
do
...do
....do
...do.
do
...do
....do
...do.
do
...do
...do
...do.
Ocf
do
...do
...do
. . .do.
do
...do
....do
...do.
do
..do
....do
...do.
OJ
do
.. do
...do
.. do.
«o
do
.. do
...do
...do.
.. do
...do
...do.
do
...do
...do
...do.
do
...do
...do
Skull.
...do.
dj
....do
...do
• B'ack.
m
M^.i'K
\: ' ■■!
H
■I
:?!
888
MONOORAPHS OP NOKTO AMBRFCAK IJODKNTIA.
T.\ni.K LXXXIX. — li»t of npechitna examined of Spkiimopiiimts GRAMMimtm var. kkkciikyi— Continned.
Ji
s
o
i
=
Ms
i
6'
1
a
1
•SI
1
1
Locality.
Wh»n
oolleoted.
From whom raoelred.
ColleoU^ by—
•
"5
£
a
i«
Skull.
...do.
...do.
.. do.
. ...! 3556
John Xantua
...do
Jobn Xantua
...do
... do
...do
160
Mi
do
do
...do
:io59
3.VS0
3.101
xm
3.va
3584
3,185
3589
3583
MA4
dn
...do
581
do
...do
...do
. do.
....do
...do
..do.
3']1
do
...do
...do
.. do.
do
... do
...do
... do
...do
...do
.. do.
.. do.
169
101
139
-03
133
111
986
930
.... do
...do
...do
do.
do
...do
...do
do
do
.. do
....do
do
do
.. do
do
do
. . . 3M.1
do
. do
. do
do
3586
3087
3588
3589
3500
3591
3503
1.W8
1599
do . .
do
.. do
do
do
...do
.. do
. dn.
do
....do
....do
...do.
do
...do
... do
...do.
do
...do
....do
...do.
do
....do
...do
.. do.
do
...do
....do
... do.
...do
...do
...do.
do
....do
....do
...do.
do
...do
...do
...do.
Table \C.—Litt of fpecimetit examined of Bpermophilcb orammdrits rar. doOolassi.
'1
(S
Ja
U
1180
5897
4168
3853
3854
3855
365
1005
7SS
a
a
a
II"
1'
•1
1
1
1
LnoaUty.
When
oolleoted.
Froio whom reoelrod.
CoUootod by-
LLR. a Williamson
Capt. John Fellncr..
do
Dr. J. 8. Newberry..
Capt Jobn Fellncr..
do
Skin.
...do.
Skinand skull.
Skin,
do.
Fort Craok, Cal
4180
cf
0
0
do
Apr. 13, 1880
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do.
aoo9
4743
1881
4804
....
99
Fort ReodiuK, Cat
Fort Dalles, Oreg. Tor. .
Dr. J. F. Hammond
Dr. Oeorge Suckley
do
Dr. J. F. Hammond
Dr. Oeorge Buckley
do
do.
Sklnnndskull.
Skull.
Skluwidakun.
do.
do
Dr.J.Eriaa
Dr.K.P.Vollnm...
Dr.J.Brans...
Dr K P Tollum
5947
Fort Umpquft, Oreg. Tor .
;M;,'ii
' SCIUlUDiB— SPEBMOPniLUS EMPETUA. 839
i : SPERMOPHILUS EMPETRA (Pall.) Allen.
Parrf '8 Bpermoplille.
Var. EMPETRA.
Gilt canadimilt Erxlkbsn, Syst. Anim. 1777, .163 (in part oDljr ; = Qnebeo Marmot of Pennant + Quebec
Marmot of Forat«r).
lint tmpetra Pau.a8, Nov. Spec. Glires, 1778, 74 (except the reference to Penuaut'ii Quebec Marmot). —
" BODD.EBT, Eleuch. Anim. i, 1784, 105."
Arclomys empetra Sciiiiebeii, Siiuget. iv (1784 f ), 743, pi. ccx (= Mui empeira Pullas, the plivtu from I'lilliui's
type). — Omelin, Syat. Nat. i, 1788,14,1 (= empetra of PallUH and ScUreber).— Shaw, Geu.
Zoiil. ii, 1801 (Bsmu iih preceding).~OEtiMAUEgT,Mani. 18:22, 329; and of varlonn HubHcquont
compileiH. — Sabink, Trnns. Linn. Soc. xiii, 1822, ■'i84 (tlie synonymy, excluding references
lo Penniint's Quebec Marmot ; not tbe description). — Kiciiauimo.n, Fauna Bor.-Ani. I, i82!>,
147 (in small part only j not the Ugnre nor the description),
irclomj* parryi Kichardson, Parry's Second Voyago, App. 182.">, 'M6. — Harlan, Fauna Amor. 1825, 170. —
GoDMAN, Am. Nat. Hist, ii, 182G, 120.— H. Smith, Orifflth's Cuvior's An. King, v, 1827, 247.—
Fischer, Synop. Mam. 1821), 344 —J. C. Hoas, Boss's 2<1 Voy. 1835, App. xv (Repulse Day).-
Waoneii, Schrober's Siiuget. pi. cxx.— Torell, Petermann's Mittbeil. 1801, 57.
Arelomjif {Spermophiliu) parryi Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. i, 1829, 158, pi. x; Zool. Ucechey's Voy.
Mam. 1839, 7.
iSpermophilm parryi Lesson, Muu. du Mam. 1827, 244.— Hiiandt, Bull. Pliys.-Matli. Class. St. Potersb. ii,
1844, 372.— SCHINZ, Syn. Mam. ii, 1845, 65.— Gikbel, SSuget. 1855, 633 — Baird, Mam. N. Amer.
lKi7, 32:1.
Spermophilue parryi var. parryi Allen, Proc. Bast. Soc. Nut. Hist, xvi, 1874, 292.
Arciomyt alpina Parry, Nar. Sec. Voy. 182.%, 01 (name merely ; said by Uicbnnlson to refer to bis Arctomjt
parryi).
Arclomye (SpermopHlue) parryi var. y, phatognalha Bicuardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. i, 1829, 161.
SpirmopkHut parryi var. t phamognatka Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvl, 1874, 292.
Anjiomye kenKicotli Ross, Canad. Nat. and Geol. 1801, 434 ; Nat. Hist. Rev. 1802, 274.
Quebec Mamol, Forster, Phil. Trans. Ixii, 1772, 378 (not the Quebec Marmot of Pennant).
Ground Squirrel, Heakne, Journey, 1807, 141, 386.
Var. K0DIACKN818.
Sparmopkitut parryi var. kodiaaentii Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, S93.
Var. erythroolut^us.
Arelomyi (,SpermopUlut) parryi var. 0, crythivgtuteia Richardson, Fann. Bor.-Amer. i, 1829, 161.
Spcrmopkilue parryi var. erylkrogluteia Ali.en, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat^ Hist, xvi, 1874, 293.
Var. EMPETBA
Varietal CHARs.^Size of S. ^'rammuru.s, or rather larger. Length of
head and body 12.00 to 14.00 ; of tail to end of verlebnE 3.00 : to end of
hairs about 4.50. Above mixed yellowish-brown, white, and black, the wliite
forming quite prominent squarish blotches ; sides of the head, neck, and
body, the limbs, and whole lower surface brownish-yellow, varying greatly
iu intensity in different individuals; top of the head cinnamon, varying to
chestnut, inoic or less mixed with blackish. A pule ring surrounds the eyes.
840
MONOGRArHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
■ti/i'i ■
iV'>
Tail below dark brownish-red, with a subterminal bar of black, which extends
back for a short distance along the sides; above mixed gray, brown, and
black, with a broad border of black edged with yellowish-white. A melan-
istic race, wholly intense black, is frequent at some localities.
Tiie general form of the body is rather stout and thick ; the tail short
and busily, incompletely distichous, in form somewhat resembling that of ^rc-
tomys; ears low and broad, about one-fifth to one-sixth of an inch higli.
Specimens from the same localities vary considerably in color, especially
in respect to the distinctness of the white spots and the amount of rufous
suffusion. In Fort Anderson specimens, the white spots are generally large
and well defined ; the lower parts are strongly rufous, often bright tawny,
particularly on the sides, throat, and breast ; sometimes bright tawny through-
out below, with the top of the head bright brownish-orange. Specimens
pure glossy l)lack, with a faint wash of gray or yellowish-gray on the shoul-
ders and thighs, are of frequent occurrence in the vicinity of Fort Yukon.
')1 !,
Var. KODIACEM&IS.
Varietal chars. — Size of var. empetra. Grayer; the white blotches
finer and more crowded ; the top of the head and the back of a darker
brown ; sides and beneath gray, sometimes washed with fulvous over the
abdomen ; tail shorter and more bushy.
A considerable number of specimens from Kodiak Island agree in being
of a much paler or grayer phase of coloration than specimens from the Yukon
and Anderson's Rivers. While the top of the head is of a much darker shade
of brown, with the brown of the middle of the back also darker, the nape,
sides of the head and neck, the outer side of the limbs, and the sides of the
body, as well as the lower surfhce generally, but especially the throat and
brenst, are much lighter, being ne&r\y pure gratf instead o{ tatony, as in var.
empetra. While the general size is nearly the same, the tail is about one-fourth
to one-third shorter and more bushy. The Kodiak form is characterized by
generally an almost entire absence of fulvous, which in var. empetra is gener-
ally intensified into brownish-golden ; in some specimens of kodiacensii, the
middle of the belly is more or less fulvous, as are sometimes the shoulders.
In general color, var. Jiodiacensis much more closely resembles S. eversmanni,
but, in its much shorter tail, differs more from it than does var. empetra.
m
ri "
u'
SCIURID^-SPBBMOPBILUS EMPETRA AND VARIETIES. 841
Var. krythkogluTjEus. ■ <
Varietal chars. — Somewhat Rmaller than var. empetra, with longer ears
and tail. Length of head and body about 9.r)0 (to 11.00, according to Rich-
ardson); of tail to end of vertebrae 3..50; to end of hairs 5.00. Color simi-
lar, but darker, with the lighter markings generally more fulvous.
Two skulls of var. erythroglutam give an average length of 2.06 against
2.25 in six skulls of var. empetra; average widtli 1.27 against 1.48 in var.
empetra. The skull is hence relatively narrower and more elongate than in
the latter, and the postorbital processes are more slender. Part of this dif-
ference may, however, be the result of differences of age, the erythroglutceus
skulls being from younger animals than the others.
This variety was first described by Dr. Richardson, from specimens pro-
cured west of the Rocky Mountains, " near the sources of the Elk River, in
latitude 57°". Two of the five specimens before me are from the Kootenay
River, two from the head of Flat Head River, and the other from the upper
end of Plover Bay. These agree with Dr. Richardson's description, except
that they are rather smaller. They are also from considerably more southern
localities. In one specimen, the light blotches are as distinct and as light as
in var. empetra.
aENKRAL REHA&KS RGSPECTmG SFERHOPHILUB PARRTI AND ITS VARIETIES.
Differential characters and affinities. — Spermophilus empetra, in all
its forms, is widely different from any other North American Spermophile,
with none of which it is necessary to compare it in detail. It more nearly
approaches 8. gramtnurus than any other, especially in cranial characters.
It has larger ears than any other of the species of the subgenus Colobotis,
and in general features stands between Otospermophilus and Colobotis, but
agrees best with the latter.
It finds in the Siberian S. eversmanni a very near ally, but 8. empetra
differs from 8. eversmanni in being larger, with a much shorter tail and more
rufous on the head. Var. kodiacensis, from the island Kodiac, situated off
the southern coast of the Aliankan Peninsula, in color very closely resembles
the 8. eversmanni, but it has a shorter tail than even var. empetra. Examples
from Arikamtchitchi Island and the western shore of Behring's Strait are
still more like 8. eversmanni, yet are not varietally separable from var. empetra.
Synonymy and nomenclature. — This species was first notieed in 1772
842
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMKRICAN RODRNTIA.
"-*' ■ ' ' I ill
' (
by Forster, who flnscribcd a specimen fniin Cliurcliill River ns the- "Quebec
MnriiKtt", (loubtfiiUy referring it to Pcnnunt's Quebec Marmot, which is the
Arrtomys monax of recent authors, but generally wrongly referred to the
Mus cmpetra of PuUas. Forster's description shows clearly that his animal,
as first stated by Richardson,* is identical with his S. parryi. Hearne,
during his long Arctic journey (1769-72), also met with it in the region west
of Hudson's Bay, and in iiis narrative of his travels, published in 1807, refers
to it under the name "Ground Squirrel".
In 1778, Pallas described a Mm empetra, based on a specimen in the
Leyden Museum from boreal America, which is unquestionably referable to
the present species, subsequently (in 1825) described by Richardson under
the name Arctomys parryi. His account of the size, form, proportions, and
color are all applical)le here, and not at all to Arctomys monax, to which
his name has commonly of late been referred. A few years later (about
1784), Pallas's Mus empetra was redescribed by Schreber under the name
Arctomys empetra. Schreber also gave of it a colored figure, made from a
drawing of Pallas's Mus einjietra sent to him by Pallas himself This figure,
as no one can well doubt, is a fair representation of the Arctomys parryi of
Riciiardson, the Spermophitus parryi of recent authors. Pallas cites, as a
synonym of his Mus empetra, the Quebec Marmot of Pennant, and also the
Quebec Marmot of Forster.f Pallas, in thus citing Pennant, referred an
unquestionably distinct species to his Mus empetra, which complication was
perpetuated by subsequent writers, who uniformly blended Pennant's Quebec
Marmot with Forster's Quebec Marmot and Pallas's Mus empetra. The ani-
mal described by Pallas, however, as already stated, is the Arctomys parryi
of later authors, as is fully shown by the publication of his figure by Schre-
ber, and as is also unquestionably evident from his description. J This is
evident from the short tail, small size, and coloration, in these points the
figure and description agreeing with no American species of the restricted
• Parry's 8il Voy. App. p. 318.
t Tbene citatinoB, n-ndered by PttUiw into Latin, are as fallows : — " Marmota quebekaita Pennant,
8yn. p. 270. 8p. I'Jfl, tab. 84, f. a, bona. Forstkk, Act. angl. vol. LXII, p. 378."
i Pallas's description, from the specimen in the Leyden Mnseum, is as follows :— " MagHiiiido Cavia>
Pocai, sea Inter Marraotani & Citillum media ; habitns plane Marniotie vel A'Qtomyna ; longitadn oircitnr
pedalis. Caput reiusiiin, supra fnsco-DJgrescens, lateribns albicans. Dentet primores maxni, nadati ut
iik^armota, nee antice I'lilvi. Juricula parvte, snbuudas, rotnndatte, vix pilo lon)(io[es. Vermcie plures
sparsfe, suiiercilinres bisetm, paroticee blsetie, pilis ulbidis distinotiu, jtuliiris unisetn. Corpm subtoB
totuni artusqne rnfo.f«rrn){inea : snpra corpus funcnni. extremis pilorom e ({ryseo-albicautibus nudulata
nebnIoHum. Pnira extremi brnnneo nigri, nnguibus fuscis; pafimr Hine veHti);iu polliois. Coiufa bipolli-
oarls cum diniidio, dorso concolor, apice nigresoeuit." — (Ifov. Spec, tllires, p. 75.)
i '
m -f
I t
SCIDllID^— 8PKRMOPHILUS BMPETRA.
843
genu8 Arctomys. The only point of (iiscrepancy is the "palinae Hino vestigio
poUicis", which is almost ecjually valid against tiic reference of Pallas's Muh
empetra to any American species of Arctomys. While it is difficult to satis-
factorily make out what Pennant's original Quebec Marmot is, the statement
"larger than a Rabbit" shows it was not A. parryi* It was in all proba-
bility based on a northern example of Arctomys nionax. Sabine, in 1822,
while citing Mus empetra of Pallas, and all the reference subsequently, to
that time, based on it, as well as Pennant's and Forster's Quebec Marmot,
was the first to describe r specimen of the northern form of Arctomys monax
under the specific name empetra, Sabine himself, however, noticed the dis-
crepancies between Forster's account of his Quebec Marmot and his own
Arctomys empetra, and also refers to the want of agreement between Pallas's
account of Mus empetra and his own specimen. He says : — " But that speci-
men [Forster's] was only eleven inches, and the tail three inches long; it
could not therefore have been fully grown. Pallas described the animal from
a specimen in the Leyden Mu.seum, and gave it the name Empetra; this did
not exceed a foot in length, and its tail was only two inches and a half long.
.... The chestnut color of the head is mentioned by Forster, and there-
fore is probably to be found in some instances, though on the specimen I
have seen there is no such appearance." — {Trans. Linn. Sac. xiii, 1822, pp.
585,586.) Richardson, in 1825, in describing Arctomys jMirryi, distinctly
identifies Forster's Quebec Marmot with his A. parryi,^ but makes no refer-
ence to the Mus empetra of Pallas, nor to the empetra of Schreber, Gmelin,
and other early systematic authors. Excepting Pallas's unfortunate reference
to Pennant's almost unrecognizable Quebec Marmot, the whole account of
his Mus empetra relates unquestionably to the animal subsequently known
as Parry's Marmot, and it hence becomes necessary to adopt the name empetra
in place of parryi for that species.
Parry, in 1825, barely alludes to his meeting with an animal he termed
'The Quebec Marmot of Penaant's llntt edition of bis Syiiopslsof QnB<]riipet|g(l7Tl) is uot by any
meana the Quebeu Marmot of the Hecond vditi<^n of bis Arctic Zoulugy (17S2). In tbe latter, tbe ilescrip-
tioD is BO far modified as to also cover tbe Mu» empetra of I'allaa nnd the QnelHtc Marmot of Forster. Ho
says: — "The specimen which I formerly saw at Mr. Brook's, ulivv, appeared lurf^vr than a Rabbit; bnt
the specimen in the Boyal Society's Musenm [Forster's specimen] was only eleven inches long from the
nose to tbe tail, and the tail three inches. This probably was a yonng oue."~( Jrc«o ZoUlogy, vol. i,
1792, p. las.)
t" Forster, in 1^e»P\iUuop\ical DiiNMCftoiif, describes a specimen of (be ^.parryi procured from
ChnrobiU, under :b>. i lame of tbe Quebec Mu.'mot, at tbe same time expressing his doubts of its identity
with that onima'. '— v Kiciiaroson, Pang's Second Toy. App. p. 318.)
11
mm
pi
"1 :! '^'
11.
■
I ■ 1
i 1
■-'
\f :
,, IM
1
1^ ' ' ■■ ^
!■!■
! . ' . :
844
MONOORArHS OP NOBTU AMKKIUAN RODBNTIA.
^'Arc(omi/i a/jnna", which Riclinrdson finys is the same ns liis Arctomys parryi,
pndmbly from knowing per onnlly tiio specimens referred to, since Parry's
nllusioii gives no clue, furtlu r thiin the significiinee of the nnme, to tlie char-
acter of the animal to which he refers. Richardson, the same year (1825),
gave a detailed account of the species, including much relating to its habits
and distribution, and bestowed iijKjn it the specific name by which it has
since been currently known. In 182!), it was again described by the same
author, at which time he characterized and named two additional varieties,
namely, erythrogluteia and vhaognathn. Of the latter, Richardson says : —
" It is characterized cliiefly by a well-defined, deep, chestnut-colored mark
under the eye." It was i)ased on a specimen in the ]\Iuseum of the Zoolog-
ical Society of London, brought from Hudson's Bay ; the particular district,
however, not being stated. In one of my specimens of var. erylhrogiutaus,
there is also a well-defined chestnut-colored line beneath the eye, and a similar
mark is faintly indicated in quite a number of the examples of var. empetra.
It hence seems probable that Richardson's " var. phteognatha" may be based
merely on a specimen of var. empetra in which this mark was developed with
unusual distinctness.
The species was redescribed by Baird in 1857, who directed attention to
its close resemblance to S. eversmanni. In 1861, Mr. B. R. Ross gave to it
the name '\Arctomys kennicottii", under the impression that it had not been
previously described.* In 1874, in my Synopsis of the North American Sci-
urida, I briefly characterized the variety kodiacensis.
Geographical distbibutio.v. — According to Richardson, "This Spermo-
phile inhabits the Barren Grounds skirting the sea-coast from Churchill in
Hudson's Bay round by Melville Peninsula, and the whole northern extremity
ot the continent to Behring's Straits, where specimens precisely similar were
procured by Captain Beecbey. It abounds in the neighborhood of Fort
Enterprise, near the southern verge of the Barren Grounds, in latitude G5°,
and is plentiful on Cape Parry, one of the most northern parts of the conti-
nent. It is found generally", he adds, "in stony districts, but seems to
delight chiefly in sandy hillocks amongst rocks, where burrows, inhabited by
different individuals, may be often observed crowded together. One of the
* I tiud no further tiescription of the A. jteiiniootfii tliaii the tollowiug : — "Arctomjin KennicolliUVLma).
TbiH I cou8ider to be a uew species ; but I may be wroug. It is of huihII sizi^, uud iiibaUits tbc Nortb-
orduioat raugus of the Rocky Mouutuins."— (B. R. Ros8, Nal. Bitl. It'viiw, 1863, p. 874.) As sbowii by
epecimeos tbus labelled l>y biin in the National Muneimi, bis J. <«niit«)tfi> is tbe true A'. «mjie(ra (— &'.
pair yi auct.,.
M
SCIDBID^— SPERMOPniLUS EMPETBA.
845
society is generoll} observed sitting erect on the summit of the hillock, whilst
the others are feeding in the neigliborhood. Upon the approach of danger,
he gives the alarm, and they instantly betake themselves to their holes, remain-
ing chattering, however, at the entrances until the advance of the enemy
obliges them to retire to the bottom."* It extends southward in the interior
at least to Fort Yukon. Mr. B. R. Ross, in notes sent with specimens
(labelled 'Ardomys kennicottii'') i the Smithsonian Institution, says it is
"numerous in the Barren Grounds, as well as along the Arctic Coast, and by
no means scarce along the Anderson and Lockhart Rivers ; also numerous
below Good Hope, on the Mackenzie; they burrow in considerable numbers,
one always acting as sentinel while the others feed and otherwise disport
themselves". Most of the specimens in the collection are from the vicinity
of Forts Anderson and Yukon. It also extends considerably to the south-
westward along the Yukon River ; and Dr. Richardson also gives it as rang-
ing on the Pacific coast from British Columbia (formerly New Caledonia) to
the Icy Capet It also occurs on the Asiatic side of Behring's Strait, and
also, according to authors, in Kamtschatka. To the southwestward it passes
into the smaller, darker, and longer-tailed van erythroglutceus, which oxtends
southward to the forty-ninth parallel.
Tablk XCL—Ueuitrementt of tix tkMt of Spkiimophilus kmpktiia var. kmputra.
j
Locality.
o
JS
1
■3
*
i.
a
I
1
1
1
1
a
s
*
S
1
1
I!
II
A
•53
.a
f
1
i
e i
h
It
9
t
t
S
i*
a .o
If
t
1
*
o
H
u
0
'A
'A
'A
b
u
o
u
p
8.40
3.30
I.S5
1.50
0.58
0.47
0.83
0.7«
0.88
0.86
0.44
0.43
0.74
0.70
1.29
1.31
0.33
0.35
0.35
O.SS
0.5U
0.33
l.CO
0.64
do
1.51
0.65
6343
do
8.23
l.«
0.48
0.73
O.SS
0.40
0.G5
1.33
0.31
0.23
0.33
1.37
0.65
fiSM
do
a. IT
1.43
0.47
0.75
0.35
0.30
0.63
1.33
0.33
O.Sfl
0.55
1.50
0.63
r.9iSl
do
a 13
1.45
0.45
0.75
0.35
0.40
0.61
i.ao
0.89
0.54
1.46
0.65
ilOi
as7
0.55
0.85
0.35
0.30
0.70
1.35
0.31
as4
a58
1.33
a67
* Fauna Boreali-AmuricaDa, vol. i, p. 158, 162b,
tZool. Beechey'B Voy. Mam. p. 7, 1839.
846
JIONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
T.VBI.E XCII —MmtureiniiitB of Ihrn: sAi(f/» 0/ Si'KiiMOPiiii.i's empf-tra rar. KnvTnKoaLnrJBUS.
* |!>i:
*;*!'
'!■ H' ;''
ft
1
i
a Loculily.
i
^
0
1
s
?
1
!
!
1
2
*
i
1
1
2
1
£
1
ft
ji
1
i
II
n
g
1
S
1
•3 t;
J3
I
i
1
i
1
1
1
3
1
1
Is
sf
1
* 1
5
H
0
s
"A
»>s
)!<
P
b
u
t>
t>
4800
Kootenay Klver
«
.05
1.30
0.44
0.74
aao
0.33
0.56
1.10
0.30
O.'B
0.50
1.33
•.«a
4801
do
J
3.05
1.S5
0.43
0.7a
0.33
0.40
0.57
1.07
0.?8
0.30
0.60
1.96
0.t8
0887
Head of Flat Head River ..
0
1.79
1.(9
0.35
0.60
0.30
0.39
0.46
0.07
0.34
0.«)
0.45
1.09
0.55
Taiilk XCIII.— Jfe<t«urrmeR/< o//aur •p€ciin«fi<o/ Sprrmopiiii.um e.mpktiia rar. RKVTiiRoaLVT.jiUH.
I,oc»llty.
i
From tip of mwo to—
Tail to end
of-
LeogUi of-
s
1
^
^
1
1
s
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
5195
4:89
5944
11387
WafthiDgton Territory
?
9
1 "■
0 83 ' 1 70
9.05
1. 65
3.30
B.95
7,00
0.50
9.50
.T30
3.50
3.50
aso
4.70
3.55
5.95
1.90
1.10
I S-1
1.87
1.55
1.85
9.10
0.30
030
0.35
Alcoholic,
...do.
...do.
...do.
do
Kootenay Kirer Waah. Ter
0.78
0.75
1.00
1.50
1.50
9.05
Head of Piovor Bay
5.00 1.50
Tablk XCIV. — lAtt 0/ «prcjfflen< examined of 8perhofhilu8 kufetua var. ehpetra.
■3
1
B
B
I
si
a
s
B
1 -
0
i
a
1
i
I
1
Lootlity.
When
oolleclad.
From whom re<
celTcd.
CoUeoted by—
it
1
9651
3390
8734
8814
8733
«T,B
3157
8736
8737
1703
1703
17ia
9
Arlkamtohichi laland
U. S. EipL Bxped
....do
L.And(nwn
. ..do
W.Stimpwn
....do
Skin.
..do.
..da
Behring'a Strait
Fort Anderson
do
....do
aMoFariane
....do
..do.
..do.
..da
do
,1864
R.McFarIitne
....do
do
1787
Not. — , 1865
June 91, 1865
Sept. 8,1864
Ang. 1,1865
...do
....do
..da
Eaat of Fort Anderaon
...do
...do
...do
...do
..da
..da
Ufa
1389
048
635
...do
....do
...do
.. do
..da
..da
80 10
8049
do, 1
...do
....do
..da
do
...do
....do
..da
Rocky UounUins, H. a T .
Lookkurt RiTor, U. B. T ....
Jnly 90, 1809
Jnly 4,1860
Spring, 1854
J.Ixokhart
R. IIcFariane
Dr. J, Roe
J Look hart
da
5989
,1400
0333
R. MoFarlane
Dr. J.Rae
..da
..da
Andermn River, north of
Beir Lake.
R.MoFarlan«
B.lloFarhui»
..do
SCIURID^— 8PBRMOPHILUS EMPBTRA.
847
Table 'XCVf.—Litl of tpeclment txamined of Sprrmopiiilus k-mpetha var. kmpetra— Coiitiniicd.
"3
1
5 a
2-
a
3
>^
■s
■■s
3*
^
1
1
1
Locality.
When
oolleoted.
From whom re-
ceived.
Collected Uy—
c
.1
i
a
£
1
5638
6Ul
0333
6996
iS64l
iM
sew
9634
9647
9049
5648
70T0
9068
8111
sua
8114
0539
tail
0334
81 la
8110
8109
0575
6519
*tt..T
70™
6514
•6518
ion
'69M
*6591
6917
7060
•7075
7070
699}
0994
'7073
7074
•6989
•87S8
1149
...
Andenon River, uatk af
BoarLnlie.
«■
R.McFarlane ....
...do
R.MoFsrlane
.. do
... do
Skin,
.do.
do
....do
4805
6945
6946
6947
6948
6999
!«•
lug
1191
1196
1070
4
6
5
385
1177
30
1408
Orf
Orf
09
J
?
do
...do
...do
...do
... do
.do.
da
.do.
Skin Si skull.
Skin.
..do.
....do
do-
...do
do
....do
....do
FortLiatd
B.Ii.Ross
W. L. Hardesty . . .
R.McFarlane....
....do
Jnly 13, 1860
July 14, I860
Jnly 13,1860
June 98, 1869
R.MoParlnne
....do
do
do
....do
....do
..do.
....do
...do
(t)
...do
...do
do.
Fort Anderson, northwest of
Orent Dear Lak~
do
Jnne 9, 1^63
Jnne 5,1863
June 9,1883
. do
. do
do.
....do
...do
..do.
do
....do
....do
do
....do
...do
...do
da
do
....do
do
...do
...do
998
1391
1390
1900
lira
1575
1511
1938
1495
UI8
1989
1616
1936
1530
1531
1933
1539
1599
1510
1914
1939
1583
1934
1939
1517
1996
cf
J
?
?
.do
Jnne 26, 1883
Auk. °>I6^
AnR. 8,1863
Jnne 8,1861
Jnne M86I
Jnue 9,1861
Jnne 5,1861
May -.1861
Aag. 1,1861
June -, 1861
Jnly — , 1861
June — , 1861
Mny -, 1861
do
do
do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
do.
..da
do
..do
...do
do
....do
..do
FoTtYukon
U.Kcnnicott
...do
RKeonioott
..do
do
do
...do
...do
do
...do
...do
do
...do
..do
do
...do
...do
..do.
..da
do
...do
....do
do
....do .'
....do
..do.
do -. ....
do
do
do
.. do
. do
do
da
do
...do
do
Skull,
do.
do
...do
do
do
do
....do
.do
.da
....do
.do
..do.
do
...do
. do
.do.
Skin.
. .do.
Tnlcon River, nioutb of For-
onpine Rlrer, Ft. Tukon.
do
June — , 1861
Jnne— ,1861
May -, 1881
....do
...do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
..da
. ...do
900 i»llM a W. of Tnkon. ..
do
...do
...do
..do . . ..
..do.
. do
da
....do
do
..dc
do.
iTnne— ,1861
June— ,1801
Hay — , 1861
Mny -, 1861
...do
...do
...do
. ...do
....do
..da
Fort Tnkon
....do
....do
..da
..do.
do
...do
....do
.
•BIwik.
. •. ■ ' f
Wi' i : ■
iffii^
HI
i
;!
j^hH
■ ),( . . ■
.1 1
!
• ;
i
848
MONOGKAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Taule \Cy.—Liat of »ptiimens examined of AiiCTUMVS kmpetra rar. koi>iackn8I8.
1
i
s
Locality.
When
Collected.
From whom received.
Collcotnl by-
o
I
A
9398
93S9
9360
0361
9303
03C6
9367
9308
9343
Kodiak
Sept 13, 1808
Sept 13, 1868
Sept 13, 1868
Sept 13, 1868
Sept II, 1868
Sept 13, 1868
Sept 13, 1808
Sept 13, 1808
June -,1(68
F.Biuboff
F. BIscboff .. .
Ski'i.
do
do
du
do
do
do
..do
.. . do
do
do
do
do
.. do.
do
do
...do.
do
do
do
..do.
do
do
do
...do.
do
do
do
...Uo.
do
do
.. iln.
1
Table XCVI. — Lxti of tpccimcna examintd of Sfkhmopbili'h empktka rar. eiiythhoglut^us.
1
a
s
r-
a
1
i
•s
■s
1
1
i
1
1
Locality.
Wbeu
coUtcted.
From wbom received.
CoUectcd by-
"S
£
1
58n
M80
SU9
.1944
11387
6888
6c87
4600
4801
400
461
9
9
9
Head of Flat Head R
do
Kootenay Biver
do
Upper end riover Bay .
Sept 7,1860
Sept 7,1660
Jnly -, I860
July — , 1860
A.C.>mpbeU
do
do
do
CaptCM.Scaumoo
br.C.aB.Kenuerly
-do
do
do
Cnpt C. M. Scaaimon
Skin and aknll.
do.
do.
do.
Alcobolio.
SPERMOPHILUS RICHARDSONI (Sabine) Rich.
Bichard8on'8 Bpemopblle.
Van RICUARDSONI.
AriAomyi rie\ariiumi Sabink, TrauB. LIdd. Boo. xiii, 1822, 589, pi. xxviii ; Narrative Franklin'B Jonmey,
m32, ()6-2.— Haiilan, FatiD. Am. 1825, 16ti (from Sabine).— Oodman, Am. Nat. Hiat. ii, 1826,
111 (from Sabiue).— H. Smith, Oriffitb's Cuvieea Aoim. King, v, 1827, 246 ({rom Sabine).—
Waomkr, Scbreber'a SSuget. v, pi. cox, B (no text).
Arctomyt {Spermopkilut) richardtoni Riciiaiidson, Faun. Bor.-Am. i, 18S9, 164, pi. xi.
Spcrmophilui rioAardwni " F. CuviEit, Suppl. Buffon, i, Mamiii. 1831, 321 ".— Waonkr, Snppl. Scbiebet'a
Siiuget. iii, 1843, 243 (compiled).- Aui>. &. Bach. Quo4l. N. Am. i, 1813, 37?, pi. I.— Brandt,
Bull. Claaso Pbyaico-mutb. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. I'(S(erab. ii, 1844, 279.— ScuiNZ, Syn. Ham. ii,
■ "- ^ 1845, 68.— QiEBEL, SUuget. 18So, SiO (compiled).— Baikd, Mam. N. Am. 1857, 325.— Allen,
Bull. Essex Institute, ri, 1874, 61 (Wvatem Wyoming).— Ghinnell, Ludlow's Black Hills of
Dakota, 1875, 81.— CoUES, Amer. Mat. ix, 1875, 148 (biographical).
SpermophUmi riekardtjni var. riokardioHi Allen, I'roc. Boat. Boo. Nat. Hist, xvl, 1874, 292,
Var. T0WN8ENDI.
TownMDd'i Spermopblle.
Aretomyi {SparmopMtuii) gutlatiu t Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. i, 1829, 162 ; Zotil. Beeobey's Voy. Mam.
1839, 8 (banks of the Columbia, and New Caledonia, on the mouDtalns).— SCBINC, 8;n.
Mam. ii, 1845, 60 (" Rocky Mountains" 1).
SCIDBID^— 8PERMOPHILUS EICHABDSONI.
849
SpermophiUu gutlatut Oiebel, SUuget. 1U55, C34 0° port ; only the Ameiicaa references).
Spermophilut imtmteiidi BaciimjiK, Jonrn. Acnd. Nat. Sci.Pbila. viii, 1639,61 ; Towusend's Narrative, 18U9,
310.— Audubon &, Dachman, Qnod. N. Amer. iii, 1853, 286, pi. oxlvii, fig. 1.— Baird, Mam,
N. Amer. 1857, 326.— Haydkn, Trans. Amor. Phil. 8oo. Phila. xii, 1863, 145,— Mkbkiam, U. 8,
G«ol, Sarv, Terrs, Cth Ann. Bep, 1873, 664.
SptrmopkilMt Unentmdi var, bmiumdi Allex, Proo. Bost, Soo. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 293.
Spirr.u>philiit ettgam Kennicott, Proc. Acad, Nat. 8ci. Phila. 1863, 158.— Cooper, Proc, Cal. Acad. Set.
iv, 1869, 4 (Salt Lake, Utah, to Johnson's Pass, Sierra Nevadas).
SpermopUliu riehardiotii var. eUgaiu Allen, Proo. Bost. Soo. Nat Hist, xvi, 1874, 292. . g-
Sptmophiliu armatut Kennicott, Proo. Acad. Nat. 8c!. Phila. 1863, 158. ' "
v.n
Specific chars. — Length to base of tail 7.00 to 9.50; of tail-vertebrsB
2.25 to 3.51) ; of tail to end of hairs 3,50 to 4.50. General color above, yel-
lowish-brown, varying on the one hand to grayish and on the other to dubky,
with or without rather distinct small light and dark s|")ts ; sides fulvous,
varying to brownish ; beneath, grayish-white, washed faintly with fulvo is,
varying to strong rust-yellow or tawny. Tail above darker than the back,
edged with whitish ; beneath, generally brownish-yellow, with a partly con-
cealed subterininal black band. Ears small, pointed, one-sixth to one-fourth
of an inch high. Tail short, flattened, generally more or less bushy, but
sometimes quite t«rete ; nose short and broad ; general form rather thick and
stout ; pelage fine and soft. Varies in size and color with locality, becoming
smaller and darker southward, with larger ears.
Var. BICHARD80NI.
Richardson's Spermophile.
Varietal chars. — Length of iiead and body S.-'JO to 9.00, ranging from
about 8.00 to 9.50 ; of tail to end of vertebriE 3.')0 to about 3.50 ; of tail to
end of hairs 3.76 to about 460. Above, lighf ytillowish-brown, v.ii'd with
dusky, generally indistinctly mottled wiJi. pale taw ny and dusky ; sid " vjf the
body, nose, outer side of limbs, and buttocks pale lusly -yellow ; beneath, yel-
lowish-white, varying from white, faintly washed with pule fulvous, to deep
tawny ; paler on the throat and middle of the breast. Tail gray, varied with
black above, bright tawny or brownish-yellow below, with a partly concealed
bar of black near the end, edged both above and below with yellowish-white.
Ihe hairs of the sides of the tail are crossed by a single broad bar of black,
which increases in width toward the end of the tail. There is also usually
a narrow bar of black at the extreme banc of the hnirs.
A series of nearly sixty specimens of tint: variety, collected in summei
(July and August) by Dr. Coues at (litfcrent poini.-. along tiie 49lh parallel,
61 M
^.r—4-jA
850
MONOORAPns OP NORTH AMEIIIOAN RODBNTIA.
Il-l
between Pembina and tlie Rocky Mountains, shows a considerable range of
color variation. It is, however, mainly individual, tiie variation occurring at
the sauio locality, covering nearly the whole range of variation presented by
the whole series. The differences consist mainly in the distinctness of the
mottling above and in the amount of fulvous pervading the general colora-
tion. In No. 1 1956, from Frenchman's River, the general color above is gray,
the light spots being almost white ; the sides, especially posteriorly, incline
to brownish; tlie lower surface is grayish-white, with a very slight but dis-
tinct tinge of fulvous. Another (No. 11963), from the same locality, is still
whiter below, with a rather browner cast above, wholly unvaried by spotting.
Still another (No. 1 1 954), also from the same locality as the others, is decidedly
reddish-brown, more varied with dusky above, while otherwise not different
from the last. Others differ from these in being strongly fulvous beneath,
with a more yellowish cast above. These can all be nearly matched by others
from tiie Milk River series, collected some two hundred miles further west.
The specimens most strongly suffused with tawny are from the Two Forks of
Milk River and the Three Buttes, these averaging more fulvous than speci-
mens from further eastward. Nos. 11975 (Three Buttes), 11953 (Two Forks
of Milk River), and 11945 (Milk River at 49°) present a strong contrast with
the pale phase already described, the lower surface being quite bright rusty-
yellow. Between tiiese extremes there is, however, almost every conceivable
intermediate stage.
Var. TOWKSENDI.
. . , Townisend's Spermophile.
Varietal chars. — Smaller than var. richardsoni, with larger ears and
much darker coloration. Length of head and body 6 75 to 8.50; of tail to
end of vcrtebnc 2.10 to 3.50; to end of hairs 3.35 to 4.60. Above, finely
varied with yellowish-gray and black, with generally a slight wash of dark
roddish-brown along tlie middle of the back and very indistinctly mottled ;
below, grayish-white, tinged more or less with brownish-yellow. Top of the
nase, ears, outer side of the fore and hind limbs, and buttocks reddish-brown,
often in striking contrast with the general coloration ; tail mostly black above,
edged with yellowish-white. The hairs individually, especially the lateral
ones, arc barred successively with black, the outer bar being very broad and
edged with yellowish-white.
This variety is also represented by a large suite of specimens from a con-
SCIURID^— SPERMOPHILU8 RICHARDSONI.
851
siderable number of localities, through which its complete intergradation
with the larger, paler, and more fulvous form of the north is clearly shown.
In its extreme phase, var. townsendi is widely different in color from var.
ricliardsoni, yet the extreme phases of differentiation are intimately and insep-
arably connected. There is, likewise, a wide range of individual variation, as
shown by the Camp Carling and Fort Bridger series, not only in respect to
coloration, but in the size of the ears and the length of the tail, as is also the
case in \&r.richardioni.
In No. 3378, from Fort Bridger, the general color above is decidedly
blackish, varied with pale yellowish-brown. No. 3374 is less black, and is
strongly washed with pale reddish-brown. No. 3370 is more grayish, but
still largely varied with black and more faintly washed with pale reddish-
brown. The darkest phase represents the S. armatus of Kennicott, while
the lighter is his S. elegans, as shown by his types. Others, from the same
localities as the- above, showing a tendency to small indistinct quadrate spots,
are his S. tmonsendi. Between these is every possible shade of intergradation.
With the greater duskiness of the general color of the dorsal surface, the
prevailing color of the tail is black, both above and below. There is gener-
ally a distinct basal bar of black in addition to the broad outer one, which, in
the northern form, is but faintly indicated. The darkest specimen is one from
Soda Springs, Oreg., which is nearly black above, profusely and finely mottled
with yellowish-gray. The tail is dark ochrey-biown and black, edged with
whitish-gray. The skull is not different in size or otiier characters from
average adult examples from other localities fui-ther eastward.
In both this variety and var. richardsoni, the tail-vertebrae alone vary fully
an inch in length. In the table of measurements, the northern form appears
to have much the longer tail ; but the series of over sixty specimens of var.
ric}Mrdsoni shows that in the average there is no material difference in respect
to this character in the two forms. Many of the northern specimens have
tails as short as any of the southern examples, while some of the southern
snecimens have tails as long as the longest northern-tailed examples. A part
of the apparent difference in resj)ect to the length of the tail as given in the
tables is perhaps due to different methods of measurement.
GENERAL REMARKS RESPECTINO SPERMOPHILUS BICIIARD80M AND ITS VARIETIES.
Differential cuABAcrEBS and affinities. — Spermophilus richardsoni
approaches quite nearly in size to S. franklini, but, in color, proportions, and
852
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
!' i
- i-.ii I
.1 ' .■
»ii :>' i ■
i- riti
texture of the pelage, the two nre entirely distinct, and, ns respects the form
of the skull, arc almost at the opposite extremes of the genus. In coloration,
S. richardsoni, as represented in some phases of var. tmonsendi, makes a close
approach to 8. mollis, so that half-grown specimens of the former, in a bad
state of preservation, might be distinguished with difficulty from S. mollis.
The two species arc, however (as will be shown later), radically different.
S. richardsoni hence has no very intimately allied American affine. Its rela-
tionship to some of the Spermophiles of the Old World seems to be somewhat
closer than to any American species. The coloration of the mottled phase of
var. townsendi somewhat resembles that of S. guttatus, to which it was referred
by Richardson and subsequently by other authors, on the ground of Richard-
son's description. Audubon and Bachman state Ihut they compared a speci-
men of their S. townsendi with specimens of 8. guttatus in the Berlin
Museum, and found that though there was "a general resemblance" between
them, they were "scarcely more alike than the Red Squirrel of Europe
{Sciurus vulgaris) and the Red Squirrel of America (Sciurus hudsonius)''.
They add : — " They may be distinguished from each other at a glance by
tlie large rounded spots on the back of the Russian aniir.al, compared with
tlic white and irregular specks in the American species." Two examples of
S. guttatus now before me seem to fully bear out this latter statement.
S. richardsoni presents a wide range of geographical variation, but can
be only rather arbitrarily subdivided into geographical races or subspecies.
Northern specimens are not only considerably larger than southern ones, l)ut
are much more fulvous, with a minimum amount of black, and smaller cars.
The southern form, as contrasted with the northern, is not only smaller, but
the fulvous suffusion of the northern type is replaced by a reddish- or ochrey-
brown tint, ivnd there is a great accession of black above, and especially in
the tail. Tiiis form is developed in its most strongly differentiated phase in
the region where also occurs the richardsoni type of Sciurus hudsonius, a
reddish-brown phase of lamias asiaticus, and the smaller dark phase of
Spermophilus empetra.
The Pembina specimens, ns well as all of those collected thence west-
ward to the Rocky Mountains, agree perfectly with Sabine's and Richardson's
descriptions of 8, richardsoni, based on specimens from localities much fur-
ther north. The specimens from along the forty-ninth parallel are the palest
of any before me ; others, however, from Fort Ellis, Montana, and from
1i-
! 1* W ,
SClUlUDiE— SPEBMOPHILUS BICHARDSONI.
853
Central Dakota, are quite similar, but are rather more strongly colored.
These lead into the Camp Carling series and those from the North Platte
(vicinity of the Medicine Bow Mountains), which are considerably darker,
but among which are specimens almost undistinguishable from the more
northern type. In the Camp Catling and Wind River Mountain specimens,
the black annulations in the hairs of the upper surface begin to increase in
extent, with a larger proportion of hairs wholly black, and a somewhat
stronger wash of rufous over the middle of the back, while the fulvous tint
of the sides becomes also more brownish. In the Fort Bridger specimens,
the ear becomes still further enlarged ; the black tips of the hairs are still
longer and more conspicuous, in extreme examples (as Nos. 3372 and 3378)
giving a strongly blackish cast to the whole dorsal surface ; the lighter annu-
lations become correspondingly narrower, and constitute merely a fine gray
mottling. In other specimens, there is a nearly equal admixture of the dark
and light sliades, resulting in a uniform finely grizzled tint (as in No. 3320),
with a faint wash of pale rufous, varying in some specimens to dull chestnut.
In t'lis phase {S. '^armatus" Kennicott), the hairs of the dorsal surface are
black at the base, then crossed hy a broad bar of whitish, succeeded by
another of pale rufous, extending nearly to the tips, which are shining black.
The light subterminal bar varies from gray on the head, over the shoulders,
and on the sides to pale rufous on the middle of the back. The nose and
buttocks are usually strongly rufous. In var. richardsoni, there is a much
broader subbasal zone of white, occupying generally two-thirds of the length
of the hair; the dark rings are not so black, and the fulvous tipping is much
paler.
Synonymy and nomenclature. — Spermophiliis richardsoni was first de-
scribed and figured by Sabine, in 1822, from a specimen collected at Carlton
House. Richardson gave a more detailed account of it in 1829. It was also
described by Wagner, Audubon and Bachman, Baird, and others, who added,
however, little to its history. Dr. Coues, in 187.5, published an excellent
account of its habits, and contributed much to our knowledge of its distribu-
tion. These descriptions, as well as various compiled accounts, relate almost
wholly to the northern form, above characterized as var. richardsoni. Rich-
ardson, however, as early as 1829, in the Fauna Boreali-Americana, described
what is here recognized as var. lowmendi, he referring it doubtfully to tiie
guttatus of Pallas and Temminck, which is an allied species of Siberia.
IP
' '' ili
i'lViji
m '4
%j
;5l
pi '
'"'■/• t
fei-
■ ■ •:
■:!; ' M
854
»IONOGRAPH8 OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Richardson's "Arciomys (Spermophilus) gutfatus?" was based on specimens
from tlie western slope of the Rocky Mountains, ol)taineH by Mr. Douglass.
As late as 1839, he had not satisfied liiniself of its distinctness from the Old
World S. guttatus, at which date he referred to it its inhabiting the " banks
of the Columbia and New Caledonia, on the mountains".* In 1839, Bach-
man described his Spcrynophilus toionsendi from specimens obtained "near
Walla- Walla" in Oregon, by Mr. Townsend, Bachman at this time regarding
it as distinct from both S. richardsoni and Richardson's guttatus. In 1853,
however, he considered it as identical with the guttatus of Richardson,
which he had satisfied himself was distinct from the Siberian guttatus
of Pallas and Temminck. 8. toicmendi was redescribed by Baird in
1857, from one of Bachman's specimens, under the same name. In 1868,
Mr. Drexler collected a suite of some thirty specimens in the vicinity of
Fort Bridger, Utah. These Mr. Robert Kennicott later referred in part
to S. townsendi and in part to !iis S. elegans and S. armatus, descrilied by
him as new species in 18G3. Since this date, a large number of specimens
have been brought in by diflerent collectors from various localities in Wyo-
ming, Montana, and Diikota, which serve to throw much light upon the rela-
tionship of these several supposed species, and show beyond question that
all are specifically referable to S. richardsoni, though differing, as already
shown, quite widely from the northern type of this animal, as described l)y
Sabine and Richardson. As already detailed, S. richardsoni, as represented
in the United States, within and to the westward of the Rocky Mountains,
is smaller, much darker colored, and otherwise different from the S. richard-
soni of Sabine. The abundant material now at command (embracing nearly
one hundred and fifty specimens) shows also a wide ra,nge of individual vari-
ation, and that the S. ^^elegam", S. "armatus'', and S. *^ townsendi" refer
respectively merely to the light, dark, and mottled phases of one and the
same animal, all of which occur at the same locality. Three years since, I
was myself led by immature specimens from near the original locality of S.
tmcnscndi to confound S. townsendi with the smaller and entirely distinct
8. moUis.f
* Zool. of IJtechcy'ii Voy. p. 7.
I Tbat Baclinian'H S. toicnuendi in not tliu 5. molUn of Kennicott iH ovident from its large Bizo, Uucb-
niuu givinj; the length of kis S. towntendi as H.T5, oxuluHive of the tail. I have recently received from
Captain Cburles Beudiro a specimen of u SpcruiopUile, from nenr Camp Harney, that agrees in size and
coloration with Uacbman's S. toinitrndi. The corresponding ineasurenienls of two specimens of Rich-
ardson's " gMlttttm t " are 8.!i0 and i>M. These antboni hot h refer to the very small size of the ear in their
SOIDRID^-SPBBMOPDILUS RICOAllDSONI.
855
Geogkahiical DI8TKIBUTION. — Tlic exact limits of the range of S. rich-
ardsoni still remain unknown. Richardson gives its range as not extending
beyond latitude 55°,* andas being a common inhabitant of the plains between
the north and south branches of the Saskatchewan River. Along the forty-
ninth parallel, it occurs, according to Dr. Coues, abundantly as far eastward as
the Pembina Mountains,f and is common thence westward to the Rocky
Mountains. It occurs southward along the James River to its sources, and
probably throughout the more northern portions of the Territories to the
westward. t There are numerous specimens in the National Museum from
various localities in Western Montana, Western Wyoming, Northern Utah,
and Eastern Oregon. It is also reported by Richardson from the western
slope of the Rocky Mountains north of the forty-ninth parallel. The most
southern localities represented are the Laramie Plains and the Medicine Bow
Mountains.
Var. richm koni is quite typically represented for some distance south of
the forty-ninth parallel, in Dakota and Montana; but more to the southward
and westward, including Southern Montana, Western Wyoming, and thence
westward, it gives place to var. totcttsendi.
examples, ao apiiarent objection to referring theBe names to any form of & richardtoni ; bat I find in
many of the speoimena of var. riduirdtoni tliat the ear is so sbrivelled and rolled down as to appear to be
merely a thiokened rim rather than s distinct anriclo ; yet, in other respects, tlie specimens ore not dif-
ferent from those in whioh the ear is prominent. The specimens having the ears closely rolled woald be
nutarally described as having the oar obsolete.
* His reference in Franlilin's Jonrney (p. 662) to its occnrrence on the "shores of the Arctic Sea"
he afterward states to be incorrect.— (iViiina Ilor.-Amer. vol. i, p. 165.)
i Professor Baird refers to a" very imperfevt skin of a Spormophile " obtained " on an island in
the Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan", which he says "approaches very closely to this species", bat adds that
the specimen is not in a condition to admit of a satisfactory description. Its claws are referred to as being
more Scinrinc in character than those of 5. richardtoni. An examination of this very poorly i>reserved
and imperfect specimen satisfies me that it is referable to Scitinit hmboHtuB. It presents, however,
an abnormal condition of pelage.
t Referring to the distribution of this species near the Jbrty-ninth parallel, l)r. Cones observes: —
"Speaking generally, they extend from the Red River of the North westward to the Rocky Mountains.
Baird [see preceding foot-noto] speaks of their occurrence in Michigan ; but I have never seen any in
Minnesota, nor indeed in the immediate valley of the Red River, even on the Dakota side. There the
genns is represented by Spermophiltufranklini and S. trideoemlinetttut. But they appear in abundance Just
oa soon as, in passing westward, we cross the low range of the Pembina Munntains, and strike perfect
prairie, characterized jy the presence of snch birds as Spragne's Lark, and Baird's and the Chestnut-
collared Bantings. From this point they stretch clear away to the Rocky Monntains, subsiding only
among the foot-hills of the main range, where the Pocket Qophers (species of Thomomyi) begin to claim
the soil : but a day's march, indeed, from the rocky haunts of the Little Chief Ilare {Lagomj/i priiicept).
The region of the Milk River and its tributaries, most of which, as well as the river itself, cross 49", is
their centre of abundance." — {Amer. Xat. vol. ix, 1675, pp. 149, ICO.) ,
IL^ , I
;:■ ' "I'
U\ imr
^:H
(if.;' il.
':■!
Sliilfir
i'f ^
Ml
806
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERIOAN RODENTIA.
Taulb XUVII. — MeatureMenU 0/ tixttm tpcclmentof Spbrmophilus niCHAnDsoNi tar. niciiAnDaoM.
119M
II9S!)
1I9M
IIMO
iimc
lll)6!I
iigw
IIS9S
iissg
11599
ISM
1IS98
11337
ItS30
1IS31
11S33
4.103
4106
43J5
4374
43«i
Ixicalitr.
i.'.l.'i.'
FroQchuaD'fl River, Hoot Ter .
do
do
Near inoulh of Milk Rlrer, Moat. Ter.
Threo Bottea, Mont Ter
do
do
Tuitle UonnUlD, Dak. Ter
3i milea eait ot Turtle Mountain
do
do.
75 miles vest of Pembina Monntaina. .
do
do
La RiTlire Lac, Dak. Tor
From Up of mwe co—
0.80
0.75
aeo
0.00
0.75
0.05
0.75
0.00
a78
0.60
aw
0.80
0.95
0.W
o.eo
1.75
1.70
i.eo
1.75
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.70
1.70
1.75
1.00
1.00
1.70
l.-O
ilSS
11.10
a 70
2.10
3.90
9.19
a. 90
3.10
3.00
3.00
9.00
1.85
3.10
9.00
l.CO
9.00
7.00
8.50
8.95
8.35
8.50
9. 00
9. 00
7.S5
7.75
aoo
7.75
9.50
9.00
a 35
9.00
Tail to end
or-
I
>
3.75
3.00
3..'0
3.50
3.00
3.00
aso
4.00
3.75
135
3.50
3.50
3.00
3.50
100
3.50
4.95
S.75
3.75
3.75
4.00
3.95
3. .VI
5.00
4.75
4.35
4.50
4.35
4.50
4.50
4.00
4.50
Lenglb of—
1.90
l.SO
1.90
1.15
1.90
1.90
1.25
11.90
1.15
1.30
1.30
1.97
1.30
1.38
1.30
L27
1.80
1.-0
1.60
LSO
1.75
1.7J
1.75
11.70
1.75
1.65
1.6S
1.59
1.83
1.65
1.60
1.53
0.15
0.13
0.14
0.13
a 90
0.13
0.19
a 15
0.17
Freah.
. do.
...do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..da
..do.
...do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
...do.
..do.
.do.
* The meaaaromeots of the ear were taken ttma the aklniL
tTaken ft-om the akin.
Table XCVIII. — Meaturemenlt of eight tpccimeni of Spebmopuilus RicnAKDSONi var, townbkkdi.
1
lAoallty.
From tip of noee to—
Tall to end
of-
Leofith of-
1^
Remarks.
1
i
4i
$.
•
i
h
1
1 75
t_
7 35
1
1
1
n
if
a
1
59S7
FortBridger
9
<f
0 78
1 39
8.50
3.57
1 00
1 so
0 34
Aloohollfl.
"AebiaiM."
....do.
5*51
do
aeo
1.43
1.68
7.35
8.35
3.40
1.05
1.53
0.30
...do
5*53
do
d
a 75
1.39
1.65
7.00
8.30
3.35
1.05
l.t.3
a 80
...do
.. do.
505S
do
a
a 79
1.35
1.75
6.70
3.10
a 97
1.55
a 34
....do
....do.
9a59
S9S8
do
do
9
a 61
a 75
1.40
l.SO
1.65
1.78
6 75
7.50
3.50
8.30
a 39
a 80
...do
... do.
3.35
1.0".
1.60
...do
"AaniMllu."
5959
do
9
a8o
1.00
ft 10
8.35
3.35
3.50
1.10
I. GO
a 95
...do
...do.
5960
do
9
ae3
1.50
1.M
7.80
9lIS
1.05
l..-i8
ass
....do
...do.
7
M I
Il ^ I'l #5
H\ )
'§■'
SCIUlilD^— SPUBMOPniLUa RICUAKD80NI AND VAUS.
857
TaUI.k XCIX.— jy«iaurnjirnfa of nico at'ut/a of Bpkrmupiiiluh hiciiaiidsoni rar. iiiciiaiiD8()m,
1
i
Loonllly.
i
a
*
s
.d
A
s
S
g e
t
i
l|
.11
1
l|
to"
0.40
!
*
1
1
i
1
'A
1
1
'A
|l
p.
1
p
to
■a,
1.08
•a.
!
0.48
06M
Sonne or Junta B..
1.15
1. !0
0.4U
o.co
0.13
0.53
0.05
0.38
0.13
M31
int
....
l.fO
1.13
0.43
o.co
0.18
0 30
0.93
0.30
0.17
0.43
1.10
0.50
OCN
do
1.8:1
1.15
0.41
o.eo
0.31
0.38
0.18
1.10
3308
73 mllea west of
rf
1.00
1.S7
0.40
0.C7
0.30
0.33
0.37
1.00
0 85
0.19
0.48
1.10
0.53
Fambina Mta.
3310
do
9
1.78
0.40
0.63
0.17
0.30
0.31
0.07
0 45
1.08
0.49
arm
La RlTl6ro Lao
1.78
1.17
0.40
0.63
O.iO
0.38
0.30
0.98
0.37
0 18
0.40
1.06
0.55
3343
3311
Turtle Mt
l.M
l.tjS
0.37
0.36
0.67
0.09
0.17
0.30
0.33
1.03
0.30
0.30
0.43
I.IS
1.08
0.50
0 49
fiS milea eaatoFTur-
UeMt.
31 ta
do
d
1.76
....
...
0.60
0.18
0.51
0.95
1.05
0.,'i»
Table C. — Utanrmumii of iUrlcm tkulh of Spermopbilus riciiabdsoni rar. townsendi.
1
-
i
3
1
1
0
s .
11
J
i
1?.
S
t
a
Locality.
J
A
1
1
i
1
5
1
1
5
i
1
1
i
1
tl
II
tl
1
i
II
If
1
A
1
i
K
3
4l
S
f
0
in
\^
fi
to
to
to
to
t>
►>
4814
FortBridger.DUh
1.65
1.05
0.38
0.53
0.16
0.30
0.41
O.M
0.30
0.15
a38
aos
a48
aasB
470*
9
do
1.85
1.30
a46
0.70
a 17
0.36
055
0.05
0.38
0.30
a40
1.14
a 48
47»7
4794
4808
4800
•13357
...do
1.85
1.18
0.45
a40
a38
1.15
1.03
O.SS
.. do
0.48
0.30
0.54
0.57
0.80
0.97
0.96
1.03
do
....do
<f
0.70
0.«6
0.65
0.18
0.W
1.80
1.33
0.40
ass
1.18
1.06
0.58
0.55
Pleaa.int Talley, Ctab . . .
....
1.88
0.16
aso
0.30
0.17
0.34
13M0
Teton CanoD.UUta
1.80
1.16
0.40
0.61
0.15
0.38
0.48
0.98
0.33
0.17
0.37
1.07
0.61
fl399S
do
1.68
1 06
a40
a 45
0.M
0.33
0.30
0.40
1.00
0.43
3304
Dridi^'aFaaa, Rooky MU
North Platte. Wyo. Ter . . .
Medicine Bow Ifonutalna
1.65
1 10
0 36
0.46
0.03
0.36
0.80
0.40
1.03
0.46
41M
4197
d
0.63
0.16
0.30
0.43
1.05
0.47
l.6«
1.14
0.38
a 57
b4S
0.31
0.15
0.43
• Very old.
tQatteyoanff.
Ill [h
i'l ;!
:'':i;
i'M
■ lirt
ir
858
MONOGKAPHB or NOltTU AMEIUOAN KOUENTIA.
Taiilk 01. — Li«( of tpnimmt rxamined of Si-khmopiiilus riciiardsoni var. RicHARMOiti,
11005
I IU4.'i
I loco
llOtll
11048
llOM
11043
110S5
11054
1105S
11057
iioeo
11059
iio.>e
uuea
11040
iio5a
11040
UOAT
110114
IISJT
11530
11531
11524
Its. -9
USJ8
11595
I15';!fl
115X1
11070
IIO'IO
11041
11068
IhKJO
IliKW
WJKi
iioeo
11077
llOtlH
11051
11073
11071
11040
11076
11074
11078
11937
11039
11013
11047
11044
4W9
4W4
4S83
4U7
4358
4'Be
4335
4301
4303
4303
4174
4306
4303
4175
4178
4305
4313
4304
4106
4098
3308
3309
3310
3311
3313
3313
3345
3397
1749
4313
4336
4407
4430
4418
4408
4374
4400
4431
4430
4375
4301
4416
4410
4333
4336
4419
4411
4300
4409
4417
4413
Luoality.
Milk Rinr, >( 40°, Mont
.... do
ilo
T<ra Vorkt, Milk niver.MoDt
do
do
do
FrenchOAD'a lUver, Mpnt
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Near inonth of Milk River. . . .
Wolf River.Mont
Chief MooDUiD, 49° N
75 mile* west of PembioA MU
do
do
35 miles caat of Turtle Mt. . ..
do
Turtle MounUin, Dak
do
L*Rivi6n<LacDak
Three Bntle^ Mont
.do.
..do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do
..do.
..do.
.do.
do.
..do.
..do.
.do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
.do.
..do.
.do.
When
collectML
July 95, 1814
July 8.1, 1874
July », 1874
July 31, 1874
July 91, 1814
July 15, 1874
July 15,1814
July 13, 1 874
July 10, 1814
July 10, 1814
July 8,1874
July 10, lb14
July 10, 1814
July 8,1814
July 9,1814
July 10, 1814
July 10, 1814
July 10, 1874
June 30, 1874
July 9«<, 1874
Auk. 38, 1814
July 11,1873
July 17, 1813
July 11,1871
July 18, 1813
July 18, 1813
July 18, 1873
July 99, 1813
July 33, 1813
g«pt. 13, 1813
Aug. 19, 1814
Aug. e,iei4
Aug. 13, 1314
Aug. 19, 1814
Aug. 19.1814
Aug. 13,1814
Aug. 9,1814
Aug. 13, 1814
Aug.l3,in4
Aug. 19, 1814
Aug. 9,1814
Aug. 10, 1814
Aug. 19, 1814
Aug. 19, 1814
Aug. (1,1814
Aug. 8,1814
Aug. 19, 1814
Aug. 19, 1814
Aug. 10, 1814
Aug. 13; 1814
Aug. 13, 1814
Aug. 13, 1814
From whom ro-
oul^ e4t
A. Campbell.
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
...do
....do
... do
...do .
..do
...do
...do
....ilo
...do....;..
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do
....do
...do
...do
... do
...do
...do
....do
...do
....do
...do
....do
..do
...do
...do
...do
.. do
...do
...do
... do
Collecled by —
r. KCooea..
.do
do
do
..do ,
do
..do
• do
do
do
do
. do
• do
do
.do
..do
..do
..do
. do
. do
.do
..do
..do
..do
do.
. do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
. do.
..do.
.do.
..do .
..do
..do.
..do.
.do.
..do.
..do.
.do.
. do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..d.i.
do.
..do.
S4
SklD.
..da
...do.
..do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
do.
..do.
...do.
...do,
.-.do.
do.
.do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
..do.
Skin and aknll.
do.
. do.
...do.
.. do.
..do.
...dn.
Skin.
..do.
...da
.. da
...do.
..da
..da
..da
...do.
...da
..da
..do.
..da
..da
..da
..da
..da
..da
..da
.do.
..da
SCIURID^— SPEUMOPUILUS KICUAKDSONI AND VAUS. 859
Taiilr CI.— Lilt 0/ tpecbittnt txamiHtd •>,' rirKRMOPliiLUs hiciiardhoni ran hiuiiaiiiiboni— Continiicd.
■a
1
1
B
i.
.3
•a
V
(631
mm
0633
1
a
a
n
4413
4414
38S
383
388
38a
i
1
1
9
0
Loullty.
Wlwn
oolluoUid.
From whom ro-
coIvlhI.
Colloolod by-
a
{
4M
"g
1
11090
11117,1
M«3
Ma
am
B49II
Thrw nuttca, Mont
Aun, 13, 1874
Aug. 13, 1874
July 3e, \mi
July 96, 1809
July 37, 1869
July 91, 1809
A.Ckmpboll...
..do
Oenoral Sally ...
....do
...do
...do
Dr. B. Conn..
...ilo
Min.
.. do.
to
BonroM of tbn JwnM R., D>k
do
8.M.Kothliamnwr
.. do
Hkinniidikull.
. do
1)0
...do
. do.
do
...do
8kln.
Tablb Clt.—Liit of upeeimeiu examined tf SpxiiMoruiLtJS RicilARDiiONi var, townsrndi.
3*
9791
9318
3775
3368
3300
337'J
3373
3379
3380
3300
3303
3304
3300
3367
33:0
3373
3370
3378
3381
4231
9097
9091
0033
9093
9994
3095
5050
9a3T
9998
9060
III04
11109
11116
11119
9834
12
480^
4800
13390
13900
Uxwllty.
Walla- WnllmOreg...
Boda SprlojEM, Orog . .
Camp Floyd, UUIiT.
Fort Bridgtr, Utah T.
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
.... do
do
do
Teton CaOun
do
do
Henry's Fork
PleaMUt Valley, UtHh
When
oollwted.
Aug. S3, 1876
Mar. 0,1890
Apr. 11, 1898
Apr. 11, 1858
Apr. 11, 1898
Apr. 11,1898
Apr. 17, 1898
Apr. 14, 1898
, 1898
June 99, 1868
.Inne 10, 1808
May 9,1868
May 36, 1868
Apr. 11. 1808
Apr. 1,1, 1808
Apr. 3,1868
May 10, 1868
(hit. 90,1868
July 99,1873
Au|i. 1,187'.'
Aug. 1,18-3
Ang. 0,1(73
June 30, 1871
From whom recolrwl.
0. a Bi. Bxped ....
Capt Chaa. Beudlre
Capt J. H, Slmpwn
W.M^F.Mograw...
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
, do
do
do
do
do
do
, do
do
do
do
do
do
do ,
do
, do
Dr. F. V. nayden...
.... do
do
do
do
Collected by-
T.K.Peele
Capt Cluia. Bendlre
C. 8. McCarthy
C.Drexler
do
... .do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do....
do
do
do
do
do
, do
do
do
do
do
do
C. n. Merrlam
do
do
do
F.J, Hu»o
Skin.
Skin and skull.
Skin.
Sklu and skull.
Bkln.
Skin and skull.
Skin.
Skin and skull.
Skill.
Skin and skull.
...do.
Skin.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
Skiu and sknll.
Alcoholip.
...do,
...do.
..da
.. <lo.
...do.
...do.
...do.
..do.
.do.
Skin and skull.
...do.
Skin.
...do.
...do.
iki
• -"i
S(;o
MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTH AMERICAN BODENTIA.
Taulr CII. — Littof tpeciment examined of BrEitMOPiiii.ri^ iuciiaiidsoni var, towksendi — Continned.
■s
1
a
a
a
6
& .
.2 .2
a
a
a
u^
1°
|l
13357
4814
J
a
3
•3
t
1
M
Locality.
When
collcotod.
From whom received.
Collected by—
S
9830
4!»8
4883
4893
4889
4901
4986
9836
0640
9641
•"143
9043
now
3043
4003
iOM
4293
3073
;o:4
3078
30-7
7014
3070
4328
3881
38«
4»7
0831
9Kin
0838
9e:i3
83
48
84
87
S
39
94
38
89
3
riouuit V'alloy, Dull
WindlUrerUsnnUlns
do
dn
Dr.K.V.nayden....
do
F. J. Hnao
Skin and akull.
Skin.
...do.
do
Dr. F.V.Hayden....
do
do
June 1,1860
June 4,1860
Juni' 4,1860
June 1. 1860
May 31, 1860
Juno— ,1860
do
do
do
do
do
do
Camp Carline, Mont T
do
do
.do
do
do
do
.... do
do
...do.
de
do
do
do
W.T.Sotamldt
...do.
...do.
do
do
do
do
do
do.
do
... do
do
do.
do
... do
do
..do.
...do.
do.
Bridger'a PnM
July 98, 1837
Dr.W. A. Hammond
W.M.r.Magraw..
do . ...
Dr.W. A. Hammond.
C. Di^xler
do . .
....do
Skin and aknll.
Skin.
Skin and Ik nlL
...do.
do
Gov. 1. 1. Steven!.. .
LtF. T.Bryan
do
... do
Dr. Geo. Buckley....
W.a Wood
3306
3.T08
3307
3304
343
333
Medicine Bow MU....
North riatte, Wyo. T
..do
Jnly 94, 1837
Jnly 98, 1857
do
.... do
364
303
3?3
374
Bridf^er'a Piiaa
...do
July 30, 1657
do
do
Skin.
Skull.
Skin.
...do.
.do.
.... do ,..
....do
Medicine Bo vMta....
NortbPlatte, Wyo. T.
Head of Twenty-flve-
Mile River, Nebr.
Jnly 95, 1857
Aug. 3.1837
July 1,1860
do
do
do
J.H.Crook
OaT.I.LStaTena....
. ...do
do
J.H. Crook
9
Dr.Oeo. Saokley....
....do
...do.
do.
.... do
13837
04
17
IS
10
11
SmitVa Fork, Mont T
Fortl?III^Mont.T....
do
iO mllea anntli of Vir.
giiil8Cll.v, MontT.
60 mlloB south nf Vir-
ginia City, Mont T.
Jnly 7,1860
July 11,1860
July 11,1871
July 1,1871
July 1,1871
Dr. F.V.Hayden...
do
do
do
Dr. F.V.Hayden....
F. J.Hnae
...do.
do.
do
.. ..do
Skin and aknU.
Skin.
...do.
do
do
SPERMOPHILUS MOLLIS Kennicot^.
Sliort-lailcd Speryiopblle.
Spermophiliig moltin Kennicott, Troc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Pbila. 18G3, 1!?!'.
SpermojMlm lowmendi var. ffli>/(iit Ali.kn, Proc. Boat. Quo. Nat. Iliat. xvi, 11^4, 293.
Specific chars. — Length to base of tail 6.00 to 6.50; of tail to pnd of
vertebrae about 1.75 ; to end of hairs about 2.50. Above, finely variegated
pale yellowish-brown and dusky ; lower parts gray, washed with pale creamy-
yellow. Eyelids yellowish-white ; sides of face and neck yellowisli-brown ;
tail above, like the back, edged with whitish, and with a very indistinct dusky
sciURiDJB— sp::hmophilu8 mollis.
mil
subterminal band ; tail below brownish-yellow, edged with whitish. Ears
nearly obsolete ; muzzle much compressed ; tail very short, flattened. Pelage
very soft and furry.
In coloration, this species somewhat resembles S. itpitosoma, but shows
no tendency to spotting. Tt differs from it also in its tine, soft, instead of
coarse, harsh pelage, in having a very much shorter and more flattened tail,
and in being rather smaller. The muzzle is also much narrower, and the
auditory bullte are much less inflated. The anterior half of the dorsal surface
in S. mollis is uniform yellowish-brown, faintly varied with gray and dusky,
with no tendency to differentiation into spots ; more posteriorly, the dorsal
surface tends to a mottled appearance, but the light spots are very small and
indistinct. In coloration, 8. mollis approaches very closely to some phases of
8. richardsoni var. townsendi, particularly as seen in the types of Mr. Kenni-
cott's S. "elegnns", but it is on the whole more yellowish, especially over the
shoulders; it lacks also the brownish nose-patch, and the tendency to differ-
entiation into spots is less marked. It differs further from var. townsendi in
being nearly one-half smaller, in having smaller ears, a narrower and less
bushy tail, and in its strongly compressed muzzle. There are also well-
marked cranial differences aside from those resulting from size. Full-grown
skulls of iS. Tnollis give a length of only 1.45 against a length, in correspond-
ing skulls of var. townsendi, of 1.85 ; width of the former 095 ; of the latter
1.20. The skulls of S. mollis have a relatively much greater interorbital
breadtii, while the facial portion of the skull is relatively much the narrower,
with narrower and longer nasals. The zygomatic arches are al§o much less
expanded posteriorly, giving to the skull quite a different lateral outline.
This form appears to have been first describe<l (as above indicated) by
Mr. Kennicott, in 18G3, from specimens collected at Camp Floyd, Utah, and
other neighboring ' ."alities. Other specimens have since been obtained in
Nevada and Uta'i. Itb act geographical range remains unknown. It is
evidently a species very distii. ^t from its nearest allies, though it strongly
resembles in coloration some phase of 8. richardsoni var. townsendi, from
young examples of which, as represented hy badly prepared skins, it is not
readily distinguishable. In my preliminary notice of these forms, I provis-
ionally referred jS. mollis to S. townsendi, but a re-examination of the subject,
aided by additional material, has shown this reference to be erroneous.
P"; jiXi
I :K ->:■
\%'
!t If
r. 1 ii
:/^
illii
i
i ;
1
i
I
IN'
862
MONOGRAPHS OP NOKTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
'*'.' Taiilk cut. — ifeasanmeiitt of fmr ipedmrntof SpunMOpniLUS mollis.
4193
4WS
49S3
Localltf.
Spolcane Flatos ....
do ,
do
Rocky MouDtAioa. .
From tip of noM U*-
m
0.38
0.70
0.60
0.S3
1.90
1.30
1. IS
1.19
1.43
i.sa
1.40
1.43
,M0
(ISO
4.90
6.10
Tall to end
of-
1.19
l.«
0.99
1.80
1.69
S.10
LOO
il.93
Leogtb of—
0.T3
O.TI
O.TJ
0.79
H
n
1.73
LIO
LIU
L90
0.10
a 10
0.10
0.07
Alcoholic.
....do.
...do.
... do.
Tahlk ClV.—Metuurementi of too tkulU of SPBiiMOPniLUS mollis.
.-_■• ., 1 ;:, , ,.;
p
%
la
1
1
i|
i
1
1
1<
i
1
1
c
II
i
.d
J,
1
LooaUty.
M
&
1
1
5
1
I
1
g
s
Si
i
1
1
1
1
11
1^
|2
1
w
a
1
il
II
a
!
1
1
o
ik
H
O
a
f\
>s
»!!
b
(3
&
u
t>
495-)
9
L45
0.03
0.33
0.33
0.13
0.96
0.44
0.80
0.99
0.14
0.30
0.91
0.40
479d
L49
0.M
0.31
0.30
0.44
0.77
0.33
0.90
T.tDLK CV.— £i«t of tpecimeHt-aamiiud of Spermopiiilus mollis.
o
1
a
a
h
1^'
.
3
9
a
= =
1^
i
■s
!
1
1
?
?
LooAllty.
Wben
oollcoted.
Froin whom rfoelvcd.
Collected by—
d
■s
1
7i
3Tn
3773
3893
9399
4059
4033
11134
4799
4793
3040
4798
3043
161
139
71
Caiiip Floyd, UUh ....
do
Mar. 18, 1839
Mar. 9,18.19
May 9,1830
June -,1808
Capt J. U. SlmpaoD
do
C.8.McCorthy
do
Skin and aknll.
Skin.
..do.
...do.
Goabflot MoaDtaina...
Caraon Deaort., Ner - . .
do
Clarence King
do
It. Ridgway
Skin and rtull.
Aloobolic.
Shin.
Alcoholic.
...do.
. ..do
«
Itoaa'a Fi.rli, Idaho Ter
RinyaltwatniD Depot.
Sept 3,1879
Dr. F. V. Hayden . . .
A. Campbell
do
C.N.Merriam
Dr. C. B. R. Keunerly
do
do
do
do
... do.
k
SOIURID^-SPERMOPHILUS TERETICAUDUS.
863
SPERMOPIIILUS TERETICAUDUS Baird.
Fort Tama Spermophlle.
SpermopUtiu leretlcaudut Baikd, Mam. N. Amer. IST)?, 315; U. S. and Mex. Boimd. Survey, ii, pt. ii, 1859,
3-^, pi. vii, 6g. 2, head and feet ; pi. xxii, Hg. 4, Hkull.— Ai.len, Froc. Dost. 8bc. Nat. Hint,
xvi, 1874, '291.
Specific ciiabs. — Length of head and body about COO ; of tail to end
of vertebrae 3.60 to 4.40 ; to end of hairs about 4.75. Above, finely varied
with yellowish-brown and gray, without distinct spots ; beneath, pale brown-
ish-white. Tail above, concolor with the back, with indistinct annulations,
and a faint, subterniinal, dusky bar; color below like that of the ventral
surface of the body. Ears very small, nearly obsolete. Tail slender, not
appreciably flattened, the vertebrse alone rather more than half the length
of the head and body. Soles and muzzle densely pilose. Differs very little
in general proportions from S. mencanus, but is considerably smaller, its size
being nearer that of S. spilosoma, which it almost exactly resembles in cranial
characters It differs from it radically in coloration and in its much longer
and more slender tail.
The peculiar combination of characters presented by this species renders
it very distinct from its nearest allies, S. mexicanus and S. spilosoma. It wholly
lacks the reddish coloration and distinct white spots that characterize these
species, while its tail is more terete and the general form of the body perhaps
rather more slender. It is known as yet only from the specimens described
Vy Professor Baird in his original account of the species, published twenty
years ago. These were all collected at Fort Yuma, Cal, by Maj. G. H.
Thomas. They consist of one skin and a skull and three examples in alco-
hol, all in rather bad condition.
Tadlk CVI.— Mca<Nr«n«iil< of (Aree tptdmmi of Spermofiiii.us teketicauous.
a
p
p
3
t.ociillly.
i
o
a
From tip of DOW to—
Tall to ODll
of-
Length of—
i
t
"S
1
0.56
0.08
1.14
l.£8
i
1-
1
1
1
S400
IS84
Fort Yuma Cftl
l.CO
l.M
I.M
4.10
0.08
S.KS
i. 80 1 a 87
ICO
4. U t. M
0.7,1
0.00
1.90
1.30
1.36
0.10
Alooliolla
....do.
ilu
....do.
llf
I
IT
!>!
V.
.t.l!M
lir
fir
lii' '■<
:t
i I
iil:t
\i ii
■lit''' 'ill
r:l1l, f
1
r
111
I p|i| lilHj
; :4i-^-
' 'ffii^''
■|
'BEi*^'''
; ..;
i^E-i^i,
., :.l
li
III
P
>%m
1 w^^
1 M
fcjl^lS'
"1
■Hyi.
m
864 MONOGRAPnS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
Taiii-k CVII. — JUeaturimfnlt of tiro ikulln of Spkrmopiiiliis thrkticadous.
Loeallty.
9419
IMS
FortYunu,Cal.,
do
^
'S
S
2
i
1
^
a
1
1
•S
a
1!
1^
If
%
^
f
2
1
^
1
n
8 S
J!
!<■
>*
1
1
1
1
1
il
il
1
ll
II
J
aeo
•s.
It
0.4S
A
H
o
o
IB
y^
!4
u
&
u
p
b
tf
LM
aes
0.38
0.4.'S
0.1.1
0.90
0.M
0.74
0.C0
0.1S
0.30
<s
1.90
o.go
....
Table CVIII. — U»i of »p<cime»t txamined of SPKRMOPiiiLra TicnETicAi'iius.
o
a
8
K
a
.r,- ■
B
a
a
^
I
— Jd
9
Loonllty.
From whom recelTud.
Collected bj—
1^
•a
s
M
3
IS34
9410
Fort Tdiuo, Ciil
MqJ.G. U. Tboniu...
do
Mnl.O.n. Thomu....
Skin sn'U kail.
3400
IMS
t»4
o
tf
do
do
do
Alcohuiii'.
do.
do
do
do
do
do
do.
SPERMOPHILUS SPILOSOMA Bennett.
. ;\-,,;
Sonoran Spermophlle.
SpermophJiit tpilotoma Bknnf,tt, Proc. Zocil. 8oc, i, 1833, 40 (" California").— BicnABDSON, Zo5I. Deecliey's
Voy. 18311, Mam. la*.— Waoner, Snppl. Scbrebor'n SUuget. iii, 1843, 251 (foot-note).— Audu-
bon &. Bachhan, Quad. N. Am. i>l. cix, folio ed.— Baihd, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. ISif),
- • . 333; Main. N. An. 1857, 331 ; U. S. and Mex. Uonnd. 8arv. ii, pt. il, 1869, 39, pi. vii, fig. 3
(head and feet).
Spermophihia mcn'catiua AununoN & Bachhan, Qaad. N, Am. iii, 1853, 39 (in part).
Upermophilui npiloioma var. tpiloioma Allen, Proo. Host. 8oc. Nat. Hist, xvl, 1874, SUl.
Specific chars. — Length of liend and liody 6.50 to 7.00; of tail to end
of vertebriB 2 50 to 3.00; to end of hairs 3.25 to 3 75. Above, reddisii-
brown, with indistinct pubquadrate spots of wiiite, bordered posteriorly with
black. Tiie spots are most distinct on the hinder part of the back, and are
more distinct in the young than in the adult Beneath, white, varying to
strongly yellowish-white. Tail above colored like the back, with a single
broad subterniinal black bar, extending for only a short distance along the
sides; beneath, centrally, brownisli-yellow, with a black border edged with
ycllow'sh. The tail (vertebra' alone) is less than half the length of the body,
round, generally bushy only at the tip, and not distinctly distichous. The
SCIDRID^— SPEBMOPHILUS 8PIL080MA.
865
ears are very small, being little more than a thickened rim. Hairiness of the
soles variable, the soles being in some specimens densely pilose, and in others
nearly naked.
This species, in the general color of the dorsal surface, bears some
resemblance to S. mexicanus, but it is of a lighter reddish, and lacks the dis-
tinct lines of white spots seen in the latter. It further differs in being smaller,
in having a much broader and quite differently shaped skull, and in its very
much shorter tail, which is slender and terete instead of somewhat full and
distichous. Its nearest ally is 8. obsoklus, from which it is but doubtfully
dititinct, differing mainly in its more reddish color and the greater distinctness
of the white spots.
This species was first noticed by Mr. Bennett in 1833, who described it
from two specimens supposed to have come from California, the locality being
vaguely indicated as "that part of Califortiia which adjoins Mexico". The
specimens were young, the molars being unworn, and the length only five
inches and a quarter. Wagner, in 1843, thought it doubtfully distinct from
8. mexicanus. Audubon and Bachman figured for it the young of 8. mexicanus,
and afterward, becoming aware of their mistake, completed the confusion of
the two species by referring the 8. spilosoma of Bennett to 8. mexicanus as a
synonym of that species I Its claim to distinct Specific rank was again first
asserted in 1855 by Professor Baird, who was able, from his abundant mate-
rial, to fully make known its true characters and affinities. Although its dis-
tinctness has since, I think, been unquestioned, no additional specimens have
been brought to light by recent collectors, so that I find now in the National
Museum only the material used by Professor Baird, and have seen no other
specimens. It is still apparently rare in collections.
Its known range extends from Fort Stantoii, N. Mex. (Dr. T. C. Henry),
and El Paso, Tex. (J. H. Clark), to Chihuahua (J. Potts) and Sonora (Dr.
Kennerly), Mexico. Professor Baird* states that "it occurs abundantly from
the Gulf of California as far east as El Paso, and even northward to Fort Stan-
ton". He furt,her quotes from Dr. Kennerly 's notes that it was " quite common
around Janos", Sonora, "but excefdingly shy", so that "a specimen was pro-
cured with difficulty".
I
* Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bonnd, Suit. vol. ii, pt. ii, p. 39.
6S U
. Il
111
itt^V"
lih
m<\
V L !
866
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Table CIX. — MeMiireineitta of three akuVa of SrsHMOPHiLVS hpilosoma.
i
S
s
s ^
1 °
i
i
Si
.a
^
f
1
.a
1
!
i
LoMlity.
1
1
i
if
.1
si
*
1
' ■'■ ' ■;"■:-■;
i
^
1
1
1
il
11
ij
If
ft 87
ft 88
ft 43
ft 38
o
A
O
s
>5
in
&
0
(3
p
p
Ilia
£1 Paao, Tex
9
1.55
1.45
0.97
0.95
0.35
0.3a
O.M
o.«
ft 17
ft 16
ft 43
ft 40
ft 78
ft 75
ft 25
ft 30
ft 15
ft 14
031
ft 30
do
1651
1.55
0.38
0.50
ft 44
ft 75
ft 85
ft 43
Tablb ex. — M<ia»wnme*t» of jive epedneM of Sfermophilus spiiosoma.
990
1059
1043
141
143
LOCftlilf.
Cblhaahua City, Mexloo .
ao
Janos, SonoTS, Uexioo —
KlPaao
do
6.50
7.00
5.75
ftSO
5.50
Tail to end
of—
2.30
3.60
aoo
3.50
3.00
3.30
3.75
3.00
1.10
1.3S
1.38
1.35
1.25
Skin ..
..do...
..do...
..do..
..do..
Bemwka.
From Baitd, Ham. K.
Amer. p. 333.
Table CXI. — lA%t of epedmetu examined of Spf.rmofbilus spilosoma.
i
il
a
a
"^
a
1-s
1
1^
1
1
1059
390
1651
1043
3216
3619
143
1134
141
1133
?
ioc«ii<y.
chihuahua
do
Janos, SoDon
Fort SUnton, M. Hex. .
El Puo,Ttx
do
When
collected.
From whom lecelred,
Apr. — , 1855
,1855
,1853
,1853
J.PotU.
...do
M%|. W. H. Emory .
...do
...do
...do
CoUaoted by—
J.Potte..
...do
Dr.C.B.R.Eennerly
Dr. T. 0. Henry . .
J.H. Clark
...do
Skin.
Skin and akulL
do.
Skin.
Skin and aknIL
do.
„ , ,, .. ,^ , SFERMOPHILUS OBSOLETUS Kennicott.
KeBDlcott's Spermoplille.
Spermophilut obtoMut Kennicott, Froc. Acad. Mat. 8oi. Pblla. 1^63, 157.
SfiernwpUlua tp'.lotoma var. obiolelue Allbn, Proo. Bo«t. Soc. Nat. Hist, zvi, 1674, 891.
Specific chaks. — Size and form of S. spihsoma. Length 5.80 to 6.50 ;
tail to end of vertebrae 2.25 to 2.50 ; to end of hairs 3.00 to 3.50. Above,
dull yellowish-brown, indistinctly spotted with lighter, especially posteriorly,
SCIURID^— SPEBMOPHFLUa OBSOLBTDS.
867
and in the younger specimens ; i)eneath, strongly yellowish-white. The spots
on the back are bordered posteriorly with black. The tail is terete toward
the base, broader and tufted at the end ; above, basaily colored like the back,
toward the end varied with black, and with a subterminal black border edged
with yellowish-white. Ears nearly obsolete; soles either naked or hairy,
according to the season ; nails long, slender, and moderately curved.
This form is closely related to S. spiioaorna, to which I formarly referred
it as a variety, and I am still far from sure that such is not its true relation-
ship. The two forms, in their extreme phases of differentiation, are quite widely
different in coloration, but in the younger stages they are almost inseparable.
The skull of 8. obsoktus is rather narrower in proportion to its length than
that of S. spilosomn, and the nasals are longer. In size, proportions, form of
the tail, and markings, the two are identical, but the tone of the coloration is
quite different. In S. spilosoma, the general color al)ove is light reddish-
brown or cinnamon ; in 8. obsoktus, pale yellowish-brown. Some of the
younger specimens of obsoletus, as No. 3223, from the Laramie Plains, show
a decided cast of reddish, and are scarcely distinguishable from examples of
spilosoma from Texas. Its recognition as specifically distinct from S. spilo-
soma is merely provisional and made with much doubt.
S. obsoktus was first described by Mr. Kennicott, in 1863, from speci-
mens collected in Southern Wyoming, Dakota, and Utah, in 1857 and 1858.
The subjoined list of specimens shows it to range from the Black Hills and
Fort Kearney westward to Utah. Nothing further is known respecting its
distribution, and none of the recent expeditions to this region have apparently
met with it. It is to be hoped that future explorers will be able to add
to our knowledge of its history.
Table CXll.—ilemuremenlii of three thulh of Spermuphilus obsolbtuh.
1
LoMlity.
i
1
1
4
1
t
1
1
t3
a
i
1
s
1
I1
s
H
i.3
1
t
1
P
!
It
•s.
i
C
3
4795
4Bt3
4011
Black Hllta
1.31
l.U
0.93
0.M
O.W
a.
o.>
0.
B 0.53
» 0.59
11 0.M
0.15
0.15
0.45
0.80
0.31
0.85
o.eo
0.89
0.«]
0.3«
0.40
9
O.W
0.75
0.IM
'\
i y ■,
I?
' ;;i ■
868 MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
TablbCXIII.— Afe(Miireiii«n/»o/ l*r<!e«i)eoliii«ii«o/ SpRBMOPiiii.U8 0ii80i.mm. jj »[■!■,
ll
X
•;
r1
Ji
s
R
3
a
?.
•3
3
■c
o
>-'
x»4
49
3!!»
44
3144
66
Lomlilr.
,iw>.-
50 miles west of Fort Kearney.
330 mllea west of Fort Keiiniejr
Fort Laramie
From tip of
: Doee to»
1.35
1.70
1.60
S.80
9.W
TuU bj end
of-
9.40
9.3S
3.45
&80
3.30
I
Freih.
..do.
..do.
Table CXIT.-'tiat of gpeament examined of 8pehmopiiii.U5 obsolktds.
1
a
i
a
1
1
•.)■( r. .- ■•i-,;i;!.;j j:
LoculHy.
i i'l';/'",!. ;ii V
When From wbam re-
eolleOted. oeived.
Colleetedby-
i
3258
32B
3224
32)5
3223
3140
3144
3382
3776
4795
4611
4813
Black Bills, Dak
Gen. O.K. Warren.
W. M. F. Mngraw.
...do
....do
...do
....do
Dr. F. V. Bayden. .
Dr. J. O.Cooper...
... do
Skin and akoll.
Skin.
Skin and skull
Skin.
...do.
...do.
44
49
48
45
IB
66
9
?
o?
50 miles west of Pt. Kearney
230 miles westofFt Keiuney
do
do
Ang. 9,1897
Ang. 17, 1857
Ang. 17, 1857
Ang. 17, 1857
Sept. »2, 1857
Sept. 30, 1857
Sept. 8,1857
Julj 17, 1858
...do
....do
...do
do
.. do
...,do
Skin and skull.
Skull.
. do.
do
...do
Capt. J. B. Simpeoo
CDrexIer
O.aUcCartbT....
50
O'Fulloo'e Bluff, Utah
SPERMOPHILUS MEXICANUS (Licht.) Wagner.
VexIcaiB Spernophlle.
ttkhmiB mexicantu Erxlrbe:!, Syst. Anim. 1777, 438 (in part only, if at all. From Fhrnandrz and
Seba, etc. Also Sdurvs iHtxicanui of Schrebkr, Gmklin, Shaw, Fischer, and other early
cotnpileni, baaed on tbe same),
Cililliu meiicatiua Lichtenstein, Darst. S'iuget. 18^7-34 (not paged), pi. xxxi, fig. 8,
Sptjmophilut mextoamia Waoner, Snppl. Scbreber's Siinget. iii, 1843, 250.— Brandt, Bnll. PhyBico-math.
Cla88e Acad. St. Pdtersb. ii, 1844, %iO.— BcoiNZ, Syn. Hamm. ii, 1845, (i6.— Audubon & Bach-
man, Qna<l. N. Amer. iii, 1653, 39, pi. oix (excluaive of enppoeed yonng). — Giebel, Situget.
1855, 638.— Baird, Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 319 ; U. 8. and Hex. Bonnd. Sarv. II, pt il, 18r>», 39.—
Allen, Pijc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvl, 1OT4, 291.
^ctNriM Imaulipenrit Berlandier, MSS. ^
t TlamototU, Fernandez, Anim. 1051, 9.
tSdurue, rarU»imii», ex JVai'd Hitpanid, twniit aW», Seba, Theso. i, 1734, 76, pi. xlvli, fig. 2.
Specific chars. — Length of head and body 8.00 to 8.50 ; of tail to end
of vertebrae 4.00 to 4.50 ; to end of hairs about 5.75. Above, rather dark
yellowish-brown, varying to reddish-brown, with generally a decided tinge of
olivaceous and numerous rather distinct lines (generally either nine or eleven)
of Riibquadrate spots of wiiitc; below, whitisli, varying to yellowish-white on
IFT'I''
80IUIiIDJ5— SPEKMOrHIJ.US MEXICAN US.
869
the sides ; ring surrounding the eye am' lower edge of checks white ; head
above finely mixed white, black, and yellowish ; tail above varied centrally
with black and yellowish-white, with an indistinct black border broadly edged
with yellowish-white ; below, brownis'i-white centrally, with a distinct sub-
terminal band of black and a broad edging of brownish-white. The hairs
individually have a narrow black bar nt the base, followed by alternate bars of
browuish-white and black, three of each, the terminal one being whitish.
This species varies as usual more or less in cespect to general color, that
of the dorsal surface ranging frori dull ashy-brown to chestnut. The num-
ber of rows of white spots varies from nine to thirteen, but either nine or
eleven is the more common number, the two or three central ones on either
side of the median line being generally much more distinct than the outer
ones. In the latter, the white spots are longer and nearer together, forming
sometimes an almost uninterrupted line. The ears are very small, but dis-
tinct. The tail-vertebrae alone are rather more than half the length of the
head and body; claws long, that of the thumb quite large. Soles nearly
naked. Pelage coarse and /itiff, the hairs mostly grooved above.
In size and proportions, as well as in the pattern of coloration, this
species more resembles il. trideceinlineatus than any other, but differs from
it quite markedly in many details. The tail is longer and more bushy, with
three narrow longitu : »1 lines of black beneath instead of one very broad
one (in addition, there is, however, in S. tridecemlineatus, a narrow basal
one); the general color above is much lighter and of a quite different shade,
with interrupted lines of whitish spots instead of six or more narrow, contin-
uous, yellowish-whit J stri[>es, with a similar number of interrupted ones be-
tween them ; there are also well-marked diiferences in the skull. In respect
to cranial charactf-rs, however, S. mexicanus finds also its nearest ally ih S.
tridecemlineatus.
In respect io coloration, there is considerable resemblance between 8.
mexicanus and iS. spilosoma ; but, in other features, the two species difier
widely, as alrefidy noticed in the account of S. spilosoma.
This 8pe';ies was first recognizably described and figured by Lichtenstein,
about 1830, from a specimen collected by Herr F. Deppe, in July, 1826, in
the neighborhood of Toluca, Mexico. Erxleben, in 1777, characterized a
" Sciurus tnexicanun", based on Fernandez's description of his " Tlamototli",
,i'f .<
f H ? ' ^
i^! U'\i\Ai
m
870
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
and on Seba's "Sciurm, rarissimus, ex NovA Hispanid, (eeniis albii"* together
with references to Brisson, Pennant, and other early authors, whose accounts
are based wholly on Fernandez and Seba. Erxleben's Sciiirus mexicanus has, by
several writers, been considered as identical with the dtillua mexicanus of Lich-
tenstein; but Fischer, as early as 1829, and hence before Lichtenstein described
liis Citillus mexicanus, suggested thai h<rxleben's Sciurus mexicanus might be
referable to the Sciurus ( Tamias) striatus of authors. While Fernandez's
^' Tlamototli", and also Seba's animal, judging by both his figure and descrip-
tion (disregarding altogether its impossible tail), may be referable to Spei-mo-
philus mexicanus, the introduction of this species into the annals of natural
history cannot with certainty be carried back beyond Lichtenstein's detailed
description and excellent figure. It has since been well figured by Audubon
and Bachman, while Baird's further account of it leaves little now to be added,
especially since no specimens additional to those used by Professor Baird are
at ])resent accessible. The only synonym that appears to have thus far arisen
is tiie spilosoma of Audubon and Bachman, who erroneously referred the
young of S. mexicanus to tiiat species, and finally thoroughly confounded the
two species.
It is chiefly a Mexican animal, but is quite abundant on the Texan side
of the Rio Grande ; it has not, however, been reported from further north-
ward. Nearly all tlie specimens in the collection of the National Museum
are from the vicinity of the Rio Grande. It probably ranges far southward
over the plains of Eastern Mexico, Audubon and Bachman stating that they
had been informed of its occurrence as far southward as the province of
Vera Cruz.
Table CXV. — Meamrtmunit of heo ikuUt of SPERHoniiLUS mexicanus.
un I
loss I 903
I/OMlitj.
I.liredo, Tex
Feaqnlen Grande, Ueiim
I.M
1.69
1.00
0.93
a35
0.39
0.S9
0.57
o.ie
0.17
0.30
0.30
O.SS
0.30
0.05
0.61
0.31
0.83
i
0.17
0.19
I'
0.S9
0.30
1.00
0.00
0.M
0.48
* TbesauroB, vol. i, p. 76, pi. zlvii, fig. 3, 1734.
SOIUIUDiB— SrBBMOPniLCS TKIDECEMLINKATDS.
Tablb CXVI.— Af«(Mi<r«iiml< of eight tpeolnusM of Spkrmopdilus mp.xicanus.
871
1
1
Loollty.
1
From tip of noM to—
Taii to end
of-
Lengtiiol-
i
i
I
•s
la
k
1
4J
g,
1
^
g
1
f
1
1
1
1
1
n
3496
vm
SSOO
1S5
139
358
1119
9
?
0.80
0.83
0.8S
1.60
1.60
1.50
1.85
1.85
l.M
aoo
7.>5
7.15
8.50
8.35
8.90
8.50
7.00
4.00
9.90
1.00
0.93
0.90
1.60
1.55
1.55
1.90
I.9S
1.88
l.!M
l.«S
0.83
0.8t
aao
Akwholio.
...do.
...du.
Skin.
...do.
do
do
«fkP«M T«
4.85
*.il5
4.90
5.ilO
dq
5.75
...do.
WMteniTeiu
...do.
Furt BUM, N. Hex
?
0.70
l.M
1.80
4.50
S.0S
1.10
0.17
Aloobolio.
Tadlb CXVII.— £u( of tpteiment examintd of Spermofiiilus mexicanus.
•s
1
S3
i
a
1
1
1
1
Loo*llty.
When
oolleoled.
Fromwhnm.reoeived.
Collected by-
•s
1
1719
1137
3683
1807
1746
sie
eew
8360
8581
8583
8815
8816
Weot«rn Texan
Capb.r.Pope
A.Sohott
CapLJ.Fope
A.8obott
Skin.
...do.
1653
1434
1441
155
333
81
aoj
do
BrowDavllle, Tei
Feooa River, Tex
Feaquiera Grande, Mi
Feb. -, 1853
May 14, 1855
May -, 1853
MaJ.W.H. Emory..
Lieut D.N. Couch..
do
Dr. C. R B. Kennerly
Lleat. D.N. Couch..
do
..do.
...do.
...do.
do
do
Skin and skull.,
Skin.
Skuli.
...do.
do
I.. Berlandier
do
do
do
do
do
do
118
130
75
May 11, 1866
May 14, 1866
May 3,1666
.Tune SO, 1866
Aug.— ,1666
do
do
Skin.
...do.
do
do
do
do . ...
.do
do
...do.
S76
o
. flo
.. ..do
do
...du.
do
do
...do.
1
SPERMOPHILUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS (Mitchill) Aud. & Bach.
striped 8p«rmop]ille.
Var. TRIDECEMLINEATUS.
Kutern Striped Bpermophlle.
Bdmnu trideomlineatiu Hitcbiix, Med. Bepos. xxi, 1831, 248.— Desmarest, Mamm. ii, 1833, 339 ((torn
Hitohill).
ArcUmfi tridtctmUneatut Hari.an, Fann. Amer. 1835, 164. — Oodman, Am. Nat. IlUt ii, 1836, 113.
^;,«niiopMfM iridecemlinealiu Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Amer. i, 1840, 894, pi. xxxii.— Hoy, Pat.
0«f. Hep. Agr. 1853 (1854), 68 (habits).— Kennicott, ib. 1856 (1857), 74, pi. viii (general
history).— Baihd. Mam. N. Amer. 1857, 316 (in part).— Thomas, Trans. 111. State Agr. Soo.
ir, 1860, 657,— Allen, Proo. Dost. Soo. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1870, 189 (Iowa).
I^permophiliu trUeotmlineatiu var. tridecenlmeatus Allen, Proo. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist xvi, 1874, 391.
! I
iifi
m
\ ,(
872
MONOORArUS OF NOKTD AMERICAN HODENTIA.
■ii!;i!i
iFUMil
!!l:ir
; ■ ■ I
I::!
Arclomyt hootii Sabink, Trnnn. Linn. S()«. xlii, 18«, MK), pi. xxlx ; Frnnklln'n Junninl, lrt23,C6n (Carlton
Huuso).— ri.sciiKii, Bynop. Man). IdiW, M4 (from Hubine).— Waunbii, Hcbralwt'ii Sttagel, pL
CCXC (lltllllO <>u plutKj. " ' '. 1
Arclomyn (Spcrmophiliu) hoodi RiciunnsfiN, Faun. Bor.-Amer. 1, 1889, 177, pi. xlv. ' ^ '
S])irmophilHt hoodi "F. CuviKR, Siippl. Biifiun, i, Mamm. 13.11, 337".— Maximilian, Roliin in d. innere
Nonl-Amur. I, IbSO, 44»j Aroli. f. Nutiirgescli. IHCl, S4.— Waoner, Siippl. Sohnibort SUiigot.
ill, 1S43, S.'tl.— Brandt, Dull. Pbyoico-math. Cloaso Acad. St. P<St«nb. ii, m44, 370.— ScillM/,
B.vn. Mam. 11, 1845, 09.— OlGOrx, 8ua){et. 1856, C3G.
Fcdrrnlion Squirrel, MiTCHiM,, ). o. . ^
Leopard Ground Sqaiiret. ^rmx>LCRAFT, Travels, 1821, 331 (name iu ioaoz).
l^iireiiildela F^dre.iion,T)r.aM\RKST,\.e. .
Slrl/xd American i'armol, 8AtUiiK,\.o.
Striped and SpolUd Ground Sqnirrel, Say, Long'H Ex|)ed. il, 1823, 174 — KsNMIOoTr, !.«.
Si>fnnopliile royrf, F. Cuvier, HIit. des Hamm. llvr. xlvl, 1884. i
7/o<Ki'« Marmot, Oodman, I.e. . .
iwywrd Jfarmof, RiciiAiinsoN, 1. 0. .■■:■>. |.... ■••'rj ' .,,::..-
/)<T Ifo;)ar*ii-Zi«!«!f, Waonkr, 1. 0. ' ■
ijfl/Kird-SpcrmojjAi/r, AuuunoN & Baciiman, 1. 0. ... ^
Striped Gopher, or Prairie Ground Squirrel, Hoy, L c. s.t,;.,».!.<. \.. j -^ T',' ■ > ,
S/ri/wd Prairio SjttiiTfl, Baird, 1. 0. .... i.
Var. PALLIDUS.
Pile Striped Spermophlle.
!lperm<^ltil»t tridecemlincaluM Woouiioiihb, SitgroavoB's Znni and Colurudo River r*ped. 1853, 53 (Ind-
Terr.).— BairI), Mani. N. Anier. 1857,310 (iu part).— Sucklbv, N»t. H''t. V'a»b. Terr. pt.
iii, 1859,98 (in part).— Hayden, Tronit. Amer. Pbil.Soo.l'liilc. \ii, 1801,14 '.—Allen, Bull.
Essex I UBtvi, 1874,49,57.— CouKS &, Yarrow, Wboeler'n i:Kpl. W< iit c< 100th Merid. v,
Zool. 1875, 120.— OuiNNELL, Ludlow's Black Hills of Dakota, 1875, 82.
Spcrmophilut Irideeemlineatut var. pallidnt Allkn, Proc. Dost. Hoc. Nat. Hist, rvi, 1874, 291.
Specific chars. — Length to base of tail 5.50 to 8.50 ; of tail- vertebras
2.75 to 4.00 ; of tail to end of hairs 3.75 to 5.50. Above darlc chestnut-
brown, varying with locality from pale chestnut-brown through reddish-
chestnut to nearly black, with seven nearly uninterrupted lines of yellowish-
white, extending from the forehead to the tail, and alternating with six lon-
gitudinal rows of subquadrate yellowish-white spots; below yellowish-white,
varying to tawny, strongest on the sides ; buttocks more ferrugineous ; eye-
ring yellowish-white ; upper surface of muzzle gray, sides and front yellow-
ish ; tail narrow, black both above and below, varied somewhat witli chestnut,
and. whitish-edged. The hairs are reddish-yellow basally, crossed by a broad
band of black, and light-tipped. General form slender and Musteline ; ears
very small, in the dried skin the auricle being little more than a slightly pro-
jecting rim ; tail, with the hairs, generally rather more than half the length
of the head and body.
Var. TBIDECEMLINEATUS.
Varietal chars. — Length to bjisc of tail 7.25 to 8.50 ; of tail-vertebrsB
3.40 to 4.00; of tail to end of hairs 3.40 to 4.''6. Above deep chestnut-
lif;: .i'l!
■if:;,'.' ■ m
« :;:
BOIUBID^— SPEKMOPniLUS TU1DECEMLIJIEATD8.
873
brown, varying to nearly black ; the white lines rather narrow, about one-
third the width of tlic interspaces; sides strongly yellowish, varying to
yellowish-rufous.
The specimens referred to var. trideccmUncalus arc from the prairie region
of the Mississippi Valley ond northward, and differ from those referred to
var. pallidas in being much larger and darker. The dark portion of the dor-
sal surface is decidedly blackish, mixed generally more or less with very dark
chestnut, but sometimes is clear, quite intense black, as in No. 11645, from
Turtle Mountain, 49th parallel, and others from Pembina, Dak., Racine,
Wis., and Northern Illinois. Others, however, from the same localities, show
con.siderably more chestnut, some being clear dark chestnut, with very little
black. The color of the lower surface also varies from pale yellowish-white
to pale rufous. In No. 980, from Racine, the sides of the neck, shoulders,
and the breast are strongly yellowish-rufous, and the buttocks brownish-
rufous. There are generally three and sometimes four narrow but distinct
and continuous yellowish-white stripes on each side of the median line, alter-
nating with five broad dark ones, which are from three to four times the
width of the light stripes. The middle of each dark space is traversed by
an interrupted line of squarish, sharply-defined, yellowish-white spots, usually
separated from each other by a dark interval about equalling their own length.
Along the median line, especially anteriorly, they frequently tend to form a
continuous narrow light line. Lower down on the sides of the body arc one
to two other shorter light strijws, more suffused with yellow, and separated
by a dark space of about their own width, generally without light spots.
Anteriorly, over the shoulders, the light spots in the dark spaces tend. to
become confluent, forming nearly unbroken light lines, alternating with dark
ones of about the same width. In such cases, the second light line from the
middle of the back, on either side, disappears nt the shoulder, where the
interrupted line ceases to be a continuous stripe. Hence, over the shoulders
the piclura is resolved into seven continuous light stripes separated by broader
dark ones. In about one specimen in thirty, the markings are irregular and
the lines all broken and somewhat indistinct.
.4
Var. PALLIDU8.
Varietal, guars. — Length to base of tail 5.75 to 6.75; of tail-vcrtcbrsB
2.76 to 3.50 ; of tail to end of hairs 3.50 to 4.25. Smaller ; obove paler.
^,
)
:]
n
i
: '■ «
H
1
" 1
III
-■ 1
, i
. :
i
H
•■I
': '■
i
874
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICATJ «QDENTIA.
W
i; i:
with tlie light stripes whiter, and wider, nearly equalling the interspaces;
also much paler on the sides and whiter below.
Specimens from different localities vary somewhat in color, the varia-
tions being similar to those in van tridecemlineatus, but less marked. The
light stripes are generally grayish-white, sometimes suffused a little with
yellowish, aod the dark interspaces are generally pale chestnut, varying to
more dusky. The light stripes are generally more than half the width of the
dark interspaces, and sometimes equal them. Among the palest and smallest
examples are the specimens from Fort Union and the Yellowstone and Platt«
Rivers, an especially pale and small phase characterizing the Mauvaises
Torres of the Upper Missouri region. ,. . . , . .^ > . t, ?j i
GENERAL REMARKS UPON SPEivMOPHILUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS AND ITS VARIETIES.
Differential characters and affinities. — In pattern of coloration,
Spcrmophilus tridecemlineatus quite strongly resembles S. inexicanus, but
differs from it in having the ground-color of the dorsal surface much darker,
and in the possession of continuous light stripes, alternating with interrupted
lines of detached light spots, S. mexicanus having merely longitudinal rows
of disconnected white spots, which cease at the occiput, instead of continuing
over the top of the head to the forehead. S. mexicanus is also smaller, and
has a longer tail, and differs in the characters of the skull, as already shewn.
In general form, and especially in the form " the skull, S. tridecemline-
atus resembles /S. franklini, but it is much smaller, with a ii^uch narrower
tail and entirely different pattern of coloration. It hence has no very near
American ally, and is still more distinct from any of the Old World Spermo-
philes.
The two varieties of S. tridecemlineatus, in their extreme phatcs, quite
widely differ in respect to size and color, but agree in every detail of form,
proportion, and pattern of coloration ; var. pallidus being merely & bleached,
tlcpauperate, desert form of tridecemlineatus. In var. pallidus, the tints are
not only paler, but the light spots and stripes increase in breadth at the
expense of the darker ground-color. Var. jiallidus reaches its extreme phase
of differentiation in tiie driest portions of the plains and tlie desert regions
more to the westward ; var. tridecemlineatus is most specialized over the fer-
tile prairies of the Mississippi Valley and thence northward along the Red
River and the region to the westward of Lake Winnipeg. Specimens from
SCIURIDJ!— SPERMOPHILUS TRroECEMLINEAT0S.
875
the eastern edge of the plains are intermediate in color and size between the
two varieties ; those from Eastern Kansas and Eastern Nebraska, from as
far west as Topeka and Fort Riley, are still referable to the eastern rather
than the western race, but those from Western Nebraska, Western Kansas,
and Colorado are distinctly referable to var. pallidus. In Fort Riley and
Topeka specimens, the dark ground-color is more rufous, especially on the
sides, and the light markings are of a clearer grayish-white.
Synonymy and nomenclature. — The present species was first described
by Dr. Mitchill in June, 1821, as Sciurus trideceirUineatus, from specimens
collected during the summer of 1820, on the Upper Mississippi, by Proibssor
Douglass of the United States Military Academy. It was redescribed by
Sabine,* iEibout eight months later, under the name of Arctomys lioodi, from
specimens collected near Carlton House in May, 1820. While tridecemli-
neatus has been almost universally adopted by American writers as the name
of this species of Spermophile, Sabine's later name of hoodi has been as
uniformly adopted by English and European writers. The species has
thus far escaped other synonyms. It has, however, been burdened with a great
number of vernacular names, scarcely two authors having adopted the same
vernacular appellation. In 1874, I briefly characterized the pale desert race
as var. pallidus.
Nutlall was probably the first naturalist who observed this animal, who,
some years prior to its discovery at other localities, met with it at the Mandan
village on the Upper Missouri, and, according to Say,t sent specimens of it
to "several of his scientific friends in London" as early as 1814. It appears,
however, to have been first described, as above stated, by Dr. Mitchill in 1821.
Dr. Hoy and Mr. Kennicott have made interesting contributions to its biog-
raphy, the former noting especially its carnivorous. Weasel -like propensities.
Geographical distribution. — The most northerly point at which this
species has been observed seems to be tlie vicinity of Carlton House on the
Saskatchewan, where Richardson states he found it quite common. It is
abundant at the Red River Settlements and in the neighborhood of Pembina,
and is doubtless common at all favorable localities between these points and
the Saskatchewan River. In the United States, it has been met with at fre-
* Dr. Hablne'a pnper waa read before the Royal Society of London "Jan. \\ IH33", and was not
pnbliBbud till Bomc niontlis later. Dr. Mitchill's deBoription Bppoarc<l in Juno, 1821.
t Long*!! Expedition to tbo Rooky Mountains, vol. ii, p. 174 (apparently quoted by Harlau witbout
credit to tbo original authority).
!'.;ii
'V
876
MONOGKAPnS OF NOKTH AMERICAN EODENTIA.
queiit intervals from Minnesota westward to the Rocky Mountains and south-
ward to Missouri and Western Texas. As shown by the subjoined lists of
specimens, it has been taken at Eagle Pass (Texas), Fort Garland (Southern
Colorado), Southwestern Wyoming, and Fort Bridger, Utah. Woodhouse
also met with it on the prairies of the Cherokee Nation. It is abundant
throughout the prairie region east of the Mississippi, from Minnesota and
Wisconsin eastward to Northern Ohio. Kennicott states that its range in
Illinois does not extend southward beyond latitude 39°.
Tablb CXVIII.— Jlfe<uvrcni«N(< of.rix tlcuU$ 0/ 8p. tridecrmlineatits vor. tbidbcxhuheatcs.
1864
13317
13378
13375
t3.n«
13270
Looality.
Itaciue, Wii ....
Pembina, D.T.
, do
..do.,
.do.,
.do.,
1.57
1.75
l.CO
l.lf?
i.73
1.83
o.go
I.OO
1.10
i.ia
0.30
0.35
o.ra
0.30
0.35
0.37
0.19
0.19
0.50
0.60
0.60
0.55
0.56 I 0.30
t.aa 0.33
i
1 <<
R. B
0.49
0..13
0.49
0.S3
0.53
0.60
a.
If
a 6
St "o
a79
0.78
0.87
0.90
0.04
i
II
■" a
I
t
I
E
ll
If
0.89
0.33
0.33
0.31
0.3«
0.33
t
0.93
1.00
0.90
0.91
1.00
1.03
0.37
0.37
a 43
0.13
0.45
Taulb CXIX.— Jf«uHreni«ii(< 0/ two tkuUi 0/ Sfermopuilcs tridecemlinbatus tar. palliduh.
3310
6591
Localit;.
WmI of Laramie, Wj'O. Ter. ,
Snatch Creek ,
1.43
1.68
0.85
1.03
aS8
0.35
0.58
0.60
a 13
0.30
0.34
0.38
'J
0.45
0.60
S
s *
.E o
H
0.78
O.03
0.33
0.36
I &
a 16
0.30
3
t
I
?.
II
If
0.3s
0.30
0,43
SCIURID^— SPBUMOPHILUS TRIDEOEMLINBATUS.
877
Tablr CXX. — Meaturtmenta of tioelve tpecimf is of Sp. tridgcemlineatds rar. TBti>ECKMLiNR\TDS.
Locality.
From tip of nose to—
Tail to rod
of-
Length of—
Reniark&
1038
3918
10
11
lOli
103
986
SHt
11SC6
1IS18
11573
Pembina, D. I .
Lansing, Mich .
Baolne, Wis .
do
do — ,.
do
do
do
Pembina, D, T .
do
, do
do
0.78
0.78
1.5S
1.40
1.00
1.80
0.7«
0.70
0.B9
0.75
0.75
0.78
1.38
1.40
1.70
l.SO
l.CO
L55
160
1.68
aoo
1.00
1.85
1.00
7.50
6.00
7.10
7.sa
6.30
7.96
6.70
0.85
0.75
3.M
3.68
3.80
3.33
O.Si
0.00
ano
8.00
8.00
7.50
3.10
3.90
aso
4. GO
4.10
5.60
4.50
4.70
0.90
0.90
0.85
1.55
1.30
1. 31
1.40
1.30
1.60
1.35
1.38
Alooholio.
1.50
1.55
Slcin
...d»....
...do....
....do....
....do....
....do....
Fresh ....
...do....
...do....
...do....
From Bui rd, Ham.
N.Am. p. 318.
do.
do.
da
da
Table CXXL—Meaturementt of tizleen tpeoimeiu of Sfermofrilcs TBiOECEMLiNEATca var.
PALLIDU8.
1
LocaUtr.
i
From tip of note to-
Tail to end
of-
Length of-
i
1
1
■s
Hi
1
i
1
t
1
1
1
1
1
•a
9S19
1711
3503
3517
4808
549
550
1310
747
740
989
9M
997
998
Cheyenne, WyaTer
0.75
0.77
0.85
0.80
a 85
0.84
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.35
1.33
1.31
1.58
1.53
1.60
1.70
1.65
1.50
5.85
5.80
6.10
6.60
6.00
5.00
6.95
630
5.75
5.90
6.50
6.75
5.50
5.50
6.75
5.90
S.50
3.70
3.40
3.85
3.80
3.00
335
3.80
3.05
3 40
350
3.60
3.50
365
3.60
3.50
4.0O
4.35
3.60
300
4.00
4.35
0.88
0.83
O.fO
aeo
0.85
a 95
0.90
o:84
0.87
0.78
1.33
1.S3
1.37
1.35
1.S3
1.33
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
Fresh.
... do.
do
do
....do.
....do.
do
....do.
do
....do.
do
9
...do.
do
do
Red River Ark
0.84
0.85
0.80
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.63
1.50
1.78
3.00
1.70
1.60
1.55
1.65
1.60
... do.
.. da
Alooholio.
...do.
.. do
rf
0.78
0.70
a65
0.75
a 63
1.44
1.35
1.25
1.43
1.30
l).80
0.85
0.75
0.83
0.83
1.40
1.35
l.SO
1.35
1.17
0.30
0.18
0.15
a 17
...da
...da
...da
....da
....do.
19
100
do
3.10
3.75
3.50
3.95
155
3 35
4.40
370
9
?
,t''l
i'li i h ^
'A
M'
|i.i
il
878
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Table CXXII.— £<«< o/tpecimeiu examintd o/SFERUOPniLUS tridgcemlinkatc8 var. tridickmuneatus.
•s
a
a
Ib
r_
3358
11567
11599
1155J
11554
1I54J
11671.
ll.'*J
11551
1157J
ii:66
11550
li:64
Il.'i73
11570
11553
11375
11580
11581
11560
1157!)
11341
11358
11549
1156'J
11563
11960
11563
11568
11.^73
iV'.SO
11557
11574
115r«
11576
11561
11578
11546
11545
11577
I1.-IS3
11604
271B
3003
too
301
'1079
•loeo
•945
MOfll
-3700
•3763
•3764
i
a
P
1
a
3
B
1
i
m
•s
M
Locality.
When
collected.
From whom re-
ceived.
Collected by-
1
Red ^Iver Settlement ...
D.Onno
D.Gonn
Skin.
...do.
...do.
. do.
3871
3i»3
3948
3040
3074
3087
3080
3000
3091
3093
30ge
3139
9
9
9
9
Pembina, Dak. Tor
do
do
......do
do
do
June 5, 1873
Jane 6,1873
June 4,1873
June 6, 1873
June SO, 1873
June 93, 1873
Juno S3, 1873
JuneSS, 1873
June Si, 1873
JuneSS, 1B73
JuneSS, 1S73
June 34, 1873
June 34, 1873
June 34, 1873
Juno 34, 1873
June 34, 1873
Juno 34, 1873
June 34, 1873
June 34, 1873
June 34, 1873
June 38, 1873
June 38, 1873
JuneSS, 1873
Juno 3S, 1673
Juno 38, 1873
JuneSS. 1873
June 38, 1873
Junes;, 1873
June 38, 1873
June 98, 1873
.Tune 38, 1873
June SS, 1873
June 34, 1873
June 98, 1873
June 38, 1873
Aug. 9, 1873
AU|I. 34, 1873
July 33, 1873
Sept. 13, 1873
Juno 30, 1873
June 30, 1873
May 5,1897
May 9,1397
July 18, 1893
July 19, 1853
Juno 11, 1861
May 39, 1861
A.Campb«U
....do
... do
Dr.ls.Coii«»
...do
...do
"
...do
... do
.. do
...do
... do
...do.
do.
...do..
.. do.
do
.. do
....do
. do.
9
a
<f
9
d
<f
9
cf
9
9
d
J
J
<f
J
9
9
9
cf
J
9
cf
9
do
.. do
lo
. do.
do
do
do
....do
...do.
do.
do
do
do
do
....do
do.
do
do
....do
do.
......do.,
do
...do
do
....do
....do
...do.
d&
13375
13876
l»i77
1I97S
13S79
3140
pi43
3145
3141
3143
3146
3147
3193
3194
3105
3196
3l;7
3199
3303
3903
3304
3303
3306
3304
3307
3308
3414
3567
3336
37(8
38^»
do
do
....do
■ d
do
...do
....do
.. do.
do
.. do
do ....
....do
do
do
...do
do
do
...do
...do
.. do.
do
do
....do
do
do
do
...do
. do
do
do
...do
. do.
do
....do
....do
.. do.
do
...do
...do
.. do.
do
...do
...do
do
...do
...do
Skicandaknll.
do
...do
...do
do
...do
...do
..do.
do
...do
...do
do
...do
....do
do
...do
...do
.. do
Skin.
...do.
do
....do
do
...do
...do
do
...do
...do
...do.
.. do.
do
.. do
...do
...do
...do
cf
9
cf
Turtle Mt, Dak. Ter
Sonria River, Dak. Ter. . .
Turtle Mt., Dak. Ter
U RiviSre Lac, Dak. Ter
Pembina, Dak. Ter
do
do
do
...do
.. do.
..do
...do
...do
do
...do
...do
...do
do .
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
do
Princeton, Minn
do ...
0. E. Oarrlaon
do
O.E.OuTlaon....
do
MInewokao Lake, Minn . . .
do
Gov. Ll.Stevena..
.. do
Dr. Ooo. Suckley .
... do
...do.
...do.
MlnneapoUa, Minn
do
Horace Mann.Jr ..
do
HonioeH*nn,Jt' .
do
Alcoholic,
do.
do
do
. do
do.
11
10
33
do
do
.. do
.. do
...do.
...do
....do
...do.
do
do
...do
...do
...do.
do
do
.. do.
> In Unseum of (.'oniparative Zoillogy, Cambridge, Maaa.
■' '*!
SOIURID^— SPERMOPHILUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS.
879
Tablb CXSll.—IAst oftpetAmena examined of Sf. tridkcehunbatus var. trioecehuneatus— Continne<1.
i.
'3765
•3706
'700
'701
•8431
•S4!!9
'910
•1335
•looa
•1003
•1604
•1605
•1600
'S654
10
340
105
106
107
108
838
9M
1334
8691
7043
8134
3155
3154
3133
.1157
3156
14606
t3948
i
a
u .
|l
i
a
7
13
i
1
1
LocnUty.
When
colleoted.
From whom re.
oelved.
Colleoted by-
■s
Horace Mann, Jr..
do
Horace Mann, Jr..
do
Alcoholic,
do
do
Dr. Ranch
Dr. Ranch
do
do
..do
....do
1403
14TS
Piof 0. Marcy...
....do
Prof. 0. Marcy....
....do
...do.
.do.
do
Lawn Kidge, III
Hendrick Butler ..
....do
Hendrick Butler ..
....do
...do.
...do.
303
304
303
300
do
Jane — , 1867
Jane— ,1867
Ang. — ., 1867
Ang ,1867
Ang ,1867
Ifay 18, 1871
J.A.Allen
do
J.A.Allen
....do
Skin,
.do
do
Greene Connty, Iowa
Dallu County, Iowa
do
....do
...do
....do
...^do
...do
....do
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do.
1364
S7S
Topeka, Kana
Rooky Uoontain
Expedition.
Dr.P.RHoy
...do
J. A. Allen and C.
W. Bennett.
Bacine,Wis
do
...do
..do.
do
...do
...do
..do.
0
o
o
0
do
...do
....do
...do.
do
... do
...do
..do.
do
do
...do
.do.
do
....do
.. do
. . .do.
......do
....do
....do
. .do.
do
...do
....do
...do.
34
33
36
17
0
Orf
Dr.RC.BIdweU..
Dr.F.Sblmer
F.BUhop
A.Crocker
W.U.F. Magraw
..do
Dr.RC.nidwell..
...do.
...do.
Monnt Carroll, III
Peoria, HI
F. Bishop
A. Crocker
..do.
.do.
Leavenworth, Kana
do
Jnly 11, 1857
Jaly 11, 1857
Jnly 11, 1857
Jnly 11, 1837
Jaly 11,1837
J. G. Cooper
.do.
....do
...do.
.do
.. do
....do
..do.
. do
...do
...do
...do
...do.
do
...do
...do.
...do.
...do
Dr.W.A.Hammond
Dr.W.A.Hammond
...do.
* In Huseam of Couipam(«re ZoQ'ogy, Cnmbrldjfe, Ifui.
t Approachlu g var. jxiUictvt.
li !
0.
n\
:.-Q\
880
MONOGRAl'HS OF NOHTH AMERICAN EODENTIA.
Tablb CXXIII.— £(ii( of specimtns eiamined of Speruofhilcs tridecemijnkatub var. paludcs.
2-3
'r I
3T82
11C3
1771
1764
17«S
177S
1767
1769
1770
17C0
1768
Mgl
3244
438
3041
3038
3039
3040
304'j
3336
3930
3730
3146
3363
3360
3061
3773
0044
064S
9646
9647
9648
0640
O6r>0
0631
0707
0708
9700
9710
0705
3066
3361
•BOSS
•SC36
*ao«3
Locality.
Meiir Monae River, Nobr.
Snatch Creek
Upper UiBaoui)
Fort UDton
do
...do.
...do.
...do.
...do .
...do.
...do.
...do.
.do.
When
collected.
From irhom received
Ang. 6,.
35 milea fit>m montli of
Ydlowatone Blver,
Fort Berttaold, Dak
Oppoaite Ft. Rice, Dak. T
Loop Fork
Valley of Platte....
Platte Rivei
do
do
do
do
30 milcB eaat of Laramie
Forka of Platte River. .
0'FaU(/n'8 Bluff, Nebr. .
Fort Laramie
West of Laramie, Wy. T.
do
Oreen River, Wyo. Ter. .
Camp Carling, Wya Ter
do
do
do
lo
do
do
Cottonwood, Wyo. Ter.
Little Sandy, Wyo. Ter.
BIft Sandy, Wyo. Ter. . .
do
Pass Creek, Wyo. Ter. . .
do
Medicine Bow Uta
Fort Bridgor, Utali
Cbeyenne, Wyo. Ter . . .
Ang. 18, 1657
Aag. 18, 1857
Ang. 14, 1857
Ang. 10, 1857
Ang. 90, 1857
Ang. 19, 1857
Ang. 16, 1857
Ang. 90, 1657
Ang. 90, 1857
Ang. 93, 1857
Sept. 15, 1851
Jnly 18,
.do
.do.
June 99, 1857
July 9,1857
July 4,1857
Jane 97, 1857
July 4,18j7
Aug. 94, 1857
Ang. 9,1851
July 17, 1851
Sept. 10, 1S51
Sept, 10, 1857
Sept 8,1857
Aug. 30, 1858
July 96, 1870
Jnly 96, 1870
July 96, 1870
Jnly 97, 1870
Ang. 9,1870
Aug. 9,1870
Aug. 6,1870
Aug. 11, 1670
Sept. 6,1870
Sept 7,1870
Sept. 7,1870
Oct. 93,1870
Oct. 43,1870
Jnly 97, 1857
May 5,1898
Aug. 19, 1871
Aug. 10, 1671
Ang. 10, 1871
General Suliy
do
Qov. I. L Stevens ...
Lieut. John Mullan
Llent. O.K. Warren
do
, do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Collected by—
S. M. Kothbommer .
do
Dr. Geo. Buckley...
JohnPearaall
Dr.F.V.Hayden...
..do.
.do.
do.
.do.
..do.
. do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
do
General Sully
Lieut O.K. Warren
Capt H. Stanabury.
LtF. T.Bryan ....
do
, do
do
do
W.M.F.MagTaw..
do
Capt J. H. Slmfaon.
do
W. M. F. Magraw ..
do
Lieut F.T.Bryan...
Capt. J. H. Simpson.
Dr.F.V.Hayden....
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do.....
do
do
do
Lieut F.T.Bryan...
do
Rocky MtEiped..
do
do
do
S. U. Rothhammer .
Dr.F.V.Hayden..
Capt H. Stansbnry
Dr. W. A. Hammond
do
do
do
do
J.G.Cooper
do
C.S. McCarthy
do
C.Drexler
do
W.S.Wood
Capt J. H. Simpson
W.T.Schmidt
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
W.S.Wood
do
J. A. Allen and C.W,
Bennett
do
do
Skin.
Sknli.
Skin.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
...do,
...do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
.do.
.do.
do.
do.
do.
da
do.
do.
do.
...do.
...do,
...do.
...do.
...do.
Skin and skull
Skin.
do.
do.
...do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
...do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
do.
.do.
do.
do.
.do.
.do.
* In Museum of Comparative Zolilo^y, Cnmbridge, Mass.
SOIURID^— SPBRKOrHILUS PBANKLINI.
881
Tabi.b CXXlU.—liat of 8j)ccim«Ra examined of Sp. tiudecemumeatus var. palmdus— Continuod.
"S
1
a
a
t
i
a
a
Si
It
1
g
1
to
1
1
Looalily.
WUeo
colleotod.
From wliom reoeiTod.
Collected by-
i
BD
£
&
•2057
•20.'i3
•J059
•«C0
•iiOCl
*a062
11491
11087
11088
11074
437
510
140
747
740
089
090
997
998
Park County, Colo
do
Jnly J4, 1871
Jnly 15, 1871
July 80,1871
Jnly 88, 1871
Jnly 28,1871
July 28, 1871
Kooky Mt.Ejpod...
.... do .. .
Allen and Bennett . .
do
Skin,
do
9
do
do
do
do
du
do
... do
do.
do
do
do
do.
do
do
do
.. do.
Colorado
Dr. F. V. Haydon ...
LinntO.M. Wheeler
do
J.H. Batty
.. do.
141
too
207
280
Dr. J. T. Itothrock ..
do
Alcoholic.
Skin.
...do.
do
do
do
Dr. J. T. Rotlirook ..
Mr. Krentzfeldt
do
Alcoholic.
Skin.
...do.
Capt- E. G. Beckwilh
do
A. S^hott
A Sohott
..do.
* Iq Mnsonm uf Cotiipnrativn Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
SPERMOPHILUS FRANKLINI ^Sabine) Lesson. ,,
Franklin's Spermopblle ; dray beaded Bpermophtle.
Arciomyt franklini Sadine, Trooo. LioD. Sao. xiii, 1822, 587, pi. xzvii; ibid. Narr. Franklin's Joiiru. 1822,
662 (Fort Enterprise and Cumberland Honse).— Harlan, Fann. Am. 1825, 167.— Godman,
Am. Nat. Hist, if, 1826, 109.— Fischer, Synop. Mam. 1820, 343.
Arciomyt (SpermopHliu) franklini BicnARDSON, Faan. Bor.-Am. i, 1829, 168, pi. xii.
Sjaermophilua franklini Lesson, Man. de Mam. 1827, 244. — " F.Cuvier, Suppl. Buffon, i, 1831, Mamm. 328."—
WaONER, Suppl. Sohreber's Siiuget. iii, 1843, 244, pi. cox, A(" Jrctomj/a /VanHKni Sabine" on
plate).— Brandt, Bull. FbyBico-math. Classe Acad. St. Pdteisb. ii, 1844, 379.— AumiiiON &
Bachman, Quad. N. Am. ii, 1851, 248, pi. Ixxxiv.— SciiiNZ, Syn. Mam. il, 1845, 67.— Kenni-
COTT, Patent OfiBoe Kep. 1856, ARriouIt. (1857), 79, pi. ix.— Baird, Mam. N. Am. 1857, 314,
pi. xlvi, fig. 4 (sknll).- Thomas, Trans. 111. 8tat« Agr. Soo. iv, ISIil, 657.— Hayden, Trans. Am.
Pbil. Soc. Phila. xii, 1863, 145.-AIXKN, Proo. Best. Soo. Nat. Hist, xiil, 1870, 189 (lowo);
xvi, 1874, 291. — Bishop, Forest and Stream, vii, 1877, 342 (its iutroductlon into New Jersey).
Specific chars. — Length to base of tail 9.00 to 10.50 ; of tail to end
of vertebrsB 5.00 to 6.50 ; to end of hairs 6.25 to 8.50. Above, yellowish-
brown, varied with black, the black chiefly in the form of small squarish
spots ; eyelids white ; front and sides of head and neck, the thighs, and but-
tocks pure gray ; top of head gray, sometimes varied more or less with
yellowish-brown; below, grayish-white; tail grayish-white, with three lines
of black, the outer quite broad and broadly edged with white. Ear small,
about 0.20 high ; tail-vertebrae about one-half the length of the head and
body; tail di ;hous, hairs long and abundant; form rather slender; pelage
harsh, consisting of coarse stiff hairp, without under fur.
66 u
I!
r«!
v. f
I
r
■i i
8 I
882
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Different specimens vary in respect to the purity and darkness of the
gray on the head and buttocks and in tiie depth of the yellowish-brown of
the upper surface, wliicli latter ranges from pale yellowish-brown to ochry-
brown. The Pembina specimens average considerably larger and paler than
tliose from lUino" and Wisconsin and Southern Minnesota. While the
southern speci' do not exceed 9.00 in length, the Pembina specimens
range generally above 10.00.
This species is one of the most strongly marked of the genus, and can-
not, by any possibility, be confounded with any other. It was first described
by Sabine in 1822, and subsequently by Richardson, Kennicott, and Baird.
Though a common animal of the prairies of Northern Illinois and Wisconsin,
it was unknown even to Audubon and Bachman, as late as 1851, except from
Sabine's and Richardson's descriptions, and a specimen brought in by Town-
send and supposed to have been taken "near the Columbia River". All
the earlier descriptions were based wholly on the accounts given by Sabine
and Richardson. It has hence fortunately escaped synonyms. It is confined
to a narrow belt of country, and specimens are .still of rather rare occurrence
in collections. Mr. Kennicott, in the Agricultural Report of the Patent
Office, has given an excellent and very detailed account of its habits.
It was first described from specimens collected at Fort Enterprise, in
about latitude 64°. Sabine also gives it as occurring at Cumberland House.
Richardson states that he met with it only in the neighborhood of Carlton
House, "where it lives in burrows dug in the sandy soil, amongst the little
thickets of brushwood tiiat skirt the plains". He states that it awakens from
its winter's sleep about three weeks later than does S. richardsoni, which he
thinks may be due to the snow lying longer on the shady places it frequents
than on the open plains inhabited by the latter.
Mr. Donald Gunn, in notes transmitted with specimens to the Smith-
sonian Institution, states that its range does not extend much to the eastward
of Lake Winnipeg, but that it is numerous to the westward of the lake,
where it does considerable injury in the wheat-fields, hoarding up the grain
in its burrows for winter use. He says it begins to hibernate about tlie
first of November, and does not reappear till the snow is off in the spring. Dr.
Coues found it abundant in the vicinity of Pembina; it also occurs in Minne-
sota and over tlie prairie regions of Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, and lown.
Mr. Kennicott also states that Dr. Hoy met with it in Eastern Kansas, and
tiiat it is found much further south in Illinois and Missouri tlian 8. tridecem-
i'P
I -a
SOIURID^— SPERMOPHILUS FRANKLIN!.
883
Uneatus. It is met with, liowever, in far less numbers than the latter, and
has a greater preference for tiiickets, low bushes, and borders of timber. It
does not appear to extend westward beyond the eastern edge of the great
plains, and is hence confined to a rather narrow belt of country, extending
irom Northern Missouri northward to considerably beyond Great Slave Lake.
Audubon and Bachman refer to a specimen obtained by Mr. Townsend, and
give the species, on Mr. Townsend's authority, as an inhabitant of Oregon.
This is doubtless a mistake, S.franklini not having been met with by other
observers much to the westward of the Missouri River.
This species also occurs in New Jersey, where it is rapidly increasing
in numbers. I learned of its introduction there through Mr. Samuel Jillson,
who first wrote me about it some three or four years since. Writing him
recently for further information respecting the date and manner of its intro-
duction, as well as for information respecting its present numbers and the
area of its range, he has kindly replied as follows, under date of " Tuck-
erton, New Jersey, May 6, 1877": — " The date of its introduction is May,
1867, when a single pair was brought here by Mr. Sylvester Mathis, from
Illinois. This pair soon gnawed out of their cage and escaped. This was
in the village of Tuckerton. They are now found in Manahawken, nine
miles north of Tuckerton, and also four miles south of Tuckerton, and very
likely farther. They are very common on all the farms about here, three
miles from the village [of Tuckerton]. They seem to always keep in the
fields, as I have never seen them in the woods. I find very little dirt at the
mouth of their burrows, sometimes none. From one to two buckets of water
poured into their holes will bring them out. We kill all we can on our farm.
They destroy young chickens and turkeys, and the dogs dig large holes in
our fields in trying to get at the Gophers. I once found one in a salt-hay
slack, in spring, dead, coiled up in the smallest ball possible. I also found
one dead in my barn-well. I think many of them winter in stacks and under
outbuildings, for I could never drown out any late in the fall, in the flat fields.
They are never seen here in winter, and no doubt are then dormant. Please
excuse my not answering your inquiries sooner, for I wanted to find out the
exact date of their introduction."
I am also indebted to Dr. Coues for calling my attention to an article on
this subject by Mr. N. II. Bishop, of Lake George, Warren County, New York,
dated December, 1876, and published in tiie Forest and Stream newspaper in its
issue of January 4, 1877. The facts presented by Mr. Bisiiop respecting their
884
MONOGRAPnS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
m
'U
introduction and increase in New Jersey are given mainly on the authority
of Mr. Jillson, and are fully covered by Mr. Jillson's later and more detailed
account already quoted.
From the foregoing, it will be seen that from the single pair introduced
accidentally to the fields about Tuckerton in 1867 — only ten years ago — the
species has spread over a belt of country some thirteen miles in length and
probably several miles in breadth, and that its numbers already render it a
farm pest, which evidently cannot be soon, if ever, wholly eradicated. It
shows, furtliermore, that the species is capable of multiplying in. a region
quite different from its original habitat Whether the changed conditions
will ultimately modify materially its habits and structure remains an inter-
esting question for later investigators.
Tadle CXXIV.— Measurements of seven skulls 0/ SPEHMOPUlLUa franklini.
d
i
i
a
u
i
1 !
']
Locality.
1
1
1
1
f.
1
s
1"
M
.a
s
If
1
i
1
1
11
if
ll
•a
1
1
1
II
8
1
i
1
1
u
H
0
a
«
^A
Zi
0
0
p
p
p
rf
a. 00
1.07
0.34
0.30
0.37
1.18
a 51 1
13387
do
a. OS
1.17
0.47
0.08
0.37
0.36
0.03
1.08
0.38
0.33
a 41
1.18
0.53
13t!M
do
do
9
0.46
0.45
0.70
0.05
0.33
0.35
0.40
0.30
0.64
0.C3
l.Oi
1.03
0.30
0.37
0.30
0.30
a 37
0.41
i.gs
1.10
1.14
0.4.-I j
13385
do
9
i.eo
0.37
0.04
0.18
0.30
0.S0
0.98
0.33
0.21
0 41
1.08
0.4J
13381
do
1.00
1.10
O.CO
0.35
0.40
0.03
1.05
0.30
0.30
0.41
1.17
0.5S '
133<i
do
S.10
1.31
0.49
0 74
0.25
0.40
0.08
1.14
O.SS
0.23
0.41
1.39
0.f4l'
Table CXXV. — Mtasuremcnts of imhv specimens »/ Spbiim<)piiilU8 prankuni.
B
a
e
a Looility.
!
Pro«.tlpofno»to- ™l •»•■«»
Of—
LtDgtbof—
3
2
•3
£
II
t
1
0
t;
i
1
i
g
>
i
1
1
1
S
11593
Pombina, D. T 1
0,95
an
3.30
10.75
0.35
7.45
1.35
1.90
Fraah.
11593
do
9
o.nn
1.80
9.30
9.00
5.00
6.35
1.37
1.95
... do.
11580
do
rf
1.00
3.00
9.35
10.00
5.00
0.60
:.3S
1.00
...do.
IBOT
do
rf
a 95
3.U)
3.30
10* CO
7.00
8.50
1.35
3.00
..do.
llliOl
do
9
do.
11603
do
i.i«
3.00
3.35
10.50
'i.50
7.00
1.40
3.00
...do.
"904
LwD Kldgo,Ill
rT
0.9A
1.80
3.55
9.30
4.40
0.30
1.37
1.97
0.35
Alcohollo.
•911
do
<f
0.95
1.75
3.30
9. 0(1
4.85
5.00
1.45
3.1 J
0 33
...do.
•949
Pwria,!!!
9
a
.. do.
•3763
•3701
•3019
14
0.93
0.95
1.00
1.78
1.90
1 **7
3. 15
2.35
3.:k
a 35
aeo
0. fl.<i 1
4.35
5.80
1.10
1.13
1.37
1.00
3.00
a. 07
0.3T
0.33
0.35
....do.
....do.
. .do.
do
Cook CouDty, 111
4.75
a35
1
* In Maaeum of Comparative ZuJilogy, Cambridgo, Man*.
8CIURID.E-8PBRMOPHILD8 PRANKLINl.
885
Tablk CXXVI.— £<<< aj ipeoimeni aamined of Spkhmopiiilus frankmni.
a
0 a
5 •
u
i
a
11
g-'o
i
a
1
H
•2
Looallty.
Wliea
oollected.
From whom reoeived.
Collected by—
£
a
1
3908
3307
3018
3785
ll.'>«3
11584
11585
IIIWS
ll.'*7
11588
11589
11590
ll.'i»I
11. TO
11503
ll.-i94
11593
11596
11597
11508
11599
11600
11601
UGOi
11603
IIS89
103
8688
1403
3049
3353
•376t
•7363
•3431
•9433
•3019
•994
•on
•949
Bad Rirar. H. B. T . . . .
D. Qann
D.Onnn
do
Skin,
do
do
...do
...do
...do
do
do
... tdo
....do
f(]0
do
13381
13383
13983
13384
13385
13386
13387
13388
1885
3X18
3089
.1149
3180
3097
3137
3003
3151
?
?
Pembina, Dak. Ter....
do
do
June 34, 1873
June 98, 1873
Juno 93, 1873
June 34, 1873
June 99, 1873
June 94, 1873
June 34, 1873
June 34, 1873
Jane 5,1673
June 33, 1873
June 34, 1873
Jane 31, 1873
Jane 38, 1873
June 34, 1873
June 33, 1873
June 33, 1873
June 38, 1873
Jane 33, 1873
June 14, 1873
June 34, 1873
Jane 38, 1873
May 19, 1873
A. Campbell
....do
Dr. £. Conea
...do
..do.
do
...do
....do
do
....do
....do
do
...do
....do
do
do
...do
.. do
do
...do
...do
Skin and akull.
Skin.
...do.
Skinand akull.
do
3154
9673
300S
3148
3153
3190
3153
3096
3094
3193
3098
9993
3150
3191
9951
9
d"
<f
9
9
9
rf
J
do
...do
do
do
....do
....do
...do
... do
do
do
...do
...do
do
...do
...do
do
....do
....do
.do
...do
...'do
do
.. do
do
Skin.
Skin and skull.
Skin.
Skin and akull.
Skin,
do
.. ..do
....do
....do
9
<f
9
do
...,do
do
do
... do
.. fijo .. .
do
....do
do
do
....do
. . do
do
....do
...,do
do
....
Saint Paul, Minn
... do
..do
do.
Dr. P. B. Hoy
...do
Dr.P.R.Hoy
H. Sbimer
R. Kennieott
Skin and akull.
■ 4«.
.. do.
WMt Koitfafteld. Ill .
....do
1
14
do
H. Kennieott
Dr.F.T.Hayden...
Horace Mann, Jr...
....do
...do
.. do.
Dr.P.V.Hayden....
Horace Mann, Jr...
....do
Skin.
Alcobolio.
...do.
MinnMDDlls. Minn ...
..do
Evanatoo HI
Prof. O.Maroy
...do
Prof. O.Maroy
... do
...do.
...do.
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do.
T,«wn Ridse. til
Hendrick Butler...
....do
Hendrick Butler...
....do
...do.
...do.
...do
Peoria, HI
...do.
& JUIaon
S. JUIaon
Skin.
•In Koaeam of GomparatiTe ZoSlogy, Oambridge^ Maaa.
i'/lM ■ ■'■■
886
MONOORAPns OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
iiifi" !;
■,'a
! i • ! I
:!iir
m
U;
SPERMOPIIILUS ANNULATUS Au.l. & Bacli.
Annulated-talled Spermopblle.
SjH-rmophilui aimulalHi AuDUnoN & IIaciiman, Juiirn. Acml. Nnt. 8ai. Plilla. viii, 1848, 310; Quail. N.
Aiiier. li, IH5I, 2i:i, pi. Ixxix. Sue also BAlRn, M»in. N. Amer. 18r.7, :ia7.
Seiurut rufobraehiatum Muiiiiav, Oi>0|;, Olntr. Maiiim. IHtiti, :ir>4 (not Sciariu rufobrackiaUm Waterboiiau).
tSciunu lewiti It.-8MITII, Orlffith's Cnvier's Ad. Kiug. ili, IS'J7, lUO, anil plate.
Specific chaus. — Length of head and body 9.50; of tail to end of
vcrtebrre 6.50; to end of hairs 9.00; hind foot 2.10; fore foot 1.15; height
of ear 0.50. AI)ove, coarsely varied with yellowish-brown and black; top
of head black, varied slightly with yellowish-brown ; sides of the head, neck,
shoulders, outer surface of fore limbs, and upper surface of hind feet dark
reddish-brown or chestnut; sides of the nose and a ring around the eyes light
brownish-yellow ; beneath, pale straw-yellow, more brownish anteriorly and
on the edges of the thighs. The color of the dorsal surface extends low
down on the sides of the body, the blackish tint involving the basal portion
of the hairs even on the abdomen. Lower surface of the tail nearly uniform
reddish-cinnamon, with an interrupted narrow black border edged with yel-
lowish ; upper surface banded transversely with black and yellowish-white,
the black bars rather the wider and about fifteen in number, becoming indis-
tinct on the basal portion of the tail.
The general f()rm of the body is highly Sciurine. The ears are broad, fully
half an inch high, and well rounded above. The tail with the hairs is nearly
as long as the body, flat and distichous, but rather narrow. Claws short,
strong, and mo.e highly curved than in any other of the American Spermo-
philes (except perhaps S. gmmmurus), having nearly the form seen in Sciurus.
The pelage is sparse, coarse and stiff, and without under fur. The hairs of
the dorsal surface are grooved above, black, ringed once near the tip with pale
yellowish-brown.
The only specimen of this animal that I have seen is a skin, in excellent
condition, of an adult female, in summer pelage, collected on the Plains of
Colima, Western Mexico, in 1863, by Mr. John Xantus.* • Judging from the
characters afforded by the skin, this species belongs to the subgenus Oto-
spcrmophilus, but in some features is rather more Sciurine than even S. gratn-
murus, its nearest ally. The ears, tiiough large, are less pointed than in that
species, and tlie tail less bushy ; the claws are short, deep, and much
* It bears the Natiunal Hiiseam nnmber 7018 ; original number 134.
i ?
BOIUBID^i— SPBRMOPniLUS ANNULATU8.
887
curved. The pelage is coarser, much harsher and stifl'er even than in Spcr-
mophUus gram'n".rus, and the liairs are, in like manner, conspicuously groovc-d
above. The tranwyerse burring of the tail di.slinguishcH tliis species among
all the American Sciuridte.
This species was first described by Audul)on and JJachman, in 1842, in
the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Piiiladelpliiu. These
authors republished tlieir description, with a figure, in tiieir Quadrupeds of
North America, in 1851. The single specimen that served as the basis for
their description and figure was presented to them by Professor Haird, respect-
ing whicli tiiese authors say: — "The specimen we have described was obtained
on the western prairies; the locality was not particularly stated It was
politely presented to us i)y Mr. Spencer F. Baird, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania."*
In republishing this account nine years later, they add, after the word prairies,
"we believe on the east of the Mississippi River".t Professor Baird, in
alluding to this species in 1857, says: — "The animal described under this
name \8permophilus annulatuii] by Audubon and Bachman was purchased by
me from a dealer many years ago and prc8ente<l to Mr. Audubon. It was
supposed to have been brought from the west, and, as such, was described
by the above authors. I have, however, little doubt that it is an African
species of Sciurus, and, in fact, it resembles closely, if it be not identical with,
the Sciurus rufobrachiatus of Fraser, in Zoologia Typica, said by him to be
closely related to the Sciurus annulatus of Western Africa. In any event,
it must be eliminated from the list of North American Spermophile8."t
Andrew Murray, in 1866, referred this species to Sciurus rvfohrachiatum
of Waterhouse, and speaks of it as follows : — "Dr. Baird says tiiat Audubon
and Bachman had been deceived in the locality of the species which they
described under this mine [Spernwphilus annulatus'], supposing it to have
been an American Spermophile, while, in fact, it was a West African
Squirrel." §
Here, at last, it is positively asserted to be a West African species, and
is referred to the genus Sciurus. It is, however, not only a true Spermophile,
but proves to be beyond question an inhabitant of the Plains of Western
Mexico. The original type of the species appears to have been lost. From
Audubon and Bachman's very careful description and figure of it, there can
\i
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* Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vol. viii, p. ilX
t Quad. N. Amer. vol. il, p. 815.
t Mum. N. Amor. p. 327.
i Oeof;. Distr. Mam. p. 354.
m
II Hfi
888
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
:^i\
mm
l)e no doubt of its identity witii Mr. Xantus's specimen above described. The
only discrepancies consist in Audubon and Bachman's specimen being a little
smaller than the present one, and the tail is represented as being relatively a
little longer and the color of tho ventral surface of the body a little lighter,
but in every other detail of structure and coloration there is the closest
agreement. Although evidently a true Spermophile, in all probability ref-
erable to the subgenus Otospermophilus, the absence of the skull renders it
impossible to refer it to any particular section of the genus Spermophilus.
In 1827, Major Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith's Cuvier's Animal Kingdom
(vol. iii, p. 190), described and figured a " Sciurus lewisii", said to have been
based on a specimen in " Mr. Peal's Museum in Philadelphia, .... brought
there by the American Missouri travellers, Messrs. Lewis and Clarke", the
name being given in honor of Captain Levis. The figure and description
strongly recall the present species.* The tail is similarly barred transversely
(but the bars are fewer and broader), and the general color seems to resem-
ble that of the Spermophilus annulatus of Audubon and Bachman. Professor
Baird has very doubtfully referred the Sciurus lewisi to Sciurus " ludovicianus",
supposing that the barring of the tail might have been due to a twisting of
that member. He expresses himself as at a loss to junt for the absence
of red in the tail, but says that unless it be assignable to this species he can-
not refer it to any known North American species. If, however, Hamilton-
Smith's figure be considered as at all trustworthy, his " Lewis's Squirrel"
bears a much nearer resemblance to the SpennophUus annulatus than to any
other known species of Sciuridte. If really to be referred to this, the speci-
men was probably not "brought to Philadelphia" by Lewis and Clarke, '^ut
was doubtless derived from some wholly different source. *
Hamilton-Smith traces a resemblance between his animal and the Sciurus
annulatus described in 1822 by Desmarest from a specimen in the Paris
*Tbe (IcBcription i8«8 follows: — " £ewt«'a Squinel'iuii the npper part of tbet<!ad, neck, sbonlden,
fore arum, to tbu urticulatiou of tbo arm, bucks Hanks [«ic], the posterior iiioic{ j of the tbi};bs, and u
band round tbo belly, of ocbrey gray colnnr ; all the nnder parts, the inside of tbo limbs, and the paws
are pnru oclirey ; tbu ears are small, round, and far back ; Ibe eyes are black .1 surroni. ...d with the
same colour us tlie buck ; the nosl. ..<> open at the e\trcmity of tbo muzzle, forming a denuded black
snout, tbi) upper lip is wbifo, and the whiskers very Inng; tbo tail is very bcilutifnl, cnlic.ic' ' ick oi
bunhy cylindrical and anuu'.ated, with seven block and sis white bauds, with Uiu terminrfioi. ulaek,"
'i'bcy udil, — " This U|ipcurs to be the Sdnrua annulalm, desciibcd by M. Desmarest, KnciidopMic Milhoiiiqut,
article Math,ii::l<yjir, from » Hpccin.en in tlie museum at Paris, whoxe habitat is unknown, ills specilia
cbaructcr.", bowever, are fur of u lirigbti^rceniKli-gray above, without lateral •vhil ■ bunds, white under-
noutb, tail longer than the iHuly, riumd, annulutMl, black and white : of the i-iz. the Fulni ScinirrcL
These (iill'erences of colour may be suHieienlly ucconnted for, tn lecopn'e the probability uf the ideutit;
of the species of these two specimens."
aCIUUIDiE— OYNOMYS.
889
Museum from an uuKnown locality, to wliicli species it is finally doubtfully
referred in volume V (p. 257). The latter, however, has since been identi-
fied by Temminck and others as one of the West African nnnulatcd-tailrd
species of Sciurus. It is possible that the specimen described by Hamilton
iSmithhad also an African origin, though it seems to much better agree witii
S. annulafui than with any of the African annulatecl tailed Squirrels.
Note. — In 1853, Audubon and Bachman, in the third volume of their
Quadrupeds of North America (p. 65), described a Spermophilus pealei, intro-
ducing the species into their work with the remark that they could not with cer-
tainty " add it to the list of our North American mammals", the locality of the
specimen being unknown to them. They add, however, that they could not
identify the specimen with any Old World species known to them, "wliilst,
on the other hand, it bears in form, size, and markings, a strong connection
with the American Spermophiles, and will, we are inclined to think, yet be
found in some part of the western sea-coast regions of America". Later, on
the last page of the same volume (last line), they say " SjiermopliUus pealei. —
Not American." In the introduction to their description of the species (l. c.
p. G4), they state that they received the specimen from one of the naturalists
of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition shortly af^°,r the return of the expedition
to the United States. As clearly shown by their description, their Sper-
mopHlus pealei was based on a specimen of Sciurus palmarum (auct.) of In-
dia, an animal having many affinities with the genus Tamias. , ^ ,j,, ,. ,; .
Genus OYNOMYS Raf.
;'i'
rVi
Jrolomyii (ill purt) u£ various iiuthors.
Spermophiliit (m part) of variona authorfl.
Ci/Homi/i liAFiNKSQUK, Aiiior. Montlily Mag. ii, lrtl7, 45. • Buacd on tliu " Bnrliiiig Squirrel " of Lewis and
Clurtie, = Arctoinya ludovicianuH Ord.
AHitOHj/x Rakinksquk, Amor. Monthly Mag. ii, 1817, 45. Based on llio "Burrowing Squirrel" of Lewis
Bud Clurlie, =« Arvlomyi oolumbiamm Ord (alco included n species of a di ' rent family,
" Aplodontia lipo'ina" auct.).
Generic chars.— Skull rather short, very broad, highly a.cned. "nd
massive; zygomatic arches greatly expanded and strongly divergent posteriorly ;
malar bone nearly straight, rather broad and thin, its plane of expansion
nearly horizontal, dipping slightly inward ; postorbital processes long, strong,
decurved ; muzzle rather long, abruptly contracted at the front border of the
maxillaries, its sides parallel ; dnteorbital foramina rather large, subtria.igular,
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890
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
thrown outward basally, llio l)ony i)late forming their outer border being
ol)lique to the vertical phme of tiie skull ; upper premolars two, the first large,
of the same breadth antero-postcriorly as the other grinding teeth (except-
ing the last molar); dentition heavy, the grinding teeth (except the first pre-
molar and last molar) with the transverse breadth twice the antero-poslerior ;
tiic last molar much larger than the others, subtriangular, the anterior and
inner borders straight, the postero-outer rounded ; molar series strongly con-
vergent posteriorly ; cheek-pouches moderate ; tail very short, flattened ; ears
rudimentary ; pollex large, with a well-developed nail ; pelage short, full, and
soft, especially in winter; coloration without spots or streaks.
Cynomys is the most highly specialized generic group among the Ameri-
can Sciuridce. It is especially characterized by its massive dentition, which is
heavier than that of any other Sciuromorph with which I am acquainted, a.id
by the great posterior convergeiice of the upper molar series. In other fea-
tures, it differs little from Colobotis, possessing only the characters of that
group, particularly as represented in its most specialized phase (for instance,
as in our Spermophilus [^ColoboHs] richarrhoni and in S, [Colobotis] brevicauda
of Siberia), in an exaggerated deg.ee. The grinding teeth, however, are set
more obliquely in the jaw (those of the upper jaw bein ; directed strongly
outward, and those of the lower jaw in the opposite direction), while the
teeth themselves are relatively shorter and broader, with three instead of two
transverse grooves in tiie outer half of the triturating surface (in the maxil-
lary series). The palate is sligiitly narrowed posteriorly in Spermophilus, but
in Cynomys its breadth between the last molars is less than half its width
between the first premolars. The general outlines of the skull, both in pro-
file and as seen from above, differ little from those of Spermophilus, the differ-
ence in this respect being not greater than between different species of either
the subgenera Cololwtis or Ictidomys. Tiie occipital, interparietal, r"d tem-
poral crests are, however, much more strongly developed than in any of the
SpermophiU, and all the processes and ridges of the lower jaw are mucli
more prominent. The general form of tiie lower jaw is quite similar to that
of Spermophilus, especially as met with in tiie heavier forms of the subgenus
Cololwtis ; the coronoid process, however, is shorter, stouter, and has a much
greater antero-posterior breadth, and the angular process is more produced.
The mental foramen is placed knver than in most species of Spermophilus
and Arctomys, but not lower than in some of them (S. brevicauda for example),
its position beu luidway between the upper and lower edges of the jaw.
wm
ii'i'i
SCIUUID^— CYN0MY8,
891
In Cijnomys, the edges of the orbits arc raised obovo the piano of the
frontals, as in several of the spccties of the subgenus Colohofi.i, but rather
more strongly, and the anterior face of the zygomatic process of the maxiihiry
is deeply excavated. The breadth of the skull at the posterior border of the
zygomatic arches is equal to or greater than the length of the skull, exclusive
of the portion anterior to the front edge of the maxillaries, and hence much
greater than in any other genus of the Sciuridte. All the teeth are relatively
large and heavy; the grinding teeth arc narrowed on the inner border, as in
Spennophilus and Arctomys. The molar series occupy about one-third the
entire length of the skull. The incisors are short and strong, with the antero-
posterior breadth nearly twice the transverse.*
The genus Cynomys was proposed by Kafinesque in 1817, and based
wholly on the description of the "Barking Squirrel" of Lewis and Clarke,
which he named Cynomys socialis. He also doubtfully referred to it a
"Cynomys grisea", based on the "Petit Chien" of the Upper Missouri, inci-
dentally mentioned by Lewis and Clarke. This is merely another name for
the Barking Squirrel of the same i\wt\wrs {^= Arctomys ludovicianus Ori\,=:
Cynomys ludovicianus Baird). In. the same article (and on the same page),
Rafinesque also proposed the genus Anisonyx, based primarily on the descrip-
tion of the "Burrowing Squirrel" of Lewis and Clarke {=: Arctomys colutii-
hianus Ord,:=: Cynomys gunnisoni Baird), but which was made to include also
their "Sewellel" under the name Anisonyx rufa, wliich belongs to a wholly
different family (HaplodontirleB). The genus is based on wholly false charac-
ters, resulting from Rafinesque's misinterpreting Lewis and Clarke's descrip-
tion, and, as far as the present group is concerned, is preoccupied by Cynomys.
The first species referred to it is the Anisonyx brachiura, equal to the Arctomys
columbianus of Ord of two years' earlier date, based on the same description.
The genus Cynomys is restricted to the parks and plains of the jrea?^
Rocky Mountain Plateau, and is represented, so far as known, by only two
species.
* The food of Cymmya consisting of soft berbRceons [ilants and grosses and succulent roots, tbe large
size of tbe teeth and their very flrm implantation offer a puzzling problem. The great antero-posterior
brea<ltb of the ineisorR, tbe buav- , strong molars, and all tbe provisions of the skull forniuscnliirnttnch-
meut indicate great strength of jaw and cutting power— far greater even than in the true Scpiirrels,
whose food couHists largdy of hard nuts. The species of Cynomyt live on the open, barren plains, gen-
erally where the coarsest plants are annuals, with stalks rarel~ thicker that one's linger, and the only
suffruticuso vegetation is the various forms of Arttmiiiia, Oilone, etc. Where the eastern C. ludovicianm
must abounds, there is appai jtly nothing for it to feed upon requiring great strength of Jaw or heavy
dentition. Yet it presents the heaviest dentition and greatest masticatory power mot with among the
Siiurida:.
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892 MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS (Ord) Baird.
MlHSOurl Barking Squirrel; Missouri "Pralrlo Dog",
Arctomyt ludoriciavua "OliD, Ontlirie'H Oeo|]r. 2<1 Am. cil. ii, 1815, !293, 303."— Say, Long's Ezped. Ry. Hte.
i, 1823, 451 (description), 4i)8 (villnges).— Harlan, Faun. Aiu. 1825, 100.— Godman, Am. Not.
Hist, il, 1820, 114.-H. Smith, Grimth's Cnvior's An. King, iii, 1827, 198 (with un original
bnt very iirroneoiis figmu from L«!wis luul Clarlie's specimen) ; v, 18a7, 247. — Pkince Max.,
Ecise in d. in. Nord-Anier. i, 1839, 3fi5.— Wagnkii, Soppl. Sclircbcr'g Siiugot. iii, 1843, 861. —
BciliNZ, 8yn. Mnni. ii, 1845, 64.— STANsnunY, Salt Lake Expeil. 1852, 37.
Spermophitm ludovicianut Lkkkon, Man. dii Mum. 1827, 244,— " F. Cuviek, Snppl. Bnffon's Hist. Nat. i,
Mumm. 1H31, 31(>."— AumiBON*. Hachman, Quad. N. Am. ii, 1«>1, 319, pi. xcix.— Maucy,
Ked Kiver Exped. 185!!, 4(i.— WoonilousK, Sitgreavcs's Expl. ZuiSi and Colorado Rivers, 1853,
52.— Kknnicott, U. 8. Pat. Off. Rep. Agricnl. 1H5G (1857), 81, pi. ix.
Cynomut ludonicianuK Baikd, Mam. N. Am. 18.'>7, 331, pi. xlvii (sltull and dentition); U. B. and Mox.
Bound. Surv. ii, 1859, pt. iii, .39.— Sucki.ey, jNat. Hist. Wusb. Ter. pt. iii, 1859, St9, 123.—
Thomas, Trans. Iii. State Agr. Boo. iv, 18f>0, (!57 (Illinois[f]).— Maximilian, Arch. f. Natur-
gesch. 1861, 88.— Hayben, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Philo. xii, 1863, 145.— Stevenson, Hayden's
Rep. U. S. Guol. Surv. Wyom. 1671, 402.— Allen, Bull. Essex Institute, vi, 1B74, 49 (bio-
graphical); Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 294; xvii, 1874, 43.— Guinnrll, Ludlow's
Rec. Black Hills of Dakota, 1875, 82. — Merhill, Forest and Stream, vi, 1876, 369 (habits). —
"Plume del Rosa", ib. vii, 1876, 52 (domestication).
Cynomyt Bocialii Kapinesqu'?, Am. Month. Mag. ii, 1817, 45 (= " Barking Squirrel ", Lewis and Clarke).
Cynomyii grisea Uafinksciuk, Am. Mouth. Mag. ii, 1817, 45 (= " Petit Chieu ", Luvris and Clarke).
Arclomyt griteus Fischeii, Syn. Mam. 1829, 345 (from Rafinesquo).
ArcUmya mimiurieiins Warden, Descrip. fitats-Unis, v, 1820, 627 (= " Wishtonwish ", Pike).— Desmaiiest,
Mam. 1822, 329 (from Warden).
Jrclomys latrana Harlan, Fanii. Araer. 1825 306 (= " Barking Sqnirrol", Lewis and Clarke). — Fischer,
Syn. Mam. 1829, 345 (from Harlan).
T'etit Chien, Lewis & Clarke, Travels, Ist Am. ed. i, 1815, 68.
Prairie Dog, Lewis & Clarke, Travels, i, 1815, C7.— Kendall, Nar. Santa T6 Exped. i, 1844, 183.— Greog,
Commerce of the Prairies, ii, 1845, 228.
Barking Squirrel, Lewis &, Clarke, Travels, 1st. Am. ed. ii, 1815, 175 ; 4to Lend. ed. 1615, 460 ; 8vo Lond.
ed. iii, 1815, 38.
IfufifoHioixA, or /'rairie 59UinW, PiKK, Travels, 1810, 156, 180. •>.'-..-•;.> i i.v
Jfarm«((« du WiMOKri, Warden, 1. 0. \ ' ^
jMiieitttia Marmot, Si' I.e. t-' .*^' ';
Prairie Marmot, Ood.man, I.e.. - . ; .
WieUmwiiili, I{iCHARDtK)N, I. c.
3fiwaur< Prnjrw I^ui;, BAihL>, I. c. > "i ,. >.':;' Ni
Specific chars. — Length of head and body 11.50 to 12.50, ranging
from about 11.00 to 13.00; tail to end of vertebrse 3.00 to 4.00; tail to end
of hairs 4.00 to 5.00. Above reddish-brown, varied with gray, and with a
few hairs wholly l»lack; below yellowish- or brownish-white. Tail short,
flattened, basally above like the back, and brownish-black toward the end, the
dusky hairs more or less whitish at base. Ears very small, rounded, about
one-fifth of an inch high. Olaws long and strong, but little curved ; that
ot tlie thumb well developed. The character of the pelage varies consider-
ably with tht season, being much finer and sotler in winter than in summer.
In specimens taken in June and July, the pelage is quite short, some-
SCIUllID^— CYNOMYS LUU0VIC1ANU8.
Bin)
what harsh, and rather stiff, with very little under fur, particularly at the south-
ward. Autumnal specimens (including some taken as early as August 2.'5),
on the other hand, have a very full, soil pelage, with an ahun<hin(u> of whitish,
very fine, silky under fur. The hairs of the dorsal surface are gencniUy hlack
nt the extreme base, then very broadly ringed with whitish or grayish-while,
followed by a broad zone of reddish-brown, with the extreme tips of the hairs
whitish. There are also intermixed, sometimes sjiarsely, soiaetinies abun-
dantly, longer hairs, generally v/holly black to the base. These are some-
times so abundant as to give a blackish cast to the dorsal surface, particularly
on the top and sides of the head and sides of the neck. The color also Varies
somewhat with season, specimens taken late in autumn being more hoary
above and more fulvous on the sides and below than those taken .a early
summer. Between specimens in winter pelade from the north (Fort Ran-
dall) and those in summer pelage from the south (Kansas, Colorado, and
Texas), the difference in the color and texture of the pelage is very striking.
In the northern specimens, the pelage is full, very soft and silky, yellowish-
brown, rather strongly varied with dusky; in the southern specimens, the
pelage is shorter and harsher, brownish-red, varied with intense shining black.
In some examples (as No. 1C51, from Fort Chadbourne, Texas, and No. 9557,
from Soda Springs, Colo), the color is nearly brick-red. There is also con-
siderable variation in size with locality, there being a strongly marked decline
southward, as sliown by the subjoined tables of measurements.
The present species differs from Cynomys columbianus in its more red-
dish coloration, longer and differently colored tail, and larger size. In respect
to the skulls, aside from the difference of size, the nasals, as a rule, extend
further back in C. ludovicianus than in C. columbianus, and the zygoma is
thicker and narrower, in strong contrast with the broad, thin plate seen in C.
columbianus. By size alone, large skulls of C. columbianus cannot be cer-
tainly distinguished from small skulls of C. ludovicianus. '; j- -v
This species, like the following, was first brought to the notice of nat-
uralists by Lewis and Clarke, who met with it on the plains of tiie Upper
Missouri during their journey from Saint Louis to the Rocky Mountains and
the Pacific Ocean, in 1804, 1805, and 1806. In the first volumie of the "Bid-
dle-AUeu" Narrative of Lewis and Clarke's Expedition,* publisiicd in 1815,
"Sto Ur. Elliott Cout's's "An Acccinnt o£ tlin viiiiiiiiH piibliciioiiB lulu ling to Ibu TmvelH ot'IjiwiH
nud Clarko, with a C'oaimeutary on Ibo SCociloHicnl UcsuIIb i.f their Expedition ' (Bull. U. S.'Oeolof;. nud
Oeogr. Survey of the Terr. 2d ser. No. 6, Kuh. 8, 187()) for lui exhiiueitlvo uud useful deBcriptive sunimn""'
of the vnrious nnrratives of the Lewis uud '^Uurke expedition.
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894
MONOUHAPUS OP NOllTU AMEltlOAN RODKNTIA.
Um^
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it is variously referred to incidontally as the "Petit Cliien", "Prairie Dog",
" Burking Squirrel'', and " Burrowing Squirrel", and is described at length
in volume ii (p. 175) under the name "Barking Squirrel". In Gass's Narra-
tive of the same expedition, jiublished in 1807, it is briefly referred to as the
"Prairie Dog". Pike, in his account of his travels on the Missouri and
Arkansas Rivers, in 1805 and 180G (published in 1810), also refers to it as
the " Wishtonvvish'', or "Prairie Squirrel", and gives much information
respecting its habits. To the animal described under the name " Barking
Squirrel", in the second volume of the "Biddle- Allen" narrative of the Lewis
and Clarke expedition, Ord, in 1815, gave the name Arctomys ludcnyicianus,
basing the name on Lewis and Clarke's description. Say, in 1823, under
the same name, gave a somewhat fuller account of its habits, and described
the s[)ecies from a specimen brought from the Upper Missouri, many years
before, l)y Lewis and Clarke. In the mean time, Rafinesque, in 1817,
renamed the Barking Squirrel of Lewis and Clarke {^.Arctomys ludovicianus
of Ord and Say) Cynomys socialis, basing both the genus and ihe species on
Lewis and Clarke's description. Rafinesque, in the same paper, also gave
the name " Cynofnys? grisea" to Lewis and Clarke's "Petit Chicn" of the
Upper Missouri, which is identical with their "Prairie Dog" and "Barking
Squirrel". Later, in 1825, Harlan, while recognizing the Arctomys ludooicia-
wM.vof Ord and Say, and referring to it the Prairie Dog of Lewis and Clarke,
gave the name Arctomys latrans to Lewis and Clarke's Barking Squirrel of
"the plains of the Missouri", thus adding another nominal species to the two
introduced by Rafinesque. Neither Rafinesque's names nor that proposed
by Harlan have received recognition except in the works of a few foreign
compilers.
As already shown, this species was first met with by Lewis and Clarke,
during their journey up the Missouri River in 1804, while Pike met with it
tiie following year on the Arkansas River. The first published reference to
it appears to have been made by Glass, in 1807, who gives, however, no
information of importance respecting it. Pike, in 1810, gave a more detailed
account of its habits, while Say, in 182i3, further contributed to its biography
and gave of it the first formal scientific description. It has since been well
described by various authors, and may be considered as one of the best
known o( our smaller Mammals. It figures largely in the accounts of all
SOIURIDiE— CYNOMY8 LUDOVICIANUS.
85)5
travellors across <Iie Plains, fioiri llu; tiiiio of Pilv(; down U) the present diiy.
Among the more notewortliy notices are those of KtMidal!,* Grcfijj.f Staiis-
l)ury,t ftiid Marcy.§ Many of tliese |)(i|»ular aec<tunts are more or less mixed
with error, owing to the natural tendency, (;s|)ccially among unscientific
writers, to exaggerate wluitever borders on the marvellous. Errors, how-
ever, have crept into the accounts of even fcientific ol)s»!rvers, the very names
of "Prairie Dog'', "Petit Chien", etc., being grossly misleading. Tliese
terms, together with those of "Dog-towns", " Prairie Dog villages", etc., as
applied to the colonies of these animals, can doubtless never be eradicated
from vernacular parlance. As long since noted by Say, the "absurd and
inappropriate name of Prairie-dog" was given to this animal "from a fancied
resemblance of its warning cry to the hurried barking of a small dog". Its
" bark", however, is strictly that of a S(piirrel, liearing re;dly litth; resem-
blance to that of any species of Cunis. The absurd theory, so widely cur-
rent, that it harmoniously shares its iiurrow with the rattlesnake and owl,||
* Narrative of the Tuxan Santa V& Expedition, vol. i, p. 188 (1844). A very Benaible, amusln);, aud
graphic account.
t Commerce of the Prairiea, vol. ii, p. 238 (1645).
t Salt Lake Exped. p. 37 (1853).
L . $ Red River Exped, pp. 40-48. A very good liccouat of its habits,
II Pike, apparently the firiit to make reference to thiR matter, aayg:— " Strange as it may appear,
I have seen the ' Wishtonwlsh', the rattle-snake, the horn frug, of nhich the prairie abounds,
and a land tortoise all take refuge in the same hole. I do not pretend to assert, that it was their com-
mon place of resort, but I have witnessed the abo\e facts more than in one instance." — (Journal of a
Voyage to the Arkanaaw, etc. 1810, p. 156, foot-note.) Lewis and Clarke, in their account of the "Petit
Chiun", also state; — " we discovered, however, two frogs in the hole, and near it we killed tt
dark rattlesnake, which had swallowed a small prairie dog: we were also informed, though we never
witnessed the fact, that a sort of lizard, and a snake, live habitually with these animals." — (Traveh, lat
Am. ed. vol. i, p. 08, 1815.)
Among the many referouccs to this subject, see further the articles cited in the preceding foot-
notes; also my own article on this species in Proc. Essex Institute (vol vi, pp. 49-53), and the fol-
lowing : Maj. J. W. Merrill, in Forent and Stream (newspaper), issue of July 13, 1870 ; " FInuie del Rosa",
in the same (issue of August 31, 1870); and Lieut. C. A. H. McCauley, in Bull. U. 8. Oeul. and (jeng. Surv.
vol. iii, 1877, pp. C80-683. It may bo well, however, to add that the I'raiiic Owls (Speotyto cunieuluria var.
hypogcea) are merely occupants of deserted burrows, which oU'er them a convenient home. While their
food consists largely of insects ("grasshoppers") and crawfishes, some have supposed that tliey also prey
upon the young dogs, but I have met with no proof thot such is the cac o. On the other hand, the Rattle- .
snakes (Crotalophorui confluentue) bring terror to these little Marmots whenever they appear, upon which
they largely subsist. They usually, however, make their home in one particular burrow, from wliicli
they may have driven the rightful owner, but donbtlesa enter others in search of food. The holee occu-
pied by the Marmots, the Owls, and the Rattlesnakes are, respectively, readily distinguishable by evident
external signs. (See further, Bull. Essex Inst. vol. vi, pp. 49-51.)
The "Frairio Dog" is readily susceptible of domestication, and makes an agreeable and amusing,
thougli sometimes u rather mischievous, pet. None of the animals ii, the Zoological (Jardens of Phila-
delphia probably iifforl greater pleasure or are of greater interest to visitors than the considerable colony
of these unimuls there successfully domesticated. (On the " Prairie Don " as a pet, s-ic the article by
"Plume del Rosa" in the Forest and Stream (newspaper) of August 31, IHTli.)
h'V.
li ;1:
I- ■1:1
'i S:
tti#!
U
m
?'i
896
MONOOUAPHS OF NORTH AMEKIOAN KODENTIA.
though discredited by Say and every naturalist since hia time who has had
the opportunity of becoming personally familiar with the animal on its native
])lains, is hardly less difficult to eradicate from tiie popular mind than the
idea that it is in reality a sort of small dog, as its common vernacular name
implies.*
The habitat of the present species is confined to the dryer portion of
the plains east of the Rocky Mountains, where it is found from Western
Texas northward to the forty-ninth parallel. The eastern limit of its range
is near the ninety-eighth meridian. Specimens are in the collection from
Fort Chadbourne, the Staked Plains, and other localities in Western Texas,
and from near the Pecos River in Southeastern New Mexico. It ranges over
the western half of Kansas and thence westward in Colorado to the foot-hills
of the Rocky Mountains, beyond which I have been unable to trace it, it
being immediately replaced in the Parks to the westward by C columbianus.
In Wyoming, it ranges westward over the Laramie Plains, and even to the
sources of the North Platte. Further northward, it likewise appears to uni-
formly reach the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, beyond which the
species apparently does not extend. It is found, according to Dr. Hay-
den, as far down the Missouri as the mouth of the White River (in about
latitude 43° 40'), near which point it was first met with by Audubon in
his ascent of that river in 1843. It occurs thence northward and west-
ward over the plains of the Yellowstone and Missouri, but over large areas
of the more barren portions its settlements occur only at infrequent inter-
vals. At more favorable localities, they occupy the country continuously over
hundreds of square miles. It has bjen met with by both Dr. Suckley and
Dr. Coues on the Milk River. Respecting the northern limit of its range
Dr. Coues kindly adds the following: —
" I have no personal knowledge of the Prairie-dog beyond 49°, the
northern boundary of Montana, and Richardson speaks of it as restricted
to the Missouri Basin. During my connection with the U. S. Northern
Boundary Commission, in 1873-'4, when I passed along the parallel of 49°
from the Red River of the North to the Rocky Mountains, I observed no
• The lii^liost nbsiirdity of iiiiHrepreseutation \a nacbed in Hnniilton-Smith'a "origiiiul flguro", in
OrilHtU's Ouvlur's Animal Kin(;doni (v<d. iii, plale facing p. 198), drawn (it is paid) irom llio specimen
Ijrotigbt to I'biladulpbia by Lewis and C'lai lie. In Ibis tigurc in represented the mnzzle of a pus-nosed
dug, between the hulf-open lips of which are seen an uninterrupted row of teeth, rcseuibling those of a
caruivuroua animal I
SCIDUII)^— CYNOMY8 LUDOVICIANUa.
H97
'Dogs' in any portion of tiic lied River Basin, imd the prolmbility is Unit (lie
animal has made little it' any settlement so far eastward in tliis latitude. I
found some small colonies, however, at various points in the I^tiik Uiver
legion, which may really be tlie limit of dispersion to the northward. The
most extensive cstablisiimcnt was in a 'olcrably fertile depression of the,
prairie just east of Frenchman's or White Eartii lliver, alK)ut lat. 48°
30', and not far from the mouth of Milk River. The owls, Sprotyto /n/pngrra,
rattlesnakes, Crotalus conjluentus, and horned frogs, Pliryuosoma dnuglassi,
are also inhabitants of the same area, though never seen in the Red River
water-shed. These four animals, and tiie Sage Cock, Centrocercux urophasi-
anus, arc almost diagnostic of the Missouri Basin as distinguished from that
of the Red River." /. .\\ .... ,; , ,, .
At the southward, according to Lieutenant Abert, as quoted by Audubon
and Bachman, this animal " does not hibernate, but is out all winter, as lively
and as pert as on any summer day". -Gregg also states that he had good
authority for the statement that they are always abroad in winter during fine
weather. According to Lewis and Clarke, however, " as soon as the frost
commences, they shut themselves up in their caverns, and continue till the
spring opens". Say also says that " tiiey pass the winter in a lethargic sleep",
defemiing themselves from the inclemency of the season " by accurately
closing up the entrance of the burrow". This is doubtless a mistake, as, in
January, 1872, I met with them in Northwestern Kansas as active on bright
sunny days as in summer, they only letiring for a few days at a time during
the severest weather. Further northward, where the climate is more severe,
they are doubtless less active in winter than further southward, retiring to
their bu rro ws for longer periods. " ,
57 If . ■' .. • ■ '■• - '■, :" ,
Wm
m,
"i^i-fS
mI
:ii
ii
^Ife;'
i:m^
8{>H
MONOdltAlMIH OF NOItTII AMEUICAN UODKNTIA.
Taiilr CXWll.—MMKHnmdiln of Ihirly out upevinieM c^f CVKOMVa |,UU<>VI0IANU8.'
11934
1819
1810
un
iHin
urn
18 10
I8U
ID 4
llIU
IMS
Win
3«8
2731
im
3TI9
2750
iTil
a7iW
2783
a-li-l
27S.7
M8
M)
i-;i3
liU
107:1
417
MH
MO
510
.til
Slil
013
SI4
l^ocalily.
Nen ninath of Uilk RIvrr
Vtlluwitouo RlTur, Moot . .
do
do
Furt Itundall, Dak. Tcr
do
do
do
do
do
do
dn
do
Republican River. Kaoa . . .
do
Choj'ennc, Wyo. Ter
Oardon of tho Gods, Colo. .
Fort llaya, Kaoa
do
do
do
do
do
do
From tip tit now to-
il 25
affi
1. 4.1
3.00
i.V)
3.55
'J.S5
•i 'A'l
S.35
aS5
S.5II
!1.35
9.33
5. 50
»Xi
8.40
14:1
a. 05
3.40
3.45
3.40
3. SO
3.35
2.00
3 30
3.75
3.90
:l.35
•175
3.50
:f. .to
:i.ro
11. 85
3.35
.1.55
:l.25
3.55
;i. 55
3 S5
3.(0
1.00
a. la
3.75
a. ca
2.81
3.70
3.73
5.30
105
3.55
3. 05
3.40
3.00
IW
a. 35
15.75
11.00
i:i.oo
II. CO
13.35
13 00
I J. 50
13. .'lO
13 00
13.35
13.35
II.1-.
13.00
1.1.00
11.0?
11.50
11.00
11.40
13.30
11.75
11.75
10.55
7.75
11.75
13.35
13 40
10.80
11.25
9.00
9.40
Tall to end
of-
3 as
3 03
3.00
3.75
:i. 113
4.00
4 00
3.35
3.00
3.13
3.13
.1.00
3.15
3.35
3. CO
3.25
175
4.00
3.05
3.35
.1.10
3.30
200
2 05
100
3 00
3 CO
3.55
175
130
i
a
4.15
138
.1. IW
.175
4.00
5.00
4.75
4.35
4.10
4.13
4.13
.1.00
4.35
4.00
3.75
4.50
3.35
5.10
3.80
4.00
4.00
3.45
155
:i.G5
3.75
3.00
:i70
4.35
.1.35
3.10
Lenglfaor—
100
100
111
100
100
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.50
1.75
100
1.83
1.95
1.55
1.00
1.45
I.OJ
1.70
1.83
i.eo
1.70
1.85
1.00
1.65
.9
a
140
135
135
115
1.18
138
125
125
113
113
100
135
135
135
145
145
145
140
3 2H
I. 00
125
137
130
135
195
li>7
120
Froah.
do .
do.
do .
do
do.
do.
do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
do.
.do.
.do.
.do .
.do. J
do.,
do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do...
.do.,
.do.,
.do ..
.do ..
.do..
Romatka.
From Baird,
Uam. N.
Ainer. p.
334.
» Meaauremonta all taken by colloctora In the field from fVeeb apeoimena.
iSCIlJIlID.K— rVNOMYH LUDOVICIANirH.
TadlrC'XXVIII.— Jf«uiirrnni<«n/ niHttien »*•«//• o/ Cvnomvs i.niovicUNUii.
mj
1
1
J
a
\
II
ji
i
1
1
1
i
•>
it
Lootllt/.
ei
a
3
s
i
i
!
1
1
«
1
It
5
1
1$
it
1
&
Jl
i
i
I
i
1
M
-3
I
I
5
0. 3.'i
0 0.7
1
1
'3
11
H
1
a
a
1
\
CJ
H
9.4i
a. CO
■J
1.7,-.
l.fH
O.ft
0.90
aM
y,
0. 7.7
1.33
1.41
u
u
J
SHII
VIM
Cpprr iliuoiirl
do
1.117
0,93
Km
h'M
d.43
1. V".
0..'.3
o.m
0.1:4
oo;i
1 3H
....
l.liO
0 88
834
ForiPierro
9 4.1
I.TO
o.r.o
r.no
0.08
1.38
1.^0
0,87
ITUB
do
1I.4J
l.lO
0, .77
O.IH)
0.94
0. f,9
0.C7
1.40
0.43
0.93
O.M
I.IO
0,88
31IS0
I'lacto Klror
J
14-
l.iO
0.70
0.110
0.97
0.70
1.49
1.03
0.05
4J03
Deer Creek
2.35
1.70
OHO
0.90
0.01
1..10
l.,73
0,83
4a,s
(lo
11 3.1
1.7.
0.53
0.F9
0 70
I.3S
1. .',0
a»t
■SMI
3,103
Pole Creek.
9
<S
9. .IS
i4n
1 -.'.
1.70
0 W
O.UH
0. 8.-.
0.911
0.9.7
0. 73
0.73
1 40
1.37
1,00
I.CO
0. 11,7
0, t:.
do
3303
do
<i
•A fill
I..0
O.Ik)
0.10
0.9.7
0 74
1.44
1.03
0 87
3xn
do
d
■lliO
I.Uj
O.CO
•.07
0.27
0..'iO
0.74
1.41
0.43
0.95
0.03
1.67
U,'J4
39S8
do
9
iLSO
I 73
0.09
0.07
0.93
0 48
0.70
1.37
0.30
0 95
0.03
1.00
0.87
3190
do
*
9.4J
1.73
O.-U
o.eo
0.94
aw
0.07
1.49
0 49
0.93
O.M
I.RO
0,88
1340
3.1.0
1 00
0 01
0. 9.7
U 94
0.30
0.75
1 30
0 50
0.35
0 69
1.C5
0 00
t3J0
do
9.30
1.75
0.55
0.87
0.95
0.48
0.70
1.41)
a.'ja
0.83
0.03
1.05
0,U0
1144
Llmpeo MonoUtuH, Tox . .
9.30
0.00
0.05
0.97
O.TI
I. .10
1.75
0.!7
1098
Preiiilio del Norte, Tex...
9.4U
I. OH
0.5rt
9 83
0.97
0.03
1.35
1..73
0 89
135U
Jomado ilol Muerto, N. il
9. .')'.
I.ei
o.ta
0.03
0,1.0
0.73
1.30
1.75
0.07
Taulk CXXlX.—Linl of upcoimeiit examtued of CvNOSiYS LUiiuviciANi'8.
1
a
W a
1^
i
h
i
b
1
-a
s
0
M
Locality.
WlK'll
coHuoted.
Fioiii whiim reCL-lv'L'd,
Cultcctud bj—
•s
BklD.
...do.
...do.
....do.
11934
919
.1598
1399
15J0
1S31
1533
1533
1534
1333
13.16
1337
1538
1539
1540
1341
154)
1543
1344
4181
<f
Near mouth Milk River
MllkKlver
JOly 3,1874
A Camnbell
Dr. E. Coiiea
Dr. George Buckley. .
Dr.F.V.Huvdon...
...do
W. F, IlayuoWa .,..
. do
..do
....
do
.. do
....do
....do.
:::Z :::::.
...do ,
... do
....do.
do
... do
....do
....do.
do
...do
....do
...do.
do
... do
... do
....do.
do
...do
....do
....do.
do
....do
....do
...da
do
.. do
...do
1
do
...do
...do
...do.
do
...do
...do
....do.
... do
do ....
...do
... do.
. .do
do
...do
....do.
. . do
do
....do
do.
.. do
do
...do
....do.
do . ...
do
...do
....da
I ■ ,1 ■
i' ' 't? '
I; !)!
ijl I. IB.
1.1 1 i"i
I
[
n
iVn!
1 1
I
i
\'
i
N5
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
0%
1.0
I.I
UilZB 12.5
m ^^
■tt 122 12.2
lU
u
L£ 12.0
1.25
1.4
ik
1^
Photograpliic
Sdences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MSM
(716) •73-4503
900
MONOGRAPnS OF NORTH AHBRIUAN RODENTIA.
Tablb CXXlX.—LItt of «p«c<M«ii< ezamttied of Cynomys ludovicianub— Coutiaaeil.
■ni
iii.lt
:i 1 n ";■
IHl
( , ,.
'■U
. i
s
.1
1
IMS
IMA
UO
10618
lOCIJ
lODU
IOS»
mi
it>ie
SI3
m
m
aato
3»l
330*
33M
3913
3391
31M
3a»
MO]
aoiji
400
30M
MM
0«>3
V7II
IrOO
IMM
IPO!)
Irll
1818
II<I3
1814
IfOT
■Ml
IHU
•m
It04
im
MIS
KM
i
|-'3
1
1
1
1
Localllr.
Wliiin
oolloctcd.
Kron whom rfoelved.
CollMtrd bj-
"9
Unnar Mlaaoari
W.F.lUyaolda
....do
Dr.F.V.Hajden....
....do
Bkta
....da
do
8IW
8190
8ISI
do
.. do
....do
Skull.
.. da
do
., do
....do
■•
do
do
Camp Thome, Tallow.
atooa Rlrer.
Pomiiey'a Pillar, Yel.
lowatooa KIrar.
do
do
TollawaUineltlrer...
do
Fort Plants Dak
do
do
Juljr SO, 1813
Aug. 13, 1813
July 80. 1813
AilR. 10, I8M
Aug. 10,1890
.. do
....do
.. da
Dr.J.Braaa
Oen.D.II.8taBlay ..
....do
...do
Dr.J.Krana
Skin.
da
J. A. Allan
84S
««
COI
9
9
...do
....do
...da
....da
. do
....do
....da
CaptW.F.Saynolda
...do
T.Culbartion
Dr.JErana
...do
Dr.F.V.&aydan...
...do
T.CnlbartMB
Dr.J.Evana
...da
...da
...da
...da
8)4
1188
....do
... da
do
do
...do
Dr.F.V.IU.4«n....
....do
....do
SkalL
Skin and akulL
Akin.
....da
Dr.F.V.Haydon...
....do
do
...do
....do
do
do
...da
do
do
do
...do
....do
..da
...da
.. do
....do
...do
do
...da
4ni
3301
JCOC
S40II
39(1
8309
8301
830}
8300
asoi
8908
3
4M
do
do
.. do
. do
....do
....do.
... do
do
....da
d*
....do
....da
do
do
do
Port Laramlo
PlatlaRlTar
July 0,1831
July 8,ll>31
Oct 30,1810
...do
....do
...da
... do
...do
SkolL
Skin and aknIL
Skin.
Skin and akoll.
Skin.
..da
...da
LImtF.T. Bryan...
Capt A.W.Whipple
UantF.T.Biyaa...
Dr.F.V.B^ydan....
...do..
.. do
W.8.Wood
Dr.C.aB.Kauarl>
W.8. Wood
CanipCarlln(,W.T..
do
do
Port Randall, Dak
do
do
do
do
H.D.Hehmldt
...do
... do
..do
...do
...do
.. do
Or.r.T.Uajdan ..
....do
... do
Skin and aknil.
..da
....da
....do
...da
.. do
do
....da
do
do
... .do .. .
...do
., do
...do
do
...da
...da
do
....do
...da
do
do .
do
....do
Skin.
....da
do
....do
....
.... do
l]0
do
...da
do
... do
do
....do
...da
do
....do
... do
...da
....da
.....
"
do
do
do
do
...do
....do
..da
...da
....do
....do
SCICRID^— CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUa
901
Table CXXIX.— £{<< of ipedmeiu examined 0/ Cvnomvs i.u»oviciamdii — Contioued.
i
0
i
i
{1
i
13
1
Locidlt;.
When
eoUwIod.
From whom rocelrcd.
CollMtod Uy-
!
1
1817
1818
1819
1810
3MJ
3460
3M7
M»
3470
3471
3473
3474
3489
3081
3087
3083
3081
3084
3080
im
tm
'tm
•4731
•1731
1719
•1710
•XWI
•iOTl
•1713
t7»4
••7I5
tna
I14S7
11498
MM
»»!
9338
96N
ISM
Fbrt ]tud«n, Usk ....
Dr.P.V.l'iydon...
do
Dr.F.V.HnydoB...
.. do
8kln.
da
Jo
10010
lOOU
10«M
10017
I331S
13310
13317
13318
13319
13390
13331
13392
13313
3W7
3S94
ana
319V
3301
3300
MI3
«H4
«M3
iMi
1930
Its
193
9304
....
do
....do
...do
....da
do
....do
...do
....da
Wyoming TeiTilory . . .
do .. .
.. do
Bknll.
...da
do
do
...do
do
do
do
...do
....da
do
...do
...da
Cfipor UlmoDtl
...do
....do
Sklnwdikull.
....da
do
do
...do
do
...do
...do
...do.
do
...do
....do
...do.
......do
do
... do
...da
do
....do
...do
...da
do
...do
....do
...da
do
do
...do
... .do.
do
do
...do
...da
l\>lo Creok
Aag.ll,18S7
Ang. 11, 1837
Aug. 11, 1837
Ang. 11, 18S7
Ang. 11, 1857
Ang. 11, 1837
Ang. II, 1837
LiaotFT.Bryu..
W.8.yraod
... .da
do
...do
....da
do
....do
....da
do
do
....do
....da
do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...da
SknU.
RkinudtknU.
nknD.
....da
do
do
...do ...
Dr.F.T.Biydan ..
....do
...do
Dr.r.r.Biydon....
...do
IMS
sw
nil
ir>4
1073
417
M8
sov
SIO
Sil
SI9
nn
BI4
DtarCimk
do
do
... do
...do
....da
Dr. W. A. Biinimond
...do
Dr.W.A.HuHKHid
...do
...da
.....la
do
CtojrMnw, Wya Tor . .
.... do
Ang. -,1871
Aug. — , 1871
Ang. — , 1871
A»g.-,IS7I
Aug. — , 1871
Ang. -, 1871
JnM 1,1871
Jnnc II, 1871
Jnnoll,l87l
Jans II, 1871
Jnnell,l871
Jnn«ll,l87l
Jnn«ll,187l
Jnnel<^l87l
BoekyMonntidnltx.
podillen.
do
Allen, Oonnetl, and
BUM.
...do
SUt.udnkall.
Skill.
....da
do
do
...do
9
rf
9
rf
9
rf
0
0
do
..do
do
...do
...da
do _..
... do
...do
BkinudiknU,
Skin.
....da
. do
....d»
Ibit Hnji, Kmm
do
...do
....do
. do
....d
... da
. ...do
.. do
....A,
....da
do
...do
...do
....da
do
...do
... do
....da
do
.. do
...do
....do.
do
.. do
...do
....do.
do
...do
..do
....da
Dnror.Colo
Colorado
Dr.RPilanr
Dr.r.V.HnydoB...
..do
..do
...do
Dr.E.PalnMr
J. H Rntty
gkoll.
Bkln.
....da
do
floda Sprlngn, Colo. Tor.
do
do
do
do
Ang. 10, IMP
do
J.Htovaanoa
.'...da
....do
....da
do
do
...do
...da
..do
...da
..do...
-do
....da
*In Museum of Compurntlvp ZoAlogj, CHmbrldge, Ifnxa.
n;r
*i}'
Iff' -l'
Hi H
r^r^
11 \
Hi
\m
MON«i.l{APnS OF NOUXn AMEItKJAN RUDENTIA.
Tadlk CXXIX.— /.i*l o/ tpcdment namined of C\ KOMVS i.unoviciANl-B— ConliDnixl.
Mm
1717
:i I
101
im
33*
l«M
as*
IN*
IMI
low
1144
l«93
l«M
«U
Lumllly.
Dob Carlo*, Colo
LIjuio B^taowlo
Polt DcBmhw, N. U«i
recM.N.Mpi
Ri>pDliMc«n Fork
I*mluku fUtl Nrrto
Llmpoo MU., Tex ...
M>n AnUiliia, Tex
NrwUioloo
DoTll'ii Hlrrr, Tex
Fi<«o« River. Tex
Arkanau
Itnl lEiver, ixk
F'lrt ChaillKiume, Tex
Kurt LarniMl, 1d<1. Tcr
Wlion
milluctod.
Aug. 18, laa*
Apr. «4, ISM
Ool. I«, 18M
May 31, 1864
FroDi wliun rewlTnl.
Dr. F. V. Haydra..
Capt Julin Pope. . .
CapL John Pope
Lieut F.T.IIrjran..
llai.W.U.BnHir)r..
...4«
...do
Capt. A. W. Whipple
...do
...do
Capt. L. Silftearea.
Dr. ar. Shuniard..
DrKHwia
Dr. K.Couea
Collected liy—
J.Htev
Dr.UeKee.
Dr.McKee
W.8.W(iod
J. n. Clark.....
....do
....do
Dr. C. a a Kennerly
...do
...do
Dr.H.W. Woodhouae.
Dr. a F. Hhonanl
Dr.K.gwia
8kl>.
....da
....*(.
....da
... da
Hkoll.
8kiuaiHl*kn>l.
....da
...do.
Hkla.
....da
...da
Aknll.
8kia.
Dr. R. Cone* I ... .da
! CYNOMYS COLUMBIAN US (Or.1) Allen. .
t .
I Western Barklag Bqalrrel; Wcslera "Prairie Dof".
Arclomyt eoUmUann "Ord, Oathrie's Oeog. 3d Am. e<l. il, IHI.'i, SM, 30Si" (== "Qorrowing Bquirral",
Lewia aod ClMlie).— Allkn, rtuc. Ikwt. 8110. Nat. Hiat, xvi, IS74, 394; Bull. Eamx Iiiat. vi,
; lriT4, ri7, (W (Colontdo).— CouK« it. Yahruw, WbwIiM'i Ezpl. and Bnrv. W, of 100th Merid.
I V, ZuCI. l»7r>, 138 (Middle Utab).
JfRlMRyx hrachitirtt liAFiMtsqiiK, Am. Mnnili. Mag. il, 1817, 45 (=" Borrowing Sqaintl", Lewis and
Clarke).— DE8HAKK18T, Mam. 1^*33, '.I3U (rruni Raflneaqiie).
Aniomy brackgurm Harlan, Kaoiia Aiiier. 1835, :I04 (— " Burrowing Sqnirrol ", Lewia and Clarke).—
FlDCHXR, Syno|i. Ham, 1^ 34,'> (from Harlan).— Richardsmk, ZoTd. Beechey'a Voy, IKIO, 7
((Vom the same).— Waoncr, Snppl. Sohreber'a Biinget. iii, 1843, 3lSl (from the aame).—
SCHINZ, Syn. Mam. ii, 184,'i, n3 (from (he same).
JretoMya letrtti Audubon & Bachmam, Quad. N. Am. ii!, 1H&3, 33, pi. evil ((him apecimen in Mua. Zool.
Soc. Lond. from "Columbia River"). See alan Baird, Mam. N. Amer, 1857, 347.
Cgnomgi fii*MiM»i Uaihd, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Pbila. 18A5, 3:<4 ; Mam. N. Amer, 1857, 335, pi iv, flg. 3,
animal ; pi. xlvii, flg. 4, ikull.— C0UK8, Ainrr. Nat. i, 1H«7, 363; Ptoo. Aoiul. Nat, Soi. Philo,
18«7, l:r> (Ar «.ina).— Stkvksson, Hayden'a Rep. U. 8. Geol. Siirv. Wyom. lK»t, 403.
ll»rrotcii>g Hqairrc\ Lkwin Si Clakkk, Tnivela, Ul Am. ed. ii, IH15, 173,
Z.ni'u'ii .l/umwr, Auiu'iiuN St. Uauiiman, I. 0.
Skort-lailM Prairie Dag, Bairii, Mam. N. Amer, 1857, 335.
Specific chars. — Lcngtii to bnse of tail about 10.25, ranging from 9.50
to 11.50; of tnil to ciul of vcrtehrse about 2.00 (1,70 to 2,25); to end of
hairs 2.00 to 2.50. Almve, dark yellowiKJi-lirown, sometimes inclining to red-
dish, varieti with black; beneath, jellowish-white, varying to pale ycllowisii-
browii. Tail v^ry short, flattened, generally wholly pure whi*e (sometimes
yellowish-white) for the terminal lialf, the basal portion being above like the
BCIURIDiU— 0YNOMY8 COLUMBIANUS.
903
back and hcluw like the ventral surface. Ears and geiierul pruportions us in
C. tudoviciiinm, except that the tail is sliorter.
Different specimens, even from the same locality, vary considerably in
respect to color, the dorsal surface being in some pale reddish, as strong as
in very pale specimens of C. ludovidanus, and in others with only n slight
tinge of rufous. The proportion of black hdirs also varies greatly, being
sometimes so abundant as to give a decidedly dusky shade to the whole
dorsal surface, with the head quite blackish and the tail strongly mixed with
black, with n narrow, partly conceoled, subterminal l)ar of dusky within the
terminal white area. The extremes of variation in color thus give rise to
widely diverse phases, but a large series presents every possible stflge of inter-
gradation between these extremes. The lower surtiice varies from pale
yellowish-white to bright yellowish-brown or tawny.
Although occasionally specimens of C columbianvs are met with that
present almost exactly the shade of coloration sometimes seen in C. tudovki-
antu, as a rule the two species are readily distinguishable by coloration alone.
In C. xolumbianus, the general color above is yelhwUh-hTovin rather than
reddith-htovin, with a greater admixture of blackish. C. columhianm also
averages considerably smaller (nearly two inches shorter in head and body
length), and has relatively a very much shorter and differently colored tail,
it being only about one-half as long as in C. ludovkianun.
As already stated, this species, like the preceding, was first discovered
by Lewis and Clarke, and was first named by Ord, in 1815, from the descrip-
tion of it given in the "Biddle-Allen" narrative of their journey. Kafinesqne,
two years later, founded his genus Aniaonijx on a misinterpretation of Lewis
and Clarke's description, and renamed the species Anisonyx hrachiura. Ord's
prior name was either overlooke<l or ignored by subsequent authors (Harlan,
Richardson, and several fo<-eign compilers), who, howevec, while adopting
Rnfinesque's specific appellation, referred the species to Arctomys. Their
accounts are either simply a quotation of, or a compilation from, Lewis and
Clarke's description. Audubon and Bachman, in 1853, renamed the species
Arctomys lewiai, basing their description on a specimen in the liluseum of the
Zoological Society of London labelled "Arctomys hrachyurat Harlan", and
said to have come from the Plains of the Columbia. Autlubon and Bachnmn
found, as they thouglit, sufficient discrepancies between the specimen
described by them and Lewis and Clarke's de°Ciiption to warrant them in
yo4
MONOGUAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Ml
cunsitlei'iiig tlic latter as probably referable "to some species of Spcmiopiiilc —
probably Sjientwpliiluit fownxendi". Tliey were led to this belief by iiiuliiig
that Lewis aiwl Clarke "refer to an animal whose whole contour rcscml)les
that of the S(|uirrel, the thumbs being remarkably short un<l equipped with
blunt nails, and the hair of the tail thickly inserted on the sides only, which
gives it a flat a])peurancc, whereas the animal of this article [Arctomys ieicisi]
<loc8 not resemble a squirrel in its whole contour ; its thumbs, instead of being
remarkably short and equipped with blunt nails, have long nails nearly the
length of those on the other toes, and the tail, instead of being flat with the
hairs inserted on tiie sides, is quite round. It differs also so widely in sevend
other particulars that wc deem it unnecessary to institute a more minute com-
parison."* Amlubon ttn«l Uachman were, however, misled in regard to the
character of the tail, which is not "quite round", but has "a flat appcamnce,
and a long oval form", as described by Lewis and Clarke. They liave, in
other particulars, evidently placed a forced construction uj^n Lewis and
Clarke's description.
As the whole synonymy of the species turns u|H)n Lewis and Clarke's
description, I quote it in full. "There is also a epecies of squirrel", say these
authors, "evidently distinct [from those they had just described], which we
have denominated the burmwing squirrel. He inhabits these plains [of the
Columbia], and somewhat resembles those found on the Missouri;! he meas-
ures one foot and five inches in length, of which the tail comprises two and a
half inches only : the neck and logs are short ; the ears are likewise short,
obtusely pointed, and lie close to the head, and the aperture larger than will
generally be found among burrowing animals. The eyes are of a moderate
size, the pupil black, and the iris of a dark sooty brown : the whiskers arc
full, long, and black : the teeth, and, indeed, the whole contour, resemble
those of the squirrel : each foot has five toes ; the two inner ones of the fore
feet [meaning, evidently, the inner toe of each foot] are remarkably short, and
are equipped with blunt nails: the remaining toes on the front feet are long,
black, slightly curved, and sharply (Mjinted : the hair of the tail is thickly
inserted on the sides only, which gives it a flat appearance, and a long oval
form : the tii)8 of the hair forming the outer edges of the tail are white, the
other extremity of a fox red: the under part of the tail resembles an iron
• Quad. N. Amur, hi, p. 34.
t Their " Barlting 8<iuirrel", = Cf»omf liulovieUmu*.
SOIURID^.— C1YNOMY8 COLUMIUAND8.
905
gray ; llic u|)|)er is of a reddish brown : the lower part of the jaws, tliu uiuler
]mrt of' I ho nech, legs and feet, fn»in the body and belly downwards, are of a
light briek-red : the nose and eyes are of a darker sha<le, of tiu; same culonr :
the upper part of the head, neck, and bo<ly are of a curious brown gray, with
a slight tingo of brick red: (he longer iinirs of these parts are of a re<ldish
white color at their extremities, and falling together give this aninml a s|)eckled
np|)carancc. These animals t()rm in large companies, like those on (he Mis-
souri, occupying with their burrows sometimes two hundred acres of land:
the burrows are separate, and each possesses, perhaps, fen or twelve of these
inhabitants. There is a little mound in front of the hole, formed of the (;arth
thrown out of the burrow, and frequently there arc three or four distinct holes,
forming one burrow, with these entrances around the base of these little
mounds. These mounds, sometimes ai)out two feet in height and lour in
diameter, are occupied as watch-towers by the inhabitants of these little com-
munities. The squirrels, one or more, are irregularly distributed on the tract
they thus ocupy, at the distance of ten, twenty, or sometimes from tliirty to
forty yards. When any one approaches, they make a shrill whistling sound,
somewhat resembling ttccet, tweet, ttceet, the signal for their party to take the
alarm, and to retire into their inlrenchments. They feeu on the roots of
grass, &c."*
In this account, there is uothing respecting the cxteinal features of the
animal that is not strictly applicable to the present species, as illustrated by
the large suite of specimens before me, though the color of neither the dorsal
or ventral surface is quite so red as one would naturally infer from their
description of it.t Many specimens are, however, decidedly reddish above
and rusty-yellow below, which is the "light brick red" of the above account.
There is certainly a "slight tinge of brick red" in the coloration of the upjier
surface. The description of the feet, so far as it goes, is strictly correct, the
inner toe. of the fore feet being " remarkably short" as compared with the
other toes, and equipped with a "blunt nail", not a "long nail, nearly the
length of those of the other toes", as stated by Audubon and Bachman, but
still much longer than in the true Spermuphiles and Squirrels, as is also the
* Lewii and Clarke'it Travels, Ut Amer. ed. vol. ii, pp. 173, 174.
t In mpeot to ttieir aoooant of lh« color of this nnimnl, it nuiy be noted that tbry deMrlbe tbetr
" Barking Sqnirrel " of tlie plaioH of tbo Upper Mimiouri nil lieing of " a nnifunu bright brick-red and
gray", the former predominating, with the lower parte lighter, iudicating that the redneaa It much
stronger in the HlMwuri animal, a« it really ii.
MMI
- HI''
JH. .'. »
H ''I
:! Vl
|i!
1 \l
l\
W ii
1
!
i'
1
i\
i
1'-
1
1 ;
I -' -
^
i
i
i
fir
1
mi
Ui
906
MONOGH \PIia OP NOBTU AMBBIOAN BODENTIA.
lliunih. Lfiwix mill Clarke's nccoiiiit of their inotlo uf living in communities,
of tliu cliiirii(;t(;r of tlicir Itiirrows, tind of tlicir lial>its, is trulliful in all itH
details, as I can alKriii rniiii piTsonal obaorvation. On the other hand, there
is nothing in the account of tlie external clmractcrs of these animals that very
strongly recalls Spermnpliilus (ownsendi, while the fize and the relative leugth
of the tail at once show the ini|>o8siiiility of referring the "liurrowing
Sijuirrol" of Lewis and Clarke :« the Spermophiliu totptisemli of Auduimn ontl
liachman.
In 1855, Professor Ihiird gave to this species the name gunnLwni, based
on a single specimen collected l>y Mr. Kreutzfeldt, in the Cooachito|tc Pass,
Rocky I^Iountaiiis. In 1H57, in redescribing the species in his Mammals of
North America, he very donbtl'ully referred the Burrowing Squirrel of Lewis
and Clarke, together with the systematic names based thereon by Onl and
Uafinesrpie, to his C. gunnisoni, but noted some discrepancies between Lewis
and Clarke's description and his specimens, of wliich he had at this time
three, — the original one from Cooachitopc Pass and one each from Pole
Creek and Medicine Bow Creek. As the two latter differ from the first, he
thought it possible that they represented two species, while the Arctomys
kwini of Audubon and Bachman he deemed might form a third, all different
from C. ludovicianus. Later, lie thought it quite possible that the Arctomys
lew'tsi miglit ]>rove to be the same as Lewis and Clarke's animal, explaining
how" some of the discrepancies between the accounts given by Lewis and
Clarke and by Audul)un and Bachman might be presumably explained. On
tlu; whole, ho was inclined to ctmsider " the Arc/omyx lewisi rather as a
Cynomys [than an Arctomys], and quite jiossiiily the some with the Burrowing
Sipiirrcl of Lewis and Clarke, called Arctomys columhianus by Ord, and
Aiiixonyx brtKhyurn by Rafincsque".
The large numiier of specimens since received renders unquestionable
the reference of all these names to the Burrowing Scpiirrel of Lewis and
Clarke, for which the name columbianus of Ord becomes (he only tenable
s])eciiic designation.
This species, as already sUited, was first n)et with on the Plains of the
Columbia by Lewis and Clarke, in 1806. As shown by the subjoined list
of specimens, it has been since met with on the Ogden River and about Fort
Bridger in Northern Utah, and as far eastward as the Medicine Bow and
Wind River Mountains. Further southward, it ranges throughout the Parks
w
SCIDUID^— CYN0MY8 COLUMUIANU8.
dl)l
()!' Cciilnil Colorailt), uiiil lias been met with nt Fort MuswiclniHctts, New
Mexico, near the sources of (lie ArkiinHns (Co(mcliit()|ic Push), and llic 8an
Francitioo MouiitainH in AriKonn. Il Iuik uUo Ijcumi re|H)rte(i liy Drn. Cones
and Yarrow from I'anriuilcii Laito and Dog Valley, Middle lltali. 1 Imve
reason to believe lliat it occurs at irregular intervals throngliout the Oreut
Basin to the Sierra Nevada Mountains. I have seen no rcti-rencre to itM
occurrence to the eastward of the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains.
I found it, in 1871, in South Park, at an elevation of about 10,000 fei^t,
ond thence eastward nearly to the edge of the Plains, where it is iniiiKiili-
ately replaced by C. ludovicmnus In Colorado, I found the last named
common on the plains at the very base of the foot-hills front Colorado City
tu Denver, and C. coluinbinnus common at all favorable points from South
Park eastward to the base of Pike's Peak. It differs quite notably in habits
and in the character of its burrows from the spe^:ies ulthe Plains, il.s l)urrows
being unprotected by a raised funnel-shaped entrance, so characteristic of
those of the latter. The best account of its habits thus far published is con-
tained in the short notice given by Lewis an<l Clarke, already quoted.
Tadlk CXXX. — Meatwnmtttit of eifhtait tptcimmt of Cykomyh columiiianus.*
i
i
a
i
Loodlty.
•
i
From Up of noae to—
Tall to end
of-
Uoglhor-
■s
"1
i
i
1
ri
g
f
1
1
1
1
n
tm
«1I0
ma
nn
nil
ni3
VH
«15
97ia
nn
9718
DPI
ma
»M
985
9M
gtn
988
1011
1019
1013
lOM
I0J7
1038
I0»
lOM
1031
1039
10S3
Sauth Park, Colo
<f
L90
1.90
1.19
I.IS
1.90
1.90
l.«0
i.n
1.3>
1.97
1.90
1.90
1.30
1.90
1,95
1.30
1.90
9.00
9.04
9.00
9.04
L90
9.90
9.39
L93
&95
&19
aoj
X.Vx
<.0«
9.90
9.19
a.9^
&19
9.4.1
9.49
943
9.39
9.39
9. so
9.60
9.3S
9.99
ISO
9.40
9.19
9.43
9.90
9.49
9.95
9.90
9.19
laoo
g.70
9.69
0.90
0.«5
11.90
8.40
iai9
laso
10.00
0.39
8.13
n.50
laoo
10. '.0
11. £0
10.90
9,00
1.85
9.10
9.19
1.10
109
l.M
1,00
9,99
1,09
9.00
1.15
9.00
i.ao
9.00
1.80
i.eo
1.90
9.45
9.95
»S3
9.90
9.00
145
9.50
1.89
9.89
9.80
9.90
9.30
9. SO
9,40
9.90
9.30
9.10
9.40
i.eo
1.01
1.40
1.60
I -0
1.6V
1.18
1.49
1.00
1.93
1.60
1.43
1.55
I. IS
1.55
I.9i
1,69
1.10
9.19
9. SO
3.89
9.19
9.00
3.35
3.90
9.05
V.19
9.19
9.30
9.90
9.(i7
a ,10
9,95
9.10
3.90
3.09
...do.
...do.
...do.
...<lo.
..do.
...do.
..do.
...do.
.. do,
...do,
...do.
...do.
...do,
...do.
...da
...do.
..do.
do
do
do
do 1
do
do
Rl Vu»f?M|ntT (<olo
do
.. do
do
do
do
. . do
■■
.... do
do
do
?
do
• HoHORinenU all taken by myatlf iu Uio fleld Ihini aimlmona in lli« floah.
: -I
m
908
MONOUUAPIIS OF NUUXn AMBRIOAN RODBNTIA.
TaDlr CXXXI.— AfMntrrmnd tf ten ikulU 9} CrNOMn COLOMBumWi
3a9J
bViO
l'J4
VK>
IM
im
IM
■■J9
WO
Lscatltj.
Fort MaMwhmetta, N. Mel . . .
CtHHK lirtope Vwt*
H«D FraBclM-fiMountalUM, Arli.
Kl raiMi County, Colo
....da
... ilo.
....do.
....do .
....do.
a. 1.1
9.M
9.33
a. 40
9.18
9.33
9.43
1.09
I.U
1.50
1.63
1.07
1.70
1.70
1.03
1.75
1.83
0.»)
0.37
0.99
0.U)
0.33
0.34
0.39
033
037
0.73
o.e»
0 89
0.83
0.89
0.89
0.78
0.1*
000
1
»
o.n
0.99
0.93
o.«
093
0.93
ago
0 97
093
0 93
0 40
0 40
038
038
0.40
0.40
0.40
0 4U
O40
II
0.7«
0.98
a CO
063
0 63
0.ri7
a 67
0.03
0 67
0.70
1.93
I.SS
I.UI
1.97
1.93
!.«
1.88
1.94
1.97
1.31
040
039
0 34
II
I
on)
0.91
un
I
I
\i
II
ots
0 66
as3
0.60
oco
0 9*
0;ii<
o.a«
as7
da
i
1.43
L40
1.40
1.40
1.96
1.91
I.M
1.40
I.M
Lt7
i
an
•.If
dN
OLit
(.0
•iM
AM
•.«
CM
an
.1
Tabi.k CXXXII.— Aid 0/ tfnAnuM acamiutd of Cynomyb culumbiaxuii.
•.r- 1
^ L,.i
■3
3
a
3^
a
1
1
i
Loonllty.
When
■wllteted.
From wbom »■
Mivad.
Collected by-
•8
1
0719
II7I3
7714
0713
0716
0717
0718
9710
07S0
0791
3840
4300
404
SI*
96*
370
371
973
374
375
9W
Bl« 8Md.v, Wya T
Ayd«nRlTer,r.T
Fort Bridgir.U.T
do
Sept 7.1870
Sept 8,1870
8«pt97,1870
Sept 97, 1870
Sept 97, 1870
Sept 97, 1870
Srpt 97, 1870
Srpt. 97. 1870
Sept. W, 1870
Srpt 30, 1870
Dr.F.r.BsydcD..
...do
...do
...do ,...
do
anSchmUt
... do
Bkla.
dn
...do
...do
....do
....4a
....dft
..dOL
do
do
do
....do
.. do.
do
do
... do
. da.
do
do
do
do
WlD'lIUTor UouDtaioe .
do
Sew Urxlco
...do
...do
... di>
... do
....d»
...do
... do
....tt.
C. Dreilnr
....da
Uay 18, 18C0
Dr.F.V.Uljdon..
.. do
Or.W.W.ABderMHi
LtE.O.U«ik«illi.
U.F.T.BryM....
...do
....do
Dr.F.V.H»ydMi.
...do
...da
....da
»4
4301
•Ml
tioco
30:0
30i»
J08e
39M
4aM
079S
11447
11446
1141*
11430
II43I
163.
3.<03
330J
Dr.W.W. Andnmi
C.KrauUfeMt
W.8.Wood
... do
....da
BkiaaWskia
Skis.
BklnudikaU
....da
Croulietopo Pus, R. Mid
July 30, 1836
July 93, 1837
Jnly 93, IS37
July 97, 1837
AUK. 13, 18Se
Oct 90,189*
Kcar Mcdiolne Ilow MU
do
....do
do
do
...do
sua
da
Fort Luranilu
C.OreiIrr
Dr.F.V.Hsydon..
....do
.do
C.Ureiler
W4
Bed BuUea or PItile
Colorado
do
Dr.F.T.Bsydw..
J.H.BMty
... do
...da
...da
...da
....
df)
. .do . . .
.. do
....da
do
do
... do
....da
do
..do
... do
....da
do
■In .
. . do
....da
1
* Ortgfuul tjrpA of "C. fpinnitoni."
i " C. gmnnUoni.*'
U'i-
SCIURIDiF.— ARCTOMY8.
1»00
Tablk CXXXII.— IIjI a/ •prWuinit ejtaiitird 0/ C'YNOMva cni.UMOlAMis— Contlnii«l.
II4IH
liui
IMM
II4U
II4M
IIWT
1I4M
liaM
11603
lIMt
tnm
mj8
not
mo
sToa
mi
m<
mil
mt
S7I9
«TI«
tnif4
(718
SIN
■590
4
Jl
3*33
THW
1
on
DM
KS
»M
K7
s«e
1011
loia
1013
lOM
ion
ion
low
1030
1031
io::t
1033
LOMlIt}.
Colomlo..
da...
do...
do..,
.... do
do
Tirln L*lira,Colo..
do
do
Fort I^ncbADftn —
Boutb Pwk.Colo ..
do
do
do
....do
....do
do
El Paw Coonty, Colo .
do
.do.
.do.
..do.
do
do
Fort MoHuchoMtll, N. M
do
8«n Frauolioo MU., Aril.
Wlirn
coIImimI.
An(. -, 1873
Aug.— , l»73
Aug. — , 1873
July 4.1873
July -, 1671
July -
Jaly -
July -
July ■
Jnly -
July.
July ■
July.
Jnly -
July -
July .
July .
Jnly .
Jnly
July ■
July ■
July -
,1871
,11171
,1871
,,1871
,,1871
.,1871
-,1871
-,1871
-,1871
-,1871
., 1871
,1871
, U7I
,1871
,1871
-, Ip71
,1871
From «hum ro-
crlvi'd.
Dr. r.T.IIiydan.
do.
..do.
...do
LtO.U.TVbM>lgr
..do
.. do
..do
Booky Ut Bipod
...do
...do
...do
...do
..do
...do
...do
..do
...do
...do
..do
...do
...do
.. do
..do
.. do
.. do
LUF.T.Bryu ...
Ur.D. cretin .
Dr.E.CoaH
CollMlad by—
J.aitaUf
.. do
...do
..do
...do
...do
..do
Dr. J. T. Ilolbrmk.
... do
...do
...do
AUon. BeDoett,luid
BllM.
. ilo
..do
..do
do.
Alcoholic.
HUn.
....do,
...do.
Hklu «u.l akull.
do.
..do.
.do.
..do.
..do.
. do.
..do.
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
W.8.Waod
Dr. D.C.PcUira...
Dr.ILCoau
ikin.
do,
da
•lu.
da
. da
..da
..du
...da
..da
...da
..da
..da
..da
...da
...da
...da
...da
..da
... da
.. da
8kull.
Bkln.
BtlnudaknU.
Genus ARCTOMYS Schreber.
JTm LiNNJiDS (in I trt).
OUi Erxi.kiikn, S)8t. ]{• g. Anlm. 1777, 3r>8 (in pirt).
Hum toporoii PaIXAs, Nov. 8|iec. Glirea, 1776, 74 (exolnding liia Uvt eUillM).
Arelomy ScilitEliKli, 8iiDg«t. iv, 17!hi* [prior to 17ti8], nO (in pnrt ; includes alao SptrmopMliit).
Arctam>ii F. Cu viKR, Dt'utH lies Maui. It$!i&, luO, 854, pi. liv (based 00 " Ardomyi atpitnu Linn." and " Are-
Umf empeira Pull.").t
* "Tbt-it IV " of SvkrulHi's Suiigolliieie bears (he dato •■ 1792 ", itblch is probably tbe dato of tbe
completiuu of Ibo purl, and not of lb« piiblitatiun of Ihn earlier fnscicali. Onielin quotes Bcbrelwr in
bis Hystema Natarn, wbiob bears tlio date 17riH, and credits Scbreber witb tbe genus /frofomyi. Ou tbe
otber band, Schreber flret quotes Omeliu's work under Hgrax, near the end of Tbeil IV, and two hundred
pages beyond Arvtmni,'. Tbe publication of Aretomi)) by Schreber must have been us early as 1788, and
may have been several yesra prior to Ibis datn. Tbe description of Arclomj/t occnra near the end of the
first third of Tbeil IV. The date on the title poge of Tbeil III is 177D.
t M. F. Cnvier says, at tbe end of bis description of the dentition of Anlow>y§,—" Ces dents ont 6ti
dferites d'aprds la marmotle des Alpes, et d'npr^ll l'emp<tra de Pallas." In his "Table ni<lbo<1iqne drs
910
MONOORAIMia OF NOIITII AMBltlCAN IJODENTIA.
m~
m
k ;l
•iliiSi
H
K "Si u
'ir !;!
(fGNKRic ciiAKH. — Rkiill willi tlic (lurtuil outliiic nonrly stniiglit; iVuntal
region Hat or licprrssiiil ; |)UHtorl)ilals triangular at base, with a lung, Hprend-
ing, (lociirvi-d point; zygomatic archer mudiTatoly nxpandoti, not \vi(l(>ning
an<l diverging posteriorly ; grinding-teeth rather small, the transverse and
untero-posterior diameters altont equal, and the molar scries very nearly
parallel*, occipital and interparietjil crests well devel ihmI (in old nge) ; ante-
orbital foramina subtrinngular, widest beluw, but nut tnruwn outward. Size
largo; body thick-set, broad, depressed ; cheek-pouches small; tail rather
short, bushy, not llattened ; ears small ; nail of |M)IIcx broad, flat, or wanting ;
pelage with long coarse hairs and thick under fur. Coluratiun generally ycl-
luwish-gray, without either distinct spots or stripes.
The gt'uus Arctomijx differs from Cynoinyx in many quite import.ml
features. In Aiclomyit, the dorsal outline of the skull is straight, or nearly
so, instead of highly arched, ns in Cynoiin/n; the zygomatic arches arc rela-
tively smaller, and reach their greatest expansion near the middle instead uf
at their posterior border; the grinding-teeth are small, in nearly porallel series,
nnd differ widely from those of Cynomys in shape and in mode uf inseitiun.
In Arctomys, the molars are inscrte<l nearly vertically, as in the true Squirrel.i;
in Cynomyn, their insertiun is quite obli((UP. In Aiclomyn, the triturating
surface of the crowns is nearly square, but the inner burder is somewhat
narrowed, so that tiie teeth of the same series touch each other by their
crown surfaces for only two-thirds of their transverse breadth ; in Cynomys,
the transverse breadth of the crowns is twice that of the onlero-j^iosterior,
and internally the teeth are so much narrowed that they abut clof;ely fur only
half their transverse breadth, leaving internally deep openings between the
teeth. In Arctomys, the p.iliite is bruad and scarcely narrower at the last
molnr tlian anteriorly, while in Cynoinyn the palate is rapidly and greatly
narrowed posteriorly. Ilcncc Arctomys «liffers very widely from Cynomyn in
respect to the size, form, and position of the molar teetli ond the form of the
bony palate.. In all these points, Arctomys is more Sciurine than is even
onltes, genree ut caiidcea qui aoiit iioinniiSa dans cetouvruge [DoDtii d«a Hnnimiftres], avvc une Byno-
nymio latino", occurs thu fulloniug:—
"&4. Mamiottea, orctomya. Oiuel.
" Murmoitu dcs AI|H'8, Arctomyi alpimis. Lion.
" Marniotte dii Canuda, Arctomjit cmpelro. I'all."
Wbnt be means by " Arvtomyi tmpvira I'uU." is crrtiiiiily not clear, s.nve no ori||iual dcBCTi|itiou of
Palla«'K tmi>rlra biul at tbiH datu (IH'.fi'i) uppuared, vxcrpt l'ullu8'i>urti(lnul account of bit MuiemiHstra.
Babinu'H Aniomya rt»i>ctra (IS'2'i) is Are-omyt movaz. \l Cuvirr ba<t s|)«cini«ns of tbe "Marniottu da
Cunudu', bia " Arvlomyt rm^fra I'hII.'' in doubtless also icferublu to A. m/iiajc.
sS;p
BCniRIDi^— AHCTOMYH MONAX.
OH
Sjiermop/iilun, difl'oriiig Rcnrccly morn tVoiii Sciurun tlinn do llic OIohixtiiui-
pliiline forms of Spcrmophilux. On IIk; other Imiiil, it is in tlicso fniturcs
that Cynoinys is lii>,'lily 8|H,'(;ialize(l. Tlio skull of AirtowyK, vicwcrt in its
totality, (liiTeri:) from the Sciiirine forms of Sperwo/ihi/us mainly in its very
much larger size, nn<l in its much strnightcr tlorsal outlino. This, in part,
results from the (lc|»re8sion of the interorhitnl region, nnil in part from the
great development of the occipital crests, naturally correlating witli the large!
size and heavier form of tiio animal. The triturating sirtiice of the molar
teeth in Arclomy$ presents two deep transverse grooves, extending from the
outer edge to the middle of the tooth, instead of three, as in Ci/nonn/x,
agreeing in this respect with Spermophilux, Tamias, and Sciurm. 'J'he first
upper premolar is relatively not larger than it usually is in Spernuqihiliig, and
is smaller, absolutely as well as relatively, than in Cynomyx.
The genus Arcfomyn omhraces the largest members of the Sciurida",
and, excepting Castor, the largest of the existing North American liodentia.
The group is represented throughout the northern and middle portions of the
northern hemisphere, and is not found elsewhere. In the present paper,
three species are provisionally recognized as North American and as distinct
from their nearest Old World allies.
ARCT0MY8 MONAX (Linn.) Schreber.
Woodcbuck.
ilut nOMU LiNNiEUS, Syst. Nat. lUlli e<l. !, 17fiS, i'fi; lath ed, i, SI (bailed wboll; on Edwnrdb'a drscrip-
tion and flcnm of a upcciuipu from Marylaud).— Pallas, Nov. Bpec. Ulires, 1778 (iu part
on);).— BoDDJiitT, " Elench. Anini. i, 17S4, 105."
OUt monax Erxlkiikn, Syiit. Auini. 1777, 361 (in part only).
Arclomft moiiaz Sciiredkii, SUugut. iv, 7;i7.— Shaw, Gon. Zoul. ii, IfiOS, 117.— F. Cuvieb, Diet, dra Sci.
. N»t. ixlx, \»£\, 168.— Wakdrn, Desorip. den fitats-Unis, v, l?aO, 627.— Dksmakkbt, Nonv.
Diet. d'Hiat. Nat. xix, ItJlS, :IU ; Mam. 1832, :)28 (in part only).— Sahink, Truna. Liun. Sue.
xiii, 1888, 588.-HAIILAN, Faun. Amer. lH2r>, 158.— Godman, Amor. Nat. Hi»t. il, 182ti, 100.—
I. Oeo- . Diet. Clow. d'Hiiit. Nat. x,^ 1887, 186.— HAMir.TUN-SMiTii, Griflltb'H Cuvier'H
An. K 1887, 170 (with plate); v, 1887, 244.— Richardson, Fann. Bor.-Amcr. i, 1829,
163 (compiled, chiefly from Godman).- Fischkh, Syuop. Mnm. 1889, :t48.— Emmons, Q<">d.
Haaa. 1840, 64.— Dk Kay, New York Zooi. i, 1848, 6-t, pi. ■ ri, Bg. 4.— Thompson, Nt. \l\»U
* Vmmont, 1848, 44.— Waoneii, Snppl. Sobreber'a 8Un|{et. iii, 1843, 8,''ig (in part).— SciilK/.,
8yn. Mam. Ii, 184r>, 61.— Auduiion & Baciimak, Quad. N. Amur, i, 1849, 17, pi. ii.— Gikbet.,
Siiaget. I8u.'>,6-iU(in purt nuly , includes all tho American species).— Krnnicott, Trans. III.
State Agr. Soo. i, 18c5, aO; U. 8. Pat. OIT. Rip. Agr. 18E6 (16C7), 88, pi. x.— llAiKD.Mam.
N. Amer. I857,3;«),pl. !.lix, Sg. 1 (kkull).—TllOMA8, Trims. 111. Stale Agr. Soc. iv, 1860,657.—
Ross, Eilinh. New Phil. Jouru. xiii, 1861, 168; Ciinnd. Nnt. and Gcol. 1861, 434 ; Nat. Hist.
Ruv. 1868, 874. — Maximilian, Arch, f Naturgcsch. 1861, 9:1. — Ali,kn, Bull. Mns. Cump. Kool.
i, 1669, 380 (Massachusetts) ; Pruc. Bost. See. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1870, 190 (Iowa); xvi, 1874,
294.— Copk; Proe. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. xi, 1869, 173 (fossil; bone-caves, Virginio).— Gu.-
. pin; Proo. and Trans. Novn Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci. ii, pt iii, 1870, 16.— Adams, Field and For-
est Rambles, 1873, 100, 896 (New Brunswick).
<■
ta. a -i
i;«:!
912
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
Miu (Arvlomyii) wonax Ham.. Can. Nat. nnil Geol. 18C0, 303.
Gli8 caiiailciiaiii UitM.KiiK.v, Synt. Aniiii. 17*7, 363 (in pnit only; =Qnebeo Marmot, Pennant -fQnebeo
Miirniot, Kumtur).
Miu empetra l'.\UJ^», Nuv. 8|iuc. Glires, 1T78, 74 ^ = Arclonlj|» parrjii Ricbard8on, czceptiuK irferonee to
Pennant's Qiiukvo Murniot).— BoDD^EitT. " Elenrb. Anim, i, 1784, 106."
Arctomyi empeira S.vniNE, Trans. Iiinn. Sue. xiii, \8i'i, &K4 (ibe ileHcriptlon uuly ; not the »yDonyiuy ; nut
Mat empcira Pullus, nor tbo Arclomyi empetra Scbreber, Omelin, and previons antUoni Henoi-
- ' ally); T rraukliu'ii Joiirn. mS:>, G6S.— Harlan, Fuun. Amer. 1833, 160 (in Bmull part only;
= emjietraot Pulliis, Qmolin, etc.).— Richardson, Parry's Voy. App. 1823, 315; Faun. Dur-Am.
i, lHv!9, 147, pi. ix {= empeira Sabine, and bence mainly A. moHox). — Fischer, Synop, Mam.
1829, 343 (In ]>art only).-ScHlNZ, Syn. Mum. ii, 1845, 61 (in part only).— Gray, " Knowslcj'a
Menag. 184U, pi. vii."
Mua (drctomgi) empeira H.\u., Cuu. Nat. and Oeol. 1860, 302.
Aretamyt melanopue KuilL, nuitrii;p, IHSU, 64 (Canada).
Arclomya empeira, 0 mtlanopua Fisciikr, Syn. Mam. 1829, 343 ( — mrfanopM* Kuhl).
Arctomy marmota camuleuBu KvuL, Uuitriigo, 1820, 64 (Canada).
t Stereodcclee lorlue Copk, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sei. Pbila. H69, 3 ; Proo. Amer. Pbil. Soo. Pbila. 18C9, 172, pi.
ill (fuiuiil ; bono-cavesi, Virginia; probably baaed on an abnormal inciiior of Arettmut manax).
"1 Arelomyt " Leidy, Jimrn. Acad. Nat. Sol. Pbila. vii, 180U, 404 (=z Stereodtein torltu Cope).
Le Siffleur, La IIontan, Voy. duns I'Amdr. I, 17U:), 233.
Moaax, CATK,snY, Nat. Hist. Car. App. 174.!, xxviil.
Moiiax or ifarmotle of America, Et>WARDa, Birds, ii, 1745, 104, pi. civ (specimen {rom Maryland).
Glia marmolla, amtricaiiuii, Klkin, Qua<'. 1751, 56. — Biiisao.v, Reg. Anim. 1756, 164.
La Marmollc il'Amirique, Brisso.s, 1. o.
MarytuHd Marmot, 1'knnant, Syn. Quad. 1771, 270 ; Arctic Zoul. i, 1784, 111 ; ib. id ed. 1792, li28 (in part
only ; mixed with a species of Capromyi
t Quebec Marmot, Pennant, I. c. (probably A.morMX,.
Monax gris, F. Cuvikr, Kist. des Mam. livr. xxxvii, 1822.
Woodchuck, Ground-hog, vnlgo.
Specific chars. — Length to base of tail 14.50, varying from 13.00 to
15.50 ; of tail-vertebrae about 4.50 ; of tail to end of hairs about 6.76. Color
above generally mixed fulvous, brownish-black, and gray ; below, yellowish-
rufous, Mirying to brownish-rufoua. Top of head, upper surface of all Iho
feet, and the tail usually black or brownish-black ; nose and ch'n gray ; sides
of the head (below the eyes) and throat yellowish-white ; fore limbs nntj
region all round their insertion usually lively rust-red. Varies to wliolly
brownish-black, varied slightly with pure gray or rusty-gray, and even to
nearly uniform intense black. The ears are largo, rounded, thinly haired,
generally gray, but varying in the darker specimtms to brownish-gray, passing
into black at their extremities. Tail full, round, and bushy, with the liuirs
generally considerably less than half the length of the head and body.
Specimens from the same locality vary greatly in color, the gray of the
upper parts varying from whitish-gray to yellowish-gray, the black from
brownish-black to pure black, and the fulvous from pale fulvous to yellowish.
The abundant soft under fur is black or dusky at base, then fulvous, passing
into l)rownisIi-fulvou8. The basal dusky zone occupies from one-^hird lo two-
thirds (if the whole length of the under fur, the remainder being fulvous, the
Jt
SOIDRID^— AU0TOMY8 MONAX.
913
proportions of the tvvo colors greatly varying in diflcreiit specimens, and prob-
ably in the same individual at different seasons. The long, coarser, overlying
hairs are colored basally like the under fur; the portion of the hiirs project
ing beyond the under fur is thicker than the basal portion, generally intense
black, with the tips clear white, grayish-white, or yellowish-white. The mixed
color of the surface results from the fulvous zone being more or less visible
through the gray and black surface tints. The ventral surface is thinly
haired, and generally almost without under fur. The hairs are here two-
colored, being bkck basally, with the terminal half fulvous or rufous. The
tail-hairs are generally wholly black or brownish-black to the base, with gen-
erally gray tips, and sometimes an admixture of brownish. The anterior
half of the dorsal surface of the body is generally much grayer than the pos-
terior half, the gray sometimes forming a strongly marked gray shoulder-
mantle. In No. 1571, from Essex County, New York, the middle and posterior
part of the back is black, with the sides of the shoulders gray, presenting
nearly the pattern of coloration seen in SpermophUus grammurus var. heecheyi.
In the Ip.rge series of New England specimens before me are some almost
wholly black throughout, with the sides of the nose and chin gray and the long
hairs of the body slightly gray-tipped. Others are brownish-black and more
varied with gray; others still are strongly brownish-black posteriorly, and more
varied with gray anteriorly and on the sides. In some that present the usual
or more general phase of coloration, the top of the head is deep black ; in
others, brownish-black ; in others still, it is scarcely darker than the rest of
the dorsal surface. In some, the under fur is pale whitish-fulvous ; in others,
simply fulvous, varying in still others to rusty-yellriw. In the latter, the sides
of the breast and the region surrounding the point of insertion of the fore
limbs are bright reddish-chestnut, and the whole lower surface is strongly
ferrugineuus, with the hairs lighter-tipped over the middle of the belly. In
all the specimens, the feet are all either intense black or deep brownish-black.
In one specimen, from Nelson's River, H. B. T., the whole ventral surface is
bright reddish-chestnut. There is also a specimen in the collection from the
Hudson's Bay Territory wholly black.
Young specimens, one-third to two-thirds grown, are usually much ligliler
colored than the adults. In these, the under fur is either wholly gray, or gray
with a faint tinge of pale fulvous, and the white tips of the hairs are much
longer than in older specimens. The pelage is generally thinner, with it
peculiar aspect of immaturity.
68 M
} ' t
m
Mr'
m
§
!'■;■
Mi
914
MONOOKAPUS OF NORTH AMEKIOAN KODENTIA.
It it
Arctomys monnx difTers from A. Jlaviventer, its nearest ally, in its smaller
size, relatively much shorter tail, larger ears, an<l quite lUtfcrent coloration.
The style of coloration is nearly the same in the two species, both being
grizzled above, through the gray tipping of the hairs, and more or less varied
with fulvous. A. Jlaviventer is characterized by a more golden hue and by
the subterminal bar of the long hairs being reddish-brown instead of black.
A. monax lacks the pule yellow color of the buttocks seen in A. Jlaviventer,
and the whitish-yellow area on the sides of the neck. The feet and tail are
also bluck instead of yellow or yellowish-brown. The difTerence in size is
quite marked, A. monax averaging about three inches shorter in the head anil
body length, while the tail is also three inches shorter than that of A. Jlavi-
venter, and hence relatively much shorter. Still more strongly marked difTer-
cnces are seen in the skulls. In A. monax, as compared with A. Jlaviventer,
the palate is broader, the molar series farther apart and strictly parallel, the
teeth themselves larger, and the palatal surface smooth ; whereas in the latter
the molar series are slightly convergent posteriorly, the palatal surface is nar-
rower, absolutely as well as relatively, with a rather deep groove on each side,
extending usually from the maxillo-intermaxillary suture to the last premolar,
and sometimes considerably beyond this point; the posterior nasal opening
is also narrower, and the pterygoid processes more convergent. In A. vionux,
the skull is broader in j)roportion to its length, the nasals are longer, and the
frontals extend further forward, resulting in a much smaller exposure of the
maxillary in view from above. The anterior face of the zygomatic process
of the maxillary is also much narrower than in A. Jlaviventer. As compared
with A. pruinosas, all the differences, both cranial and external, are fur
greater than between A. morax and A. Jlaviventer, rendering a detailed com-
parison unnecessary. In respect to size, A. pruinosus must be an animal of
twice the bulk and weight of A. monax.
As may be inferred from the foregoing remarks, A. monax presents a
wide range of individual variation in color. It also varies greatly in respect
to the characters of the skull, particularly in respect to the length and form
of the nasal bones, and the breadth and posterior extension of the premaxil-
laries. When the nasals are greatly narrowed posteriorly, the intermaxillary
becomes proportionally widened, its width opposite tlir zygomatic process of
the maxillary being fully twice as great in some specimens as in others. Tlie
adult skull, among specimens from the same locality, varies in length from
SCIURID^— .UtCTOMYS MONAX.
915
about 3.20 to 3.60, and in width from 2.15 to 2.48. Specimens from llie
United States average about 3.40 in lengtli of skull, and rarely exceed 3.50.
The habitat of Arctomys monax extends from the Carolinas northward
to Hudson's Bay and Liard River, and westward from the Atlantic coast to
Western Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota. There are specimens in the coiiec-
tion from Nelson's River, H. B. T., James's Bay, Fort Simpson, Fort Che-
pewyan (Athabasca District), Fort Liard, and Peale's River, that scarcely differ
from specimens from New York and New England. Some of them are rather
more rufous than the usual phase met with in the United States, but are not
apparently otherwise different. According to Mr. B. R. Ross, it ranges north-
ward to latitude 62°. He speaks of obtaining specimens at Lake Athabasca
and Salt River, but adds that he thinks its range does not extend beyond Fort
Simpson.* Audubon and Bachman state that it exists sparingly in the mount-
ainous districts of North and South Carolina, but add that it is not found in
the maritime districts of either of those States.f
Although the present species has very few synonyms, technically speak-
ing, it has a very complicated history. The specific name monax was first given
to this animal in 1758 by Linnaeus, who based it on the description of the
"Monax, or Marmotte of America,'' of Edwards, whose description and figure
were published in 1747, Edwards's work being the only one quoted by Linnaeus
in either the tenth or the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae. lidwards's
figure was drawn from a living specimen in the possession of Sir Hans Sioanc,
brought from Maryland. Thus the name monax is unequivocally applicable
to the Marmot, "Ground Hog", or "Woodchuck" of the Atlantic States.
Somewhat before this date, however, Catesby, in his Natural History of Caro-
lina (published 1731 to 1743), described and figured an animal called by him
the "Bahama Coney"; in the appendix of the same work he described the
"Monax". The former belongs to a family wholly unrepresented in the
United States, being referable to some species of Capromys; perhaps to the
C. foumieri, as was first suggested by Audubon and Bachman. The latter is
the common Marmot of the Atlantic States, the Arctomys monax of authors.^
* H8. notci iu Smitbaoniftn iDntitution.
t Their referanoe to iu ooonrrvnoo on tlie Upper MiBNonri aud in tbe Rocky MoontainB to Texas
relates of course to A. flavivmler.
I As Catesby's vague »ud uosatisractory ilciiatlptionB of these animals have an important historical
bearing, I samoin thoni in full : —
"CUMICULUS nAIIAMKNSIS.
"The Bttkama Coney.
" This Creature is a little less than the common Wild Rabbit, and of a brown Colour, with a Mix-
ture of gray Hairs. Its Ears, Feet aud Tnll resemble those of a Bat, in othtT Parts it Is somewhat like
f^TT
i|:H':i
I.': I
n. u
\l'M^
M;;
f-
,k,
H
f 111:1 ^i«
^
910
MONOGKAI'llS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Yet Pomiant, in 1771, in his Synopsis of Quadrupeds (as also in all of his
subsequent accounts of that animal), referred both of these to his "Alaryland
Marmot ", as he did also the " Monax" of Edwards, the " Glis marmottn, ame-
ricanus," of Klein, the "Glis (marmota americana)" of ]}risson, and the Af'is
monax of Linnrous, without apparently having any personal acquaintance witli
citiicr of them. Although his first reference is to the "Bahama Coney", his
description relates mainly to the Maryland Marmot, but in his account of its
distribution and habits he includes the "Bahama Coney". Erxleben, in 1777,
followed Pennant in referring Catesby's Bahama Coney, and all the subse-
quent names of Klein, Brisson, and others based thereon, to his Glis monax,
as well as the "Monax" of Catesby and Edwards, supposing, as did Pennant,
that all were referable to the same animal. Erxleben Was followed by Gme-
lin and nearly all systematic writers down to Audubon and Bachman, who
appear to have been the first to call attention to the total distinctness of
Catesby's two species. Thus the confusion created by Pennant in 1771 con-
tinued for fully three-fourths of a century. As late as 1822, Sabine attri-
buted to Erxlel)en the "credit" of uniting the references of his predecessors,
based on Pennant's Monax and Bahama Coney, and of thus correcting their
error of regarding them as distinct, while in reality he only greatly empha-
sized the confusion that originated six years earlier with Pennant, by lending
it the authority of his name. As shown in the references given at the head
of tiie present article, Schreber is almost the only one among the early gen-
eral systematic writers who escaped the error of uniting Catesby's Monax
and Bahama Coney.
The only prominent synonym of the Arctovnjs monax is emjyetra, a name
originating with PalLis, and based by him on a specimen of Spermophilus
"parryi"* but in his references he cites the Quebec Marmot of both Pennant
a Ibibliit. Tbey fucd wbully on wild Fruit and other VvgetablcB : Wben Burpriz'd by Hnnten tbey
retreat t4> Holes in Kocks. Their Flesh is eatuonied very good, it has more the Taste of a Fig than that
of n Rabbit. I take it to be nearly of the Kind of the Slui Alpittiu, or Marmol. Baii Syn. Quad. p. HI."—
(Catksuy, Nal. Hint, of Carolina, Florida, and Ihe Bahama Itlandi, vol. ii, 1743, p. 79, pi. luix.)
"Harmota Americana.
" The Monax.
"This Animal is abont the Bigness of a wild Rabbet; anti of a brown Colonr, the Head also
rexcinbles most that of a Rabbet, except that Ihe Kara are short, like those of a Squirrel ; the Feet are
like those of a Itat, the Tail is like that of a Squirrel, lint much less hairy. It f«e<ls on Hread, Fniit and
other Yi'getablo Diet. At certain Times Ihey retire to llieir snbterraneons Lodgings, and sleep oontinnally
n Mouth or l<nigi-r together : They are Inhabitants of Maryland, I'lnntjilrania <fr. Their Flesh is esteemed
gowl Meat." — (CATRsnv, Xat Hint, oj Carolina, Florida, and Ihe Bahama hlandt, App. p. xxviii.)
* See farther the discnssiou of the synonymy of SpemophiUa empetra{= S.parrfl auct.), antti, p. S43.
SOIURIDiE— AIJCTOMYS MONAX.
917
and Forsler.* While tlio "Quebec Mftriiiot" of tlic Inttcr is also certainly
referaljle to SpcrmophUus jiarryi, the "Quebec Murmot" of Pennant is in all
probability to be assigned to Arctomys monax, altiiough the onlv really tangi-
ble character givfjii is, "rather larger limn a Kal)bot". The Arctomys emjiefra
of Sciirober is strictly the Mux emi>etia of Pallas, Schrcber not only quoliiig
Pallas's diagnosis and references, but also giving a figure of Pallas's Mux eni-
petra, furnished him Ity Pallas himself, and lie based his account of the animal
mainly on Pallas's description. lie, however, eked out the history ol' the spe-
cies l>y a summary of Penna.it and Forster's descriptions of their "Quebec
Marmot". Thus, with the exception of the reference to Pennant, the Mus
einpetra of Pallas is the Spermophilus parryi of later writers. Sabine, however,
in 1822, described a specimen of .i^rc/owys nwnff.T, from Hudson's Bay, under
the name Arctomys empetra, to which he referred the Quebec Marnu)t of Pen-
nant and Forster, and the several names based thereon, together with the Mus
empetra of Pallas. The Arctomys empetra of Sabine is i)roperly the A. empetra
of most subsequent authors down to Audubon and Bachman, who correctly
referred the A. empetra, as at that time understoi-l, to A. monax, after having
seen Hudson's Bay specimens of the former in England, and becoming con-
vinced that tliey were identical. As already stated (see atitca, p. 843), Sabine
noticed the discrepancies between the various accounts of the Arctomys
empetra of authors, bcth among themselves and with his specimen, especially
the shortness of the tail, as described by Pallas and figured by Schreber.
These discrepancies were also referred to by Richardson in 1825.t
The Glis canadensi' of Erxleben (1777) is based wholly on the Quebec
Marmot of Pennant and Forster, and thus certainly refers mainly to the Arc-
tomys parryi of Richardson, and (through the reference to Pennant) in part
also to the A. empetra of Sabine. The Arctomys melanopus of Kuhl was
based on a specimen of A. monax, and is thus strictly and exclusively a
synonym of that species. The ^'Marmota qucliekana Pennant", cited by
Pallas, is merely a citation in Latin of Pennant's English name.
* "Marmola qiubekana Pbnnamt Syn. p. 270. Hp. I'JU. tub. 24. f. 2. bona. Fokbteu Act. aogl. ToL
UCII. p'. 378."
t Parry's Second Voy. App. p. 316.
''."■*■ I ' . '
P'l ■'!•
:l!
m
918
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Table CXXXUl.—Meaturementt of fix tpecimem of Arctomys monax.
Pi
Locolitor.
Eaaox County, N.Y..
do
Ipaviob.UoM ,
.....do
do
Noodlmin, Uus
From tip of noM to—
N
1.67
1.30
1. 17
1. SO
1.57
1.33
3.00
3.10
a. 17
3.05
9.M
3.04
3.(10
3.50
3.90
3.45
3.45
14.90
14.00
0.43
13. OO
15.50
15.33
Tall tn end
of-
4.75
3 08
SL50
4.48
4.50
5.45
0.75
7.08
4.50
0.00
6.75
7.60
Length of-
3.33
3.48
9LlO
1.05
3 05
3.04
3.14
355
3.10
9.M
395
Freah
.do.,
.do-
do.,
.do ..
.do..
Itomarks.
> From Baird, Mam.
> M, Amtr. p. 343.
Tablb CXXXIV.— j!fea«urem«n(< of fourteen skuUt of Arctomys mokax.
■d
1
3
s .
1-2
■s 1
s
•
1
1
li
<M g
It
-8 B
.J
•a
■3
1
LooaUtr.
i
3
1
1
1
i
a
1
1
1
1
A
1
*
i
&
»
■«
8
_g
^
^
s i
S \ii
a
■-■ a
S js
4
A
1
3
1
i
1
1
1
ll
11
1
II
II
1
1
tj
^
(S
a
'A
iq
»
b
0
b
P
tJ
3738
KaaexConnty.N.T
3.40
9. as
i.ao
1.40
0.40
0.68
1.15
3.04
0.55
0.47
0.83
333
1.31
8404
do
a 45
3.45
1.15
1.40
0.45
0.70
1.33
3.10
ra
0.50
o.eo
3 40
1.98
3730
do
3.45
3 40
1.99
1.40
0.30
0.70
1.10
9.00
0.53
0.46
0.83
340
1.95
3401
do
a 45
397
1.15
1.49
a33
0.70
1.04
3.09
a 70
0.50
0.P5
3.93
1.33
9403
do
ana
330
1.36
1.46
a37
0.73
1.11
3.05
a 70
0.51
0.83
9.30
1.99
373,'i
3734
3003
3403
3898
9409
3604
3713
3740
do
aoo
a 40
a55
a37
a35
a 50
a 43
a 18
a97
3 43
4 48
337
3.40
S.33
9.98
9.45
315
318
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.35
1.38
1.43
1.43
1.30
1.98
1.10
1.10
9.07
1.06
0.89
335
339
3.35
9.37
3.30
339
337
9:15
9:18
1.97
1.97
1.18
1.95
l.:«
1.95
1.10
1.15
do
do
do
1.08
1.08
1.19
1.19
0.08
1.09
ton
1.99
3.00
1.93
1.83
1.88
do
do
do
do
do
<nf:';
tf^
li ■•' '
1^
SOIUBlDiE— AUCTCMY8 MONAX.
919
Tadls CXXXV. — LUl of tpmimtni examiHfd of Arctomys monax.
"s
i
ii:Ma
43«)
5SW
4060
3033
43.-I7
3003
1393
347
IIM
•853
•WB
•i:05
■1306
■1310
■15'.tU
•1S30
•3233
•958
•146
•147
■37.'>7
•3861
•3619
■1340
•3535
1
i
i
Ma
1 •
1
a
1
1
M
Locality.
When
cullecled.
From vhnni re-
eeivHi.
Collected by—
d
o
1
FUChopeywwi.AtbalMMaDliil
do
Fort K'.nipaon
do '.
ILILRoaa
...do
lt.Kennicott
B. 11. Bom
..do
. do ....
R. Campbell
Skin.
9
Sept.— ,1173
It KcDnicott
do.
RRRoM
do.
699
670
Fort gimpmn, Pealo River . . .
KotaoD River
....do.
.• do ....
JanicsBay
Sept. 3,1860
.. do
R. GiMlmore . .
do
O.O. Garrison....
R. Kcnnlcott
Dr.P.Rlloy...
Prof.aKDaird .
l)r.P.R.noy
..do
0 0. Garrison
...da
We«t Kartlie»ld
Wrstcrn MluoDri
Racine, Wla
Dr.P.R.Uiiy ....
Prof.S.F. Baird ..
Dr.P.RUoy
... do
...da
Skull.
...da
dfi
1607
1961
3008
S038
3336
do
do
WlaouDRln
Dr. A. C. Barry...
Ur. J. O. Cooper . . .
Gray Fund
...do
Dr A.C.Barry...
Dr.J.G.Coopor...
B.D.Verrill
....do
Sliin&aknll.
Skull.
Alcdhulic.
...do.
do
.... do
.. do ....
... do
Skin.
.. da
do
...do
... do
do
...do
....do
...da
. do.
do
...do ....
....do
do
...do
....do
... do.
•770
♦777
•778
•78S
•7«6
♦767
•768
•769
•770
♦771
T»
•773
•774
•ns
do
....do
....do
Skeleton. '
....da
do
....do
... do
do
...do
....do
....da
do
....do
....do
....do.
do
....do
....do
..da
....da
do
....do
....do
do
....do
....do
....do.
do
... do
....do
....da
do
....do
....do
....da
do
....do
....do
....da
do
..do
....do
....da
„.. do
... do
....do
... do.
.. do
....do
...do.
do
....do
....do
....da
TTutoD He
....do
J.O.Ricb
....do
Alooholic.
Skull.
....da
'780
•790
•701
•793
•793
?
?
?
.... do
...do
do
....do
....do
...do
....do
....da
do
....do
....do
...da
...do.
do
....do
....do
Milan, N.n
J. B. Fnlaom
...do
J.BFulaom
Horace Hann
....do
Alcoholic.
....da
....da
Concord, Haaa
do
do
....do
....do
....da
nedrnrd, Ham
HiaaC. Fitch
J.A. Allen
...do
HimCFitoh
J.A.Allen
....do
....da
...da
flkull.
Skin.
...da
Ipawloh.MaM
•ror
SnrlDElleld. UaM
nndaftti Mun ,
OrayFnnd
....do
8.jniaan
301
NcwtouTillcMaaa
C. J. Haynard
* In UuMum of Comparative Zotilogy, Cambridge, Mau.
920 MONOGKAPnS OF NOllTn AMERICAN liODENTIA.
Taulb CXXXV.— £i»< 0/ tpecimens namlned of Akctomys monax — Continued.
'f\\
El i!
< m\
m
■g I
'i ' !S
1
a
a
M o
1^
-Lisa
•1333
•1534
•15i-|
•1580
•ISiTi
•1538
•jne
•am
•1778
•iiTTU
•fttM
•11781
•37ej
•■/7*l
•■J18<
•«85
llCIl
854
847
1571
1.177
15T.1
1575
1574
1572
7557
•3
M
a
li
1
B
■3
3
1
M
I/OOnlitf.
Wbon
oollooted.
Froni wliom re*
(wiTed.
Collcotod by-
'A
NflWlonTllle. MlM
OimyFund
C.J.M>Tnard....
Skin.
...da
...da
da
...
z
do
...do
do ... .
do ... .
do
...do
..da
..da
...da
..da
...da
...da •
..da
..da
..da
.. da
...da
...da
...<la
...da
Skull.
..da
...da
.. da
...da
...da
Skin.
Sklu&at.ir .
...da
...da
...d...
...da
...da
Skin.
....da
Skull.
..da
...do. •
...da
....da
....do.
do'
...do
C..T. Mayurd...
. ...do
...do
do
...do
.. do
•8011
•801
■so;
•80 i
•804
•805
laio
1005
3401
3404
3403
3405
33S8
3063
3004
3731
3734
3TJ5
3738
3730
3740
isai
601
Mae
4898
807
3387
do
<f
...
Oniy Fund
do
do
do
...do
..do
...do
.... do
do ...
do
do ...
do
do
do ...
...do
do ..
...do
...do
...do
....do
do
do
do
do
, ,
...do
...do
.. do
..do
do
. do
....do
...do
.. do
...do
J.W.P.J«nk«...
Prof.aF.IUinl .
...do
Dr.8.E.n«l«....
...do
...do
...do
...do
do
do
do
Mhldlnhnro', Mut
..do
..do
J.W.P.Janki...
Prof.aF.B«lrd...
...do
Dr.8.B.n«le
...do
...do
...do
do
EllMbeth.N.J
E«aex County, N. Y
do
do
do
do
do
do
do ....
....do
do
do
....do
do
do
...do
...do
K.SIinond
.. do
...do
do
do ..
do
E.Simand
...do
do
do
do
do
do
...do
do
....do
...do
....do
.. do
...da
..da
.. da
. da
do
do .
do
CiirUsle,P>
...do
Pror.S.F.B«lnl...
Dr.E.Miohner...
do ....
Prar.8.F.Bolnl..
Dr.X.UIchner...
. do
...da
..da
.. da
Ghestor County, V%
do
do
do ....
....da
A.Bnkeloy
A.Brakeley
Skln&akttll.
* In Mnaenm of CompRnitiTO Zodlogy, CMnbridge, UuH.
y
w^
!«»¥
11
I! Hi.
ip i
i
1
1
'ti'MH
IMii!
ik.^
SCIURID^— AUCTOMY8 FLAVIVBNTBll.
921
AKCTOMYS FLAVIVENTER Aud. nnd Biich.
Rocky Mountain Marmot.
Jnlomnii Jtuiimiter AuDUiioN &, Baciiman, Proo. Aoad. Nut. Sci. Plilla. 1841, 9;t; Jcmru. Aciwl. Nttl. Sci.
I'bila. vill, IMi, 309; Quad. N. Am. Hi, IriM, ICO, pi. oxxxlv.— Waunkii, Wit'gmaiin'it Arcliiv,
ii, 1843, 4.'>.— SciliNZ, S;n. Mam. ii, 1845, 63.— Baiki), Mam. N. Am. 18.'>7, :U:i, pi. xlvii, %. I
(Bkill).— SUCKLKY, Nat. Hi»t. Wa»U. Torr. pt. Ill, IWiU, IW, ia4.— IIavdkn, TraiiH. Am. Phil.
Boc. Phila. xii, lb63, 14G.-Miii:iiiam, U. S. Qeol. Biirv. of Terr.Ctli Ann. Hop. 1872 (1873), lir>4.—
Allkn, Proo. Boat. Boo. Nat. Hint, xvi, 18*4, 3U4; Bnll. Ewhix In«t. vi, r>7, (^6.— Cuukh &
Yarkow, Whoeler'8 Gxpl. and Burv. W. of 100th Morid. v, ZuOl, 1870, Iii3,— Okinnell, Lad-
low'a Black Hills of Dakota, 187&, 82.
Specific chars. — Length to base of tail about 17.00 to 18.50; of tail
to end of vertebrae 6.50 to 7.25 ; of tail to end of hairs 9.00 to 10.00.
Above mixed gniy, fulvous, and reddish-brown ; below yellowish or golden,
varying to rufous. The general color also varies to wholly black or brown-
ish-black, as in A. monax. Sides of the nose and chin whitish-gray; top of
the head dark reddish-brown ; tail with the hairs at base pale reddisli-brown
to black, broadly tipped with yellowish-brown or rufous; feet yellowish-
rufous, strongly varied with black. Ears rather small, thinly haired, yellow-
ish-brown, sometimes edged with darker. Tail long, round, full, and bushy,
with the hairs fully one-half to more than one-half the length of the head
and body.
The specimens before me chance to be quite uniform in coloration, but
melanistic specimens are of fi'cquent occurrence. A specimen from Fort
Massachusetts, N. Mex., is everywhere dark brownish-black, slightly varied
with gray. At Montgomery, Colo , where this species occurs in great abun-
dance, and where I have seen a dozen or more sitting on the rocks at one
time within easy rifle range, generally several black ones were to be seen
aspociated with the others, as well as others more or less blackish. Usually
the abundant under fur of the dorsal surface is dusky at base, then clear
pale fulvous, passing into golden at the extremity. The overlying longer hairs
are conspicuously white-tipped, with a broad subterminal bar of reddish-
brown. The under surfiice is very thinly haired, with no under fur. The
hairs are here dark reddish-brown at base, broadly tipped with fulvous, the
tint varying in different specimens from pale yellowish to bright rufous. The
tail is usually faded yellowish-brown at the surface, the hairs deepening into
dark reddish-brown or blackish basally. The rump is generally clear yellow-
ish, varied with the whitish-yellow tips of the longer hairs, and hence lighter
922
MONOGKAPnS OF NOBTO AMBBICAN IIODBNTIA,
:■:',,! !t
1;:: ^.i ii
l"*'.. : ■■■'IB
vmii -i
m'-'. r
tlinn Mic liiick. Tlioro is ^ciirnilly iilso a prominent wliitisii-yellow patch in
front of lli(! siioultlcrs on tlic sides of the neck, where the hairs arc also very
coarse and stiff.
In young specimens, tlic under fur is sometimes clear grayish-white, and
the white tips of the overlying hairs are also longer than in the adults, with
the sul>terniinal zone darker. The rump, the sides of the neck, and a sjiot
at the base of tlie ears are conspicuously pale yellowish-white. In several
very young specimens (apparently but a few weeks old) from Colorado, the
whole top of the head is intense black, and there is an abundanccof soft under
fur on the ventral surface.
Arctomy8 Jlaviventcr difTcrs, as already noted, from A. monax in its difler-
ent coloration, larger size, smaller ears, and relatively much longer tail. It«
nmch longer and much more heavily clothed tail affords at once a readily
available distinctive characteristic. The coloration is also much more golden
than in A, monax. The differences afforded by the skull have also already
been detailed under that species.
From A. pruinosus, it differs in its much smaller size, as well as in its
totally different coloration, and in important cranial differences. A more
detailed comparison will be given under A. pruinosus.
Arctomys Jlaviventer was first described in 1841 by Audubon and Bach-
man, from a specimen in the collection of the Zoological Society of London,
brought by Douglass "from the mountains between Texas and California".
The habitat of this species extends from Western Texas, New Mexico,
and Arizona northward throughout the Rocky Mountains to probably beyond
tiie forty-ninth parallel. It occurs also in the Black. Ililla of Dakota, and
specimens are in the collection from California. It is apparently a strictly
alpine species. It is very abundant in the mount«iins of Colorado, occurring
chiefly in the neighborhood of timber-line, and ranges to a considerable dis-
Uincc above the forest vegetation, where it makes its home among the rocks.
It is to some extent gregarious, like the A. marmota of Europe.
BOIURID^— AR0TOMY8 PLAVIVBNTBR. 923
Tablc CXXXVL— i/oMiirnwnto of tntu apooimnM 0/ Aiictomys KLAViVBNTKn.
LoojUlty.
Monti^iiierr, Pirk Co., Colo .
do
do
.do.
.do.
Fort DdIIm, Ong. Tar. ,
Black nilU ,
From tip of dobo to —
I.OJ
1.09
mo
1.30
3.49
3.110
3..'U)
3.113
9.40
4.00
3.03
4.00
4.10
igo
17.75
17.01
18.90
10. S9
10.00
14.73
ICLOO
Tall to end
of-
0.S0
0.83
0.90
7.30
4.40
4.90
e.00
>.0O
aao
0.30
10.00
9.73
11.90
10.00
LflDKlbor—
9.40
9.13
9.90
9.43
i.m
3.03
3.33
3.30
3.90
9.93
9.80
Frfiih.
..iln.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
Skin.
* In MuMiun of Compiumtlve Zoiilogy, Cambridge, Maaa.
t " Much Btrt)t«hud."
Table CXXXVII.— ilf«uiirnium(« of AqXt (ihitb of Arctomys pl.vvivbnteh.
3379
19406
11497
11408
•178
•177
•ITS
•1711
LoMUtf.
Black lUlla
Colorado
do
, do
Uontgomery, Park County, Colo .
do
do
do
3.9S
3113
3.99
3.03
3.43
3.43
3.09
3.17
9.43
9.00
9. 57
&39
ft 99
9.33
9.10
i
?
i
J
1
1
1
1
1
1.03
1.50
0.89
1.93
0.00
1.33
a»9
1.40
0.90
1.37
0.80
1.47
0;87
1.60
0.77
1.30
0.38
0.37
0.30
0.38
0.33
0.39
0.36
o.:n
0.74
0.C8
©.■TO
0.7i
0.70
0.00
0.69
0.60
1^
1.90
0.87
1.17
S
it
it
\\
II
P
9.03
1.79
1.90
l.Oe 1.09
\.ti j 9.03
1.97 I iai
1. 00 1. "-.
0.*7
0.78
0.80
0.77
0.78
0.80
1
aj9
9.00
9.13
9.99
9.39
9l03
1.99
1.10
1.10
1.93
1.30
1.16
* In UoMiun of CoopiiraUTO Zoilogy Canbridge, Maaa.
924
MONOOUArUH OF NOUTII AMERICAN KODKNTIA.
Taiilr CXXXVIII.— £l4( of ipecimetn ixamlHed of Arctdmvs plavivkntkt..
i; i
;Lr ^i;
■ ; I , !:
1
a
S3
h
Mil
<(VVI
:iiw
IK08
II4V)
SMI
11 It!!
I3TM
HUM
11600
007
t
a
1-5
9 «
law
40.11
41M
e
S
1
i
m
1
m
1
LoMllty.
•
Whon
oollaotod.
From whoa raoalrad.
■
Colintrd by-
1
\
•s
1
Kt.MaiiMirliMM'ttji.N.M
Capt. Ikivmaa
Capl. Uowiuan
8a lu.
ilo
VurlCniok.Cal
do
Juno 7, IMP
L'apt. John rollnrr..
do
t'apl. JuhuFrllnrr..
do
I>. K.l'arkiMoll...
.1.11. BaHy
,du
J. RteTi*nMin
•MI. Bally
W.U. l-latt
F.J. lluio
Ilr. J. T. Ilolhroek .
.... do
rtklnana.kiill.
Hkiill.
do.
Hkla.
.. di>.
...do.
..do.
do.
...do.
.. du,
do
do
1*. F. rarklDMD....
l>r.KV.IIay(l.n...
do
....
Cokmdo
ilo
MIddIv Park, Culo ...
Culorado
Kurt KIllK UontTrr.
July ao, 1(J6S
do
do
do
M
3*
«
o
YttlluwHtoue I.ilk6 ....
do
Llaut.O.M.Whoi'lcr
do
do
?
Fort Ualleii, Or<>(
Wind nimrUlu
May a,l8U
Gov. 1. 1. Stevcna. . . .
l)r. K. V. Il.iydon .
do
Ur.Gro. Siioklny ..
I)r. F. V. Ilayden .
do
. do.
. . do.
Hklnnodakoll
...do.
...do.
do.
•»T6«
•S788
itna
vni
17H
no
177
175
Blwkllill . Nebr...
TnmtCnyik
Montftoruery, Park Ca,
Colu.
da
O.N.Trook
Bocky Ut. Eiiwd..
do
O.N.Trook
Allrn. Df iiurit, and
nilM.
do
0«7
OW
030
OM
VS9
9
'f
<S
?
o
do
do
do
do
do
do
do.
do
do
do
...do.
* In UuMum of Cuiap*i«UTe Zitiilogy, Cambridge, llaM.
ARCTOMYS PRUINOSUS Gmelin.
Hoary Varnot.
Jrofomyi jWHiNonu Omrlin, Bjat. Nat. i, 17H8, 144 (= Hoary Marmot, Pttniiant).— Shaw, Gen. Zo61. ii,
1801, 181 (aaine).— Sadink, Trans. Linu. 8oc. x<ii, IWU, ri8C (aauiu).— tlAKLAN, Faiin. Anier.
I8-ir>, 169 (same).— KiciiAiiDtiON, ZoSI. Joarn. ill, 1828, &I8 ; Kauu. lior.-Anier. i, 18^, tOO.—
Fi8CiiKi(, 8yn. Ham. 18'^J, 343.— Audubon & Baciiman, Qnaf . N. Anicr. iil, 1853, 17, pi. ciii.—
• Uaibd, Mam. N. Amor. 1857, 345.
ArcU)mD» caUgatut Esciischhltz, ZooI. Atlas. !i, 18i29, 1, pi. vi. — RlcnARDSON, Zoul. Beecbpy'a Voy. IS.tO,
7, 13' (from E-icbHoboltz).— Waonkr, Suppl. Scbreber'a Biiiiftet. !ii, 1843, iifiU (from tbe
aame).— SCHINZ, Syn. Mam. ii, 1845, (>3 (from tbe aamu).— Roiut, Kdinb. New Pbil. Journ. xiii,
1861, 162; Canad. Mat. and Oeol. 1861,434 ; Nat. Hist. Rev. 1808,874 (north to Arctic Circle).—
Allbn, Proc. Best. Boo. Nat. Hist, xvi, 1874, 2i>4.
Arclomyt oka»aganu> Kino, Nar. Back's Joarn. ii, 1636, 236, pi. ii,
Jrclomyii monax Waonkr, Snppl. Scbreber'a Siiuget. iii, 1843, 260 (in part).— MinDKNl>ORFF, Sibirische
Reise, ii, 1853, 85 (In part).— Cashin, U. 8. Expl. Expod. Mamm. 1858, 35 (Fort Okanagan,
Oregon).
Hoary Marmot, Pennant, Hist. Quad, ii, 1781, 130; Arct. Zool. i, 1784, 113 i Sd ed. 1792, ISO.
Z>(u btreifle Munteltliier, Sciiredbr, Siiuget. iv, 745 (from Pennant).
HhMler, Uarhom, Journ. 1820, 427.
Specific chahs. — Length of liead and body 53.00 to 25.00 ; of tail to
end of vertebrae 6.50 to 7.75 ; to end of hairs 9.25 to 10.50. Above, anteri-
orly, clear grayish-wiiitc, varied with black ; posteriorly grayish-fulvous and
aniUUID.'R— AIMTOMYS PUUINOSUH.
025
hIacU; Itclow clciir wliilisli-grny. A hiiihII oopipiliil nrca and tin; li'i't liliuk.
Homl niitcriorly, with tlic sides ol llio iniizzli; and the chin, wliitc or^rayisli-
white, and the top ot' the nose gnnnially black. Ears quite snndl, well
clotliod, and nearly concealed by the surrounding pelage. Tail lull and round,
with the hairs rather less than one-iiu.'' of the length of the head and l)ody.
The liairs are yellowish-v/Jiite externally, slightly varied with black, and
dark red<lish-brown basally.
DiiFerent specimens vary in the amount of black mixed with the gray
and in the; ititensity of the fidvous sufl'usion posteriorly. The anterior two-
thirds of the dorsal surlbce is often nearly white, with a slight admixture of
black-tip])cd hairs; at other times, the iilack and white are present in nearly
equal proporti(ms, while again the black predominates. The posterior third
of the dorsal surface, together with the tail, is generally more or less sullused
with pule whitish-fulvous, sometimes varying to deep fulvous. The pelage
is very soft and full, aiul the under fur very abundant ana long. Anteriorly
it is brownish-black at base, and clear white apically, or with a slight tinge
of yellowish ; posteriorly the basal zone is more strongly brownish, witii the
apical zone pale whitish -yellow. Many of the longer overlying liairs are
wholly clear white; others are colored basally like the under fur, with the
tips pure black. The lower surface is rather thinly haired, with, however,
more or less under fur. The hairs are mostly pure white to the base; the
scanty under fur is brownish, and shows to a greater or less extent through
the surface hairs, giving a dingy brownish-white appearance to the ventral
surface. Some of the long hairs are wholly black, and otherB are black-
tipped. Occasionally the ventral surface is quite strongly tinged with rufous.
In a half-grown specimen, the ventral surface is much more thickly clothed
than in the adults.
One specimen from Fort Yukon (collector's No. 2.^)8) has the hinder
part of the back spotted with black and ' rk chestnut, arranged in large
irregular patches. In this specimen, the wiwie upper surface of the head is
black, mixed slightly with gray ; the nose and the edge of the chin are also
black. The muzzle and chin are usually white, and the top of the head
bla^k, but the black area is of irregular outline and of variable extent. The
wiiite area on the nose is sometimes very restricted, and again extends posteri-
orly to a point opposite the eyes, extending back laterally so as to form a
broad ban<l over each eye ; in other specimens, the black area reaches later-
926
MONOGUAPnS OF NOKTH AMERICAN KODENTIA,
ally to tlic eyes. Generally the feet are wlioliy intense black, but are some-
times more or less mixed with gray. In one specimen (No. 6603), the fore
feet are about one-half gray and one-half black, the gray and black being
intermixed in irregular patches ; the hind feet of the same specimen are
mostly black. In other respects than those above noted, the series of eleven
specimens before me is quite uniformly colored.
A. pruinosus differs from the other American species of Arctomys in
l)eing much larger than either, and in its wholly different coloration. In
respect to cranial chamcters, it differs from A. monax not only greatly in the
size of the skull but in the posterior convergence of the molar series, in this
1 itter respect agreeing with A.Jlaviventer. It differs, however, quite markedly
from both A. monax and A.Jlaviventer in respect to the form of the anterior
border of the frontals. The suture separating the frontals from the nasals,
intermaxillaries, and maxillaries forms a nearly straight line in A. pruinosus,
while in both A. monax and A.Jlaviventer the nasals extend considerably
beyond the intermaxillaries, while the latter also extend beyond the maxilla-
ries. Hence, in A. pruinosus, the frontals terminate more anteriorly and in a
nearly straight line, instead of being deeply and irregularly hollowed, as in
A. monax and A.Jlaviventer, in which only an angular portion extends for-
ward laterally between the intermaxillaries and nasals and the edge of the
orbits.
In size and coloration, A. pruinosus bears a much closer resemblance to
the A. marmota of Europe than to either of the other American species,
especially in coloration. A. pruinosus, however, has, like the other American
species, a rudimentary thumb, with a small but distinct flat nail, wiiich is
wholly wanting in A. marmota. A. pruinosus has, however, rather the longer
tail, and is larger. The skulls of the two also present several points of resem-
blance, particularly in the straight or nearly straight suture between the
frontals and the nasals, intermaxillaries, and maxillaries.
The Hoary Marmot was first described by Pennant* in 1781, from a
specimen (as Richardson tells us) in the Leverian Museum, said to have been
brought from Hudson's Bay. "That specimen", adds Richardson, "is now
* " Marmot. With the tip of the nose black : enra nhort, aud oval ; cheeks whitish : crown dusky
and tawny : hair in all parts rude and long ; nn the bock, sides, %nd belly, ciuereous at the Iwttunis,
black in the middle, and tipped wi.h while, so as to spread a houriness over the whole: logs block i
claws dusky: tail full of hair, black and ferrnginons. Size of the prooediog [Maryland Mnrniol].
luliabils the uurtbera parts of North Amuriuo."
SCIDRIDiE— ARCTOMY8 PltUINOSUS.
927
lost, and tlie species does not appear to have come under the notice of any
other naturalist." Gmelin's name Arcfomi/s pruinosus was based wholly on
Pennant's description of the Hoary Marmot, as are all subsequent references
to this species down to 1829, when Richardson added some further informa-
tion to the history of the species. He identified with it the Whistler of
Harmon, and says, if this reference is correctly made, "we may soon hope to
know more of it, for the traders who annually cross the Rocky Mountains
from Hudson's Bay to the Columbia and New Caledonia are well acquainted
with it." He later adds that " Mr. Macpherson describes one killed in the
month of May on the south branch of tiie Mackenzie as follows: — 'It was
27J inches long, of which the head 2J, and the tail 8J. It is, I think, of
the same genus with the Quebec Marmot. In the fore-teeth, and in tiie
shape of t!ie head and body, it resembles a beaver. Tiie hair, especially
about the neck and shoulders, is rough and strong. The breast and shoulders,
down to the middle of the body, is of a silver-gray colour ; the rest of the
body and the brush are of a dirty yellowish or brown. The head and legs
are small and siiort in proportion to the body.'
"Mr. Harmon represents them as aliout the size of a badger, covered
with a beautiful long silver-gray hair, and having long bushy tails. Mr. Drum-
mond says they resemble the badger of the plains {Meles Labradoria) in
colour, but are of rather smaller size."* The animal thus indicated is rep-
resented by a considerable series of specimens in the collection of the
National Museuir., lOostly from Arctic America. The Arctomijs pruinosus of
the present article is unquestionably the Arctomys pruinosun of Richardson,
and there seems to me to be no rcnson to question the reference of the Hoary
Marmot of Pennant, and hence the Arctomys j'ruinosus of Gmelin, to the
same species.
In 1829, the year following the publication of Richardson's first notice
of his Arctomys vruinosus, Eschscholtz figured and described an Arctomys
caligatus from specimens obtained near Bristol Bay, on the northwest coast,
which is unquestionably referable to the Arctomys pruinosus of Richardson.
Richardson himself, in 1839, notes the great resemblance between the two
animals. In 1836, King, in the Narrative of Captain Back's Overland Expe-
dition to the Arctic Sea, redescribed the species as Arctomys ohmaganus.
Of this species Richardson says, in the Zoology of Beechey's Voyage (p. 12*),
■ Fuana Bor.-Amer. vol. i, 18-^, pp. 1[>0, l.'il. See also Zoul. Juirn. vol. ill, ItUS, p. 518.
i *r
9)1 '■'■■
11 'II If
^1 1
ii :
928
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMKRICAN KODBNTIA.
iiiulcr (lie head of A. caligatiis: — "There is a living animal of this species now
ill the Zoological Gardens. It was brought to England by Mr. King, Surgeon
to Captain Back's overland Expedition, and is figured and described in his
recent work under the appellation of Arctomys ochanaganus, derived from the
river upon whose banks it was caught. The Arctomys pruinosus of Pennant
is perhaps the same with caligatus, but the brief account of it in Arctic
Zoology is insufficient to determine." This specimen, as Audubon and B.ich-
nian inform us, is also tlie original of their Arctomys pruinosus, to which they
likewise refer the A. caligatus of Eschscholtz.
Middendorff, in 1851, partly from a comparison of descriptions and fig-
ures and partly upon theoretical grounds, considered the large Marmot of
Kamtschatka as specifically identical with the A. pruinosus of Audubtm and
Bachman, both qf which (including also the A. einpetra of authors and the
A. melanopm of Kuhl) he considered as identical with A. monax. Hence he
strangely employs this name for the designation of the Kamtschatkan species,
previously named A. camtschatica by Brandt. At the same time, he was
inclined to regard the A. caligatus, owing mainly to differences of color, as dis-
tinct from the Kamtschatkan Marmot and from the A. monax of North America.
Dr. Richardson, ap])arently on the authority of Harmon and the fur
traders, gave the range of A. pruinosus as extending from latitude 46° to 62°
in the Rocky Mountains. Pennant's specimen is said to have come from
Hudson's Bay, and there are specimens in the present collection from Wash-
ington Territory, Forts Good Hope, Liard, and Yukon, in the Mackenzie
River District, and from Fort Henry, Alaska. Ross gi\es its range as extend-
ing northward to the Arctic Circle. It hence probably ranges from the
Columbia River northward, west of tlie Rocky Mountains to the Barren
Grounds, thence eastward to Lake Athabasca, and possibly to Hudson's Ray.
All the specimens in the collection of the National Museum, however, from
the region about Hudson's Bay, belong to A. monax.
Tablb CXXXIX. — Ueaimtmmtt of three fpecimoM 0/ Arctomys riiuiKOSUS.
i
a
I
IDS*
1098
IO.tl
LooiUlty.
From tip of Doeo
to-
Tailtornd
of-
LouKtbof-
i
1
e
1
1-
i
g
>
i
1
1
i
9610
Fort Llard
M.OO
89.90
U.90
0.79
7.79
0.90
8.113
10.90
O.SS
1.90
3.75
SklD.
...do.
do
do
t.es
:.M
8.30
3.83
...dn.
1 ;_
SCIDRID^E— ARCTOMYS PRUIN08US.
929
Table CXL. — Measurcmenii of seven tkuUa of Aiictomys rnciNOSus.
r
locaUly.
Q
1
V
t
1
O
a
1
5
i
n
S
1
1
es
'A
a
a
It
i
1
Xi
S
i
1
1
o
1^
0
il
i!
il
t
E
S
1
2 4*
S «
il
1 s
s
1
1
J!
i
1^
.d
1
i
u
I
i
emi
3870
3677
3«73
6861
47S0
4.15
3.05
4.05
4.10
a. 75
2.5a
S.55
2.50
1.25
1.22
1.17
1.24
1.25
1.75
l.M
1.75
1.65
1.58
1.56
1.65
0.40
0.37
0.3f
0.40
0 30
0.30
0.30
o.eo
o.eo
0.80
0.85
1.40
1.33
i.:n
1.34
1.25
1.22
1.28
2.50
2.26
2.40
2.30
2.17
2.05
2.10
0.80
0.75
0.62
0.60
1.00
0.85
l.CO
0.92
0.90
0.78
0.77
2.«0
a. 55
2.65
a.5«
2.40
2.35
1.47
1.33
1.31
1.25
1.30
1.35
do
do
do
do
do
do
3.70
1.03
Tabi.h CXLI.— //i»( of sptcimtm examined of AncrOMYS PHU1N08U8.
%
a
1
o
1
i
= .
■a '5
o
1
i
a
J
LocaUty.
When
collected.
From whom received.
Collected by—
a
■s
1
5728
0403
MIO
5609
5C08
5603
9611
9
Oct -,1864
May 16, 18G9
C.P.Gandct
F. Biachoff
B.RRoaa
C.P.Oomlet
F Bischoff
Skin,
do
Fort Henry, Aluaka
....
1059
1058
1031
530
10S3
168
170
W.L.Hardlaty ....
do
..do.
.. do.
do
do
do
do
...do.
do
do
. . do.
..do
. do
W L Hanlietv
do.
Csmp Chlloweynck, W. T. . . .
Fraser's Rivor, W. T
8opt. 18, l85fl
Sept 18, IfSe
A. Campbell
do
B.ll.Ros«
Dr. C. a R Kennerly
du
.. do.
.. do.
...do.
do
Sopt 18, li=58
Dea 80,1861
Deo. 20,1861
do
do
...do.
859
SS8
ForlVakon
do . .
do
J Lockhart
. do.
173
do
. do
.. do.
A.CampboU
do
Dr. can. Kennerly
do
..do.
Skull.
.. do.
3673
36711
3676
3677
3678
0872
6870
6801
6862
,. .. do
do
do
do
do
do
..do
do
do
do
...do.
.. do.
..do.
...do.
.. do.
do
do
do.
do
do
do
do
do
do.
do
do
do
do
do
do
EXTINCT AMEKIOAN SClURIDiE.
Many species of extinct Rodents have recently been made known by
Dr. LeiJy and Professors Marsh and Cope from the Tertiary deposits of
59 M
» f' i ! I
'I
I' ^i
ri;
111
n-
930
MON<JGUAPIlS OF NOIITII AMEllICAN RODENTIA.
Nf'hraska, Wycmiing, Utali, Coloraili), and New Mexico, as well as from bono-
cavcs and Quaternary deposits of the East. Witliin the last six years,
more than filly species have Ijeen named, hnt very few of them can be
said to have been cliaractcrized, owing to the imperfect nature of the male-
rials from which they have been made known. In 1873, Dr. Leidy (lescril)ed
and figured remains of six species in his great work entitled "Contributions
to the E.xtinct Vertebrate Fauna of the West«^rn Territories",* of which four
were referred to the Sciurida and two doul)tfully to tlic MundtB. Professor
Marsh, in 1871 and 1872, gave preliminary descriptions, without figures, of
ten or twelve species, in the American Journal of Science and Arts (vols, ii
and iv, 3d series), of which a large part are doubtless referable to the Sciu idcr.,
but in many instances no conjecture is offered ri.cnecting their affinities. In
nearly every case, the species were described from one or two imperfect jaw
fragments, containing one or more molar teeth, but in one or two instances
merely from isolated molars. Professor Cope, in various papers, has descril»ed
a still larger number, making altogether abont fifty-four species, and six-
teen genera, all more or less imperfectly indicated. In many cases, owing
to the fragmentary and extremely unsatisfactory nature of the remains on
which the diagnoses have necessarily been based, the affinities of many of
the genera can scarcely be even conjectured. Some are positively referable
to the Muridce, others to the Castoridce, Ltporid^p, and Hi/^trkida, while many
others are imquestionably referable to the Sciitridm. Other remains belong
to families unrepresented in the existing fauna, as the Ischyromyida: and
Castoroididce.
Remains of Glues have been found in great variety in the Tertiary (Eocene)
deposits of the Upper Green River and its tributaries, and in portions of Col-
orado, Dakota, and Nebraska. Other remains, in part referable to species
still existing, but mainly to extinct species of existing genera, have been found
in the caves of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and in the crevices of the lead-
bearing rocks of Illinois and Wisconsin in deposits of Quaternary age. In
a few instances, as in the case of Palaolagus in Colorado, large numbers of
specimens of the same species have been found, but generally the species are
known as yet from merely a few imperfect fragments of jaws.
In respect to the Sciuridtv, the bone-eaverns of Pennsylvania and Vir-
ginia have afforded remains of extinct species of Tatnias and Sciurus, but,
• riiiiil KuportiH of tlic iT. 8. Oool. Sarv. Terr. vol. i, FoBnil Vortnbraten, purl i, I87;i.
SOIURID^.— EXTINCT SPECIES.
931
with possil)ly one exception,* the remains from tiie Tertiary deposits of the
West belong to vviioUy extinct genera. The genera of this family, most abun-
dant in the Eocene deposits, and which may l)c nnqiicstionably referred to
the Sciuridce, are Paramijs and Scluravus, which are not ajjparcntly very dis-
tantly related. The remains referred to these genera indicate species ranging
in size from animals smaller than Sciurus hudsonius to those one-fourth larger
than Arclomys monax. Other apjiarently Sciurine forms arc the genera Tax-
ymys ]\Iarsh, Tilloinys Marsh, Heliscomys Cope, and possibly Colonomys
Marsh, and some of the species referred to Gymnoptychus Cope. Gyttino-
ptychus chrysodon is said to lack postorbital processes, which at once excludes
it from the Sciurida, although the genus has been referred by its author to
this familj', togetlier with Ischyromys Leidy.f
As the majority of tlie extinct species of Sciurida; have l)een described
from merely lower-jaw fragments, it is not unlii\cly tliat, if tiiey ever become
l)etter known, some of the larger genera, as Paramys, Scluravus, and Gym-
7ioj)(ychus, will be found to embrace species not strictly congeneric; it being
presumable from analogy that species ranging in size from the size of a large
Mouse to that of a large Marmot will hardly prove to be referable to tlie
same genera.
The subjoined account of the extinct forms of Sciuridee is necessarily,
from the circumstances of the case, merely a compilation from tiie original
authorities. All that is aimed at is to give a connected synopsis of tlic sub-
ject, eribracing the leading characteristics of the described forms, with their
loc^aties of occurrence, their approximate size, a notice of the data on which
our knowledge of them at present rests, and references to the original papers
in which they have been described or noticed. Tiiis, owing to the scattered
state of the literature of the subject, it has been thought might prove useful
to the general student and also to special' "ts.
SCIURUS CALYCINUS Cope.
iSoiuni* calyciHHt Cope, Proo. Amer. Phil. 8oc. xil, 1S71, 8G.
Described from "two imperfect rami of the lower jaw, with the incisor
and first, second, and third inferior molars in situ", found in the Port Ken-
* Professor Cope refers one species from Colorado, described first as a Paramyn, to Sciurus, remark-
iug that the remains thns referred do " not differ in any degree from corresponding parts of tlie existing
Squirrels".— (^nn- Sep. V. S. Geo}. Sun. Terr, for 1S?3 (1874), p. 475.)
t Ibid. p. 474.
Km
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932
MONO(}RAP118 OK NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA,
■'H
A /H
I: i i
i
ncdy l)()nc-cav(>, Moiitgoiiiory Count)', Peiiiisylvaniii. Tlieso rnnuins iiidicato
a species iiuicli larger than S. ptinoUus Copo, and agreeing in size witli S.
hufLwniu.i, to wliicli it seems not unlikely referable.
SCIURUS PANOLIUS Cope. , ...^ .
Seiiiruii pamliua Cope, Proc. Amer. Pliil. Soc. xi, 1863, 174, pi. iii, fig. h.
This species is based on a portion of n mandibular ramus "containing
two molar teeth, and the included portion of the incisor, the coronoid and
vertical ramus being lost"'. It is from the caves of Wythe County, Virginia.
This fragment indicates a species about two-thirds the size of Sciuius hud-
sonius, and appears to differ considerably in other respects from the corre-
sponding portion of the lower jaw of S. hudsonius. While its size is that of
Tamias striatus, it is a true Sciurus, and the smallest species of the genus
thus far known from North America. i
SCIURUS RELICTUS Cope. . -
" Paramio ie/ic(u» Corn, Synop. New Vert, of Colornjo, 1873, ;t." '■
Sfiiini* rt«c(«» Cope, Aun. Rep. U. 8. Geo). Snrv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 475. . ■■
"Size that of the Chickaree (Sciurus hudsonius)." Described from "two
lefl mandibular rami, witli all the teeth conip'ete". Said to "not differ in
any degree from corresponding parts of the existing Squirrels". Found in
the "Tertiary of Colorado", the exact locality not being given,
TAMIAS L^VIDENS Cope. .J;
Tamiaa tet'ident Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi, 1869, 174.
This species, described from "the distal half of a mandibular ramus",
with the first molar teeth in place, is too imperfectly known to enable one to
say much respecting its character or affmities. Its size seems to have beea
that of T. striatus, from which species it, however, differs in several important
particulars. In T. lavidens, the first lower molar has two anterior cusps, as
in T. lateralis and T. asiaticus var. quadrivittatus, instead of the single one
seen in T. striatus and T. Iiarrisi. The portion of the ramus anterior to the
molars is also slenderer than in T. striatus, and the incisors lack the fine stri-
ations of the anterior surface seen in the last-named species, but have "three
narrow grooves on the outer longitudinal angle". From the bone breccias of
caves, Wythe County, Virginia.
SClUltlDiE— EXTJNCT SPECIES.
938
ARCTOMYS VETUS Marsh.
Arclomys rtlut MABSit, Aiuer. Journ. 8ci. aud Art% 3il set. ii, 1871, 121.
About onc-tliird as large as Arctomys monax. Dcscribod from a nearly
perfect lower jaw and other rciDains. Lower incisors with a siiallow median
groove on the anterior surface. Loup Fork, Northern Nebraska; Tiiocenc.
Genus PA«AMYS Lcidy.
raramp Lkidv, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1871, aiil | Ann. Rep, II. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, loi 1871 (1872),
357 ; Extinct Vert. Fauna, 1873, 109.
Although half a dozen or more species of Paramys have been de-
scribed, the genus is thus far known only from more or less imperfect
mandibular rami. It was first described by Dr. Leidy, in 1871, from remains
discovered by Dr. Carter in Tertiary deposits near Fort Bridger, Utah, who
recognized three species from as many fragments of lower jaws. Professor
Marsh and Professor Cope have each since described a single additional
species from the Tertiary of Western Wyoming and Colorado. The largest
of these species {J*aramys rohustus Marsh) exceeds in size the common
Marmot {Arctomys monax), while the smallest (Paramys relictus Cojie, j)cr-
liaps not strictly referable to this genus) is not larger than the common Chick-
aree {Sciurus hudsonius). As in all the other genera of the Sciurida, the
lower grinding teeth arc four in number on each side, with short, square,
tuberculatc, enameled crowns, with the same concave surface and tuberculatc
corners as in other genera.
"The lower jaw is proportionally shorter and deeper than in most known
Rodents, Ihe reduction in length being mainly due to i less development of
that part of the bone in advance of the molars. To compensate for differ-
ence in length, and to make room to accommodate the incisors, these teeth
reach farther back than usual. In Squirrels and Marmots their posterior
extremity reaches a short distance behind and beneath the last molar. In
Paramys it reached further backward, upward, and externally to ; I(!vel with
the crown of the last molar. The jaw in advance of the molars is not only
short compared with the usual condition in most known Rodents, but the
acute edge of the hiatus between the molars and incisors is almost on a
level with the alveoli of the teeth, instead of forming a deep concave notch,
so conspicuous a feature of the jaw of the Gnawers generally. The ridge
defining tlic muscular fossa on the back part of the jaw is strongly pronounced,
indicating powerful masticatory muscles.'' — (Leidy.)
034
MONOORAPnS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODRNTIA.
"1
■!
I'M ;;
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■■ : ■ 1 : .
PAIJAMYS ROHUSTUS JIarsli.
J'arauiiji rahunliis Maiisii, Aiiii^r. .lourii, Sci. ami Arts, iv, 1872, 218.
One of tlic largest of tlio known species of Parnmys, being "somcwlint
liirgcr than the common AVoodehuck {Arctomys moiiax Gmel.)". Described
b)' Professor Harsh from "two lower molars" and "other less important
remains". Lower Tertiary deposits of Grizzly Biittes and Henry's Fork,
Wyoming.
PARAMYS LEPTODUS Cope. -' *
/•rtinmi/s tqtlodin CorE, Pal. Hull. no. 12, 1873, 3.
"About the size of P. delicatux Lcidy, and P. rohustus Marsh, but with
smaller incisors, which have little more than half tiie diameter of the same
tooth in tliose species. The molars have two anterior separate, and three
posterior contiguous cones, the median smallest. The anterior and posterior
of both sides separated by a deep excavation. The anterior tooth is peculiar
in its greater compression. The posterior tubercles are not separated, and
the anterior inner situate behind the outer, and connected with the posterior
inner by a concave ridge." Iicngth of the molar series 221"""; antero-pos-
terior diameter 38""" ; transverse 24"'"'. Described from a right mandibular
ramus with all the teeth preserved. Soutii Bitter Creek, Wyoming.
PARAMYS DELICATUS Leidy.
Paramys gelicalua Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1871, 2I!1 ; Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1871
(1872), 357; Extinct Vert. Fnnna (Final Kcp. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. vol. i), 1873, 110, 335,
pi. vi, iigs. 23-25.— Cope, Pal. Bull. no. 12, 1873, 4.
Size about one-fourth less than Arctomys monax. Length of the lower
molar series 0.75 of an inch ; antero-posterior diameter of the lower incisor
0.17 ; transverse diameter 0.13. Eocene beds near Fort Bridger {Leidy), and
Black's Fork, Southwestern Wyoming {Cope). Described and figured by
Dr. Leidy (/. c.) from two specimens sent to him by Dr. Carter, "consisting
of portions of the right and left sides of tlie lower jaw, containing most of
the molars and portions of the incisors".
PARAMYS DELICATIOR Leidy.
Paramtjt delicatior Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1871, 331 ; Ann. Eep. U. S. Gool. Snrv. Terr, for 1871
(1872), 357; Extinct Vert. Kanna, 1873, 110, 335, pi. vi, flgg. 2fi, 27, pi. xxvii, flga. 16-18.—
Coi'K, Pal. Dull. DO. 12, 1873, 4.
Rather smaller than the preceding, and collected by Dr. Carter from
the same locality. Length of the lower molar series 0.62 of an inch ; antcro-
SClUlllJ-)yE— EXTINCT Hl'EClES.
S)!'.;")
posterior diameter of lower incisor 0.17; transverse 0.125. Dcscribctl anJ
figured l)y Dr. Leidy (/. c.) from tlic greater jjortion of a lefl- mandil)ular
ramus and several detached molar teeth. From Fort Bridger, Utali, and also
reported by Professor Cope (/. c.) from Cottonwood ('recii and Black's Fork,
Southwestern Wyoming.
PARAMYS DELICATISSIMUS Leidy.
I'aramtjs dclivatitimua Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nnt. Sci. Pbilft. 1871,231 ; Ann. Rop. U. 8. Ocol. Siirv. Tun: lor
1871 (1872), 357; Extinct Vert. Fauna, 1873, 112, 33.'-., pi. vi, figs. 28, 29.— Ciu-i!, Pal. Bull,
no. 12, 1873, 4.
Smaller than either of the preceding, and from tiie same localities.
liCngth of tiie lower molar series C'jO of an inch ; antero-posterior diameter
of the lower incisor 0.125 ; transverse 0.083. Described and figured by Dr.
Leidy (/. c.) from "the greater portion of the right ramus of a lower jaw,
containing all the molars, and a second specimen consisting of a small frag-
ment of another lower jaw containing the second molar". Fort Bridger
{Ltikly) and Black's Fork {Cope).
Genus SCIURAVUS Marsh. \
Sdwattti Mahsh, Aiuer. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. ii, 1871, 122.
U|)per molars with two pairs of tubercles, and a minute intermediate
cone on the outer edge. The lower incisors extend below the entire molar
series.
SCIURAVUS NniDUS Marsh.
&ii(rotiii» in7irfH« Marsh, Araer. Jouru. Sci. 3d sur. ii, 1871, 128.— Leidv, Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr,
for 1871 (1872), 308.
"About the size of the Brown Rat {Mus decumanus)^ Described from
a portion of an upper jaw containing the last three molars. Found at Grizzly
Buttes, near Fort Bridger, Wyoming.
SCIURAVUS UNDANS Marsh.
Sriiirauiw nii(ffl«« MAnsH, Amer. Joum. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. ii, 1871, 122.— Lbidy, Ann. Rop. II. S. Gcol.
Surv. Terr, for 1871 (1872), 358.
Panmgt undana Cope, Pal. Bull. no. 12, 1873, 4.
Rather larger than the Brown Rat {Mas dccumanus) ; smaller than
Paramys dclicatissimus Leidy. Described by Professor Marsh (/. c.) from a
portion of a lower jaw containing the incisors and the first three molars, from
m
O.'JG
MONOGkAl'lIS OF NOrwTU AM13UICAN RODENTIA,
m' h
(jlrizzly Hiittrs, Wyoming. Citctl by Professor Cope as also occurring on the
U|i|)iT (irfi-n K'ivcr. Professor Cope considers this species as giMierirally
idenlical in denliiiou with Pnrani>/s, \o which genus he refers it, as above
cited.
SCIURAVUS TARVIDENS Marsh.
Stiiirariit pani<U-n$ Mafisii, Amur. Joiirn. Sci, anil Arts, 3(1 ser. iv, 1373, S'20
Half the size of Sciuravus und<ivs, witli the lower incisor more coriv(;x
in fiont tiian in tiiat species. Described from a "lower jaw containing the
thini molar, and part of an upper jaw with the penultimate molar, and sev-
eral isolated teeth". From Henry's Fork and Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming.
? SCIURAVUS
Leidy.
f Sdvrariid Lkidv, Extinct Vort. Fauna, 1673, 113, 335, pi. vi, flg. 30.
Size of the last. Described and figured by Dr. Leidy (/. c.) from part
of a maudibidar ramus, containing the third molar and the alveoli of the sec-
oiul and fourth molars, from Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming. Referred doul)tfully
to this genus by Dr. Leidy, it being considered by him as not referable to
Paramt/s.
Genus IIELISCOMYS Cope.
ncUtoomyn CoPE, " Synop. Now Vert Colorado, 1S73, 3 " ; Ann. Rep. 0«ol. Burv. Terr, for 1973 (1874), 475.
"Liferior molars four; the crowns supporting four isolated cones in
pairs. Tliis genus is only known from mandibular rami. These resemble in
their dental structure some of the Murida, but the number uf molars is
more, as in Sciuridce."
IIELISCOMYS VETUS Cope.
UeliKomyi rtlia CoPK, "Synop. Kow Vert. Colorado, 1S73,4"; Ann. Bcp. OeoL 8unr. Terr, for 1873
(1-^7 1), ITS.
Smaller than Scinrus hudsonius. " The least mammal of tlie fauna to
which it pertains." "First molar with only three cones ; all the molars except
the first with a broad continuous cingulum on the ex ernal side. Ramus
rather stout; incisor-teeth very slender, elongate, slightly comrnct-.^fi, wHi;
parallel sides and convex anterior surface." From the "Tertiary of Colorado".
Genus MYSOPS Leidy.
Ujimpt Lkibv, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilii. 1871, 8.13; Ann. Bep. U. 8. Oeol. Burr. Terr, for 1871 (1S72),
3.W; Kxlinct Vert. l''auua, 1H7.'!, 111.
"The jaw in its form, proportions, and const ructiuii, and the number of
SCIUUIDil3— EXTINCT ai'KCIES.
937
toctli and (heir nilntivo jmwitioii, agrei; with the conditions in Purumi/s, hut
the form of tlic mohirs is sufficiently dilferent to refer hlic specimen to n dif-
f(!rent genus, for wliicli the above luinie lias l)een j)roi)oscd. The [lower]
molar teeth, as in Paramys, are four in lunnher, inserted each l)y a |)air of
fangs. The crowns arc quadrate and invested with enamel. The triturating
surface, instead of being constructed like that of the Squirrels, is more like
that of the Rats The crown of the third molar exhibits two trans-
verse lobes, or ridges, joined by an intermediate narrow ridge, and the inner
surface of the lobes include a trilateral tubercle The last molar ex-
liil»it8 three transverse ridges or lobes, of whieii the anterior is the thickest,
(he middle one the tiiinnest, and the posterior the shortest The anterior
molar of Mysops, like the last one, is more elongated fore and afl than the two
succeeding molars, but is proportionally of less size than in the Rats, and has
not three fangs, as in these animals The jaw is proportionately deep
and short, compared with that of the Rat. The masseteric fossa is deep, and
defined by a rectangle, the apex of wliich reaches as far forward as the posi-
tion of tbc third molar tooth. The border of the jaw at the hiatus in advance
of the molars extends nearly on a level from their alveoli to that of the inci-
sor.'' The skull remains unknown. Described from remains found by Dr.
Carter at Grizzly Bnttes, Wyoming.
Animals of small size, scarcely larger than the common Mouse {Mas
musnulus).
This genus was doubtfully referred by Dr. Leidy, in 1873, to the Muridce,
but its affinities are apparently more Sciurine than Murine.
MYSOPS FRATERNUS Lcidy.
Myaopt fraUmm Lkidv, Kxtinct Vert. Fauna, 187;t, 112, 33C, pi. xxvii, flgs. U, 15.
Size of the common Mouse {Mus musculus). Described from a portion
of a right ramus of a lower jaw containing the last three molars. Length
of the molar series about 0.26 of an inch ; depth of the jaw at the third molar
0.21. Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming.
MYSOPS MINUTUS Leidy.
Uytogs minulut Lkiuy, Proc. Acnd. Nnt. Sci. PUila. 1871, 239; Ann. Rep. U. 8. Cool. Snrv. Terr, for 1871
(1878), 357 ; Extinct Vert. Fauna, 1878, 111, 336, pi. vi, figs. 31, 32.
Size of the last. Described from a ramus of the lower jaw, containing
two molars. Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming.
<)1'8 MO.NOdKAI'IlH Ol' NOUTII AMKIMOAN UODIJMTIA.
Genuh colon YMYS Marsh.
CiilimomyH Maicmii Aincr. Journ. Hci. niiil ArtH, 'M »er. iv, 187'^, 'i'iO.
Known only from Hcvpral isolated molar toctli of an appan^ntly Sciuriiio
character.
COLONYMYS CELEIt Mar^li.
Coloitomiji ctler Maiinii, Aiiicr. .lourn. Scl. Aud Arts, 3d ler. Iv, 1H72, 990. ,^
Aiioiit half the size of the Brown Rat {Mus decumanus). Known, like
the i,'('nns, only from a low detached tiiolur teeth, from the Tertiary dejjosits
of Henry's F< k, Wyoming.
Genus TAXYMYS Marsh.
Taxjpn'jn Maiihii, Amor. Jonni. Sci. nnd Artx, M hot. iv, \HTi, 21!).
Apparently allied to the trne S(inirrels, hut too imperfectly known to
admit of characterization.
TAXYMYS LUCARIS Marsh.
Taxjimija hicaria Mauhh, Amer. Journ. Sci. nnd Arts, 3d «er. iv, 1879, 919.
Kather smaller than the Flying S(iuirrel {Sciurojiterus volucella). Dc-
scrihed from a portion of an upper jaw, with the first two molars in place,
and from a vcrtehra supposed to l)elong to the same animal. First upper
premolar very small, as in the Arhoreal, Flying, and Ground Squirrels, with
a similar contijrmation of the triturating surface. From Tertiary deposits,
Henry's Fork, Wyoming.
Genus TILLOMYS Marsh.
TilloHiya MAnsn, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arta, 3d ser. iv, 1879, 910.
Two species, dilFering mainly in size, are referred to this genus, descril)cd
from very unsatisfactory fragments of lower jaws. Very little is known
respecting the characters of the group.
TILLOMYS SENEX Marsh.
TiUomya iienex Maksii, Amer. Journ. Sci. and ArU, 3d ser. iv, 1879, 910.
"About the size of a rat." Length of the lower molar scries ll""";
depth of the lower jaw at the second molar 5°"". Described from a lower-
jaw fragment, having the second molar in place. The jaw is described a«
BCIUltlDiR— KXTIN<3T SPECIES.
939
filBiulcr, with the tubercle at the nntorior iiinrgin of the masseteric fowsii iitnlcr
the centre of the second molar. The crown of the tootii iins an aiitorior
transverse crest and a |»air of posterior tubercles. From the lower Tertiary
deposits, Henry's Fork, Wyoming.
TILLOMYS TARVUS Marsh.
TWomyt parvui Mahbii, Am-'. Jonrn. Scl. and Arts, M sir. Iv, iH12, 819.
Considerably smaller than the preceding. Length of lower molar series
T.!'""*. Described from a similar imperfect lower-jaw fragm>;nt containing
the second molar, from Grizzly Buttcs, Wyoming.
n
ill
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ifti
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MONOGRAPHS
OF
NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
No. XII.-APPENDICES.
App. B.-By T. GILL and E. OOUE8.
Ml
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Vy:
^
APPENDIX A.
SYNOPTICAL LIST OF THE EXTINCT RODENTli OF NORTH
AMERICA.
Bv J. A. Au.EN.
The following list is intended to inc'ude all of the extiuct Rodentia of North
America described prior to 1877. The Sciuromorphs, Hystricomornhp, and LeporidiB,
having been nearly all noticed at some length in the preceding payes of the present
series of monographs, it is deemed suflBcient in the present connection to cite ihe
earlier pages of the present work, wherein they are more fully noticed. In respect
to the others, references are here given to the papers and works wherein they were
originally described or subsequently noticed, together with short notices of their lead-
ing characteristics so far as they are at present known. With our present imperfect
knowledge of the extinct forms here enumerated, it is impracticable tt attempt any-
thing more than a compilation of the species as described by authors.
GLIRES SIMI'LICIDEISTATI.
SCIUROMORPHA.
SCIUKUS CALYCINlJS Copo. See aiitrH, p. 931.
SC1URU8 PAN0LIU8 Cope. See antei, p. 932.
SCIURUS BRLICTUS Cope. See anted, p. 933.
TAMIA8 L^VIDENS Cope. See anted, p. 938.
ARCTOMYS VETUS Marsh. See anIeA, p. 933.
PARAMYS R0BC8TU8 Marsh. See anfeA, p. 934.
PARAMY8 LEPT0DU8 Cope. See anted, p. 934.
PARAMYS DELICATUS Leidy. 8eo ur.icA, p. 934.
PARAMYS DELICATIOR Leidy. See anleA, n. 934.
PARAMYS UELICATI88IMU8 Leidy. See allied, n. 936.
943
S nii
I'i-i i
;.*:: !
lili
11
M'^ \
I ■ .
is; •■■:
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t
III
^1^
944
MONOGRAPnS OF NORTU AMERICAN KODKNTIA.
SCIURAVUS NITIDUS Marsli. Sco antei, p. 03.->.
SCIURAVUS UNDANS Miirsh. Sen fl«(<ii, p. 9S.'. , ,, • .;■'■.,,.„-
SCIURAVUS PAEVIDENS Mursli. Koo aii(<i», p. 936. . ' ' - ;
fSClURAVUS Lridy. Sw nii(i<>, p. 93(!. .. •
Incertce sedis. ^' '
HELISCOMYS VETU8 Cope. See anUct, p. 936.
MYS0P8 FEATERNU8 Leidy. See a»i(fd, p. 937.
MYSOrS MINUTUS Leidy. See a«(fd, p. 937.
COLONYMYS CELEB Marsh. See aniei, p. 938.
TAXYMYS LUCARIS Marsh. See anIeA, p. 938.
TILL0MY8 SENEX Marsh. See aiitei, p. 93a
TILLOMYS PARVUS Marsh. See anteCL, p. 939.
• CASTORID^.
EUCASTOB TORTUS Leidy. See anted, p. 451.
STENEOFIBER NEBRASCENSI8 Leidy. See anh&, p. 463.
8TENE0FIBER PANSUS Cope. See anici, p. 455.
ISCHYROMYID^.
The family Ischyromyidm was recently proiwsed by Mr. E. R. Alston • for the recep-
tion of Dr. Lcidy's genus Ischyrcmys. Mr. Alston's diagnosis of the group, based ou
Dr. Loidy's figures and descriptions of his Ishchyromys typva, is as follows : — "Dentition
as in Sciuridai. Skull resembling CattoriikB, but with the infraorbital opening large,
a sagittal crest, no postorbital processes, palate broad, basioccipital keeled ".t
Genus ISCHYROMYS Leidy.
lachyramys Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fbila. 1850, 89.
ISCHYROMYS TYPU8 Leidy.
lachyromyi tijpiu Lkidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 89; 1857, 89; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. '2d
ser. vii, 1869, 335, 405, pi. xxvl, figs. 1-C.
About the size of a Muskrat [Fiber eibethicug). Form of the skull somowhnt
resembling that of the Beaver (Castor Jiber), but the interparietal region is greatly
narrowed, more even than in the Muskrat, with the frontal relatively wider. The infra-
orbital opening was apparently as large as in the Muskrat. Upper grinding teeth five,
"constructed after the plan of those of the Squirrel family".
The lower grinders, four in number, also resemble those of the ScinridcB, and the
lower jaw fragments are described as resembling the corresponding portions of the jaw
of a Squirrel ; "but the impression of the masscter is comparatively feeble, and only
reaches as far forward as the position of the back part of the second molar tooth". ■
• Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Loud. 1870, 78.
t Mr. Alston adds in a foot-note : — " It seems probable that Ptevdomj/n Cope [ = PnmdotomuB Copo]
(Proc. Amcr. Phil. Soo. 1872,467), from Ibo Kccene of North America, may belong to this family."
(Alston, /.c)
PALiEONTOLOGICAL APPENDIX— EXTINCT RODENTIA.
945
Tlio species was described from the greater portion of a skull and several fragments
of lower jaws, discovered by Dr. Hayden in tbe Mauvaises Terres of Bear Creek (a
tributary of the Sheyenue River) and White Biver, in beds ot Miocene age.
The genus has been referred by Dr. Leidy and Professor Cope to the Sciuridw, but
evidently pertains to a distinct family, as shown by the large infraorbital foramina, the
absence of postorbital processes, the great interparietal constriction of the skull, etc.
Incertw sedu.*
GENtJS GYMNOPTY0HU8 Cope.
Oymnoplychtu Cope, Pol. Ball. no. 16, 1873, 5; Adu. Eep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 476.
"The essential features are, dentition ; 1. 1 ; C. J ; M. f ; the molars with two cres-
cents on the inner s|de above, each of which gives rise to a cross-ridge to the outer
margin. In the mandibular series tbe crests and crescents have a reversed relation.
No cementum." Qymnoptychus chrysodon, the first s|)ecies refeiTcd to this genus by its
describer, is said to have no postorbital processes. The skull is said to be broad and
stout, but not depressed, with the muzzle broad and short, and "the front" (frontal
region T) moderately contracted. While its dentition is somewhat Sciurine, tbe absence
of postorbital processes renders its reference to the iSctundte quite doubtful, although it
has been thus referre.1 by Professor Cope.t Several species of this genus have been
described by Professor Cope from the '• Tertiary of the Plains"; but their exact locality
of occurrence is not indicated. X
0YMN0PTYCHU8 CRY80D0N Cope.
Qnmnopti/tMHs crynxfen Cope, Fall. Ball. do. 16, 1873, 5.
" First upper molar a single cone. Incisors quite compressed. First inferior molar
a broad oblong, the cusps opposite, tbe anterior close together. The two posterior
cross crests do not form a V, the anterior being interrupted at the cusp. There is a
delicatr> tubercle between tbe onter cusps of the three last molars. The incisor is com-
pressed, the anterior and outer faces being separated by an angle."
GYMN0PTYCHU8 NASUTUS Cope.
Gjimnoptjichiu naauliu Cope, Pal. Bull. no. 16, 1873, 6.
Muzzle luuch compressed; nasal bones flat, extending beyond the upper incisors.
Much smaller than the last, with the first molar narrower. Inferior molars with two
cross-crests and two cinguloe from tbe exterior cones, each posterior crest terminating
in au interior cone.
GYMNOPTYCHUS TKILOPHUS Cop«.
OyvmoplyQhiu Mlophua Cope, Pal. BaU. no. 16, 1873, 6 ; Add. Bep. U. 8. Geol. Sarv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 476
Intermediate in size between the two preceding. Molars with two cross-crests, not
connected by oingula.
OYMNOPa'YCHU8 MlNUTUg Cope.
Gymiioplyehiu miHutui Cope, Pol. Bull. no. 16, 1873, 6 ; Ann. Kep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 476.
Very small, scarcely larger tliau a House Mouse (Mm viusoulwi), and differs from
the others somewhat in dentition.
* The genera next following {Oj/mmplychut and Pneudolamiu) are evidently Scinromorphii, and uiuy
both be referable to the family Itdiyromyida.
t Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr, for 1873 (1874), 474.
I Ptofeaeor Cu|>e, in bie second notice of this genns (I. c.). Buys, " Ttvo gpecien are known, a larger
and a ■mailer"; and then follow notices of (i. Irilophiu and G. nifnu(Mi, witb no reference whatever to
Q.crytodnn and G. najittm, described by biui at the same time 0, tritophn» auii O. minnluii were dcsuribedl
w.
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046
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
Genus P8EUDOTOMUS Cope.
PttHdotomtu CoPK, Proo. Amer. Pbil. Soc. IH7-A4ri7; IT. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 6th Aon. Rep. (for 1873),
1873, 610.
Skull depressed ; zygomata considerably expanded ; muzzle brond, but little ele-
vated, witb tbe nasal meatus between the alveoli of the upper incisors ; frontals very
sbort, tbe superciliary margin and orbits small, and without postorbital processes;
temporal fossa) large, converging posteriorly, and greatly contracting tbe braiu case
behind tbe orbita; infraorbital .foramen rather small, circular, and placed low down
near tbe alveolar border ; upper iucisors relatively small, in form much as in Arctomyn,
but more widely separated ; molars probably J.
This genus was tirst referred by its describer to the order Edentata, but later was
considered as "allied to, if not actually a member of, the Sciuridw". The breadth and
depression of the skull are said to remind one of ArctomyH, from which, however, it
differs in tbe contraction of the skull between the orbits, in this respect more resembling
Fiber. It seems also in this and in other respects to strongly recall I»ckyromy». Tbe
lateral separation of tbe iucisors, both superior and inferior, is referred to as a marked
peculiarity. Known from a single imperfect skull and one or two mandibular fragments
from the Bod Lands of Cottonwood Creek. -;.
PSEUDOTOMUS HUNS Cope.
PKudoUmut hiant Cope, Proc. Amer. Pliil. Soc. 1W72, 407 ; U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. 6th Ann. Rep. (for 187i),
187;), 611.
The single imperfect skull trom which the present species is known is said to iiidi-
isa\» an animal of "about the size of an Agouti". From tbe Fort Bridger Eocene.
MYOMORPHA.
MURID^.
Genus EUMYS Leidy.
E»my» Lkidy, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila. I8.'i6, 90.
EUMYS ELEGANS Leidy.
A'umyf eUgatu Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1806, 9U; 1857, 89; Journ. Aowl. Nat. Sol. 8d nr. vli,
1869, Mi, 407, pi. xxvi, figs. 12, la.— Cope, Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv, Terr, for 1873,
1874, 474.
The genus and species were described by Or. Leidy from a specimen discovered by
Dr. Haydeu in tbe Bad Lauds of Bear Creek, "con»iisting of a portion of the left side
of a lower jaw". This jaw-fragment is said to indicate "an animal approaching in
size tlie Brown Riit (Mu« deeutnanvs)'', and to agree in form and constitution with tho
corresponding portion of the jaw of that animal.
EUMYS LOXODON Cope.
Heiperomyt lozodon CoPR, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phils. 1874, 150.
Eumj/i loxodoH Copu, Ann. Rep. Cbf. Eagiuoers, 1874, 605; ill. App. LL, 1.
Based ou un entire mandibular ramus, with all the teeth preserved, from the Hanta
F6 marls. Similar to tbe E. elegans of Leidy.
NEOTOMA MAOISTER Baird. See nnteA, p. 29
PALiEONTOLOGICAL APPENDIX— EXTINCT HODENTI A. 947
ARVICOLA (ISODELTA) SPEOTHEN Cope.
Anicola tpeothen Copk, Proc. Amer. Pbll. 8oc. Philn. 1871, 87, Bg. 13.
Described from " the entire dentition of the left ramus mandibali, with a few frag-
ments of the iu\jacent bone", from the Port Kennedy bone-cave, Fenusylvauin.
Anterior lower molar with one less triangle " than in any species of the section Ami-
cola ", and hence reg'\rded as representing a new subgenerip type.
ARVICOLA (PITYMYS) TETKADELTA Cope. ,
Jraioola Mr<ul(i;<a Cope, Proo. Amer. Phil. 8oc. Pliila. 1871, 8j, Ak- l*!. ^ •. . . ,, *
Described from a portion of the skull embracing the second and third upper molars.
Differs from the other known North American Arvicola in the form of the enamel loops
of the molars. Port Kennedy bone-caves, Pennsylvania.
AKVICOLA (PITYMV8) DIDELTA Cope.
JniooU didclta Cope, Proo. Amer. Pliil. Soc. Phila. 1871, 89, fig. Ifi.
Described from "the mandibular rami of five and the superior dentition of proba-
bly three individuals", from the Port Kennedy bone-caves. Allied to Arvicola (Pilymys)
pinetornm. ........
ARVICOLA INVOLUTA Cope.
Jrvicola invoJuta Cope, Proc. Amer. PUil. Soc. Phila. 1871, 89, Bg. 18.
"Established on a nearly complete ramus mandibuli, with the dentition perfectly
))reserved", from .the Port Kennedy bone-caves. It is said to be " nearly allied to the
A. pinetorvm, differing principally in the form of the anterior lower molar". About the
size of A. riparitts.
ARVICOLA 8IGMODU8 Cope.
/trvicola ligmodm CoPK, Proo. Amor. Phil. Soo. Phila. 1871, 90, fig. 17.
Based on "three imperfect mandibular rami, two with the dentition complete, the
other with the posterior molar only wanting". Aboat the size of A. ripariua. Its
■ baracters are said to be near those of " A. austera, Lee."
ARVICOLA (ANAPTOGONIA) HIATIDEN8 Copo.
Arrfoola hiatide«$ Cope, Proo. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1871, 91, fig. 18.
Based on sevend molar teeth, which are several times larger than the correspond-
ing teeth of any of the above-named species, " and suggest the genus Fiber^. It is sug-
gested that it may not be referable to either Arvicola or Fiber, and that it may require
to stand as a separate genus. From the Port Kennedy bone-cares, Pennsylvania.
GEOMYID^.
0E0MT8 BI8ULCATUS Marth.
Otomjit hisulcaltit Marsh, Amer. Junru. Sci. and ArU, 3d ser. ii, Ib/l, 131.
Apparently nearly allied to Oeomys burnariut. From Pliocene strata, near Camp
Tborne, Loup Fork, Northern Nebraska.
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948
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMIRICAN KODENTIA.
Genus COLOTAXIS Copo.
CololaMt Coi'B, Pul. Bull. no. 15, 1873, 1. .
-' "Inferior molars 3; crown plicate, with two counected cusps with creacentio see-
tion, on the outside, each of which jjives rise to two transverse crests, which are
unconnected. Of these crests, the nrteiiur and posterior are marginal and leas devel-
oped than the median pair. Intervaln deep, without cement."
COLOTAXIS CEISTATUS Copo.
Colotaxu ariatatua Cope, Pall. Bull. no. 1&, 1873, 1.
"Anterior molar narrower than the others, the cusps partly alternating, the con-
necting crests of the exterior wall internally placed, the transverse crest from the pos-
terior forming a Y. Anterior cusps well separated. Enamel of all the molars smooth."
Anterior face of incisors regularly convex. i<"roni the "Tertiaries of the Plains".
HYSTRICOMORPHA.
IIYSTRICIDvE.
HY8TRIX VENU8TU8 Leidy. See anfcd, p. 307.
ERETHIZON CLOACINUM Cope. See antei, p. 398.
, , .- ;u..=^ CASTOROIDID.^.
CA8TOROIDE8 0HIENSI8 Foster. See aii/«>, p. 424.
Incertw sedi»,
Gknus AMBLYRHIZA Cope.
Amblnrhita Cope, Proc. Acad. Ns(. Sci. Phila. 1868, 313. See qIbo aii<M, p. 421.
AMBLYRHIZA INl^DATA Cope.
AmMj/rkiia inundata CoFE, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 313; Proo. Amer. Pbtl. Soc. Phila. 1860, 183,
pi. iv, pl. V, flg. 1.
Genus LOXOMYLU8 Cope.
Loxomyliu Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. 8oo. Phila. 1869, 186. (See also a«(M, p. 421.)
LOXOMYLUS L0NGIDEN8 Cope.
Loxomylua longidena Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. Id69, 187, pl. v, figs. 2, 3.
LOXOMYLUS LATIDEN8 Cope.
Loxomylua laiidma CoPR, Proo. Amer. Phil. (Soc. Phila. 1870, 608.
As already noted on a previous page of this work (p. 421), the genera A.itblyrhisa and
Loxomylm, together with the species referred to them, were based by Professor Co|ms
{I. c.) on detached teeth from the bone breccia of caves, from Angailla Island, West
Indies, and are as yet too imperfectly known to render their iifflnitles fully dpparent.
In the structure of the teeth, they are allied to the ChiuchiUidw, and also lo Cantoroidi-
da, nearly equalling the latter in size, to which group they may prove to be referable.
PAL^ONTOLOGIOAL APPENDIX-EXTINCT KODENTIA. 949
HYDROCHCERID^.
IlYDROCH(ERUS /K80PI L«i(lj-. ,
Oromji ampi Leidy, Proo. Acart. Nat. 8oi. Pbila. ISM, 841.
Uydrocharw) aiopi Leidy, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1«)6, 165; Holmes's Post- pliocene Fossils of South
Carolina, I860, 112, pi. xxi, figs. S-6| Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2d ser. vii, 1860, 407.
Described from teeth fountl in the Postplioceno deposit of the Ashley Biver,
near Charleston, Sonth Carolinii.
GLIRES DUPLICIDENTATI.
LEPORID^.
PAL/EOLAGUS HAYDKNI Leidy. See antm, p. 373.
PALiEOLAOUS AGAPET1LLU8 Cope. See aii/M, p. 375.
I'ALiEOLAGUS TUKGIDU8 Cope. See a»M, p. 375.
PALiEOLAGUS TRIPLEX Cope. See antci, p. 375.
PANOLAX SANCTiEFIDEI Cope. See antm, p. 376.
PUAOTHERIUM PALATINUU Cope. See anted, p. 377.
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APPENDIX B.
MATERIAL
FOB A
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NOETH AMERICAN MAMMALS.
Prkpakkd by Tkkoiidiir Oii.l and Ellioti' Coiies.
Several yeara have paased siDOe a Biblingrapby of Nnrtli American Haninials noa begun liy Dr.
Gill, and coutiniieil with tbe oooperutiou of Dr. Cones. Tlio design was to make it as complete as could
bo reasonably expected, and to include (a) all works and papers on Mammalia at large published in
North America, (A) all works and papers, wherever published, relating to North American MnmmaU,
nnd ((') such general works or collateral special papers as bear more or less directly npou the subject.
Pressure of other engagements upon eaob of the authors, however, obliged them to suspend the work in
IH74, and tbe material now published represents simply the progress tbey had made at that date toward
thii completion of their plan. The Bibliography is therefore not supposed to bo brought beyond 1874,
when systematic compilation of titles was abandoned, although a number of titles of later date bnvo
been collated by one of the anthors during bis preparation of the index-slips for tbe press. In the full-
est sense of tho term, this compilaticn is only " material " for a Bibliography ; tbe compilers ore fully cog-
nizant of its defects, and no criticism could be more severe than that which they ibemeelves would pass «
upon it. But even in its present state, the Bibliography is much more extensive than any hitherto
prepared ; it is published in connection with these Monographs of by far tho largest order nf Mammalia,
that tbe material which it represents may at length become available for all those who are working upon
North American Mammalogy ; and it is believed that it will be very useful to all who duly regard tho
purport of this explanot-ory note.
The titles are arranged in chronological order under a few beads. The first set consiHtR of general
and miscellaneous publications on Mapimalsat large; the second of faunal publications, or those rolatiog
to the Mammals of particular geographical areas; while the remaining sets are those of orders or sub-
ordersof the Mammalio. Tbe Bibliography of American publications is believed to be very nearly complete
down to 1874 inclusive ; in other respects, the work is very imperfect. Many of the titles, especially the
foreign ones, are taken at second hand, and those which have not been verified may not be found to be
literally correct. Tbe titles of many of the general works are not given in full.
A considerable part of the Bibliography — that relating to Eeveral of the families of tho Rodcn-
tla — baa already been presented on earlier pages of this volume, and such titles are not here duplicjited.
In the labor of preparing this matter for the press, which has devolved upon Dr. Coues, much
assistance has been rendered by Mr. Allen, who has kindly revised the proofs, adding some tith'S, aud
making many valuable suggestions. Very great assistance has also been rendered by Mr. William Young,
the acuonipliahetl proof-reader of tbe Oovornmeut Printing Office, to whom special thanks are due for
bia valuable services in securing accurate typography, and in perfecting the arrangement of tb'!) titles.
951
952
MONOGUArUS OF KORTU AMERICAN KOUUSTJA.
A.-MENEKAI. AKD niSCELLANEOIIM PrBLICATIONCI.
'P 1l
i^
rr
I. lift"
,ll*
13S1.— Oeaner, C— Conr. Ooanorl biHtoriiD ■uinialinm lib, i ile qiinilrnpoillbiii vlvlpnriii. I'olio, Ti-
Kiiri, IfiM.
1669.— Oesner, C— AllgeiiHiinea Tbiorbucb,durrbConr. Oosnertim in lateiniaobvr Hprncbe bescbriubcn,
(liiicb Conr. Kmoruin ina Dentftcho llberaetzt. Folio, I'raiikf. KiUti.
1693. —Ray, J. Syuopaia metbmllca unimalium /^nadnipcdiini ot acr|ieiitini (ronttrii. Viil);ariiiiii iioliia
chnriicteriaticaa, rariornm ileacriptioncs intc^iraa exhiliena: cum liiatorilH &, obHcrviitloiiil>ii»
uimtuiuicia pcrqiiaiii cnrloaia. Fri«niittuiitur uuouuila de duimnliimi iu geueru, huuhu, ({unera-
tiiiiiK, divixionp, &c. 8". 8 p. I., 330 pp., witb |)orlrait opptwile title. London: iin)i«naia8.
Sinitli & R. Walfurd, KiOS.
1704. — Tyson, B. A now diviaion of terreatrial brnte animala, particularly of tboao that bavo tboir
fi'i't foruicd like bauda. <^ Pbiloa. Traiia. Boy. Soc. Loudon, xxiv, 1704, pp. t5(.Hi-1573.
1734-65.— Setw, A. Locnplotlaainii rerun) natnrallnm tlipanuruH accnmta deacriptio e.t iconiliua
urlilieioHi8.iiuiia pxprraalo, per uiiivoranni pbyaicea hiatoriam. 4 vola. Folio. IT^l-CV.
173S. — IilnnEeua, C. Cnroli Linuivi, Svcci, Doctoria Mediciiin), 8yatenia naturie, aive rt'gna tria niitunu
ayatenintice propoaita por clue«e8| ordines, genera Jk, apecioa. O Jeboval qnnni auipla Hunt
operuTual Qnam eaomoia aapivnter feciatil Quam plena eat terra )ioa«cBaiouo Tnu! I'talm.
civ. 24. Lugduui Ilaluvoruni, apndTheodorum Ilaak, 1735. Ex typograpbia Joannia Wilholnil
de Groot. Folio. 7 I. iiuuunibercd and unpagi'd.
[Tbo onl.v copy of tbe original pdttlon the exialeuco of which in tho Unitwl States in linown to us ii in (be
library of J. Caraon Brevoort, vitq.. of Urooltlyn. Tbe 3il rd., pitbliMhe4l in Lutio nnil Ucrniao, liy .T. J. L;inKC,
at llnlle, in 1740, is a reprint of the tint. <See iH-yonil for the other cditiont, under their reepeclive datue.)
A textual reprint of tho first edition was alfio pnbliBbed In 8^, at Paris, in 1@30, by F6e, q. v.]
'''"'' ANALYSIS. -:'"''
1. QUADnuPEDlA :— 33 genera.
J. Anihropomorplia. — Homo, Simla, Bradypua, 3.
IL frra.— Uraua, Leti, Tigria, Fclia, Mnatola, Didelpbia, Latra, Odobisnna, Pboca, Ilyicnn,
Cania, Melea, Talpn, Erinaceua, Vcapertilio, 15.
III. (lliren. — II\atrix,8eiurna,6aator, Mne, LepuR, S(>rex,0.
IV. Jiimmla. — Eqnua, Hippotamna, Elepbna, Sua, 4.
V. /Vcora.— Cnmelua, Cervna, Capra, Ovie, Boa, 5.
1740.— LlDoeeus, C— Curoli Lluniei Naturs Cnriosorum Diogeoridis Seciindi Syatema oaturie in quo
iiatiinD regna trin, aocnndum.[!] Claaaea, ordinea, genera, spcciea, aygteinatice prrponuntur.
Kditio Bccuuda, auctior. Stockbolmite, apnd Oottfr. Kieaowetter, 1740. 6°. 2 p. I., 80 pp.
I Tbo 5th ed. It a reprlut of the 2d, and was published by If. O. Agnethler, at nalle, in i;47 (8°, 68 pp). It
contains tiio German oames.]
ANALYSIS.
1. QUADlttlPEDiA:— 32 genera.
I. Aiithropomorpha. — Homo, Simla, Bradypua, Hyrmoeopbaga [not in 1st cd.], 4.
II. /Vrfc.— Uraua, Le<i, Tigria, Fells, Mnatela, Didelpbia, Lntrn, Pboca, Cania, Melea, Erinaceua,
Talpa, Vespertillo, 13. [Odoboimis and Hyiena auppreaaed.]
HI, Rlires,— H.vatrix, Lcpns, Sciurna,Caator, Mna, 5, [Sorex removed to Jumenta.]
IV. Jumenia, — Elopbos, Ilippopotamua. Sorex!,KqvnH, Sua, 5.
V. fftwa.— Comfln»,Cprvua, Capra, Ovia, Boa, r>.
[Two fienora suppreaecil; one added.l
1743.— Klnin, J. T, Siimma dubionim circa closacg qnodrupednra et ompbibiornin in cclebria domini
Carol. Linutei ayatemate naturie ; aivo natnralia quadmpedum blBto^ia^ promovendn protlro-
nina cnm prieludio do cruatatia. Adjocti diacnraua : I. De niminantibua, II. D« periudo vitn
bnuianu) cullato cum brulia. Geitani et Lipain, 1743. Glcditacb. 4°. L'i pp., 2 pi.
1743-51.— Edwards, O. A natural biatory of uncommon birda und of aouie otber rare and undescribed
animala In 4 parta. 4'^. London, 1743-51.
(Pti,pll.l-.'>3! pt.ii,pll.Sbl05| pl.Ui,pll.lO«-l!>7i pt.iT,plLISe-9ll.— Flrlictatran8L,l74S.)
BIBLIOOU. APPKNDIX— A. (JKNEBAL ANIJ MISCELLANEOUS. 953
1744.— Llnncou*, C. CiiroU Llnnicl Mnilic. & Hotmi. in Aoail. IIpHnllKiiBi ridfiwuirlH Acml. Iinpcriallii,
UpiinlluiiiilH, 8U>ckbnlini'nfii» iSr MonniielionnlH 80c. .Sj'Nidiim iiutunu in i|ui> |in>|i<>unntnr niituru)
ru^ni tlia Nucnndum cIiikhi's, iinlincH, Kcnurit &, Bpocicn. r.ililio (piiirtit iili unitori' iini'iiilula iV
audit, Ao'cHHcrunt nominnOiUliou. I'liiiniia, gnnipliliuii MichnrllH Antonii Djivitl, blliliiipola-,
\ia Ju(nbi'A, HUb BiKnii Culjinil unrti, 1744. Cum ]irivilt'|{io Teg^H, H^, 3 p. 1. [Fniiiliinionta
■ l)otf»nicn], xxvil, [1], inSjip., tab.
(TI)Ia tfl util, by I.lnnt^. 'n Imvu bi-4>it udltcMl liy n. .riiNitlPU, ami to \m tho nnnw an tlin IM ml. <'* I^r H. •liliMluiini.
A«IJf)ctu iiiHiitDa f;.illi4'a. uiv.m cum 'J"). It coutaltiH, liowiwttr, in aildillon tii ttm " Fiintlanu'iita lli)Uiil(-a ", a
apticiol IntriHliiollDii (liy hiniBolfl, wlitcti ronrlutliia with tbo reinarlc tlmt It la tlit) Itb chI., roviwU and I'tilnrtifit
(Jam qiiurtani caatiifiitain Iteruin uuctaiuqiie LvcUM ulTero Utiiiuvolu.— |i. 11}.]
1747.— Unneeuii, C. . . . ay»tcinn nntnrai. ... 8°. 8H pp. Ilulli), M. 0. AKHotlibT, 1747.
[The ."itb u(l., n rcpriut of tint 3il, witli tbu (fornian tiami/a. Alnruni. pp. 4'i-51. Tbu KBu»ra are exactly tba
Hamo OH in tbe 3(1 e4l., but aiieilotl with v liiBtitad <if u. Kro under 1740.)
174S. — Llnneeus, C. Ciinill Linnntl Archintr. Ro);. Mvd. nt Hot rrn(Ff<fi. IJpHnT. HystiMiiii iiiitiirio kIh> .
titim rMgiiit triu iiatiinu, in cIudkus «t ur(linL'r<i;en«ru 1 1 Hpiiciis ruilitotii tiibiilimpio utiicix illuHtrutii.
Cnin privil(-);io 8. II. M. Svecicio & B. U. M. I'olonico) ao Klt^toriH .Siixoii, Kilitio itt:xiit,
y cDienduta ut uuctu. 8tovkbol!iiliu, luipeniiiitQodofr. Kieaewuttvri, 1V4U. b". iv, tM4pp.,'ip, 1.,
14 1.,7pll.
(The lib od., publitfaml at I.«lpslfi (Llpslo}) lu 1748, is » textual roprlnt of tho flth (•eoanduni Mxlaiu Stookbol*
mloDaem emeudatatu 6c autitaiu edilionoiu), by ihu Bamo publlBbor, but with tho Qenuan popular uauiea ilutead
orSwcMlish. Tho 6tb ed. Routaiun the veK*^tAbIo kiugduui oDly.]
17S1. — Kleiu, J. T. laciibl TbucMlori Kltin . . . qvndrvpcdvni dispoaitio brovixquu liititoiin iiittvialis.
Lipsio), upvd luoam Sckiuidt, bibl. Lvbec, 17.'il. 4^^. ii p. 1., l'.n-|-l pp., !> pll. folded.
Steller, O. W. De beatiis mariuia. < Nov. Comment. Aoad. Petropol. li, 1740 (1751 ), pp. 889-
•298, 3 pll.
1753. — Anon. Scbanplatz (Sj'Stematiacber) aller eiubeimiscbun niid aaaliindiBcbcn vierfUssigen Tbiore.
NUrnbcrg, nij'i.
Bill, J. An biatory of aDituali). Folio. LoDdoD, 17&3.
17S4. — Brlsson, M. J. Syslime naturel du rfegno animal, par claHses, families on ordreg, genres et
eapiscox. Avuo uno notice do tons lea uuimaux ; leu noiuii grccs, lutins & viilgaireH, que lea
naturalistea lenr ont donntSs; lea oitatiouH dea aiitenra qui en ont £orit; nue table pour cbai|ue
clasae, qui dtSoigue la famillu on I'ordre, le genre & I'vapuce, de vbaque animal. Ouvrage enricbl
de figures en tnillo douce. Suivant la iii^lbode do Klein; nvco une notice de celle de M.
Liunieus, et I'ordre des iioisaons, soivapt ladiviaiou d'Artedi et I'ordre des oursins de mer. Trad,
de I'Allviu. par Matb. Jucq. Oriuson. SV. Baiicbe, Paris, 1754.
Klain, J. T. Doutes ou observations de Mr. Klein . . . sur la rev<lo des animanx, faite par In
premier bomuie, sur quelques animaux des classes dos quadrupi^des & ampbibics dn syst^me de
la nature do M. Linuwus. £t des remarques sur les cru8tac6e8, sur loa animanx qui ruminent,
& snr la vie do I'homme, compart) avcc celle des animanx. Avec figures. Oiivrngo trodnit %
da Latin . . . [par Vt, Al. Aubert de Laobesnaye des Bois]. 8". 2 p. 1,, 108 pp., 1 pl. folded.
A Paris, . . . cbez CI. J. B. Baiicbe, . . , 1754.
UonmuB, C. Musenm 8. R. M. Adolpbl Friderici, Regis Saecoruni .... Folio. 8tockbolm,
1754.
1755. — Johnston, J. Theatrnm universale omnium aoimalium qaadtupedam. Folio. Ileilbr., 1755.
1756. — Briuon, M. J. Regnum animalo in classes IX dtstributnm, sive synopsis metbodica sistens
generalem animalinm distributioncm in classes IX, & daarnm priinarum classinm, qnodru-
podnm scilicet & cetaceomm, particnlarem divisionem in ordines, scctiones, genera et species.
Cmu brevl cujusquo speciei dcscriptione, oitationibus auotorum do iis tractantium, nominibus
eis ab ipsis & nationibus impoaitis, nominibusqno viilgaribus. . . , Cnm figuris ajiiois.
Parisiis, odRipom Augnstinorum, apudCI. Joannem-BaptistamBanobe, , , . 1756. . . . [Or]
BrlssoD, M. J. Le r6gno animal divistS en IX classes, on m^tbodo contcnant lu division gdn^rnle
des animaux en IX classes, & la division particnIi6ro des donx premieres classes, acavoir de celle
des qnadrupMes & de celle dea c^tac^es, en ordres, sections, genres &, esp^ces. Auxquelles on a
Joint uue coiirte description de cbaqoe esp^ce, aveo lea citations des auteurs qni en ont traits,
lea noma qu'ils leurs out douuds, ceux quo leura ont dunnfis les diOVSrentes nations, & Ics noma
vulgaires. .... Aveo lignrvs en talllo douce. A Paris, Quay des Auguslius, cbez CI. Jeua
Baptislo Uuucbe, 1750. vi, 382 pp., 1 1., 'i tab., 1 pl.
m
I:
,1"!)
i'lil'l
m
il i.'i;'
Hi
954
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
Bl
iiifSF
Mi
m^
^H:!'!
1756.— Linnasaa, C Systeiua natnrie Bistens rei^na tria natnrie in classes et ordines genera et
species redacts taljiil'sqi.e (eueis illnstrnta. Accednnt vocabula Qallica. Editio multo ano-
tior & cmendatior. Lugduni Batavorum, npud Themlornm Haak, 1756. 8°. 4 p. 1., 227 [+
1] pp., [index] 9 I., 8 pi., with 4. 1. explau.
(Thtii odltion ia rccn|TiiiiMl by Llnni u the 9th, and eald to have bmn edited by Gronovtaa, ud to be the
fimne M th« 0th, with very few odditioDa reapeetInK the birda and Sahea. ("Per Uronovinm. Pauelaalma da
ATibaa, PiaoibuB, idem cnm 6.")]
ANALYSIS.
1. QUADBCPRDIA [pp. 2-15] : — 34 genera.
I. Anthropomorpha.— Homo, 1 sp.; Siinia, IG spp.; Brndypns, 2 spp. [3 genera].
II. fen;.— Ursus 2. Felis 8, Mnstela i), Lutra 2, Canis 7, Plioca 2, Heles 3, Erinacons 2, D«sy-
pus 7, Talpa 2, Vespertilio 5 [11 genera].
III. Onl. Agriee [not in eds. i-v].— Mymiccophaga 3, Manis 1 [2 genera].
IV. B/irM.— Hystrix 4, Sciurns 3, Lepns 4, Castor 1, Mns 11, Sorex 1, Didulpbis 2 [7 genera].
V. Ju««ttt<i.— Glephos 1, Rbinoocros 2, Hippopotainns 1, Eqnus 3, Sub 4 [5 genera].
VI. P«cora.— C'unielns 21, Mosclins 1, Cervus 6, Capra 11, Ovis 3, Bob 4 [ti genera].
1757.— Balleu, J. 8. Die Natnrgescliichto der Tliiere in Btstematischor Ordnnng. Die vierfllssigen
Tliiere. Voii Job. Sam. Haller [HallenJ. 8°. Berlin, 1757.
1758-59.— LionaeuB, C. Caroli Linnaei Equitis De Stelli Polari, Archiatri Begii, Hed. et Botan. Pro-
fess. Upsal. ; Hulmens. Petropol. Bvrol. luiper. Lond. Monspel. Tolas. Florent. See. Systema
natnrie per regna tria natnra), secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cnm characteribus,
difrerentiis,synonymi8, locis. Editio decima, reformat a. Cnm privilegio S:ib R:e H:tiB 8ae-
ci». Holmio), Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1758-59. 8 vols. 8°,
Tomua I. Regnvm animate, 2 p. I., pp. 1-824. 1758,
Tomus II. Regnvui vegetabile. 2 p. 1., pp. 82.5-1384. 1759.
[In tbla etUtiun, the binomial ayatem previoaaly employed by him In the work entitled Unaenm Teaalnlanum
(175'J), waa extended in Ita application to all the klngdoma of nature; tho Artedlan claaaiflcation of flabea,
adopted In the earlier editlooa, waa anpereo<led by the familiar Llnnnnn ayatem, and the oetaceaua wore for the
flrat time eliminated from (he claaa of flabea and (grouped with the viviparona qnadrupeda nnder the new claaa
name Mammalia. Thla edition waa reproduced at Halle (Uala) MaKdebTrgicie, typie ct avrnptlbiia lo. lao. Cvrt.
1760), Id an exact reprint ( Pnofatra eat loannea loacbimva Langlva), In 1760, but boa not been acknowledged* aa
one of the ao-calted edltiona. The reoognlzed 1 ttb edition waa pnbllahed at LelpslK in 176^ and ia alao a reprint
of tho lOlh, but waa oondcmned by Linn6 <" Furtim prodllt Titloaa. Nil addltnm ").]
1758-64.- Edwards, O. Gleanings of natural history. 4°. London, 1758-64.
1759,— .^nOH. Dictionnaire ra:sonn6 et univensel dee auimanx. Par M.D. L. C. D. B. 4°. Paris, 1759.
1760. —Klein, J. T. Klassifli^ation und Iturzo Gesobichte der vierfllssigen Thiere, ans dem Lateiniscben
Ubersetzt und mit Ziisiilzen vormebret, nebst einer Vorrede von Priedriob Daniel Behn,
.... Lilbeck, bey Jonas Schmidt, 1760. 8°. 38 -(- [7] pp., 1 1., 5 pll.
Klein, J. T. NiitUrliche Ordnnng und vcrmebrte Historie der vierfllBsigen Tbiere, berausgege-
ben von Gtfr. Reyger. Danzig, Schuster, 1760. (Berlin, Voss.)
1765.- Buffon, O. L. le Clare, and Daubenton, L. J. M. Ilistoire naturelle, g<n6mle et particulii^re,
avec la description dii cabinet du Roi .... Vols. i-xv. 4°. Paris, 1765.
[B'ifteen Tolumeaof mammalia.]
1766-68.— Linnesna, C. Caroli a Linn6, Equitis Anr. de Stella Polari, Archiatri Regii, Med. A, BotaD.
Profess. ITpsal., Acad. Paris. Upsal. Ilolmcns. Fatropol. Borol. Imper. Lond. Angl. Mouspel.
Tolos. Florent. Edin. Bern. Soc. Systtma natn' Ji per regna tria naturas, secundum rlassea,
ordines, genera, species, cnm cbaracteribui, ^ilferentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus it-iil].
Editio duodecima, reformata. Cum privilegio S:i« .R:[e M:tis Snecio) & Electoris SaxoD.
Uolmio), impens. Direct. Laurentii Salvii, 1766[-68]. 3 vols. 8".
CONTENIS.
Tomus I. Regnnm animale. Pars 1 : Mammalia, Aves, Anipbibia, Pisces, pp. 1-633. 1760.
Pars 2: Inseota, Vermes. 1 p. 1., pp. 53.1-1328, 11 1. 1767.
Tomus H. Regnnm vegetabile. 736 pp., 8 1. 1767.
TomuB III. Regnnm lapideuni. Appendix animalium. Appendix vegetabilium. 236 pp.,
10 1., 3 pll. folded. 1768.
(Tho laat edition publlabed by Uaai, which la taken by aome naturallata aa the atarilngpolnt of tenable bllio.
< Blal nomenclature, while many prefer to go back to the lOth ed. of 173H.
In ooBoluaion, It may be aald that the original edltiona reoognUed by LtnnA aa oompletoly rovlaad onea woi«
the Ut (17MI, the 'Jd (1740), the 6lb (I74S), the lOth (I7U). and the lath (I7(l6-Wi).
.|; ■■?
BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 955
.". Thonnt wu reprinted at Halle in 1740, *Dd the reprint recoKiiized aitboM, nndignln St Paria in 183t.
The aecond was reprlntnd at I'aria in 1744 (with modiOeationil, aa the 4lb edition ; and at Halle in 1747, and
tlio reiasue WtUi aulitoqaently recognized oa the 5ih edition.
The etii edition waa reiaauod at Leipiig;, and aobaequenti; known aa the 7th j and eloaeljr folloned in the
edition of Leipzig, recognized na the 9th.
' The 4th edition did not contain the Animal Kingdom.
The 10th edition waa reproduced at Hallo In 1780 (not reoiigniaed), and at Leipalg in 176S, the last being
acknowlwlgeil aa the 11th.
The mth edition Waa reprinted at Vienna in 1707-70, and entitled the 13th, but la not eatoemed aa one of the
regular torrent editions.
The later 13th edition, in which Omelin brought together deaoriptlona of ipeoiea nnrccngnised by Linu6 and
unknown to him, la noticed under the eilltor's name (17d8}.]
1768, — Bomare, V. da. — Dictionnitire raisonnd univentel d'biatoire natiirello. 4-^. '^aris, ITfiK,
1771.— Pennant, T. Synopsif Miadrnpedg. 8°. xxv, 384 pp., 31 pi. Chester, printed by J. Monk,
1771.
.gUa, P. Animali qnodrnpedi toiti dal natnralo disargnati, inciai
jti da Innoo. Alessandri e Piotro Scataglia, in Vencz. i-iv. Folio.
1771-75.— Alewandri, I., u
e miniati co i lor vt:.
1771-75.
1772 teq.—BaSoo, O. L. Ir v'Uero. Katnrgescbichte der vierdlBBigen Tbiere, mit Vermehrungen, aus
dem Fraoziiaiscben libeirsetzt. 8°. Berlin, 1772 seq.
1773-76.— MUller, P. L. S. Dea Rittera Carl vou Linnd voUstiindiges Nntnraysteiu. Ausgofertigit
Vbo Pbil. Lndw. Stat. MilUer. i-vi uod auppl. 8"^. NUraberg, 177;>-76.
1774.— Mfurr], C. O. v. Herrn. C. O. v. M. Nacbricbt von don versobiedenen Methoden, die fierfUssi-
gen Tbieire zii clossificiren, <| Der Natarforaober, St, i, 1774, pp. 277-383.
Vioq d'Asyr, F. M6inoire ear les rapports qui se tronvent entro lea uaagea et la atnictore des
qoatres extriinit^ dana I'bomme et dana lea quadrnpMes. <^ M^m. Acad. Sci. Paria, 1774, pp.
254-270.
177S. — BIninenbaoh, J. T. Veraucb natUrliober Ordnungea der Siingethiere. <^ GuttingiBcho Anzeigen
von gelebrten Sachen nnter der Anfaicht der Kiinigl. Geaellacbaft der WiaaenticbaftoD, 1775, ii,
pp. 12.)7-12.''i9.
1775 <(].-' Sohraber, S. C. D. von. Dio | Siinglbiere | in | Abbildungen nncb der Natur | mit Beacbrci-
bnngen. |
Frater Theil. | Der Mensoli. I Dor ASe. Dar Makl. | Die FledermaOse. | — | Erlangen |
verlegla Wolfgang Waltber | 1775.— [2 p, 1., pp. 1-190, pll. (133) 1-02 + frontisp. and 1 B, 1 U,
1C*,3B, 2C,3B,4B,5B,6B, 6C, 6CC, 8B,8C, 8D, 9B,10B, IOC, 10 D, UB, UC, 13B,
14 B, 14 C, 15 B, 10 B, 19 A, 19 B, 19 C, ii B, 22 C,. 23 B, 24 A, 25 B, 25 C, 25 D, 25 E, 20 A, 26 B,
26 C, 26 D, 28 F, 27 B, 30 A, 31 B, 31 C, 32 A, 32 B, 33 A, 33 B, 33 C, 3d', 38 !t, 38 C, 38 D, 38 E,
39B,39C,39D,40B,40C,40D,42A,40B,55A,55B,58B,59B,01 A,02A,CJB.]
Zweiter Tbell. | Oaa FaiiHbier. | Der Ameiaenfreaaer. | Daa Scbuppeiithier. Dua Gilrtel-
thier. | Das Naabom. | Der Elefant. Dos Wallroca. | — | Erlangen | vrrlegta Wolfgang
Wttlther. I 1775.— [(Inol. title) pp. 191-280, pll. (26) 63-80 + 63 A, 63 B.6:) C, 04 A, 69 A, 71 B,
76 A, 77 B.J
Dritter Theil. | Der Robbe. Der Hand. | Die Katze. Das Stinkthier. Der Otter. Die
Marder. | Der Biir. Daa Bentelthier. | Der Maulwurf. Dio Spitzniaua. | Der Igel. | — | Erlan-
gen I verlegta Wolfgang Wjtlter. | 1778.— [Title, pp. 281-590, pll. 81-105 + 33 B, 85 A, 87 A,
87 B, 91 A, 91B,92A,92B, 92C, 92 D, 9.1*, 92E,9fl A,9« Ao, 9(i B, 96C,97B,97C,98A,100 A,
. >», 101 A, 101 B, 101 C, 103 A, 103 B, 104 B, 105 A, 105 B, 107 B, 107 C 107 D, 109 A, 110 B,
110 X., '"IB, 113 A, 114 B, 115 B, 116 B, HOC, 116 D, 116 E, 116 EE, 116 F, 1160, 117 B, 121',
121 A, 12ft • 125 C, 125 C C, 125 D, 126 B, 127 B, 128", 133 A, 133 B, 135 B, 137 B, 141", 141 B,
141 B», 141 C, U: n, 141 D D, 141 E, 141 F, 142 B, 142 B*, 142 C, 143 A , 143 B, 143 C, 143 D, 144-»
144 A, 144B, 144 C, . "'*, 146 B. 149 A, 152 Bo, 152B b, 162 B c, 152 Bd, 152 Be, 154 A, 154 B, 155 Ao,
155A», 156A0, 155 Ad, 155 ri, 156 A, 158", 159 B, 159 C, 159 D, 160 A, 160 B, 161 B, 165", 165 A.]
VierterTheil. I DaaStaohelthiir. DieCavi<>. DerBiber. | DieMaQB. DasMurmeltbier. Das
Elcbborn. Der Scbliifer. | Der Springer.- Der Hnae. | DerKlippschliefer. | — | Erlangen | ver-
legta Wolfgang Walther. | 1792.-[Title, pp. 591-936 [ by err. ty p, 636], pll. 166-240-t- 168 A, 170 B,
171 B, 172 A, 172 B, 172 C, 173 A, 176 A o, 176 A, 176 B, 180 A, 181 A, 182 B, 18;l B, 190 B, 191 A,
191 B, 198 A, 195 B, 198 B,204 B, 206 A, 206 A o, 206 B, 210 A, 210 B, 210 C,2I0 0, 210 E,211 B,
212 B, 213 B, 213 C,213 D,214 A, 214 B, 814 C, 215», 215 B, 218 C, 215 D, 215 D d,216 A, 817 B,
956
MOKOGBAPH8 OF NORTH AMERICAN KODENTIA.
J^IN
'm%
217 C,21H A, S22 B, 224 B,224 C,224 D, 225 B,227 A, 231 B, 232 A, 233 B, 233 C, 233 D, 233 E,
233 F, 233 G, 234 B, 235 B, 235 C, 235 D, 23C B, 236 C, 239 A, 239 B, 239 C, 239 D, 239 E, 240 B,
240 C]
Die I S)inf;etl)iero { in { AbbilctuDgen nacb der Natur j mil Begohreibungen | vnn I Vr.Jobann
Chi'istian Dauiel von Bcbreber | .... | nnd vou | Dr. August Qoldfasa, | .... | — |
Foi'gesntzt | von | Or, Jobann Andreas W&gner, .... | — |
FUnft«rTbeil. I ErsterBand. I MoschuBtbier. Hirecb. Giraffe. | Antilope. Ziege. Scbof. | —
Nobst Tafel 241 bi8 294 D'. Erlaagen, | in der Expedition de8 Scbrobor'schen Siiiigothier- und
dc8 Espcr'scben Scbnietterlingswerlceg, | und in Commiasion dor Palm'soben Verlagsbucb-
iiandlung, I 1836.— [pp. i-vi (incl. title), 937-1472, pll. 241-294 +242 B, 245 B, 246 B,246 C, 246 D,
246 o, 247 B, 247 D, 247 E, 247 F, 247 G, 247 H, 248 B, 248 C, 248 D, 248 E,249 B,2.^i2 B,254 B,
255*, 256 B, 257 A, 257 B,258 B,260 B,263 B,270 B,277 B, 279*, 279 A, 281 B,281 C,281 1>,281 E,
286 B, 287 A-0, 28S A, 288 B, 290 B, 291 B, 294 B, 294 C, 294 D, 294 D».]
FUuftorThull. | ZweiturBaud. | Rind. Kameel. Lama. | - | NebatTofel295bl8 307A. | = |
Erlangen, | in der Expedition des Sclireber'ncben Siiugetbier- und des Esper'scbon Scbnietter-
lingswerkes, | undiuCouimiiieiou dcrPulniVbuu VcrlagHbucbhandlung, | 1838.— [pp. i-lv (iucl.
title), 1473-1839, pll. 295-307+295 o, 295 6, 297 a, 297 h, 297 c, 297 d, 298 a, 299 o, 300 6, 302 a, 302 b,
306 a, 307 a, 307 b, 307 o, :i07 d, 307 e.]
Secbster Tbcil. | Uuifaaaeud die secbste und siebente Abtbeilnng, oder die E!n- nnd Viel-
l-ufer. I Daa Pferd. Der Elephant. DasNasbom. | Daa Flnsspferd. Der Tapir. Doa Scbwein,
I — I Nebat Tafel 308 bis 328. | — | Erlangen, { in der Expedition dea Scbreber'achen 8iingc-
thier- und dea Esper'acben S^bmetterlingawerkes, | und in Cummisaion der Palm'aoben Vcrlsga-
bucbbandlung, | 1835. [pp. i-zvi (incl. title), 1-520, tab. :)08-328+316 A, 317 A, 317 B, 317 C
317 D, 317 D D, 317 E, 317 F, 317 G, 317 H, 319 A, 319 B, 324 A, 325 A, 326 B, 325 B (bis), 320 A.]
Siebenter Tbeil. | Die Ruderfliaaor nnd Fiacbzitztbiero. { =:: | Erlangen, | in der Expedition
dea Scbreber'acbun Situgethior- und dea Eaper'acbun Schmetteriinganerkea, | nnd in Cuuiuiia-
aion der Palm'acben Verlagabucbbandlung, | 1846. [pp. i-viii (incl. title), 1-427, tab. 329-385+
330 B, 337 B, 338 B.]
(Tbo uambcrof sptKsiea described in the preceding Tolamee, aooordiDg to W»gDer (vol. 7tP.v), i8H46,Tii:
Naj^r 446 Rudernisser 30
Affen..
lis
Flederthiere 344
Insekteofreaser 65
Flcisclifrf eior 006
Beutultbiere 87
Zobnliicker 30
Einbufer 6
Dickbftutcr 87
WiedcrliUuer 14S
Fiecbiltitblere .
ImGanzea 1446
The original work was publisbefi In fasolcnli, and tbe dates on (be tlllrs are apparently thos^ of tbe comple-
tion of each Tlieil, Tbus, it appears by ountemporary evidence, tbat tbe first portion of Tbell III was published
several years prior to tbe date on tbe titlt'-page, and ancb is doubtless the case with other portions of tbe work
See, also, 1^40.— Wagnrk, J. A. The Supplementband, erstn Abth. (pp. vf, vi, 551), contains the qnadramana
and chtmpter& anil datea 1840; iweite Al)lb. (pp. Tiil,55e), carnlvora, dates 1841g drltte Ablb. (pp. llv,6l4|,
marHuplals and part of tbo rodents, 1£43 ; vierto Abth. (pp. ill, 533), tbe reat of the mdenta, the edentates, ruml-
nauts, etc., 1844. There in n fifth part or volume, date 1855, q. v.]
1777. — Brxlebeo, J. C. P. Systema regni animalis per clasaea, ordinea, genera, apecies, varietatea, cum
eynonyinia et biatoria animulium. Claaais I, Mammalia. 8°. xlvii, 636 pp., 3 I. Lipeim,
iinpenai1)ua Weygandiania, 1777. [Introd. dated 1776.]
ITbere is question of actual priority In many oases betwoon this work and Sohreber's Mugethiere.]
Zimmermann, B. A. W. Sjieciraon zoologies geographicio, qnadrnpedum domicilia et migra-
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1778.— Oravmann, O. F. B. C. ... Brevia introdTotio in biatoriam natTraleni animaliTm manima-
livm in vavm avditorvui, cvi aooedit nomenolutvra omnivni hviva olaatia civivm, vno cvm
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% ■ 1'
If -1 !*
>■'■ '■ 1 '
1'
■■!-■■
BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 957
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Tomasl, [Beguum aniuiule: pars {.(Mammalia; Aves, ordines 1-2), 6 p. 1., pp. 1-500: pars
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volume of the " Systdme anatomique ".J
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958
MONOGKAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
I ■ i.
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BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 959
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I:
960
MONOGRAPHS OF NOKTU AMERICAN BODBNTIA.
1816. — Levrault, F. G. Dictionnuire Hea aoieaces natnrrlleB, daiiH lequrl on traite iii6tlio<liqii«ment den
dift'droiiH AtiTs do lu imtiin', considdrd.t suit en oux-ni6inKii, d'aprta I'^tat aotuel de nos uuuiiuis-
HUUCL'B, Noit lelativi-iueiit ii TutilitiS qu'eii puuveiit rotirer la ni^ducinef I'agriculture^ le com-
nierco et 1o8 arts. 8iiivi d'nnu bioftruphio dcs jiluiictilrbreB nntnrnliHteB. Oiivrage destiutS nux
uiddi'ciuH, mix agrieiiltitiirB, uux coiuuiurpaiiH, mix arliuleB, aiix umnufucturiera, et ii touB coiix
qui out iuf^rfit ik connoitro Icb product ionn do 1» niiture, leura caruet6rt'8 e(Su(SriqucH ct BpeciB-
qiicB, lunr livn imtal, leuiB propri^t^B et leurs U8agi-B. Par plusiourB profewwurB du Jardin du
Uoi, ot des principulua deoliis do Paris. Tonio promiiT. Stranbonrg, V. Q. Lovrault, 6ditenr.
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< Meckil's Duutscb. Arcb. f. d. PhyBioI. ii , 181G, pp. 40i!-434.
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mifcres, by DuBniuroBt. <| Ainer. Moutbly Mug. i, 1817, pp. 3Gl-36:i.
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originuleBcnlumiudcs, d. Bsindes d'aprrs des nnimnnx vivanta. Par MM. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,
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litbogrupbique de C. do Lasteyrie, . . , . et ebez lea priucipanx librairea de France et do
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[iMilod in parbl, 1619-39.1
— Kuhl, H. lieitrii^ezur Zoologie und vergleichcndcn Anatomic. 4°. Frankfurt am Main, ISCO.
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Ntampe di Anneaio Nobill, 1820-21.
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DeHuiurest. Iro partie, contenant lea ordrcs dea Binianes, des Quadrup^dea et des CarnaHsieri',
pp. viij, l-2i6, 1820; 2e partie, contenant lea ordres des Rongeurs, des £deut(^, <le8 Puchy-
dcrnu'B, deB Ituminana et dis CiStac^s, pp. viii, 277-556; atlns, 112, 14 pi., 1822. !n 1 vol. 4°.
A Paris, cber. nnne. venve Agaase.
[Au importfliit nnd a'most iodigpeiisable j^eneral trfatlse. It forinB vol. clxxxil of the EnoycUip^die ni6-
tbodique. There id a cuiupauioii vuliiino (t-lxxxlil uf Eucycl. m^th.) of nncolnrcd plates, by Datirtx'UtoD aud
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1821.— Bowdicb, T. B. An analyaii of the natural classilioationa of mammalia, fur the iiac of students
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Oriffitb, B. General and purtieular descriptions of the vertebrated animals, arranged oonfor-
nuibly to the uiwlern dlscoveriea and imprnvementa in zoology. . , . Order Carnivora. 8°.
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' '' Bcriplio Bcopo facta, ut illoruin diSerenliia .... siuiul cum reliquis notis cbaraateristicis
Btabiliantur classes ac ordiuea ad quos uuimulia ilia vortebrala (mammalia) pertinent. <^ Ann.
Acad. Ganduv. 1821-22.
1818
1819
1820.
1820
1820
18
KllJLIOGlf. APPENDIX— A. OENEltAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 9G1
1822. — Fleming, J. Fbilosopby of zoology, or a general view of the structure, functious, and classiO-
catioD of aniuials, 2 voIh. ti^. Kdiuburf;!), 1822.
Salnt-Vinceat, B. de. Dictiouuairc classiqued'liistoiro uaturcUc, par Muiisieurs Audouin, laid.
BourdoD, Ad. BronKniart, Do Candolle, Daudubard de F^russac, A. DcHiiiouliiis, Draiiiez, Kd-
wardH, Flourons, Geoll'roy de Suint-llilaire, A. Do Jussiuu, Kuiitb, G. Do LafuBiii',Lauiouroux,
Latreille, Lucas fils, Presle-Dnpletuiis, C. Pr(SvoBt, A. liicbard, Thi6baut do Bcnieaud, ct llory
de Saint-ViDcent. Onvrage dirigd par co dernier collaborateur, et duus lequol on u njout^,
pour lo porter au niveau de la science, un grand uoiubre d« mots qui n'uvaieut pu faire partio
de la plupart des dictionnalres antdrieurs. Tome premier. Paris, Ruy et Gravicr, libraires-
^diteurs. Qua! des Angustins, no. 55 ; Baudouin, frisrea, libruir^s-dditeurs, iniprinienrs de la So-
ci6t6 d'Histoire Naturelle, Euo do Vangirard, no. 36, l&ii. K^. xvi, (i04 pp., 2 folded tables.
1823.— Oken, L. Das Znbnsystem der Siiugetbicrc. < Isis, 1623, Lit. Adz. pp. 274-350, mit Abbildgn.
Fijdagnel, — . Rechercbes sur I'organisatlon et lo d6velO|>nemeDt do I'oreille extcrno cbez
quelques animaux. < Magcndie's Juurn. de Pbjsiol. iii, 1823, ['n. 29-35.
Wllbrand, J. B. Ueber die Familien der .Siiugetbiere und derViigel. iusbesondcro ilber daa
gegonseitlge Vorbalteii diescr Familien. <^ Scbrift. d. Gesellrcb. z. Uefijrd. d. ges. Nnturwiss.
zu Marburg, Bd. i, lri23, pp. 188-22G; Fdruss. Bull. Sci. Nat tome 3, 1824, pp. 222-224.
1824.^BaUl7, B. M. M6moire sur I'usagc des comes dans quelques animaux et particuli^rement dans
le buSle. < Ann. Sci. Nat. touio ii, 1824, pp. 369-386, avec plaucbes.
Knhl, B., and Hasselt, J. C. van. Sur plusienrs animaux vertdbr6s. < Bull. Sci. Nat. (F6rug-
sac), ii, 1824, pp. 277-280.
Latreille, P. A. Esquisso d'une diHtributicD gdn^rale du riigne animal. 8°. 22 pp. Paris, do
I'imprimerie de mmo, veuve Agasse, 1824.
PrevoBt, C, and Dumaa, J, A. De la g6n(!ration dans les maniniif^rcs,ot des premiers indices
du dcSveloppemont de I'embryon. < Ann. Sci. Nat. iii, 1824, pp. 113-i;j8, 3 pi. ; Fror. Not. ix,
no. 188, 1825, pp. 177-186, 198-201.
Ritgen. F. F. A. Natilrlicbe Kintbeiluug der Siiugetbiere. 8<^. Oiesseu, MliUor, 1824.
1825. — Blumenbacb, 3. F. A manual of tbo elements of natural bistory. Translated from tbe tentb
German edition, by H. T. Gore. London, printed for W. Simpkin & R. Marsball, 1825. b".
5 p. 1., 2 pll., 415, xiv pp.
Cuvier, F. Des dents des maumiiiires, consid^r^es comme caracteres zoologiques. F. G. Le-
'•; vrault,<Sditeur, a Strasbourg, ... 182.5. 1vol. 8°. pp. Iv., 2.'">H, 1 1., pll. 117 (1-94 90-103,+
3 bit, 11 bis, 226i«, 23 A, 23 B, JJC, 31 bis, 38 A, 38 B, 39 A, 39 B, 43, 8GJi«, 91 bia, 93 bis).
Cuvier, F. Sur la domesticity des mammiferts, prdcddcS de considerations sur les divers <5(at8
des animaux, duns lesquels il nous est {wssiblo d'dtudier lenrs actions. < M6m. Mns. Hist.
■ ' Nat. Paris, xiii, 1825, pp. 405-455; Ann. Sci. Nat. ix, 1826, pp. 279-329; Edinb. Phil, Journ. iii,
1827, pp. 303-308; iv, 1827, pp. 45-60, 292-298; Fror. Not. xvi, 1827, col. 180-180, 193-200,
209-216.
Gray, 3. E. An outline of au attempt at tbe disposition of mammalia into tribes and families,
witb a list of tbe genera apparently appertaining to eaeb tribe. <^Ann. of Pbilos. n. s. vol.
, .; X, 1825, pp. 337-344 ; Isis, 1829, pp. 541-548.
Latreille, F. A. Families natnrelles du r^gne animal, exposdes succinctement et dans nn ordre
■ ■'■ analytique, avec I'indication de leurs genres. ... 8'^. 3p. l.,570pp. Paris, J.-B. Bailli^re,
V librairiu Baudouin frtres, .... 1625.
■;U:i [LcamammfrdrBRongutonl^B, et imm^diatenientaprds Tordre den qaadmraanes, ee dMsent en denx brancfaca;
I'uno fonn6e dos ordrua auivans; ChL>iropt(>n>6, Maranpiauz, KongRura, £deDt6B; I'autro de cenx do camaaaiera
et d'ampbtbiea. Cette aecoudo brancho ao UTinino par lea luaumiffirca ODgiilfia et oenx qni aont blp6de8, ou loa
c6tAc£8 (pp. 7, 6). Gelui dca Pacliydcrmca trois: IfB Pcntadactyl'^a, lea Aniaodactylea, lea 6oUp6de8. Celai dea
ruDiinana trida autn's: lea Inerniea, loa PleDlcornoa, lea Tublo)rDe8.]
1826. — Oeoffroy St.-HUalre, I. Considdratinns g(!n6rales sur les mammlfferes. Paris, imprimerio do
J. Tastu, Avril, 1826. [Extrait du Dictionnaire Classiqoo d'Histoire Natnrelle, articles Mam-
malogie et Mamuif^res. 24". 1 p. 1., iv, 200 pp.]
Otto, A. VT. De animalium <inorundam per Iiiemem donnicntium vasis cephalicis et aure
Interna. < Nova Acta AcimI. Loop. Carol. Not. Cur. xiii. pt. i, 1826, pp. 8.3-80, 1 pi; Ann. Sci.
Nat. xi, 1H27, pp. 70-lU, 1827; FiSmss. Bull. Sci. Nat. xi, 1627, pp. 267-870.
61 IM
Jit
R^
962
MONOGKAPOS OF NOKTII AMBUIOAN ItODENTIA,
1 I
■!liLi i!'i'i;i'i
:1 i:!i' .
i
1826. — Prevoat, C, and Le Royer, — . Nolo eiir I'nciile lilire cotiteuii dana I'estomnc des herbivorei.
< M(!m. do la Soc. de I'liys. nt d'Hist. Nat. de Geneve, iit, t. 8, Iti'Jfl, pp. 14:t-137 (sic! 3 pp.).
1827.— Edmonston, L. On tliu origin of tho power of snapending respiration pusaenHed by aquatio
nianininliii and birds. < Thilog. Mag. ii, 18^7, pp. 126-130; Fdruss. Bull. Sci. Nut. xiv, 1828,
j.p. 11»-11,\
Oiiffltb, B., and otbcrs. The animal kingdom, arranged in conformity with it« organization. U;
the Knrun Cuvior, .... witb additional duBcriptiona of all the Bpecies hitherto named, and of
many not before noticed. By Edward Uriffitb London, George B. Whittaker. The
class Mammalia, arranged by Baron Cuvior, with specitlo descriptions by Kdward Griffith, P.
L. S., Miijor Chorles Hamilton Smith, F. it. S., and Edward Pidgeon. V&tl. Vols. 1-v. 8°.
[Tho 5tli volume (pp. xxvil, 301) ia ii Kooernl synopala of mnuimalH.J
Lesson, R.-P. Mannel de mamnialogie, on bistoire natnrellc dett mammif£res. 18°. xv, 441,
(1) pp. ; t atlas, 80 pll. Paris, lioret, 1827.
Pastr^, T. KxposiS succinct des opinions t^mises jusqu'iol sur la oanse de I'engonrdissement
p<!riodiqne (piVprouvent lea animaux appelds liibernans. <[ M(!m. de la Soc. Linn, de Paris,
vi, 1827, pp. 121-i:t8.
Rltgen, F. F. A. Classification des manimlRsres. <C F6rua8. Bull. Sci. Nat. tome 10, 1827, pp.
i:tl-i:i:i.
Temminok, C. J. Monograpbies de nmmmalogie, on description de quelqnes genres de mam-
mitercs, dont les especcs out &V6 observdes dans les ditTiSrentb' nusdes d'Enrope. In '2 vols.
4". Vol. i. Paris, 1827.
1827-34.— Llcbtenstein, H. D.irstellnng nener oder weniger bekannter diiugothiere, in Abbildungen
nnd Keschreibungeu vi'u fllofundsechzig Artcn. 2 vols. Folio. Berlin, 1827-34.
1828.— Oeoffroy St.-Hllaire, fi. lIi<moire oh Ton se propose de rechercber dans quels rapports de
structure orgauiciue et de p»rent<$ sont entre enx les animaux des Ages bistoriques, et vivant
actnellcment, ut les esp^ces anttSdiluviennes et perdues. <^ Mdm. Mas. Hist. Nat. Paris, xvii,
18-W, pp.20'J-229.
1829.— Burnett, O. T. Illustrations of the Quadmpeda or quadrupeds, being the arrangement of
the true fonr-fcmted beasts indicated in outline. < Quart. Jonru. Sci. Lit. and Arts (Roy.
Inst. Great Britaiu), London, July to Dec. 1829, xxviii, pp. 336-353; transl., Isis, 1833, pp.
'.141-943.
Comstock, J. L. N.'.tural history of quadrupeds; with engravings, on a new plan, exhibiting
their comparative size : adapted to the capacities of yontb ; with authentic notes, illustrating
the habits and characters of the animals ; together with reflections, moral and religious ; de-
signed for sabbath school libraries, families, and common schools 12°. 201 pp. Hart-
ford, D. F. Kobinaou &. Co., 1829.
Cuvier, F. Zoologies mammalogle. < Diet, des Sci. Nat. (F. G. Levrault.dditear), lix, 1839,
pp. 357-r.l9.
Fischer, J. B. Synopsis mammalinm. 8°. xlii, 753 pp. Stuttgardtito, sumptibusJ. G. Cottee,
1H29.
Oeoffroy St.-Hilaire, "ti. Cours do I'bistoire natnrelles de raanmiif^rcs, .... Partie compre-
nant qneli|ues viies prdliminnires de ]ihilosopbie natnrelle, et I'bistoire des singes, des makis,
des chauve-saiiris et de la taupe ; ponvaut servir de complement il I'bistoire naturelle des
i|iiadrupt!des de Itufl'ou. 8°. [19 " lemons" in 1 vol., each paged separately, and with 40 pages,
more or lees.] Paris, Pichon et Didier, dditeurs, libraires commissionaires, 1829.
Minding, J. ITeber die Kcograpbiscbe Vertbeilung der Stiugetbiere. 4°. 104 pp. Berlin, Gns-
liu'scbe linchhandlung, 1829. < F^^russ. Bull. Sci. Nat. xxi, 1830, pp. 463-472.
Pastr^, T. De la cause de I'hybcrnalion chez les animaux appel6s dormenrs. <[Nova Acta
Acad. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur. xiv, pt. ii, 1829, pp. 659-669.
Plagge, M. W. Uebcr das Ei der Suugethiere vor der Befrnohtuug. < Meckel's Arab. t. Anat.
n. Phys. 1829, pp. 193-202, rait Abbildgn.
1830.— Kaup, 3. J. Versnch eluer natUrlicben Eiutheilung der Siiugethiere. < Oken, Isis, xxiii, 1830
col. 799-802.
Llnnsus, C. Editio prima reedita, curante Antonio-Lanrentto-Apollinario F£a. 8°. Sp, 1.
vi, HI pp., 1 I. Parisiis, apud F. O. Levrault, bibliopolam, 1830.
B( f-'i ,
iri!''
BIBLIOGR. AI'PKNDIX— A. GENEUAL AND MIHCELLANEOUS. <JG3
1030.— V7agler, J. NutUrlicbcH 'Systeni dor Ampliibieu, mit vornngehcnder Classification tier Siingo-
tliicro mid Vijgel, ein neitraf; zur vergleichcudon ZooloRie. 8*^. vi, 3!)4 pp., 1 jil. folded, 1
ding, folded. MUnchcii, Stiittptart und Tubingen, in dor J. G. Cotta'scbon Bncbbandlung, 1830.
1830-32. — Leuon, R-P. Ceutnrie zoologiiinu ou cbolx d'unimaux rorea on iinparfaitciuent conuus
.... Livr. i-xvi. 8° or 4". Paris, 1830-32.
1831.— Bonaparte, C. L. Snggin di una distribnzione niotbodicadegli aniuiali vortobrati. <Giornalo
Arcadico di Scienze, lioma, xlix, 1831, pp. 3-77 ; Appendice, Hi, 1832 f, pp. la'J-aOU (Udo It.
H. Cat.) ; transl., < Isis von Oken, 1832, col. 283-32U ; 1833, col. 1220-1254 1; also separate,
Roma, presoo Antonio Uoulzalur, 78 pp., 8"^', 1831,
[The clRMifioatlon Rdoptod in this artlcio In as follows:—
Clahsis l.—ilammnlia.
Sunn.AfifilH I.—Quaitrupeda.
Bkctio l.—Vnguiculala. •
Ordo PnmatcB.
Chiroptera.
Fone (an Ixlivlded Into the orders llcat'ic [— Inaectlvon amboUtoriii) and Fera In 1833).
Huraupialia.
Oliru.
Bruta. ,
Sectio i—Unnulala.
Ordo Pecorft.
BtjUna).
SUBCLASSIB II — Biptda.
Ordo Cete (snbdivided into the orderH Sirenla — which succeed Brnto — and Hydraula in 1833).
Clasbis II.— Mtmotremata.
Ordo Tachygloaaa.
Platypoda.]
Coleman, B. [On the propensity of domesticated qnadrnpeds to destroy their yonog when
suffering under a deficieucy of milk.] <^ Proc. Comm. Zool. See. London, i, 1831, p. 57.
Cuvier, F. Sup]d6inent it I'bistoire naturelle giSniSralo et particuliere de Buffon. Tome i, Mam-
miffcres. HP. Paris, IKll.
, Linz, H. O. Naturgeschicbte der Siingelhiere, nach Cnvier's Systeme bearbeitet. 8°. xii, 334
pp. Gotha, Becker'scho Biicblmndhing, 1831.
MoMurtrie, H. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with it« organization. By the
Baron Cuvier, and translate<l from the French, with notes and additions, by H. McMurtrie,
M. D. 4 vols. 8°. New York, Carvill, 1831.
[Vol. i contains the Mammnls and Hirds.l
'All rauz, D. M. Compendio di mnmnialogia odi storia natnrale de' mammiferi contenente, i
k,<iratter^ distintivi, I'organizzazione, le abitudinie la claasiUcazione di questi aniinali, ecn., pro-
oiduto da una introduzioue storica, sequito da una biogralia, da uua bibliografia e da un vucabu-
lario di termini tecnici. 34 pp. Milano, 1831.
1832. — Cuvier, F. Histoiro naturelle des mnmmiferes, pur F. Cnvier et le dooteur Dumezille.
Tome premier [ct second]. 18°. 108 pp., 3 pU. ; 1 title, 100 pp., 4 pll. Paris, 1832.
Oeoffroy St.-Hilaire, I. filudes zoologiques, compreuant Thistoire et la description d'un grand
nombre d'auimuux rdcemment diScouvurt, et des observations nouvelles snr pluulours genres
dfiji conuus. 8°. Paris, 1832.
Oeoffroy St.-HUaire, I. Rechercbes zoologiques ot physiologiques sur les variations de la
taille chez les animaux et dans les races hnmaines. <[ M£m. pr6». h, I'Acad. d. Sci. Paris, Sci.
Hath, et Phys. iii, 1833, pp. 503-572 ; Fror. Not. Bd. xxxvi, no. 776, 1833, pp. 65-73 ; uo. 776, pp.
81-89.
Lyell, C. Geograpbiscbo Vertbeilnug der vierfiissigen Thiere. <Fror. Not. xxxiv, no. 734,
1832, pp. 113-121.
Wagler, J. Nene Sippen nnd Gattungen der Sungetbiere nnd Vogel. <| Isis von Oken, xxv,
1832, co). 1218-1235.
1833.— Coate, F. Sur le d^vnloppement des mammif^res. < Institnt, i, no. 34, 1833, pp. 202, 303, 217.
Coste, P, and Delpeoh, — . Rechercbes snr la formation des embryous. <^ Ann. Sci. Nat. xxviii,
1833, pp. If)8-1H0.
1834. — Cuvier, O. RecherchcH snr les ossemens fossiles, oti I'on rdtablit les caractfires de plusienrs
animaux dont les revolutions dn globe ontdtStriiit les espftccB. 4nio<Sd. Tome premier. Paris,
£dmoud D'Ooagne, Miteur, 1834.
i -rj
•r
I
I:
I i,
I h f
"it
Vi
9G4
iMONOdllArilS OF KOBTII AMERICAN iiODBNTIA.
I. 1
i« ;
1834.— Duvernoy, G. L. TiiMoniix dus ordrnH, ilea families, des genrea de la claue* de« mamniinrM.
< IiiHtitut, ii, IHHI, pp. 'jni-aiM; Ann. Sci. Nut. ix, 183a, pp. 375-37ti.
Oeoffroy Bt-Hilalre, tt. Ilmtuiro nntiirvlln des mainmif^res, cninprenaot qnnlqnea vnea pr6-
liniiiiiiiri'fl do )ililloH(>i>liiu nntiinOle ct I'liintoire des singeH, des niukis, des cliaave-soaris, et do
lataiipp. ConrH piofiwiii* par .M. Oeoffroy 8t.-Hilalro, .... tP. 47 pp. + (lelefon)'2Cpp.,('.2e)
•M pp., (:!c) :tl pp., (4e) :iO pp., (;-.e) III pp., ((ie) 27 pp., (7e) [VJ pp., (H«) 32 pp., (Be) 36 pp., (lOe)
■M pp., (lie) 42 pp., (ia<() 38 pp.,(13(.) :K> pp.,(14o) 47 pp.,(15«) 40 pp.,(iec) 40 pp.,(17e) 1 p. I.
IH jip., ( IBu) 40 pp., ( lUo) 40 pp., 3 pll. Paris, Libruirie des Sciences M6dicales do Jast Kouvier
e.t i;, I.e Itoufier, 18"' [See above, sauio author, date 1829.]
Kaup, J. 3. Classillcatiuu der Siiugetliiere tiud Vugel. 8°. 144 pp., 2 pll. Uanostodt, C. W.
l^-nke, 1834.
Kaup, J. J. Versncb elner Eintbeilnng dor Siingotbiere iu Secbs Stamme uod der Ainpbibien
in 8ecli8 Or(Innn|;en. < Isis von Oken, 18;M, pp. 311-316.
Miiller, J. Ueliur die Structnr der eigcntbilmlicben Korpercben in der Milz eioiger pflanzen-
frc^iDM'M.len .Sanj;ethiero. < Miiller's Arcli. f. Anat. 18:14, pp. SO-'JO, 1 pi.
183S.— Coste, P. .Snr la formation dii ]>lacen(a. < Compt. Reud. Acad. 8ci. Paris, 1835, pp. 208-209;
ln.,liiiit, iii, no. 127, 183.% p. 330.
Duvernoy, O. L. £liideHHiirlofoie. De la forme dn foio des mammifi^res. < Comptes Keodos.
Paris, i, 183.''), pp.183-186; Fror. Not. xlvi, 18:.5, col. 148-iriO; Ann Sci. NsU Iv, (ZooL), 1835,
pp. 2o7-2()U; Inntitut, iii, lKt5,pp. 32.'>-32().
Duvernoy, O. L. Tableanx desordres, des families et des genres de mammit^res, adopt^s ponr
li! eoiuH de zouIokIu do la fucuU6 des sciences, par M. Duvernoy ; r6dig^ sous ses yens, par
M. ix;r'ilioullet. 4^. lU pp., 5 tables folded. <[Mdm. Soc. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Strasbourg, ii,
IKIO.
Flourens, M. J. P. Recbercbes sur la structure da cordon ombilical ct sur sa continnil^ avec
lefotus. <ln?titut, iii, no. 116, 183.'>, pp. 247-248; 2e m(Sm., Compt. Rend. 1830, pp. 27-28 ;
Institut, iii, no. 118, 1835, p. 258; :{c ludm. relatif anz oiseaux, Compt. Bend. 1835, pp. lt)0-
ln2; Inntitut, iii, no. 126, 1835, p. 324.
Harlan, R. Medical and physical researcbcs : or original memoirs in medicine, surgery, geol-
og.' , zoology, &c. 8^. Philadelphia, Lydia R. Bailey, ISXi.
[A n-priiit uf 1)19 minor papers, many being on mammals. AmoniE others, there la a sjatrmatle Uat of tha
North .\iuei-)can Hpi'ciett.l
Heusse, H. F. De nmuimaliuui dentibus. < Diss. Berollni, typis Nietack, 1835, 8°, 40 pp.
Lereboullet, A. Tableaux des ordres, des families et des genres de mammif ere*, adopts pour
le cours de zuulogie de la faculty des sciences par M. Duvernoy, r6dig6s sous scs yeoz. <^ M6m.
Soc. d'llist. Nat. Strasbourg, ii, 18;15, 10 pp., 5 tab.
Swalnson, "W. Animals | in | menageries. | Loudon; | printed for Longman, Brown, Green &
Loiignianx, . . . Ui^. vi (incl. tiilo), 376 pp., with 71 Bgs.
Swalnson, VT. — On the natural history and classification of qaadrupe<ls 16°. 2 p. 1.,
viir, 377 pp. London, printed for Lunj;man, Broirn, Qreen & Longmans, .... 1835. <^Tbe
Cabinet of Natural liiatory, couduuted l>y the liov. Dionysius I^ardner, .... assisted by
• minent sciuntitic iiicn <C'rbn Cabinet Cyclopoidia, conducted by the Bev. Dionysius
Lanltji^r, .... — Natural History.
Swalnson, 'W. A treatise | on { the geography and classification | of animals. . . . Lou-
don, I printed for Longman, Kees, Oruic, Brown, Green &. Longmans, . • • | and John Taylor,
... I IH'JT). I ItP. viii (incl. ung. title), 367 pp., with 56 figs.
Anon. The naturaliHl's own book: comprising desoriptious and authentic anecdote* of qnad-
rupeilti ; scientitically arranged according to the system of Cuv;er. By the author of the
Young Man's Own lluok. 8^. Eng. title, xvi, :<84 pp. Philadelphia, Key & Biddle, 1835,
1839 «'iif.— Wagner, J. A. [Uericbto Uber die Siingcthiere.] <.lxoh. Itir Natnrg. posnm.
(Thi. uDnual rt-porttt on tho progresn of iwtonco contain many important notices of American mammala, «. g,
llM.aill lK.I7,3Uii I8.li<,4:>i lMi,3M); Idfl, 32, 341; 184.5, Hlj.)
1036.— Cnvier, F. De l'l)i»toirc naturcUe des c6taci!s, on recueil et examen des fails dont se compose
riiisUtire nuturelle du ces unimuiix ; avec un atlas do 2iJ planches. 8''. Paris, 18B0.
Otven, R. [Reference to Hunter's opiniou respecting the productive powers of hybrids.]
< I'tih:. ZiH)l. Soc. London, iv, I83t>, p. 85.
Vigors, N. A. [Remarks upon the pro<luotive powers of female hybrids.] < Proc. Zool. Soc
l»nilou, iv, 1836, pp. 84-85.
I<V!
UIBLIOOK. AITKNDIX— A. GENKHAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 965
<<-
In
e)
)
I.
Dr
5,
1837.— Otay, J. B. l>'8cil|itioii« of 8oine new or litllo kuowii iiininiiiiilin, princiinilly in tlio Hritish
MuHcuni collection. <Cbarl8W. Mag. Niit. lliHt. i, 1h;I7, |.|>. r.77-M7 ; Arch, fllr Nature, v,
ISW, pp. )81-1U4.
Relohert, C. B. Uelier die VlHCDrnUioKon diir Wirbeltliicro ini Allncnieiiion iinil ilcrcn Miilii-
nioitiliDHon bei den Vogoln nnd Siingctbioren. < Arcbiv Aniit. (MIIIIit'h), IH'ff, pp. IW-\M.
Wilson, J. The u..'nrAl history of qiindrnpetU and whalcH; being tbi> nrticlo "Mumnmlin"
from the 7tb cd. of lU. lincyclopaxliu Uritanuica. Willi above 1.10 illiiHtrations. 4". H p. 1.,
pp. 7;t-l!»'.!, pll. cccxxviii-cccxliv. Edinbnrgb, Adam & CbarlcH Black, 1«)7.
1837-38.— Brescbet, O., and Oluge, — . RechercbcH siir la utriicture des monibranes de I'lvnf do8 nnmi-
niiftircs. <Conipt. Rond. Acad. Sci. PariN, vi, ISItH, pp. 7U-SK (iivco planches) ; InHlitut, vi,
no. 2-24, 18;i8, pp. 43-44 (avec figures) ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 'ie s6r. Zool. viii, 1H:J7, pp. !H4-Si!i8 ; Fror.
Not. Bd. V, no. 106, 18U8, pp. 277,278.
1838.— Bonaparte, C.L. Nouvelle rlansiflcatiou d«8 animnux vert<ibr<S8. < Revuo Zoologiquc, i, 18;!8,
pp. 208-217,
Bonaparte, C.L. Synopsis vertebra torn m systematis. <Nnovi Aniiali dello Scienzo Natu-
rali, anno i, tonio ii, Ilolognii, WiS, jip. lO.Vl;!;! (Classis i, Mammalia, pp. IWi-H'.l); Annali
Medico cbirurgicl de! Dolt. Teleuiaco Metaxi (Roiua), i, 1839, pp. 211-220, 2(i8-27U (Ude R. 8.
Cat.) ; Isis von Oken, 1839, col. 84H-861.
[After tbo dUffnoflis of the bmueh (" provinolo") follow "Clmuium ilistiiictlo" {p. lOfi), "CIsMiH i, Mnramn.
lU " (•llafiDoaig, p. 106); "UrdlDum dintrlbiitlo" (with dlagimsls, pp. 107-110); and, lastly, "Index famUlarnm
et ■ubtanillUrnni " (pp. 111-113). A like n-qtiencii is adoptnd for the othiircliuMm ( Avi^a, Amphlbin, and Pliirca).
The nmnimalB are divided Into 41 faiuUits and 75 Bubfaniilit-s, uiouolypiv fanillicH being rcpreat-nled by aubfam.
iliea of e(iiial cxteat-l
Comte, A. Cours de pbilosopble positive, (i v. 8". Paris, Dacliclier, 18—. >Tomo 3e,
coiitoaaul la pbilosopbie cbiuii(inu et Ja pbilosupbie biologi(ine, 1838, G&O pp.
Iieuret, F. Anatomie compar^o du systftme uorveux considdriSo dans aes rapportii areo I'intelli-
geuce. 8°. 2 vols. Paris, J -B. Bailliiire et flls, 1838-.'>7.
Ogllby, W. Observations on " Rules for nomenclature ". < Mag. Nat. Hist, ii, 1838, pp. ISO-
IS?, 27.';-284.
1838-39.— Dug^B, A. Traitd de pbysiologio compariSe de I'homme et des animaux. Aveo plancbca
lithograpbi^es. 3 vols. Montpellier, cbcz Louis Castel, 1838-39. Tome ler,.xviii, &2C pp.,
frontispiece, table, 0 pll., 1838. Tome 2e, x, 636 pp., 12 pll., 1838. Tome 3e, viii, 494 pp.,
witb portrait, 18^. [Vertebratea named sous-r^gne dea Uomiuiairea (i, 15) ; mammala, classe
dea Hoministes (i, 18).]
Lesson, R.-P., and Qamot, P. Mastologiom^tbodiqne. <^ Revue Zool. D6o. 1838, Mars 1839.
Owen, R. On the structure of teeth and the resemblance of ivory to bone, aa illustrated by
microscopical examination of the teeth of man and of various existing and extinct animala.
< Rep. Brit. Assoc. 18.38, pt. 2, pp. 13!J-1C0| Fror. Notizcii, viii, 1838, col. 0.')-73, 86-89; Am.
Journ. Sci. and Arts, xxxv, 1839, p. 507.
1839.— Bachman, J. Observations on the changes of colour in birda and quadrupeds. < Trans. Am.
I'hilos. Soc. Phila. vi, 1839, art. iv, pp. 197-2.39.
Bonaparte, C. L. Prodomus ayatematis maatozoologltc Caroli Luciani Bonaparte Muxiuiani
principis. <C_ Aonali Medioo-chirnrgici del Dott. Telemoco Metaxii, Roma, ii, 1839, pp. 221-227,
28U-286 (lide K. 8.); Nnovi Annali delle Scienze Naturali, anno ii, tomo iii, Bologna, 1840, pp.
300-312 ; Xaia von Oken, 1841, col. 5W)-597.
[The diagnoaea of the orders and including gronpa are repeated from the earlier article (1838) ; but iuterca-
Uted therewith, and fonoing an nnbrokeu series, are the diagnoses of the faniiitea and Bnbfamiltea, which are
the aamo as those enumeratttt in the '' Index faniiiiarum et subfamiliaruni " of tfae earlier article. The groups
Placentalia and Iniplaeentali.-i are, however, designated "series" instead of "aubclassea", and the EducabilUi
nnd Ineflueabilia "aubclaasea" instead ol "aeetions"; the nubfaniiliea 15 and 10, 33 and 95, and .'i3 nnd 54,
are aeverally roveraed in poaitioD witli reaiiect to each other.]
Cuvier, F. (Joiisid<Sratious aur lY^tiiile dcs iictions des animaux snivies d'on programme d'un
cours siir la nature des aniiuuux et sur leur Education. < Ann. Sci. Nat. xii (Zool.), 1839,
pp. 141-147; Froriep, Notizen, xiv, 1810, 337-344.
Oray, J. B. On some new or littlo known nianimalia. < Ann. Nat. Hist, ii, 1839, pp. 884-287.
960
MONOGICAPHS OF NORTH AMEltlCAN KODENTIA.
1839. — Auon. \[\M^m^^ iia(nr*'ne lU'o niiimniix liw pliin roinuri|iiul)I(>H tlii In claRNn cI^h innnimifiAn'H (qiin*
dnipt'tk'H ft c(^tiic'4^); pur im imtiiruliHtv dii niiim^iiiii ; orndo tie Miixuntu tl^nnm iranimaux,
ili'MiinrM'H I't Kriiv«^t>H par C Ftuiic, puiiilni d'hiHtoiru iiHturullu. 12^. U p. 1., viii, 23'^ pp., 1*^ ptl.
I'llliH, .1. SllMlHIHl, \KVJ.
[Uetxi^nlzi'H "HCUH cluHtt <lt-N OriilllHMliOttlloa" p.vU, and " Dldelpbe* 6l<mtb£rodaotylca " p.'JIJ.ot " II. iiyn-
ilni-tyleH" p. "il'i, nntl niluptit (lamt, <>r Ulainvillt^ p. vl).
1839-57. — Leuret, F., and Oratiolet, P. Anutunuu coinpiir^^o dii HyHt^iiio nnrvuiix conHid6r6 daim ac«
nippnrtB uvrc rintolliijeiico. '.i voU. Vat'ih, J.-H. KuilUdre ct ilU, IWJO-T)?.
[Atkadeaa planohea (16aalQ6«)S d'aprte nutar* et icrav6efl. rarta,J.-B. BiilllUre et Ala, 183fi-57. FuHo, pp
60 . pll. 30.J
1839-64. — Blalnville, R. M. D. de. 0flt<^ographieoudt)8oriptioii iconograpbiqne coniparfSedu Hquelett«
»t du HyHti'inv dentaire do« ^laIIlUlif^^o« r^centH et fiMHilwi pour twrvir do batw ii la zoidogio et
iV la ^f^otoKU) par H. M. I)iicn>tay de Itlainville. . . . Ouvrago acconipa^iK^ dn :t23
plaiichfN litlin};raphi<^i!HfH>UH Ha direction jiur M. J. C. Weruer, pointre du MuMiuui d'HiBtoirts
Nattirelle de PurU, pr6c<5di^ d'une <^tude siir la vie et les travaux do M. de HlainviUo, par M. P.
Picard. Text, 4^, 4 v.; atlaH, fol., 4 v. Paris, J. H. Bailliferoet Ills, lri39-(^».
I I'libliHhtMl tu twenty aix faaciculea ; the flritt twenty-five under the title : " OstdogrApbte ; on, deacriptlon
iooDogrnplihiiieroinparee du aquetotte et du ayHt^nM> ileutairo dca clnij ulaAat^a d'aulmaiix vertt'tbrBa rAcenta et
fuaailea, pour acrvir de base 4 la zihiIokIo et ti la fi6nl»Kle par H. II. U. liitcrotay du HUiUTiUe .... Out-
ra^fl accompaKTiA de planrbea liihoKrapblAiia Bimn aA dlrecti(>n par M. J. ('. Worner .... I'aria, Artbua
Itertrand [lK)t>-.V>]. Tbu tweuty-Mixth and laat fnacloule waa iaaued with tbe «pft<aMitle abovn
given, titles furthefiinr votumeaof text 4nd I'ourof plntei, table of cooteuta and index, by the llaillierea, in 18()4.
Tbe i-ul|Mible nei^lect of the pubtirtbera tn ifive the datea of publicatiuu of the aeveral faaclcalea haa dnubt-
li'M devolved opim many Invealittatora, aa upon the writer, maob trouble and annoyanue iu ancertaiuiDK them,
and to auve to othorn sintilar tri'Uble, a collation la here preNent4>d, tbe dataH havin); chlelly been aacertalned
Ironi Wagner'a annual reiMirta in the " Aroblv litr Nainrf{iiHchichte". The appearance of Hncoeialve fuacleulea
line not bettn noticed in the " lliblio;{mphii> de la rriinoe".
The titlen of the rt'Hpective tuonognipbii fi>vi-u bidow iire tboao at tbe upper fonrtU of the firat page of each
monograph, and which are the only npecia! titles pnblinbed.
Tbe work li more remarkable aa a methodical n^pertory of facta reapectinfc aniM^rOeial oateologtcal detaila
than aa a dlK^st exhlblliug acute appreciation of the value and aubordlnation of cb 'racterii and (heir taxonoml-
cal application, or orthodox viewa respectinn claaaitlcation and tbe getdi^ioal euc-t a..Iod if animala— tbe con-
current views of the moat recent and ajiprored inveatif:ntf>rR beliiji the atauilard. Tie ' genera", it must bo
remembered, nre genorftlly dbont equal io extent to the faraUlea now genomll; auu|>ted t
Toroe premier j Primates- Secandat^a | Aveo atlaa de &9 planrhen. [7 pp + 0 parts * aa below :— 1
Atlaa— Tome premier j comim'^de SOplAuchea | PrimalM— 84-uuudat6a. [ip. 1. + 5 parts, viz:— ]
[A titlepatfe with the more general title (see above) and the addition :*" Manmilf^ree— Tome premier"
waa iaaued witii the tirst raacicule in " lKt9 ", and another with the modification " Uammifdroa.— Primates:
Pitbocus. Cel)U8. l.emur." In " lt'41 ", but both are auperaeded by the tpeeitU title issued for the first vol-
ume witli thetwouty-aixth faacicule )
(Etude sur la vie et lea travaux de M. de Dlalnville, par M. P. KIcard.) [1864. -ccxxUI. pp. < F. xxvl.]
([J..] Du I'oateographio en j{6u6ral. < Oal6of(raphle dos mjunrolf6rea, pp. 10-47.) [IH3t).— 47 pp. < F. f.]
([B.] Ost^ographle dua Primat^a.— Sur le^ prlmattNs en gt^n^nU «t aur lea singes {IHUueiu) en partionlter.)
[I8;i9.-5app. llpl. <F. 1. (+pl. Ibi»and5 6w. < F. xxv, 1855.)!
(A tecondary gffieral title fur tfae Primate waa iaaued as the firat pagea (p. 1=^1. 1) of tbe preoeding, viz:
"OHt^-oftrapbie des mammir^rea do I'ordre dea Primate, anivie de recfaerchen anr I'histoire de la science \
leur 6ganl, tea princiitea de leur claaaiflcation, leur distribution g^ographlqne actuelle et leur aDoiennet6 jh Ia
Hurface de la terre."]
(rC.) fMii^osraphie dea Primntft.t— Sapatona (0*&iMt ) (IPOT.— 31 pp. 0 pi. -F. ii.]
(I A] (>Mtt'-0};rBphiedpBp.-imatV>.4— Mukls<7>mui).) |IKJ». — 18 pp. II pi. < F. iii.)
i[K ] &I6moire Rur la veritable place de I'Aye-Aye daca la i4irie dea mnnimlf^rea. Ln 4 la Soci6t^ philoma-
tlque, lo 10 mui 1816 ) | IKI9.— 40 pp. < F. iii. -Plate < F. iii.— Plate=pl. 5 < Z>.J
([F.) De raDc:iennei6 dea Priinatra h la surface do la terro.) 68 pp. {If^O.J < F. ir.—Sana pUnobea.]
<|<7 1 OHt6ogniphiede§CheIn>pli^rr8(r«iMr(Uio. I^).) (1839.— 104 pp. 15 pi. <F. v.]
(|£f.] OsK^ograpbio des Maniroif^ree inaectlvorea (Talpa, Sortx et Eiir%aoeut, L.}.) [1840—115 pp. 11
pl.--=F.vi.]
Tome deiixi^me | .^^uudatAa | Avec atlaa de 117 planches. [viiL pp. + 9 parts.}
Atlaa— Tome deuxij'me I compost de 117 planchee I Secundal6a. I'-l p. t. -f 8parta, vix:— )
{\l.\ Oat^ugrapbie doa CamaiMiera. ri>'40.— 85 pp. < P. vii.l
[A tecondarj/ title fur the Carnaasiera (I-Q) waa iMSUod as the first pages (p. I ~ 1. 1) of the preceding,
viz : " Ost^ograpbie dea Camaaaiera, pr6<-^>4lee de conaidtrationa aur I'bistoire de la acleuce h leur ^ganl, lea
prlucipes de leur claasifiuation, leur dlHtribution g^ograpbtquo aotnelle, et aaiTle de reohervhee aur lonr
aDciennet6 k la surface de la terre."]
{[J.] Dea Phoques (6. PAooa, L ).) [1840.— .M pp. 10 pi. < F. vii.)
*Tbe "parts'' la each monograph or series diatiDguiabed by a special and complete pagination or numeration of platoa.
ninLIOOR. AIM'KNDIX-A. OICNKHAL AND MI8CKLLANHOUS. U(',7
((K 1 Del Oiim («. f VjtMl) (IMl.-M pp. IB pi. -^F. vlll, ]
(I ;„| itaii I'out oiifH (II. suburni).) imi.-i'j:i pp. in pi. - V. ii. (+ pi. n < f. i, im i
IWilh till" l'.ii«lrnli> wan Imiiml » gtntral llllr IImiIiihI IIjui: " Muiuiuif6ri».— Ciunaulon : | Vimportllio
Tftlpft. Sorcx. Krinncciii. liiiK-a. TJrHim. SuliiirniiH IMI."
(|JI. I DmMuhUO.mk.. afiuteta, I.. ). ) |IH4a.-«:ipp, i.lp|. .,F. X.]
(1^1 I)<«i Vlvorri\«.l |l««.— IdOpp. i:i pi. r F. xl.|
(10.) l>p» Kciu ) |iH4a.— imipp. 1 f„iii,.(itui). iiipi. .- F. ill. ( I pl.sc) < p. i«v., I8;»).|
(M'. I I)t«('mil«. I |IBM.-l(iOpp. IB pi. ,^F. Illl. I
(IV. I Den lljrdnm) (im4.-«l pp. B pi. .» F. ilv. |
TiimotrulnKlrur l(iiml<'rniil''»| Avi'i'ulluilc'M plulii'liKH. (vlll pp. | riparta.)
AtlaH—Tnnit' troUK'nio | coniptwi'' <l<' 51 pliuirlii'M ( gujttttrnatiVH. ['4 p. I. ] Apartii, vis :— ]
(IK. or A I Ui'- f.K'pliullI* I |li<4,'i.-;i(i7 pp. 18 pi. » F. xvl.j
(l*orr.l 1)11 Dlnotlicirliim.) Ilifri.— <M pp.:i pi. -F.ivll.l
(jr.orCl Uei Unwiiliua (IIuII'kiO, (Manaliu, Scopuli), uii nravlgradiH aquatliiuos.) |IM4.— 140 pp. II
pi. .-F. IV. I
(in I>i'«Diimaii«(nii(Toii), (;/,(rai).l |lM,-i._.17 pp. :i pi. F. xvlll.l
II V. or X 1 .l)i« lllnncWroB (IlulV.inl, (((. Ilhiiuicfrot.l,. ).) (ISW.-'ifJ pp. 14 pi. =F. ii, )
(l-Taml liiili'liitl>'t«>l.*| Maiiuuni|ililiMlu Cluival, ». i^ijuui. I 1WI4. [BO pp. <F.xi»l.l
Tnmo niiatri(''liif— Qiiatrrnatrft— MaMoiitV-H | A\t-v. allaa iln 0:i plnnrlii'H. (vlll pp. f B porta. 1
Atlaa— Tcmici i|iuilrli''mi' | i'.miipo«6 ili' 93 pliinolii'a | (jllJlt('rIlntl^'— Mnlilciitiia. |3 p. 1. + II parta.)
(|r.| Dea Pultcutlierluina, l.iiplilodiina, Autliracotlit'tiuniH, <;bo«ruputaniuH.) (1B40.~1(H) pp. g^- 3-f ;i .f 1
(- 15) pL =. F. xil.l
(|«. 1 Dea Taplra lUiifliin). (O. Tnpina, IlriaaMi). ) [1840.— 58 pp.fl pi. -;F. xli. 1
HAA. ] Siir liv lIlp|Hi|Kilunji^a (llntriiii), {llijipopolamuM, L. ) ut li a CuuliiiiiH (Dufluu), (flu, L.).| 1B4T.
(24H pp.8 -w !l [^nj pi. < F. xill I
i[BU.] IK>8 Anuplutli6rluniR ((i. t'uvlcr) tt mir lua gvurca plila on luoliia iliflureuta :
IMO. |155pp.»pl.;-F.nlU.|
XipliiHliin, I Mfryrnp<ilaniiiH, ) Falconer I't Cautt'loy. I
Diclioliuiui, { ti. Ciivier, IB'J'J. Illppoh.vim, ^ 1B47.
.' ' ^ AiluplH, I PaloplotliuTiiiiii, I
Cliall('otli<'riiilii,J.Knup.lB:i:i. I)li liinlon, ILOwcii, iBIBk
CuliiothOriiiDi, UrurunI, 18*-!.%. ]Iyu|K)luiuua. /
MIcroclioorua, So. f W(hm1, lB4fi.
{[CO. ] IVa Riiniliiajta (I'eeora, L. ) on ^6ii6ral et rli partlculliir doa Clianieatix, ilea LamoSi BtllTon. (0. Co-
tlw(lu,L) IBM. (131 pp.5pl.--F.xilv.l
([1>I).\ OaUSograplilu dca Pareaaoui (llradiiput,h.).) |I840.— 04 pp.6 pi. =:F. t.)
(LA'A\ (Imeral titlii.] PtiblUmtion poathutue.— Explication dca planchca aiiivautoa.
PlLll'^ltBH. Gcnroa. Oorillii, iSnillodon, Hciiinia, ArctoniyR,CHat(>r. Caprom.vR, Myopotamna, Ilyatrlx, (^avin,
E<iuua, Cuniclupardalia, Myrniecupliafca, Macrottierinm, Megatherium, Gt,vptu<luD, Tuxodon, Elaamottiurium,
Ma<:ruuchoiila et KrAtipea qui a'y rattaclicnt.
SutiAHMlFfeliKS. Gcnro Crocodiliia et i;roiipoa K6n6rlqne8 Tolaina.
OBT^ozOAIltRB. Hl>nilfloatiou deaoa diicrADudanaluadivnraeacIaaaoaduco typo. 1^55. [€3pp. 41pl.] Table
''- alpbati^tlqau dea quatre voluiuea. 1B65. [Ixvi pp. < F. xxvi.J
1840. — BlalnviUe, H. M. D. de. Coimidi^ratiaiiB g(:u6raloH Biir lex aiiiniaiix ot leiir cloasiiicatiou.
<Dict. Sci. Not., SupplfSment, IP40.
1840-SS. — VTagner, J. A. Die Sungtbiure iu Abbildiingou uBcU der Nntiir, init ISesclireiljiiiigon, . . .
FortgeHOtzt vod Dr. Jobaan Andreas Wugner, . . . Snpplumeiitbnnd [iniit. unit, lit infra].
liite-4to Abtb., Erlangoii, iu dor Kxiiedition dcs Scbrober'scben SUugtbier- iind dcH Kspet*-
Hcbuu Scbuietterliogsworlica und iu Couiuiiasion dor Palui'scbou Verlagsbucbliaudluug, 1H40.
CONTKNTS.
Ente Abtbeilung ; Die Affen und Flicdcrthiero. 1840. [xiv, (1), vi, 551 pp.]
Zweite Abtbeilnug: Die Ranbtbioro. 1841. [viii, 558 pp.]
Dritto Abtbeilung: Die Benteltbiere und Nagor (ergt«r Abschnitt). 1843. [xiv, C14pp.]
Vierte Abtbeilung : Die Nager (zwoiter Abecboitt), Zabnlllcker, Eiiibufcr, Dickbiiuter und
Wiederkiiuer. 1«44. [xii, S'il pp.]
Flinrto Abtbeilung : Die AfFen, Zabnliicker, Bonteltbiere, Hufthiero, lusektonfresser und
Handflllgler. 1855. [xxvi, 810 pp.]
* The Orat aerloa of letters la given in the Hat of uionogmpba oppoaite title-pages, and the aeoood in the table of con-
touts of the 3d volume.
I The oaeograpby of the original la ooplod.
I
9G8
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
1841. — Bonaparte, C. L. Anew pjHtciiintic nrinngeroent of veitebrated animals. <TrauB. Linn.
Sue. London, xviii, 1H41, pp. a47-;t04 (Clonsis i, Miinininliu, pp. 247-25S).
[In mvincurp, this is cflHcntinlly »iiuilar to the " BynopHis Tertcbratorum Hyatematlii", but* " Conspflotna fanii-
liaruin i-t RtibfuiniliBrutn ", wllb din^niiM'H o'. the j;roupB, If places tlm " ludex ". As in tho laaC, the gTonps
IMnct'Utalia ami Iniplact'titalia arp itesignatpd " RtTiea" and tho Edurwbilia and Ini-dut-abilia "aiibclasttoa", and
tbo seiiiioiK'e of tbo Hiibfaniilii-a l.'i and tfi, ;{H and 39, M and S.'i, are acvcrolly rcvtjraed. Compared with the flrat
iiiranKetnrnl, the Ili]>|Hipntnn)ioa, Khtnocerontioa, and Tapirtna are IraDsfors irom the Elophantida] to the
Siiidii' ; a ni-w Hnlifiiinily ('.i.1) Dinotherion funniOK with (24) Elepbantina, the Elephantidee, is inturposed, whereby
a total of 41 t'Ainilii'H and Tti Hnbfamiliea resnlta. Those motltflcatlons indicate the author's emendatiotia since
1K19, and thiTefure tint tho status of the article at tho date of "reodiDg".]
Coates, B. H. [On thouaeof tbesutureaof the oraDinm.] <^ Free. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. i, 1841,
pp. 69-71.
Fennell, J. H. A iiatnral history omritisb and forei|;n qnadrnpeds; containing many moclcrn
discoveries, original oheervations, and numerous anecdotes. S°. zv, 5&(i pp., 200 woodcuts.
Loudon, Joseph Thomas, 1441.
Jones, T. R. A general outline of the animal kingdom, and manual of comparative .inatomy.
8". xiv, 732 pp., :i;«j figs. London, J. Van Voorst, 1841.
MartiD, W. C. L. A general introduction to^he natural history of niammiferons animals, with
a parlicnlar view of the physical history of man, and the more closely allied genera of the
order Q'Tdruniftnu, or monkeys. IIIn^trated with 296 anatomical, osteological, and other inci-
tleutnl engravings on wood, and 12 full-plate representations of animals, drawn by William
Harvey. 8°. 1 p. I., .'^^4,'> jip., 12 pi. London, Wright & Co., 1841.
Pompper, H. Die Siitigethierc, Viigel und Aniphiliien, uach ihror geographiscbeu Vorbreitnng
titbeliarihch /tibaniniengestellt. 4^'. Ix^ipzig, 1H41.
1842.— Duvernoy,0. L. SuppK^tnent histoiitino pour les ui^moires , " Sur les dents des mammifitres."
< Cdiuptes Ketidus, Paris, xv, 1842, pp. 1000-1006.
Qrajr, J. E. Descriptions of some new genera and fifty unrecorded species of mammalia. <^ Ann.
Mag. N. H. X, 1842, pp. 25.'-.-267.
Lesson, R. P. Nouveau tableau du ligno animal. Mammifiires. 8". 3 p. 1., 204 pp. Paris,
A. liertraud, 1842.
Meyer, O. H. Uebcr das Suugcthicroi. < Archiv fiir Anot. 1843, pp. 17-18.
Schinz, H. R. Ueber seine Synopsis Mamnialium. < Verhaiidlgn. d. Schweiz. naturf. Gesellsch.
27. Vcrsiiniinlg. Altdorf, 1842, pp. 116-125.
Smith, C, H. The naturalist's libra>'y. Edited by Sir William Jardine, Bart. Vol. xv. Mam-
malia. ltitro<lnctiou to niamnialiii. 1S°. Eng. title, 4 p. 1., pp. 17-313, portrait of Drury,
30 col. pll. Ediubnrgh, W. H. Lizars [1812].
1843.— Blschoff, T. L. W. Ueber die crste Bildung des CenlralDervensystems bei SSugethieren, mit
Berlicksichtiguug dcr kritischen Beleuchtnng moiner Beobacbtnngen durch Herrn Dri Rei-
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Oray, J. B. Liat of the specimens of mammalia iu the collection of the British Musenm.
Printed by order of tho trustees. 16°. xxviii, 216 pp. London, 1843.
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Waterhouse, Q. R. Observations on the classification of the mammalia. <^ Ann. Mag. Nab
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1845, pp. 371-386.
1844.— Blschoff, T. L. TV. Keclierches sur la mittnrntiiiu ot la chute p^irimliqne du I'cuuf de I'homma
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Bourgery, J. M. .Sttr les ttinsHes cimiparutivi's <|U0 pri^wiitcnt dans I'linmnie et qnrlqties ani-
ninux iiiiitiiniili'reH lus dillV't'eiits orgatics iitii ci>ni|iosetit le systime iierveux. <^ Compt. Bend.
Aciid. Sii. I'ariM, tonic xix, 1H44, pp. 603-607 ; Itistitut, xii, no. .'i6l, 1844, p. 321.
M
BIBLIOGB. APPENDIX— A. GENEliAL AND MISCELLANEOITS. 909
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[A rsre luid not woll known troAttso, contalnlni; iloocriptiouA or mnny now npocicH of North Ameriosa
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Mediona, K. F. O. Idoio do mammalium aystcmuto. Diss inaug. (Monao.) Lntrinie, 1847.
er. .ifipp. , ,
1:1
i '
'-•^ M
970
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et dti I'usiiccu huniainc, bastSe sur rubservatiou do tonto la s^rie aniinale. Oiivrage qui a ob-
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1848.— AgaBslz, L. Noiuenclaforis zoologici index universalis, continens noniina systematica classi-
iiin, ordiunin, familiurinu et geuerum animaliuiu omnium, turn viventiiim quam foseilium,
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frontispiece 1 folded pi. Now Vork, published by Pratt, Woodfonl & Co., 1848.
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the proeeediugs, or exhibited in the collections of the Zoological Society of Loudon. 20 parts,
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Waterhouse, O. R. The physical atlas of natural phenomena. By A. Keith Johnston. Ta-
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1849-50.— Kllian, F. M. Die Struetnr des litems bei Thioren. < Iteule u. Pfeufer, Zeitscbr. f. ration.
M(;d. viii, 184'.t, iip. r)3-y0, 1 pi. ; 2. Artikel, ibid, ix, 1850, pp. 1-51.
1850.- Agassiz, L. The zoological character of young uinnmialia. <^ Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. ii,
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BIBLIOGK. APPENDIX— A. GENEUAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 971
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MM. Florent PriSvost ct i .icbcran. Paris, Gido et liandry 1851. 8^. 3 p. I. (Intro-
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1852.— Agaasiz, L. [On tbe allantois.] < Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. iii, 1852, pp. 15-10.
Browne, P. A. Tricbologia niainmaliuni ; or a treatise on tbe organization, properties and
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Konigs Friedricb Wilbelm IV in den .Jaliren 1842 bis 1848 ansgefUbit von Wilbeli!' C. H. Peters,
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xvi, 202 pp., 48 col. pll. Berlin, Drnek und Verlag von Goorg Keimer, 1852.
1853.- Browne, P. A. Tricbolngia mamninlinm ; or, a treatise on tbe organization, properties and
uses of bair and wmd ; togctber wilb an ca-ay upon tbe raising and bn.eding of sbeep.
" Ducit amor patriie." 4'-\ viii, 7-179 pp., 1 I , witb 10 pll. Pniiliabed ULder tbe patronage
of the Commonwealtb of Pennio'lvania : Pbilailelpbia, J. 11. Jones, printer, 1853,
ITIlfcdiiplioatuilt lUtoin qi.i'alluii: HBO I8.'>3,llll0WNK, 1'. A] ..-- ■
1.. .
f: I
If
J
Wm
m
k i\'.\>
i)72
MONOOllAPnS OV NOIlXn AMEIUCAN KODENTIA.
■*: I
« I !
mM\
1853. — Burnett, W. I. Riaearelies upon tho origin, iiiodo of dovelopmcnt, ami aatare of tho sper-
niiitic partiiles iuiinii;; tho four claBscs of vcrtebrated nnimals. <Mein. Am. Acnd. Arts and
Sci. V, 18."i:t, art. iii, pii. •.JU-l'i, 1 jd.
Dareste, C. Dciixit'uiK uiduioiru Htir les circonTolittions du ccrvena cliez leg mammifbrcs.
<Conipte.s Uuiidim, I'ari.i, xxxvii, 1853, pp. 42a-4a5; Aim. Sci. Nut. i (Zool.), 1854, pp. 73-103.
Oreetie, P. V. CIumhicuI investigation of reniaihH of fosHil luanniialia. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
vi, 1853, pp. liU2-\;U;i.
Oirard, C. [Cliwaitication <if niammnlH.] < Edinb. Now Pliil. Jonrn. Iv, 1853, j>p. 167-184.
Joly, N., and Lavocat, A. Iltuilo d'auatoiiiio pliilosopliiqiip our la main ct lo pied de I'hommo ot
giir IcH extrdmitdd <lu8 maiuuiiforwi, riimendns ,tu typo pontadactylo. Avco 3 planches.
8°. 5tj pp. Touloiuo, iinpr. do Chauviu, 1853.
J3ly, N., anil Lavocat, A. fitadcs tundant ^ ranieuer an typo pentadactyle leH oztr<!niit(!8 dos
mammifiiros fo88ilu8. <^ CumptoB Rondng, xxxvii, 1853, pp. 343-244.
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Koyal ColIuKo of Surgeons of Kujjland. 3 voIh. London, printed by Taylor & Francis, 1853.
Vol. i. Pisces, lieptilia, Aves, Marsupiulia. <.', pp. 1-350.
Vol. ii. Mammalia Placeutalia. pp. 351-01 .
Saint-Martin, P. de. U6cuiiverto d'un cinquiitmo os de la chalne tympaniqne chcz qnol-
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1853-57.— Fictet, P. J. Traitd do pal6ontolof;io uu histoiro nntnrello dos animanx fossiles considdrds
<lttn8 leurs rapports z.oologiques ot gi5ologiques. 3e 6ii,, revue, corrigde, considiSrabloment
augmentiSe, aecouipagui^o d'un atlas de 110 planches grand in-4^. b'', 4 vols. ; 4", atlas. Paris,
Chez J.-ti. B:>illiiro, 1853-57.
1854.— Owen, R. Tho principal forms of tho skolotou and the teeth. 8°. pp. xv, 339, flgg. 76. Phila-
delphia, Blunchard & Lea, 1854.
[From LoDflou ciUtiuii, which formed p.irt of the series entitled "Orr's Circle of tlie ScioDces".!
Peters, W., and Lichtenstein, H. Uebcr none raerkwilrdigo Biiagetbiere des Kuniglichen
Zoologisehen Museums: 1. Uober die Gattung Centurio, Gray, uud eiuo ueno Art dorselben
von Cuba (C. Ilavogularis). 3, Ueher Hyonycteiis, eine neuo Gattung von Fledertbieren ans
Puerto Cabollo (II. diselfera). 3. Ueber Autilope leucotis, eine neue Art ans dem nordiistli-
che» Africa. < Abbandl. K. Akad. Wis. Berlin, 1854, pp. 81-90; Bericht, Berlin, 1854, pp.
334-337.
Reissner, B. Beicrii.^o ziir Kitnntniss dor Ilaare des Mensoheu nud der SUugethiere. Mit 3
lithofjr. Taf. 8^. 75 [ip. Breslan, Trowent u. Granios, 1854.
1854-55. — Q-srvai}, P. Histoiro naturello des nianimtft»ros nvec I'indicatiou de lours moours, et do
leurs rapports aveo les arts, le cunmierco otragriculture 8°. 3 vols.
Iiopartio, [Iiitrodnctiiiu, Primates, Cli(Siri>pti'res, Insectivores, Koiigeurs.] .... Palis,
L. Curmer, .... 18.">4. xxiv, 418 pp., 1 1., 18 col. pll., 11 uiicol. pll.
3tipariie. [Carrilvoqos, ProUoscidieus, Jumentds, Bisulqnes, £dont(3s, Muisnpiaux, Mono-
treiiies, Ph(KiueH, Siri^uidos et C<5taci5s. Poris, L. Curmor, .... 1835. 3 p. I., 344 pp., 40
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1855. — Dareste, C. Troisleme m^^moirn siir los circonvolutions du cervean cliez los mammifbres.
< Ann. Hoi. Nat. ii, 1*5 (ZdoI.), pp. 65-111 ; Couqites Uendus, Paris, xl, 1855, pp. 083-686.
Fitziuger, L. J. \Vissi'nscbartlich-[iupuluro Natnrgesebiehto der Siingetbiero in ihrcn siimintli-
chon llanptformen. Nel)st einer Kinloitung in der Naturgpschichte ilberhaupt and in die
Lolire von den Thien-ii inHlivsniidero. Kin Hlilfslmcb filr Lelircr, auch beim Unterricht dor
lilindeii. H-. viii, 4lf.l pp. Wien, 1855. (Leipzig, Urockhans.)
Oiebel, C. O. Arteiizalil iler L biT der Siingetliiorc. < Zoitsohr. gcsnmnit. Naturw. Hallo, vi,
H.'..'., iqi. -.'4-39.
Oiebel, C. O. Die .S.'in^. tliiero in zoulogisehor, unatoniiseker nnd paliiontologisoher Bezio-
liuMg, nnifatsend dar^estellt. 8\ xii, 1108 pp. Leipzig, Verlag von Andirosius Abel, 1855.
[ThiMliito iiMsi.>'noit ii tbatof tbooomplotion of the work, whioti was piibliabed Id numbers, befffnnlng sevenU
BIBLlOGll. APPENDIX- A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 973
18SS-
18S6.-
1855.— Qratiolet, P. Snr (luolqucs differences quo prfSsento rorgnriisation dn cervean dans Ics nni-
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18S7.-
1858.-
974
MONOGUAPHS OF NOKTII AMKKICAN KODENTIA.
1858.— Mirteiu, E. von. nenicrkung llbnr cinigo Sunijotliiiiro in geogmpbischor nnd hiHtorisclier
liezi.liiiiif;. < Arcliiv f. Nntiirg. 24. Jiihrg. 185H, pp. 111-144.
Owen, R. Oii Ihi' cliiiiiictcrs, priiicipliw of liiviaion, mid primary groups of I lio cluss iiianinmlia.
< Am. .lour Scj. ami ArtB ('.'), xxv, \K>I', art. ii, pp. T-IH, art. xvii, pp. 177-198; Joiirii. rroc.
I-iiin. (NIC. London, Zool. ii, I8.X, pp. l-:i7.
Owen, R. On tliu cdamiilication of tlio nnuiinialio. < Can. Nat. anil Oeol. iil, 1858, pp. 51-63.
1859.— Agabsiz, A. An essay on climsilicalion. 8°. viii, 1181 pp. LoDdon, Loogman, Ilronn, Green,
hongmaun &. Roberts, and Triibner & Co., 1859.
[.\n edition uf tho chmiv in ttio " Cofilrlbutiona ", witb Iht^ addition of "A new chapter [BoctlonJ npon the
rateiioi i<'H of aiiulntry ", pn'fnci', and iudex, tint without a tablti of oontenta.]
Cornay, J. E. rrincipcs d'adiSnisation ou trailC' de I'liblation des glandes nidoricunesqui cotn-
inuiiiiineiit, par lonr B<'or6tion plttsoii nioins f6lide, nn mauvais goftt atix especes aninialtta
aliinentaires ft donnent uue odeiir iuBupportablo ikiix eapitceH d'agrtJment, et exposition g6n6-
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folded pi. Paris, LiM; libraire de la faciiiKi de uii^deuine, le 15 Juillet 18riO.
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Abliildiin^i'n. 4\ Liipzin, Verlag von Otto Wigand, Irtri!).
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lixDn: l)ii> Natnr^oHchit-liti' dcA Ttilerrcictifl Brstor Itaiid. ].i«ipzlK, Vorlae von Otto Wtgantl, IK.'ii>."]
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Senalellonse, May 10, 18.V,l. To which is added an appendix " On the Gorilla," and 'On the
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yiiuiuitlicheu Hauptfornien. Nebst einer Kinleitung in die Naturi^eschichteUberhaupt und in
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gen, 1 title. Wien, aiis der kaiserlich-koniglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1660-61.
[Cniniiare anted, saino aulbor, under dates 1655 and 16^7.]
1861. — KolUker, A. Kntwiekluugsgeschiclite dus Menschen und der hiiheren Tbiore. Akademisohe
Voririige. Mit Figuren in Ilolzschnilt. 8 . x, 4ti8 pp., with 225 figs. Leipzig, Verlag von
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series, eng. title, frontispiece, 3 p. 1., ,"iO pll., with 50 11. descriptive. London, Henry Graves
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[ First Reries, witb platen of («) the eyi-ft (FeliH eyra), (12) tlie CanwtiaD iyiix (Felia CAnadrrHia), (i4l the baa-
HariK (HaasjiriB pnluta), (IH) lbi> walran {Tricbt'cliiia rof>n)arui«i, (111) the Wapiti dei'r (Cervnd cauadeuaia), i'iO) tlie
white-tailed deer (Cervna Icnciinis). Seeoiid seriea, with platea of (S) the yHunarundi cat (Fclia yaguaruudi),
(21)) the t^llareil peccary (Dicolyles t4lr(llmtUH^)
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and eng. title, viii pp., 2 I , MJ pp.. plutes. London, l>>ti2.
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of the nucleus, with plans of their strnctnri', form, niid size (on a uniform scale), in many of the
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BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 975
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pp. 440-44a.)
(rrr-f. Dona's vlewn of nviilializatliin wore flrst tppllcd to thn claBiiiflcation of tlio nmmnialH in n funluoto
of liiH exc4>11ont " Manual of G(-*olofry ", am) in a Hpi-cial memoir on tbo claseiflcatiou of the mammalH, priutcil
anbaequently but ptllilished prevloiiHly to tito niannal.]
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Dana, J. D. Tbe elassiflcatioii of animals, based on the principle of cepbalization. No. i.
<[ Am. Jonrn. 8ci. 2d series, xxxvi, pp. 321-.152, 440, 441.
Dana, 3. D. MaunnI of i;eoln};y : treating of tbo science witb special refcrenco to American
geological history. Philiulolpbia, published by Theodore ]!li8s& Co., 166:1.
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Hardy, C. C. Nocturnal life of animals in tbe forest. <^Trau8. NoTuScotian Inst. Nut. 8ci.
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Jeffiies, J. B. [Opbthahnoncopio examination of two albinos.] <^ Proc. Boston Boc. Nat. Hist.
ix, 18G;t, pp. 329-3:!!.
Koch, — . [On bairballs, concretions, &c., in various animals.] <Mitth. d. utrw. Vereines
fUr Steicnnark, i, 1863, p. 24.
PflUger, B. F. TV. Ueber die Eierstocke der Slingetbiere nnd des Menschen. Ausgegebcn den
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p. 66.
Snndevall, C. J. Die Thiero des Aristotelcs von den Klassen dor Siiugetbiero, Vogel, Eepti-
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(Mammalia, pp. 3'i-'JH.]
Wilder, B. O. On morphology and teleology, especially in the limbs of mammalia. < Mem.
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etc.] < Wiirzbnrger ntrw. Zeitschrift, iv, 1863, p. 12.
1864 — Dana, J. D. Tbo classification of animals, based on the principle of cepbalization. No. iii.
Classification of herbivores. [No. ii relates wholly to insects.] < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts,
2d series, xxxvii, March, 1864, art. xiii, pp. 157-183.
Oegenbaur, C. [On the epistornalla of mammalia.] <^ Jenaiscbe Zeitschr. i, 1864, p. 75.
Huxley, T. H. Ueports of Professor Huxley's lectures on " The structure and clossiUcation of
the Maninialiii", Uelivcred at the Boyal College of Surgeons. < Med. Times and Qaz. 1864,
i and ii, viz:—
Lecture i-ix. Anthropiiii. [1,153: Distinctive characters and skeleton, ii, 177: Muscles.
iii, 20; Extreniilies. iv, 229; v, 256: Brain, vi, 284: Teeth and organt of reproduction, vii,
;)12 : Development, viii, 343 ; ix, :i69 : Variations and number of species.]
Lecture x-xix. Antbropomorphu. [ (Troglodytes nigcr.) x, :!9fij xi, 428; xii, 456: Skele-
V ton and muscles, xiii, 486: Larynx, Teeth, Brain. xiv,,'i09: Organs of reproduction, doveloj)-
nient, variations. Troglodytes gorilla, xiv, 509 ; xv, 537 ; xvi, 664. (Simla satyrus.) xvi,
564; xvii, .')95; xviii, 617. (Ilylobates.) xviii, 617 ; xix,647. (Characteristics of Antbro-
pomorphu.) xix,li47.]
L<M:ture xx-xxi. Cynopitbeoina. Vol. i, p. 671 ; vol. ii, pp. 18, 40, 93, 123.
Lecture xxii-xxiii. I'latyrbini. pp. 93, PJ.'i. ^
Lecture xxiii. Arctopithecini. p. 124. "^ .
' Lectiiro xxiv. 'lemnrine Cheiromylni. Recapitulation, p. 145.
:io
i
976
MONOGRAPnS OV NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
1
■ I
1,
ii
1
!
1864.— Peters, W. Uebnr einige neae Siingothiere, <[Mouat8beT. Acad. WIsu. Berlin, Jane 20, 18C4,
jip. ;iHi-:irt.|.
FoBche, H. DiiH l.elioii dcr IIuuHtbiore uud iliro Stellung zcrFaniilio,8taatandder Lundwirth-
schul'l. B". Gloguii, ItilH.
Soeva, O. [New uit^tbod of mounting skeletons.] <Proo. Boston Soo. Nat. Hist, x, lijC4,
pp. 74-7").
1865.- orueliua C. DirZiiK- mid Wandertliioro. 8°. 341pp. Berlin, 18C5.
I'Diu Huthnr trcatH it) (tystnmatic order of the aiiliuals. from tbe mammalia to the molluBon,Af vhicb perlotlleal
or iHuliiteil luigriitluuH aro known.]
Oeltei'S, O. [ llntoniuchungun iiber Quhirn und RUckenmark dea Menschen uud der SUugetliiero.]
Witli G pi. Urniuisclinoig, lti65.
Doebner, — . [On tlio I'Langes of color in mammalia and birds.] ■< Zool. Oart. 1865, p. 3.
Dum^ril, A. Ufs nniiiiaiix utiles il rbomnio, programme d'un coiirs de zootecbnio ou zoologie
nppliiiii<)e. < M6rn. .Sue. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cberbourg, xi, 18(i5, pp. a29-i02.
[Wiihuul entoriug into a ilotailutl enuiuoration of animals niefut to man, the author showa in wliat various
vayn man tlerivea bem-flt from tbo animal creation.]
Oegenbaur, C. Upon tiu< epiKteriinl purtiom* of tbo skoluton, as tbey appear in mammalia and
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Haughton, S. Notes on nuimni nipcbanics. No. iv, On tbe muscular anatomy of tbe lion ; and
No. v. On the luiiscnlar unatoiny of tbe seal. <[ Proc. Eoy. Irisb Acad. 1865, pp. 85-101,
with woodcuts.
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McnHclion, Afl'eu und Buutcltbiere. ^ Abbaudl. Senckviib. uaturforscb. Ges. v, 1865, pp. 1275-332,
with 4 i>l.
Pagenstecher, H. A. [On tbe geograpbicnl distribution of animals.] <^ Zool. Oart. 1865, p. 280.
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1865-66.— Odenius, M. V. [Contribution tu a knowledge of tbe anatomical structure of labial vibris-
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1U7-199, 257-271.
1866.— iJana, J. D. < Am. Journ. Sci. 2d series, xli, 1866, pp. 163-
Oniber, W. [Ou tbe epitrucbleo-ancuneal muscle of man and mammalia.] St. Petersburg,
1866. PI. i-iii.
[From M<3m. do I'Acnd. vol. x.]
Hering, B. L'berden Uan der Wirbultbierleber. <Sitz. matb.-uat. Ci. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien
(i), liv, 18G6, pp. 3;i5-341, 1 pi.
Huzley, T. H. Professor Huxley's lectures at the Royal College of Surgeons. [On mammalia. ]
<T!ie Liincot, 1866, i, viz :—
Lecture i-iv. Sirenia. pp. 157-l.W, 180, 214-215, 239. ,. . .
Lecture iv-ix. Cetacea. pp. 239, 268, 291, 324-325, 350, 381.
Lecture x-xi. Pinnipedia. pp. 434-435, 465-460. - ■ ..; ,
Lecture xii. D ig. p. 607.
Ligbtbody, 'W. H. [Itlicroscopio anatomy of tbe cornea.] < Clat^'" Joi)-:.. Anat. Pbys. 1866,
pp. 15-3(), pll. i-iii.
Loewenberg, — . [Tlie lamina spiralis of tbe organ of bearing of man and mammalia.]
< Koliiu. Jouru. Anat. Pbys. iii, 1860, p. C04, pi. xix-xx.
Murray, A. Hi'ni.irks on tbe minor characters of mammalia. -^Proo. Zool, Soc. London,
liji. 146-147 {5 lines).
[Simply callH a', tciituin to tlie Htructuro of the hulr and form of the dung as eharaotera]
BIHLIOGR. APPENDIX— A. GENERAL AND MISCELLANF.OUS. 977
1866.— Owen, R On tlio nnntoniy of vertebrates. 3 vols. ep. Londnn, LonKiuana, Green &. Co., 11^.
Vol. i. riHlies nnil roptilvH, xlii, (>f)0 pp., with 4.VJ ftng.
Vol. ii. Itirds and uiainmnls. viii, Til'i pp., wiili 100 ligg., 2 tables folded.
Vol. ili. Mammals, x, Uir> pp., with Ol'.l l\gg.
Peremeachko, — . [On the structure of tlio bypopbysia cerebri of man and mammalia.]
< C'entralbl. f. rt. med. Wiss. ItfCC, no. 4ti.
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0.2 M
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5)78
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.' V i ' (!'!
yiM
kl''' : ■ ' I
m
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{IHO
M(»N()(!UAnirt or NOUTII AMKItl(;AN ItODKNTIA.
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[With iilntcB of (7) tho female wupiti luid pnroa ("Ktratciij: »«■»«« Strength") i (OHlie J«gnar("TlicSlo«la")i
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Together with their description in Lnglish and Trench. 2 vols. Folio. Londou, vol. i, n\il ;
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Paris, 1744.
Dobba, A. An account of the conntrles adjoining to Hudson's Bay. 4°. London, 1744.
1748.— Bllia, H. Voyage to Hudsou'slisy in iLuDuhhsaud Calii'oinia .... in tho years 1746 and 1747.
8^. Londou, 1748.
17S0. — BUls, B. lleiso nach HudsonB Moorhnsen. 8°. Oscttiugcn, 17r>0,
17S9. — Kalm, P. Bojchroihung dor Reise nach deni in'irdli'lien America, i-iii.
[Saiuo, trnnslated by J . It. Turttcr, wilb Qoten nnd plates by FiirMtcr. 3 vuU. tp,
1765. — Crauz, D. Histcrio von Grunlaud. 8°. 1765.
1772.— Forater, J. R. Accoun t of several quadrupeds sent fruni Hudson's Bay.
Ixii, 1778, art. xxviii, pp. ;t70-;l81.
t'L'wtmty spuclcs, wHb deaciiptivo nui] btof;rapblcal matter.}
1774. — Du PiatE, Le P. The history of Louisiana, or the western parts of Virginia and Carolina, con-
taining u desoriptiou of the countricH that liu on both sides of thu river Mississippi, with an
.: account of the sottlonionts, inhabitants, soil, climatu and products. Translated from the
French of M. lu Page du Pratz [8=. 3 vols. Paris, 1758]. A new edition. 8". London, 1774-
[C'outiiliia notices of various Nortb American mammals.]
1776.— Romans, R. Natural history of Florida. 8°. New York, 1776.
1777. — Cbailevoix, P. P. Z. de. Histoiro du la Nouvellc France, avcc lo Jonrnal d'nn voyage dans
rAniiSrique soptentrionale. I'JP. Paris, 1777.
1770. — Carver, J. Travels in North America, by J. Carver, esq., in the yenra 1766, 1707 and 1768.
London, 1778.
[There are Bubseiiuent editions.] -*'-'-'
8". Goottingen, 1759.
Loudon, 1170-11.1
<^Philos. Trans. Loud.
::l!)
I:
III''
It!
m
982
MONOGUAl'Iia OV NORTH AMBllICAN KODENTFA.
1780.— Fabricius, O. I'.ivnii Om:iiliinclic.-i, Hystnniutico Histens iinimiilia Grojnlandia! occidcntalis Iii>c-
Ic^iivs iniliij^atrt, (inoiiil iioiiien Hpi'cilicvni, trivial", vernacvlvnitivo ; sjiioiijina uvcUirvm
plvriviii, (l('»cri|)ticiii(^rii, liwviii, victvin, gt'Horatioiuini, iiionw, vsvii', captvraimivo siiigvli,
jirovt (lotfgendi occaniii fvil, inaximiKive parte sccviidvin propriaa observationes Olhonia Vah-
ricii luiniBr-' cvangelii, qvoudaiii (irujiilaiidi» ad coloiiiaiu Fiidorichbhaab, . . . Hafuiaj ot
Lipitiu), iinpcnsiH loiuiiiiM Outtlob Kothu. . . . indcclxxx. 8^.
1780 ?— Hiitchlns, — . MS. aocoiint ol ifudwjii's May, written about the year 1780.
IThls in Muiil to liiive fiirniHliiMl Mr. IVtiiiiuit with i-iucli iufonnatiim respectiiiK tlie lunmiuAlogy of tbo n^ton.]
1782.- Jefferson, T. Noten on the .State of Virginia; written in the year 1781, somewhat corrected and
enlarged in tbo winter of 17di, for the use of a foreigner of distinction, in answer to certain
queries proposed by him respecting 1. Its boundaries. 2. Uivers. 3. Seaports. 4. Mount-
ains, &c. [I'aris,] mtlcelxxxii. pp. ;!9I. S'^.
[Tbis Int ml. of .ri'tViTsim's " Kotcm " was |iriiit«(l in I'nris for privntc circulation (SOO copica) withont title,
pago, and Ih not to be rrRardoil as publialiod. I have not soi'n a copy i above titio is i|uated from liartlott's Cat.i
loguo of tliii Library of .rohndaitor Brown. From tbis cauio a French version, n6(i; some say also nss. For
GircuinstauccH ot the work prior to tbe n.|>iilar publication of the English ud., sue Iiartlctt,up.cit., 192; and
esiiecially Randall's Life of .kllerson, v(j|. I, p. 411 (b^, New York, 1838).— The dale, HeS, is supposed to bo that
of preparation, not of printing, of the work. Tli re hav.i been nunienius imprints; O'Cal'agfaan's list of tbera
(with some additional data) Is as follows;— lod. of Hc^i, without a title-page, SOU copies (privately printed] Phil.
ndelphbl, nn.*! [supiHjsed to bo merely circulation there of some of the co])ies of 17t^2ed.| French version, 8°,
I'tt is, ntf5, and Paris, Karrois, nB(i.—Ho, Loudon, Stoekdale, lie? [tbe first properK- published ed. from which
Jelfeison's list of niaiuiuals acquires datej. - «o, Plilladelpliia, Priehard &. Hall. 1788, Pbiledolphia, 1792.— Philadel-
phia, Carey, l;94.— S", Baltimore, IPOO.— >.o, New York, Davis, 1801 [called tbe " :ld Amer. ed.", which it is notj
fi'^, Pliilailelpldi), Itawle, 1801, " 1st hot-proased ed. "—Boston, Carlisle, lyoi, the 8th Anicr. ed.— lb°, Boston, Spmgue,
IriK, till) Uth Amor, ed.— irp, Trentou, Wilson & Blackwell, 1801. -Now York, 1804.— 12", Philndeli.Uia, Hugan &■
Tlioinpson, Idl.'i.- Boston, 18».— l(i». Best 'U, 18)2 — 8°, Kichiuond, Kimdolph, 1853; also, 6°, Washington, 1854,
lieins In vol. viii of .relTerson's " Works".]
1784.— Cook, J. Voyage to the Pacific Oc-cau in 1776-1780, performed under the direction of Cantata
Cools;. ;i vols. 4°. London, 1784.
Pennant, T. Arctic zoology. Vol. i, Introduction, Class i, Quadrupeds. 4°. Kng. title, 4 pi.,
cc m>., 3 1., 18.1 pp., froutisp., 8 pi. Loudon, printed by Henry Hughs, ui.dcc Izxxiv.
[The whole work, in 3 vols., dates nj'4-e7. 1 a 2d ed. In 3 vols. 4°, 1792.]
1704-92.— Belknap, J. History of New Ilampshii .< vols. B". Philadelphia and Boston. 2d cd.,
8 J. lioston, 1813.
1786.— Jefferson, T. Observations | siir | La Virginie, | par M. J " * •. | Trnduitcs do I'anglois | [par
l'Abb6 Morellet.] | [Vignette.] | ix Paris, | chez Barrois, [etc.] | — | 178C. lS°(f). 5! p. l.,pp.
viii, 2U0, 1 1. map, tab. [Contieut uuo listo des mainiiiif fties do la Virginie.]
[ A copy of tlu' privately printed edition of 1782 having been surreptitionaly obtained, this French versioi! wan
made, printed, and published in advance of the authentic KngHnh td. of 1787. See what is said under besds of
theeils- of 1782 and 1787. TboFreecb version is utter'y condemned by JeflFerson. (SeeKandaH'sLife, vol. i, p. .114.))
1787.— Jefferson, T. Notes | on the I State of Virginia. | Written by Thomas Jeflersou. | Illustrated
with I a map, ineliiiling the S(at<.s of Virginia, | Mary- | land, Delaware and Pennsylvania.
I — I 8°. London: { printed fat .lohu Stoekdale, opposite | Burlingt ii-House, Piccadilly, j
uulcelxxxvii. 1 vol. b". 2 p. 1., 38* pp., map and folded table. [Contains a nominal list of
nnimals of the State.]
[The origiual draft, of this work, which hears date 17P2, was imprinted (900 copies) for private cironlntion,
without tltle-pa;;e, and eann .t lie considered as published. There was an anonymous French version in 1780.
Tbe KiiKlisb ed. of 1787 being the llrst one published with sanction of the ntith')r, and avowetl by him, is the une
fnun wliieb Jelferson's list of tbe mammals aci[ulres ita proper date. (See tbe etls. of 17^2 and 17841.)]
Zlmmermanu, B. A. VT. I'ennant's arctische Zoologie.— TliiergOBchichte der nordlicheu Pnlar-
liiuder ans deni Knglishen des llerrn Tboin. Pennant, mit Aumerkuugeu uud Zusiitzeu durch
E. A. W. Zlmmermanu. 2 vols. 4^. Leipzig, 1787.
1790.— IJeares, J. Voyages to the northwest coast of Am a iu 1788 id 1789. 4°. London, 1790.
1794.— Williams, S. Natural and civil history of Veimout. 8°. Walpolo, N. H., 1794. 2 cd. 2 vols.
ti'^. Burlington, Vt., ia'».
1804.— Duralde, M. Alistraet of ii eommunicatioii relative to fossil b)lle.^ etc., of the county of Ope-
loiisus west of the Mis'«is8i[>pi to Mr. William Dunbar of the Natchez, anil by him transmitted
to tbo society. <Tr;iuB. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. vi, 1804, no, x, pp. .Vi-Gd.
Watkins, J. Notices of the niitura' history of the nn"- ' -iily parts of Lor-sinna, in a letter from
j/r. ,Iohu Watkins to Dr. Barton. < Trans. Am, I'u4. j. Soc. Phila. vi, no. xiv, 1804, , p. 69-72,
^?^S:
V-XJ
IJinLIOGIi. ArPENI)IX-ll. r.M'NAL rUDLlCAT10N\S.
5»83
1807.— Qars, P. A Jimriml | of llii' | voynROM nml tnivils | of :i corpN of .liHcovrry, | imkIit Hi.' loin-
iimnil (ifl'aiit. I.i'wis and Capl. | Claikr of (li,. army of dii' I'oiii-d Stales, | IVoni | {Iw iu.miIi
of llio river MiBMoiui tliroiitjli the | interior part.s of Norlli Aiiiei i.'a | to llie I'.ieille n, can, |
<lnrinnlln5yeiunlf(l4, IMI.-i.A MW. | l;ontainln^; | an anil tie relalioirof ihemoV inlirehlniK
traiiHiietionH I ilnriiiK tlio exinMlilion,— a dewriplion of llie eonntiy,— | and an aeionnl ol iin
InlialiitftiilH, Hoil, climatu, ciirioHitiea | and ve«elalile anil animal prodiieliouH. | — | lly Pal-
rick Gas-H, I one of the perKniis emiiloyed on the expedilioii. | — | Willi ^'iMiijrapliieal and ex-
planatory miteH | liy tliu publislier. | — | [CopyriKlit meiireil iiceordinK to law. | | I'itlHliiimli, |
printed by Ziulok Oaiiiur, | for David M'Keelian, pnl)li«lier anil ( piopiielor, .... IHi;. | I
vol. 12". i-viii, y-Wi'i pp. (No ilhistraiioim.)
|Ther«nre«evpral latrr eillllons. Tbci iHiok n<fim In viirlmiii iniimiiiiilH /xiuoii. S'l. I,<^^>l> iinil <'linl.i', IHli |
Hoame, 8. .lonriu-y to tlin norlliern ocean, liy Samuel lleariiu, in the yeaiH 17(i',l, I77II, 1771,
and 1772. London, 1H07.
1808.— Cuvler, G. l)e« os foHsilcs troiivfcs daim rAm<5ri(|iii) sopteiitrioimlu, <,J»nrn. du I'liyn. Ixvii,
le08, pp. Xll-SU;!.
1811.— Ree», T. Travels on the Mi8»onrl and Aiknnsaw, by Liuntouant Pike, iu l«Or. and 1B0«. i:diti-d
by T. Keen, esq. London, HU.
1814.— Brackeuridge, H. M. Views of LonlNlanit. ... 8°. Pittsburg, ISU.
IiewiB, M., and Clarke, W. History | of | tlio expedition | under the command of | Cap-
tains Lewis and Clark, | to | the sonrces of the Missouri, | tuenee | across the Hoeky Mount-
ains I anil down the | river Colnmliia to the PaciHc Ocean. | Performed dnriiif; Hie yeuin
1H04-5-C. I By order of the | governmont of the United States. | Propareil for the piess | by
Paul Allen, esqnire. | In two volumes. | Vol. I-[1I]. | Philadelphia, | publisbid by Kiadford
and luskeop; and | Abm. H. Inskeep, Newyork. | .1. Maxwell, gninter. | lull. S voir*. 8".
Vol.1, i-xxviii, 1-470 pp., maps. Vol.11, i-ix, l-r>*Jpp., maps. (> Vol. II, Chiip. VM, " A
general description of the beasts, birds, and plants, &,c, found by the party in this expedition ",
pp. H8-201.)
[This ia tbo original o<l. of the aiilhenlic narrativo ; there are many olhera litter, 7. r. See eHpitcisIly C'oiiea,
Hull. TT. S. Qenl. Siirv. no. 6, Sd aer. 187l>, pp. 417-444, for an aceouutof thcac books, and of uanieroiiH apnrtoua or
coDiteml puhlicationa relatinfE to I be travels of these oxplorvirs.
Cootains pamm, nnil particularly at the place above specially Indicated, an acconnt of namerons mammaN
observed in the region traversed ; none under binomial names ; some of the nccoanta are onr orlglDat notices
of species. The mammalogioal matter h import.inl, as the basis of various binominal siteeies, especially of Onl
and Kadnesque.J
Levris, M., and Clarke, '^/. Travels | to the { sonrco of the Missouri Kiver | and across thu
American continent | to the | Pacific Ocean. | Performed | by order of the government of the
United States, | in the yenrs 1804, 1805, and IH06. \ — | By Captaius Lewis and Clatki'. | — |
Published from the otUcial report, | and | illnstrated by aina]i of the route, | and o her maps.
I — I London : | printed for Ijongmau, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Drown, | Paternoster-Kow, |
— 11814. Ouc vol. 4". i-xxiv,l-(il);i pp., 1 folding and i; fnll-piigc maps. (> Chap. XXIV,
"A general description of the beasts, birds, and plants, &c., fonnd by the party in this ex-
pedition", pp. 450-480.)
IKearly identlt.-al, except in form, with *,hBorig. ed. of same date, 7. p.]
1815, -Lewis, M., and Clarke, W. Travels | to the sonrce of | the Missonri River | and across
the I American continent | to I the Pacific Ocean. | Performed by order of | the government of
the United States, | in the, years 1804, 1805, and 1806. | — | By Captains Lewis and Clarke. |
— I Published from tho odlcial report, | and illnstroted by ■•. mni> of the route, | and other
maps. I — I A new edition, in three volnmes. | Vol. I, [II, '1- I — i London: | printed for
Longman, Hurst, Keea, Orme, and Brown, | Paternoslcr-K( 1815. :) vols. 8". Vol. I, pp.
i-xxvi, 1 I. not paged, 1-411, maps 11. Vol, II, pp. i-xii, 1 I, maps 3. Vcd. J!i, pp. i-xii,
l-;«)4. (> Vol. Ill, Chap. XXIV, " A general description of the beasi .irds, plants, &.C., found
by the party in this expedition", pp. 1-73.)
(Except Ml form, and in some minor details of lypography incident to rfselting of tho typo, this is identical
with the 4^ edition of 1HI4, 7. o. It was reinsneil, Ir^l?.]
Lewis, M., <ind Clarke, W. "Tiigebneh e. Entdecknngsreiso dnrch Nord\morika in d.
■lahreii 1804-(>. Ans d. Kngl v. Weylaud. Mit 1 Karte." <Neue Bibliothek der wichtigstcu
Beschreibnngen n. s. w. (Weimar, gr.-W'^ Bd. i, 1815).
ITitto Ufa Ciermau vcrsiun, tpiotcil fiom Kayser. See the origlual, 1814.1
1
■r- J-'
984
MONOGHAPUS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
4
m
lQlS-!!0. — Ord, O. " A iiniverBuI geograpliy, or a viuw of tbo preseut stuto of tlio known world.
Ori){itiiilly minpilRd by William Uutlirio, esq. ; the (wtronomical part liy James Ferguson.
.S<'eoii(l American wlition, 2 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1H15. Third American edition, 2 vols. 8vo.
and one of nrnps, riiiladelphin, Ilenjamin Warner, UiO."
frill) foregoiDg copied fniui Bainl. Tho work is raro. The only copy I have seen i*^ entitled : " A now | peo.
Kiapliical, I liiatorienl, j and comiuercial trrftuninr; | aud pruBent BtAto of tho j AOToral kiogdonia of tbo world. |
CuntalninK [[....) .TohuMin nud ^y|l^nlT. V<d. ii, I'hiladelpbia, 161S." Thia may Dot bo exactly tbo
annio book m cited by Itnird; it coUHlstH of prel. pp., pp. l-4iO:), maps, and baa Ord'a zoological matter at pp.
300-361, aa eite.^ by Daird. Mr. Ord'H work hero conaiata of compllud nomiual liata of vortobrntea, in wbieh
aclenlific nnmea are originally imposed npon nearly all tbo apeeiea deacribed by Lewia and Clarke, followoil by
deacriptiona of many of them, lu tho 3d ed, alMive e'.iod Iroiu Il.iird, tbo liata of nyatematio nnines are omitted,
but Ibe other zoological matter ia retained at pp. 141-180 of vol. i; Mr. Ord'a nanio, however, ta not given.]
1816-18.— Lewis, M., and Clarke, W. Keize { uuar | de lirouneu van don Miasouri, | eu door
hot vosto land van America | nnar du Zuidzoo. | Gediinn op luxt van de rcgnring dor Vorce-
nigdo Statcn van America, | in do jaren 1804, lri05 eu IBOfi. | Door do Kapitoins | Lewis eu
Clarke. | Met ecno kaart | — | Uit het Engelsch vertaald door | N. O. Van Kampeu. | — |
Eersto, [twcede, derdo on hiatsto,] deel. | • | To Dordrecht, | bij A. Blnssd & Zuon, | 181G
[1817,1818]. .Ivols. 8°. V. 1. 1, I81fi, pp. i-xxxii, l-a!)8, map. Vol. II, 1817, pp. i-viii, 1-31)0.
Vol. Ill, 1818, pp. i-xii, l-3;i5.
[Thia appears to bo a fair and complete version, probably made from tho English 3.vol. editioD of 1819, q, r.]
1817 (prior /o).—Le Raye, C. Journal of Charles Lo Raye, etc.
[1 cite from memory a rare book 1 have seen ; contains a curious figure of Autiloea"^.]
1317.— Bradbury, J. T-vcls iu the interior oi Ncrth America in the years 1809, 1810, and 1811. 8°
Liverpool, 18i/.
Lewis, &!., nnd Clarke, W. Travels, etc.
(An Irish edition of tbo work ; i vols. 8°, Dublin, J.Christie 1817. Said to lie like the ori|;:ual.J
RaOnesque, C. S. Descriptions of seven new genera of North American quadrupeds. <[ Amor.
Monthly Mog. ii, 1817, pp. 44-4C.
[Mazama, Diploatoma, ]). 44 ; Ueomya, Cynomys, Aniaonyx, Mynomus, p. 45; Lynx, p. 40.]
1010. — Rafinesque, C. S. Further discoveries in natural history, made during ajourney through the
Western Slates. <Auier. Monthly Mag. iii, 1818, pp. 445, 44().
IMnFC'ilus leucopns, M. nigricans, etc.]
1319 —Leach, W. E. Notice of some animals from the arctic regions. < Thomson, Ann. Phil, siii,
1811), pp. (iO-til.
Rafinesque, C. S. Prodrome do soizantc-dlx nouveaux genres d'auimanx dtScnuverts dans
I'intdrieur des fitats-Uuis d'Am<!rique, durant I'anu^e 1818. •< Journ. do Phys. Ixxxviii, 181U,
pp. 417-429.
Warden, D. B. A statistical, politir.tl, and historical account of tho Uaitod States of North
America By I). H. Warden. 3 vols. 8^'. Edinburgh, 1819.
INumcroua compiled uotloca of North American mammals.]
1820. — Harmon, D. W. A jonrual of voyoges and travels in the interior of North America, between
the 4(th and 58th degrees of latitude, by Daniel William Harmon, a partner iu the North West
Company. Andover, 1820.
Rafinesque, C. S. Annals of nature, or annual synopsis of new genera and species of animals,
plants &c. discovered in North America. 8*^. Pamphl. 1820.
Warden, D. B. Description statistique, historique et (mlitique ues £tats-Unis dol'Amdrique
seplentrionale, depuis Tepoquo des premiers 6tablisseiuen8 jusqn'ji nos jours ; par D. U. War-
den, . . . Edition traduito Kur cello d'Angelterre, . . . 5 vols. 8". Paris, 1820.
[Tome V, chap. .\ix, "Boa quadrup6dea on mammifftres dca £tatB-Unis ", pp. 60<MJ4d. Many changes intro-
duced from tbo English edition.)
1821— Schoolcraft, H. R. Travels to tho sources of tho Missouri Kiver. Albany, 1621.
1823.— Sabine, 3. Narrative of ajourney (first) to the shores of the ymlat seas in 1819-1822. By Cap-
tain Franklin 4". London, 1823,
(Appendix, mammals, by .T. Sabine.]
Say, T. Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to tho Rocky Monntolns, performed in tho
y(>ars 1819 and '20, under the commund of Mnjijr Htephou II. Long. Compiled by Udwiu
James. 2 vols. '. Philadelphia, 1823.
ICuntoiiiB numerous important notices and original descriptions of mammals, by Thomas Say.l
i?
BIDLIOGU. APPENI)1X-I5. FAUNAL PUBLICATIONS.
1)85
1823.— SooroBby, W. Jwiriiiil of n voyaae t" "i" "or'bcrii wlmIo(i»Ii«ry 1vol. 8- . Eiliu-
Ijiiruli, H-JI).
|/!iiolu;:ical apiMudli on tbo mammals of GnH-nUncl. Uui gnunlamllcna, Traill, n. r>p , p. 417 ]
1824.— Sabine, B. Journal of n voyage for tliu illscovery of n norlliwcst pnnnijic from llio Alliintic to
till' I'licilic, i)crforiiU'd in tliu years 1810 niiil 1>*.>0, in Ills MiijeBty'.s nhipH Ihclaand (iripi.r. Uy
Ciilit. \V. K. Tarry: with a scluntific apiiendix a vols. 4". London, I*.M ,Sup|de-
nient to the appendix Vertubriita. liy Edward Sabine. 4>^. London, IK-.M.
182S.— Harlan, R. Taiina Americana : being a description of tlie niammiferonB animiila inhabiting
North America. W^. aid pp., 1 1. riiilaUeli>bia, published by Anthony I'inley, J. Ilnrding,
printer, IttJ'.
RlohardsoD, J. Journal of n second voyage for the diBcovery of ft northwest passage from the
Atlantic to the rucilie, performed in iJiil-'i:) in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla. Hy
Capt, W. E. Parry. 4". London, 18^4.— Appendix: Vertebratn, by Dr. .1. liichardhon. 4'-'.
London, 1825.
1826-28.— Qodman. J. D. American natural history. Vol. i [vol. ii]. Parti. Mastology. Pliiladel-
Iibia, H. C. Carey and I. Lea, Chestnut-street, U. Wright, printer, 18!20. [8°. Vol. i, eng.
title, xvi+ 17-362 pp., 21 pU.; vol. ii, eng. title, 331 pp., 19 idl.] Vol. iii. Parti. Mastology.
Philadulphift, Carey, Lea & Carey, Chestnut-street, 1838. [Eng. title, 2fi4 pp., 9 pU.]
(Tiio fom^oing is tlie orifrioai oilllitm, now a ratlior rare work. A Heconil rditiou. In ihrre vols. 8°, van
published iu IS'Jl, at Philadelphia, by Stod<l.-irt & Athcrton. It In supposed to bavo bren priutml from the nrlK-
ioal stereotypes, as thero appears to bo no ullorotiun. Thci-o la at litast oiio other edition, of mneh later dat4>.J
1827.— Harlan, R. Notice of certain jireparcd specimens of qniidrnpeds in the pcssessioii of a genClo-
man lately returned to Philadelphia fiom his travels in the United States and Territo. as.
< Journ. Acad. Nat. Sti. Phila. vi, 1827, pp. ri5-5C.
Liohtenstein, K. M. H. Erliiuternngen der Nachrichten rtcs Franc. Hernaude/, von don vier-
filssigeu Thieren Neuspaniena. < Abhandl. K. Akad. Wiss. Derliu, 1827, pp. KI-129.
1028.— Richardson, J. Short characters of a few ijuaurnpeds procured oti Captain Franklin's late ex-
pedition. <Thc Zoological .lournal, iii, no. 12, Jan.-Ajir. 1828, pp. 51C-520.
[AH but 3 of the 13 spp. desisribetl are new, these short notices anticipating the fuller descriptions in the
Fn. Cor.-Alu. It39. Sorex forsteri, p. TAG; S. palustlis, Arvicola iKirenlis, A. (Lemmus) lietvoliis, Myuxus drum-
mundii, p. 517; Cricettis talpoidns. Mils lenropus fRaf), Arct^miys prninesa tPenn.), p. Sl^j A. tSlHTmopliilus)
lat4>nilis, ficiurns (Tamias) quadrivltlatns, ^^teromrs sabrliiuB, P. alpinns, p. 519; Lepus tLngomys) piiuceps,
p. iXI. Ropablished, F^rnss. Bull, iviii, 1(30, pp. 103-103; Isis Ton (Ikon, 1B30. pp. I343-1344.|
1823.- Kaup, J. J. Skizzirto Eutwickelnngs-Gescbicbtti uud natUrlichcs System der europiiischcu
Tliierwelt. 8°. Darmstadt, 192D.
Richardson, J, Fauna | Biireall-Americana ; | or the | zoology | of the | northern parts | f |
British Anierica; | containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the
late northern land | expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, li.N. | lly | John
Bicbard80U,M. D,,F. R. S., F. L.S. I ... | surgeon and naturalist to the expeditious. { Assist»l
by I William Swainson, F. K. S,, F. L. S., &c., | and the Reverend William Kirby, M. A,, F. R.
S., F. L.8., &c. I — I Illustrated by numerous plates. | — | Published under the authority of
^ . the right honourable tbo secretary of | state for colonial affairs. { — | London : | John Murray,
Albemarlo-strcot. | — | mdcccxxix.
Part first, containing the quadrupeds. By John Richardson, pp. xlii, 1 1., 300, pll. 27. 4°.
[One of tbo most important works ever published on North American mammals ; for many years a principal
source of our information respectioK thoso of Arctic America, and continuing to br standard trcatise-l
1829-33. — Eschscholtz, P. Zoologischer Atlns, enthaltend Abhi! hiiigen und Beschreibungen nener
Thierarteii, wUhrend .... in den Jabren 1623-2C beobachtet vou Dr. Friedr. Eschschollz.
Folio. Berlin, i-iii, 182!;, iv. 1831; v, 1833.
|Tho last pan, posthumnus, odiled by l)r. M. 11. liathkc, contains doicrlpHons and flguroa of Canis oobropni,
Arctomys caligata, Oris nivicola, etc.]
1830.— Oapper, — . Observations on the quadrupeds found in the district of Upper Canada extending
between York and Lake Simcoo, with the view of illustrating their geographical distribution,
OS well as of describing some species hitherto unnoticed, <Zool. Journ. v, 1830, pp. 201-207,
[Sorcx talpotdea, Crlcetas myoid«b, etc.]
103r 31.— Richardson, J. [Birds ond mammalia collected during the lost arctic I.-ind expoditiuu
under Sir John Franklin.] < Proc. Comin. Zool. Soc. London, i, 1830-31, p. 132.
986
MONOGllArnS OF KOllTU AMERICAN KODENTIA.
1030-
1831.
1831
1832
1833
1834
1833
1836
1837,
1839
33.— Cnbiiii't of nudirnl liiBtory and Ainpriciui rural Kj«)rt8. Willi illnHtrotioiiH. It vols. 4".
I'liilacltlpliia. I'lililihliod by J. & T. UmiKlity. Vol. i, IKIO; ii, IKW; iii, parts i-iv, IK!:).
[A iHvt} iMHtk, iif Hcini-wii'nttllo character, routuiimip many aiiroiiiilH anil colontl jilaeHof Ntirlli Aincrirac
iiiimimalH. vU\ 'J'br artii-Ic" havo liopn fully IimIcxi'iI for the preBi'iit hihliocraiihy.)
—Ellsworth, H. L. Notes on tliu wild animals ui Illinois. < 111. Mai;. July, IKU ; Featlierston-
liaii(,irs Moiitli. Am. Joiirii. Cii'ol. and Nat. Sci. Oct. IHItl ; Illiuois in 18'.t7, pp. — .
Wcgler, J. Kiiiigi! Miltbuilungen iibtr Tliicru Mcxioos. <^ Isis, xxiv, 18:il, uol. OlO-KS.
-36.— 'Wagaer, J. A. Iliitriij^o ziir KeHiituiss dur wariublUtiguu Wirbeltbioro American. <^Ab-
banfll. Miiii. bun, ii, 18:)l-;!(j, pp. 417-olO.
— Cox, R. AdviMitur™ on tb« Colnmbia Kivor. 8". Now York, 18IU.
-41.— Bonaparte, C. L. Icoiiogralia dclln fanim Italii'a, per 1« qnnttro classi degli aiiiniali verte-
brati. Toiuo i, Mainmil't'ri « uccelli. Folio, Kouia, 18^12-41.
— Brandt, J. F. I'rodronnis descriptionis Rnininliniii ab II, Mcrtennio obsi>rvatorum. <^Acad.
Sci. Uocunil. St. P<5tor8b. 18:14, pp. a01-a<().
Harlan, R. Critical notices of varions organic remnino hitherto diocovcred in North America.
< Trans. Geol. Soo. Pcuiia. i, 1834, pp. 46-112.
— Bennett, B. T. Saugothiero aus Californieii und Mexico. <^ Isis, 1KV>, pp. 524-525.
Robs, J. C. Appendix to the narrative of a second voyage in search of a northwest passage,
and of a residence in the arctic regions. By Sir John Koss. . . . 1vol. 4°. London, ISJIT).
[iDcliidinK ncrLuut of the ob.lretH in the several departmtutB of natniAl hiatory a,.'eD and discovered duriDK
the expoditioD, by Captain James Clark lUiaa, R. N.)
Troost, O. Oil the organic reaiaius wbicli characterize the transition series of the valley of the
Mississippi. < Trans. OeOl. 800. Penna. i, 18;t,'>, pp. 248-250.
— Btatidt, J. F. Conspectus se^tiouuin, genermn, anb-genernm et specieriim novornm, qna) in
fasuiculo priini Prodromi descriptiouem aniiualiuin a Mertensio lu orbis terrariim circuuiuavi-
gatioue obaervatoriim rcperiuntnr. < Ann. Sci. Nat. v (Zool.), Iftifi, pp. 180-188.
King, R. Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Arctic Ocean in 18;i:l-:i5, nnder the com-
uiaiiil of Captaiu Back, IJ. N. By Richard King, M. R. C. S. ... 2 vols. 12°. Lonilon,
Richard Beutley, 18:«j.
[ Voticea Barren-ground Itoludeer, Arctomys okanoganus, etc.]
Richardson, J. Narrative of the Arctic laud expeditiim to the month of the Great Fish River
and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in the years 18:).1, 1834, and 1835; by Captain Back,
R. N. ... 8'^. [Other copies in 4°.] London, mdcccxxxvi. pp. i-x, 1 1., 1-663. Map and
plates.
[Appendix contains zooloxioAl remArks by John Richardson.]
—Bell, T. A history of British qniulrupeds, including the cetacea. . . . Illustrated by early
2UU woodcuts. 8'^. xviii, 526 pp. London, John Van Voorst, . . . 1837.
Oervals, P. 8ur les aniuiaux mammiforcs des Antilles. <| Sue. Philom. Extr. Procbs. Verb.
is;i7, pp. 107-108; luslitut, v, no. 218, lKi7, pp. 253-254; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2e B«Sr. viii, 18:J7, pii.
Richardson, J. Report uu North American zoology. <[ Sixth Ann. Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836,
18;!7, pp. 121-2-^4.
(An inii)ortAnt cnmnientary on, and digest of, the then state of our knowledge on the Bul^eot. Some now
apet'ieM are deeorihed.l
— Bachman, J. Description of several new species of American quadrupeds. <^Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 18.«), pp. 57-73.
Bachman, J. List of (luailriijii^d') procured by Mr. Townscnd, and sent to the Academy of
Natural Sciences. < .Imirii. Acivd. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 18;i!), pp. 7:1-74.
Bachman, J. Additional species to the list of Mr. Townsoud's quadrupeds. <^Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 18:i!), pp. lOl-lOo.
Baer, K. B. von. IJeber die Iliiuligkeit dor Oewitler in den Folar-Regtonon. < Poggond. Annal.
xlviii, 18:19, pp. <)01-010.
Darvrin, C. Narrative of the surveying voyages of his mo,|e8ty'8 ships Hecla and Beagle. . . .
Ill tliree volumes. Vol. iii. 8'^. pp. xiv, fiir,, (i[rg. I^ndon, 1K19.
[TI)iHVulu;iie)ia'4Hee(ilid:)iy title: " Vol. III.— .lournui and leiiiariiR. tSja-IH;ifi. Ily Ch'iili'a Darwin. . . . "
Coiilaiiih iiiiiiortunt notices of animaln. There ia an Aiuorican tKlition, 2 vols. Hi''. New Yolk, Harper &
ItrotheiH, IHtii. 1
DIIJLKKiK. APPENDIX-n. FAUNAL PUBLICATIONS.
1>H7
1839.— Eydouz, P., atui Oervais, P. Vi).vnt;<' autonr dii ninndo wir l» rairvotto ,\t> IVial l.ii lavi.riii',
]>i'nilaiit li'B .inii(<.'s lH30-3:i, ... Toiii.; v. ZooloRio par MM. I'.vilcmx et (iorviiid. H'. I'aiiH,
liiilninil, IKii).
Gray, J. E. Uescriptiuus of some luauiinulia (liocovirod in Cuba by \V. 8. MaoLouy.
Nut. llmt. iv, 18:i!), pp. 1-7.
Richardson, J. Tho zoolofjy of Capt. liecchi'y's voyago. ... 4"
Ann.
1040-
1041.-
London, 1h;13.
[.MatunmlLi by Ur. J. Kiubanlouu.]
Towusend, J. K. Narrative of a' jonriioy aoroHs th« Rooky Monntaina to the Colnnibiu I!ivi>r,
and a viHit to tho .Sandwich Islanda, Cliili, Ac, with a scicntilio appendix, lly .1. K. Town-
send. 8'-'. Philadelphia, 1830.
1839-41.— MazlmlUai], — . Reise in daa inncre Nord-Ainerioa, in don Juhren IKKJ big 1K14, voii Maxi
uiilian Trinz /,u Wicd. a vols. 4". Coblonz, J. Hoclsthor, vol. I, ITO'.I; vol. ii, IHll.
[N'umfToiu importniit notl(-4-« of North Atnorioan mnnimals. The EogliHli trauBlatinn, in 1 viil. V, and Ihit
Fronch, in 3 vols. H**, abrldgo, or Rcarcoly reproduce, this matter.] ^
1R40.— De Kay, J. B. Letter from J. E. De Kay, of the zoological department. May 7, l«ii). < Stale of
New York, .... Communication from the govornor, transmitting several rejiorts relative tu
the geological snrvey of the State, 1840, i>p. — .
[A mpro list of apccica, of no value. 1
De Kay, J. B. Report of J. E. I)e Kay, of the zoological departmtsiit. [On tho fanna of Now
York. December 20, 1839.] < lb.
[A list like the preceding.]
Emmons, B. Report on tho quadrupeds of MaasacbusottH. 8°. Cambridgo, 1H40.
1840-41. -Low, D. IllustratioHH of tho breeds of tho domestic animals of Great liritnin. 13 parts and
supplementary pari. With 56 coloured plates from dravpiugs by W. Nicholson 4 '. Loudon,
Longman, Brown & Co., 1840-41.
-44.— 'Waterhouse, O. R. Tho zoology of H. M. 8. Besglo. 4". London, 1840-44.
[Mammalia by G. K. Waterhouao.l
L. — Audubon, J. J., antf Bacbman, J. Descriptions of now species of North American qnndrupeds.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 1841, pp. 92-103.
Audubon, J. J., and Bachman, J. Oesciii lions of now species of quadrupeds iubabitiug North
America. < Juu:n. Acad. Nat. 8ci. PhiU. vili, 1841, pp. 280-32:1.
Bydouz, P., and Souleyet, — . Voyage autonrdu mondo, oidcnt*^ pendant los anni^es 1H3() et
1837, Bur la corvette La Bouite Paris, 1839-44. 8°. Zoologio, par Eydoux ot Sou-
leyet, 1641.
Lund, P. V. BlikpaaBrasiliensDyrcverdon < Kongl. Dansko Vidensk. Selsk. Naturv.
och Math. Afhandl. viii, 1841.
1842.— De Kay, J. E. Zoology of Now York, or the Now York fauna. By James E. Do Kay. Pan. i.
Mammalia. 4°. Albany, 1842. [Many plates.]
{ n«^Hido8 doRCriptioDH, biographical nuticon, and 6gnrea of tho animals of tho States, lists of extra-llmiial
spi^cies are given, including all those thun known to iuliabit North America. Tho work hna not been recog-
nized 08 of high aothoiily, nor has it exercised much intluence uimn tho progress of tho fcieuce.J
Esclirloht, D. P. Jngttngelsor pns Nacbbehvalen eller Ishiondernes Andarnefia, racrileriM'n
Uogling. < Forhiiniil. Skand. N.'.tnrtorsk. 3. Mote, 1842, pp. 651-C58 ; Isis, 1845, pp. 4;(7-440.
Harlan, R. Notice of two new fossil inannnalK from Brnnswick Canal, Georgia; with observa-
tions on uomc of the fossil quadrupeds of tho United States. < Am. Jouru, Sci. and Art«,
xliii, 1842, pp. 141-144.
Hays, L [Remarks on Prof. Owen's paper on Missouri fossils.] <^Proo. Am. Philos, Sue.
Phila. ii, 1842, pp. 183, 184.
Llnslfiy, J. H. A catalogue of the mamiuitlia of Coanecticut, arranged according to their nat-
ural families. < Am. .Jouni. Sci. and Arts, xliii, 1842, pp. 345-354.
1842-73. — Levrls, M., anil Clarke, W. History | of | tho expedition | under tho command of Cap-
tains Lewis and Claike, j tu j the raurces of the Missouri, thence across the Ko(;ky | Mouiit-
aina, and down the river Columbia to tho | Pacific Ocean : performed during the | yeiirs
1804, 1805, 1800, | by order of f ho | govormneut of tho United States, | Prepared for the press |
l|
UHH
MONCXJUAl'IIS OF KOKTII AMEIIICAN IJODENTIA.
'III
1 'i!^
ill ■ '
I)y I';iiil Alli'n, oiiq. | Reviiieil ami nbriilged by tho omission uf unimportant do- | tailH, willian
iuticHluclion and ncitt'n, | liy Archibald M'Vicltar. | In two volumi'X. | Vol. i[-ii]. | New York,
llar|iiTA liiiillirr.H, puliliHliciH, | I'rankliii 8iiiiaro, IHfiS.
I'rwn vdIb. If^, WHIM' iif llu' i»«ui!fl I'otnitDi; pai t of Ilaipcr'n » tIpb. " The Ffttnily Lilirnry". Vol. i. pp. i-vi,
i*-v'. vii-li, .Vi-ini, :l maps. Vol. II, pp. i-i, ll-;j!t.'(. 3 mnpfl. ( >VoI. 11, ApiMiiiilix, "FiirtluT oiiiinieratiuQ noil
dcm-riptldti of (lio qua(lru|M>ilH, I>ir(l8. IIhIius, mill ptiintH uotlctiil iliirinc the OTipoilition", pp. .'):t9-:i79.)
MKiiiuniiiiti of ibi) ilaU'H of tl:o kuccohhjvo imiiliiH, tuoHt of wlilcti oolmiflleil of 2,M) copleH: — Si^ptembcr, 1H43 ;
jHiiimi.v. I««; Miiv, l''43;.I»nn«r.v, IM; July, IM.'i; April, 1817; M»y, IS-'iOi Aiijsioit, IR'il ; Jiini>, 1«55| April,
IH.'pK; Novrmlur, laiMi Fiilinmry, leiW; March, 1H71 (vol. II); April, 18711 (rol. il ; February, 1874 (vol. Il); De-
OMiiibor. lH7.'t (vol. i) ; tn all foiirU^tiu Uhuoh of tlio wliolo work, uiiilor a^xlocu ililfcronl ilati'H.
'I'hiH in nil f'llltoriul ttliililKiiH'nt, or ilit^'t-nl, of (Iin orit^liinl of If 14, <]. v., filthfolly anil, on tho whole, ,)uill-
rioimlv eMriilotl. The iiatiiral-liiHtory chii|iter. bpRldert lieinjt relcfjutcd loan fll>peililix, ia tratiH[»oHeil an to Ita
liotftiileal anil 7.oolof:ical piirtloiiH. 1; in liillhtTlnoro abiitl^ed at the Cllltor'a itiHiTotlon, the omintilonH Ih'Id^
in<licnte.il hy aHtoriika. A new ft-uture is fiKit-notu rel'uruncea to the pagivi of the lioily of the work on which
the Tariona hikh-Iim were before rj.nntioiieil. Tbia in a valuable set of oreM.reforcnoea, for tho narrativu au*
eouiita 8cutt4}red througii the work are ufleu no luaa iniportanl than tho foruial noticca tlieniaelvcu.J
1043. — Harlan, R. Koinarki* on I'rof. Owen's letter. [Abont Harlan's notice of new fossil mamnmliii.]
< Am. .lonrn. 8ci. and Arts, xlv, 1843, pp. l!08-ail.
1843-45. — Gray, J. B. Zoology of tbu voyage of II. M. 8. Sulplinr, nuder the oommnnd of Captain Sir
Edward liulcber Parts i, ii. Mammalia. Uy J. E. Gray. 4'^. Londou, 1643-45.
1044.— Oregg, J. Cnniincrce of tbe prairies, a vols. 13°. Pbiladvlpbia, 1844.
[CnntftinH intoreatiog noticea of Bome of tho larger matumalaof tbeplaina: — blaon, elk, deer, bear, wolvoi,
prairie-ilogB, eto.J
Schubert, O. H. llitthoilnng von Corrcspondenzen nits Labratlor [ilbor seine Landsangetbiore,
WasHcr, Laud- und Straudviigel]. < Mlincbcn. Hull. Akad. 1H44, col. 121-1'20, l:ia-133;
MUncbcn. Uelvbrto Auz. xviii, 1844, col. 418-42'.^,
1845. — Fucheran, J. Description do quelquos mawmiffcres amtJricaiiis. <^ Revue Zool. viii, 1845, pp.
3;i,-)-3:)7, 3()y-:i73.
1846. — Carpenter, "W. M. Remarks on some fossil bones recently brought to New Orleans from
Tennessee aud from Texas. <| Aui. Jouru. Sci. and Alts (W), i, 184(i, art. xii, pp. 244-2C0, with
4 U.g.
Falconer, H , and Cautley, P. T. Fauna antiqna sivalensis, being the fossil zoology of tbo
Sewalib Hills, in tho north of India [Edited by Hngh Falconer.] Letterpress.-' Part i.
I'roboscideo. 8^. 61 pp. Loudon, Smith, Elder & Co., Go Cornbill, 1846.
Oodmnn, J. D. American natural history To which is added his last work, The ram-
bles of a naturalist, with a biographical sketch of tbu author. In 2 volumes. 3<1 ed. Phila-
delphia, Uriiib Hunt & Son, 1844!. Vol. i, eiig. title, 345 pp. (xiii + 332), 37 pU. Vol. ii, eng.
title. 3:J7 pp., 22 pll.
Hallowell, E. [Descriptioti of tbe locality whence a collection of fossil bones presented to tbe
academy by Mr. Win. Paunoasi had been obtained, and au enumeration of the same.] <^Proc.
Aca»l. Nat. Sci. Phila. iii, 1846, p. 130.
Owen, R. Observations on ceitain fossils from the collection of the Aciulemy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. < Prop. Acad. Nat. Sci; Philo. iii, 1846, pp. 93-96.
1846-54. — Avidubon, J. J., and Baobman, J. The viviparous quadrupeds of North Americo
New York, 1846-04. 3 vols. Roy. 8^. Vol. i,pt.b. by J. J. Audubon, 1846, pp. xiv, 1,389, pll. 1-50.
Vol. ii, i.ub. by V. G. Audubon, 1851, title, pp. 334, 1 1., pll. 51-100. Vol. iii, pub. by same,
1853-54 (.;ntitl(tl " Tbe quadrupeds of North America", date 1854 on title-page), 1 p. 1., pi), v,
348, pll. 101-15!5.
(Tlie iilatoB of thia work are aaiil to have Iwen originally pnbliBhed la numbera, in oblong foiio, witbont text,
beginning an far back aa 1H40. The platen in the eilitii^u aliove given am in roy. 6'', Interealatcil with the text.
Auother mlition or reprint, in roy 6", platca intercalatiMl, apiieaia, pub. by V. G. Aniliibon, in numhora,
lM51-ri4, lieai^neil to Im lioiinil inllTo'i. Tho copy examined in as fultowa: — "The qnailmpeds of Norili Amer-
ica ... . Vol. i. New York, pubiisbert hy V. G. Audubon. 18."il ", pp. i-viii, 1-;184, pll. l-OO.; Vol. ii (no titlopage),
pp. 1-334, 1 1„ pll 51-100. Vol. iii, 1854, t p 1., pp. I-T, 1-348, pll. 101-1,'>5. Vols, ii and ill thun neeni to bo identlejil
with the originals. Thongh vol. ill Is dated 18J4, pp. l-'.!54 are said to have appeared Ui 1853, the remainder
bil854.
These authors treat of 197 apecica, of whieh abont l(iO are flgnrod. Few are here dciicribed oa new, the
origiitiil iloHeripIioiia having moatly appeared elnewliere. See c. */. under datea Ifv'.O and 1841. Tho teeboical
portions ol tbe woriK are Bitppoaed to ho mainly Rltribiitahh^ to Baebmiin, the otiier inillior having: aitendol', to
the illustratluiia and porliona of the biographical matter. Many of the plates were drawn by J. W Audnbon.)
I i if
aaBBiiB"-"r'W!?
lUniilOC.K. AIM'KNIMX-I!. rAHNAI. IMIIMCATIONS.
'.•S<»
1847.— Nilssoii, 8. SkandlimviNk faiiim ViirRtii Mm: l)iiu'K(1jiir.'ii. Amiiii inmiiUi-liid.i
iippliiljan. H>\ 1 p. 1., xviii,(:r,(lpp. Liiiiil, trjokt pii Bokliaiulliir.'ii f. \V. K. (il.iinp-. I ,,iIiik.
iiti DciliiiKskii IldUtijcki'iirt, lpi|7.
Oweii, R Olimivutioim (in ccrliiiii fimail Iwiics from tho collection of (lie Acailcniv of Natnrnl
Kcicnces of I'liiladclphia. < Jourii. Acuil. Nut. 8ci. I'liilu. ('J), i, IH17, art. iii, pp. IM-'JO, pi. II,
1847-48.— Wagner, J. A. licitrii;,'o 7,nr Koiintnisa <lcr Siinnctliioro Ainiirika'B. Alitli. i,:ipll. < Ali-
lianill. il. nmtb.-iilijB. CI. d. K. Hiiyr. Akail. v, Abtli. 1, 1847, pp. ll'J-'20H ; 2. Abtli. I! pll. iUid. v,
Ablh. a, IHIH, pp. 'JG'J-aa-.' i X Abtli. 1 pi. ibid, v, Abtli. 2, IbW, pp. 4U5-1H0.
1848.— Le Conte, J. L. Notice of five now spocica of foiwll iiminiunlla from lUiuoia. < Am. Joiirii.
Sci. and ArtH (2), v, 1848, art. xvi, pp. 102-1U>, witb :t IIkk.
Peale, T. R. United Slates | cxplorhiK expedition. 1 Uarmn the yearn | 1838, IKK), 1H40, 1N4I,
1H42. I Under the command of | Charles WilkcH.U. H.N. | — | Vid. viii. | — | Mammalia ami or-
iiitlioloKy. I Uy | Titian U. I'eale, | one of the natiiraliBtn of the expedition, | niembiT of the
American IMiilosophical Society, of the Academy of | Natural ScionccH of I'bibidelpliia, etu.
etc. I — I Philadelphia: | printed by C. Sherman. | 1848. Text, h",xxvi, IT :i:i8|ip.,20 woodcc;
" atlas, I'olio, Ixxxiv pll.", but the atlaB does not W'em to have appeared. (See 18,'iM, Casbin, .1.]
1849.- Holbrook, J. B. [Catalogue of the mammals of the State of OeorRia.] < Statist lea of the Stato
of (ieornia. Savannah, W. Thorne Williams, 184'J. (Catalo({ne of the fauna and lloia of the
State of Oeornia. Prepared for this work by eminent uaturaliBts.)
Roemer P. Texas. 8*^. lionn, 1849.
(CoDtaiiiA a \l%\ of mnmmals {fiO Hjip,, pp. 4G2-^G4) and other notcH lii Dio Ronornl toxt-l
1850.— Baird, S. P. On the bone caves of Peanaylvanio. <Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. ii, IrtriO, pp.
;i52-;i5!j.
Ootild, J. Low state of dovolopnient of mammals and birds in Anstraliu and New Zealand.
< Am Jcmin. Sci. and Arts (2), x, ISiO, p. 124. •
Ora7, 'i. B. Narrative of au expedition to the shores of the Arctic Seas in 184fi and 1847. By
.Tohu Kae. With a zoological appendix in part by J. G. Qniy. London, 1850.
Leidy, J. On some fossils from Missonri. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v, 18.W, pp. 121-122.
[UbiDoceroa uebraskonbis, n. sp. ; A^riocIi(Bni8 (d. g.) ADtlquuH, n. sp.; PaliDotlioriam balrdil, n. itp.]
Cambury, Lord. The first discovery (probably) of fossil Imnes and teeth in the State of New
York. [Abstract from Weld's History of the Boyal Society, vol. i, p. 42L] < Third Ann. Uep.
Ueg. Univ. N. Y. 18C0, p. 156.
Thompson, 7i. An account of some fossil bones found in Vermont in making excavations for
; the Rutland and Burlington Railroad. <^Ain. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts (2), ix, 1850, art. xxviii,
pp. 250-2tia, with 13 flgg.
:j':''^ Wyman, J. Notice of fossil bones from the neighborhood of Memphis, Tenn. <[Ain. Joorn.
Sci. and Arts, (2), x, 18u0, an. viii, pp. 50-64, witb 5 flgg.
' '' Wyman, J. Notice of remains of vertebrated animals found at Richmond, Vik <^Ain. Jouru.
Sci. and Arts (2), x, 1850, pp. 228-2;», with 9 figg.
(MamniaU. pp. 2M-i!33.]
1851.— Baer, K. B. von. Uoricht tlber einif^ ichthyologlacho Nebcnbeschiiftigungen anf der Reise an
den Peipus, vom Bndo Aprils bis Anfang Junis. < Bull. Sci. St. P^tersb. ix, ISSI, col. 'i^>'.t-'M'i.
Burnett, W. I. [Notes on the fauna of the pine barrens of Upper South Carolina.] < Proc.
Boston Soe. Nat. Hist, iv, 1851, pp. 115-118.
Banis, E. List of birds and mammalia tbund on the Mi»souri River troaa Fort Leavenworth
, to Fort Union, at the mouth of the Yellowstone River. < Fifth Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. 1851,
pp. 136-1.18. ,.,,. . , .
[Mamni»llii,p. 138.)
Hind, J. R. Brief notices [chiefly statisMcalJ of the fur-bearing animals in Rupert's Land and
Canada. < Report on the exploration of the country ln'tween Lake Superior and Red River
Settlement, 1858, pp. 401-405. [Kxtraetud from Rep. of the Jurors, Kxhib. of All Nations,
la-.L]
>! '. *
1 'M ' ;i|i^
'■HP
«90
MONOCllAl'US OF NOIiTII A.MlililCAN ItODKNTIA.
IMIBI::!
1852 — Dairi], S. F. An cspcditidri to tlip viillcy <if llic flri'ut Halt T.iiki' iif ri.ili, iiK IniliiiK n iloscrip-
tioti <il' ilH ^iM)^ni[tliy, iiatiirul liihtory, iiiiil iiuiutuIh, anil an iiiutl^Hiu itf iti watcrH, with nil
aiilliinlii! a( Toiiiit of tlic Moriiioii siatliMui'iit, &c. Ity Howard Slansbuiy, cuiit. coriw topo-
grajtliical (Mii^iiit'tTH. *2 vuU, H (ono lUiilirariii^ ttio maps). I'liilailclpliia, lt^.Vi.
(Tho iirt«t>(llnK titlt- in t'mt iii' a HOjianih! ("lil'.Dii i«»tm5il frotii thr hiuiio «t)ri,-(ityi»' platra bh tlir (^inrt'rnmrnt
pilition. Tlio latter ln-ars tlii' tillf of " Kxiiloralion am) Hurvoy uf tin valley nf tlio tin-at Halt Lake ol' IMali,
llicluiliuti a recttiilialHMauee ut a uew rtiiitt^ tbroilKli tlut Uocky ^louutailia. Uy Ilowartl StaUHbuiy, cupt coiv*
(up<i(jrtti>hlettl eiifiiuitera. IVlntiMl tiy uriliir nf tbti Seiiatf) ot tliu L'niteil Stated. I'liilatlulpblu, Llpiilnciitt,
(traliilHi & Co., IH5a." (An eilitluu of the saniii work waB Hiibsequeutly piinted by llio rublie i'rlnter for the
llnime of UeproiHMitatlveM In 18:>:i. This Is miioU iiiforior In tyingrapliy and iUiiatralioUH ) The 7.ooln|{iciil
{wrtioii of StanHbiirv'H riiHtrt was pubUabi^tl In a Mtparate jmiuplilet by tlio Sinilbwiuiau ledtitntlou, froiu tbo
aanie «t<*reotyiH' ptatoi, antler tbo title of "Zoology of tlie valley of tbe tlrcat Salt Lake of I'tab. Maniiuala, by
5 F. Ilalril, 4c. Kitiaoteil froio C»pt. U. StanBbnry'n rcijort to tbe I'ulleil Htatea S.iiate. Slarcb 10. IflO'J." e".
I'bilndelpbia, I.ipplncott, (iranibo & Co., Juno, ibi-J. 'Ihe entile work waa iiilLlisbeil eaily iu 1853. Tlio
painpblot uilition of tbo aoolo}{y waa pnbliabiHl and diatributuil in June, \S^i.—iItaird.t I
Le Coute, J. [Additional ruiuurks ou souio fuueil iiaobyderuia fruui llliuuia.] <rroc. Acotl.
Nut. Sci. PUilo. vi, 185a, pp. 5G-07.
Leidy, J. Tbo aneieut fauua of Nebraska: or, a (Icseriptioii of rcmaiiiB of extinct niammulia
and cliuloiiia, from the Mauvaisvs 'IVrrca of NuliraHka. (Acctiptod for pnblicatiou December,
I8j'J.) [WaBbingtou,18G;!f] [4°. 118 pp., a4i)ll., witb 4 1. oxplau.] < Vol. vi,Siiii',bsouiuu
Coutributious to Kuun ledge, vi, art. — .
Leidy, J. Report upon boiiih fossil mammalia and chelonia from Nebraska. '"^Gth Ann. Rep.
SuiithH. Inst. 1802, pp. lia-o,'>.
Richardson, J. Tho zoology of tho vojago of II. M. 8. Herald, under tbo coniniaud of Captain
Ilunry Kellett, U. N. V. B., during tho years 1845-51 4^'. London, Keeve & Co. Fos-
sil nmuiniula, by Sir .John Uichardson.
[ Many plates iUustratiutf the outoology of fossil and recent ruiuinaDta of the arctic region.]
Toussenel, A. Passional zoology ; or spirit of the beasts of Franco .... Translated by M.
EdgewortI: Lazarus, M. D.,and inscribed to tbe glory of the chaso, the pretervation of our
game, ami tho religion of tbe "Wilde". ia°. :158 jip. New York, published by Fowlers
6 Wells, 1852.
Warren, J. C. [On the F.ppelsheim fossils, and Diuotherinm gigantenra.] ^Proc. Am. Acad.
Arts and Sci. ii, 1852, pp. 305-310.
1853. — Baer, K. B. von. Mittcrialien za eiuer Qeschicbte dcs Fiscbfangcs iu Russland and den angriiii-
zeiiden Meeren. < Bull. Sei. St. P6tersb. xi, 1853, col. 225-254, 257-!i88.
Leidy, J. [Remarks on various fossil teeth.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philo. vi, 1853, p. 241.
lIliluuB americanus, Hlpparion Touuatam, Oro jiys lesopi, Enbrodya autiquus, Ereptodon priscus.]
Leidy, J. [Itcmarks on a collection of fossil mammalia and cbelonia, from the Mauvaises Terren
of Nebraska.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1853, pp. 392-.'t94.
Middendor^ A. T. v. Sibirischo Reise. Band ii. Thoil 2. Wirbelthiere. Frste Liefemng.
4". St. Petersburg. Kaiserl. Akud, der Wisscnscb., 1853.
Thompson, Z. Natural | history of Vermont, ', with | numerous engravings, { and an | appen-
dix. I 1853. I . . . Burlington, published by the author, | Stacy & Jameson, printers, | 1853.
1 map. 8°. 2 p. 1., 224 + G4 jip., 1 1., 1 map folded. Mammals, pp. 23-50; api>eudix, pp.
11-20.
Woodhouse, S. "W. Report of an expedition down tbo Zutli and Colorado Rivers. By Cap-
tain L. Sitgreaves, corps of topographical engineers. 8^. Washington, 1853. pp. 198, pll. xxi.
[Mamnials, by 8. W. Woodlionsr, pp. 43-57, pll. I-S.— Other copies date 1854.]
1854.— BurmelBter, H. Systematische Uobersicht | dor | Thiero Brasilicns, | welehe | wiihrend cinor
Reise durch dio Provinzen von Rio de Janeiro uud Minas geraes | gesaiumolt oder beobacutet
I wurden | von | Dr. Ileriiiann Burmeistor, | . . . . | Erster Theil. | Siiugethiere (Mam-
malia). I Berlin, 18.'i4. | .... | 8°. x, 342 pp. Zweitor Theil. Viigel (Avcs).
Le Conte, J. L. Notice of American animals, formerly known, but now forgotten or lust. <^ Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, pp. 8-14.
[Meniiualfl, pp. 8-11.)
Le Conte, J. L. [Remarks on a fragment of the jaw of a new pachyderm from (bo tertiary of
Virginia.] < Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philo. vii, 1854, p. (!U.
iHii
■ ■Hiwiipnwvmi'
ninLior.R. ArPKNnix— n. fafnal immmjcations.
991
1894. — Leidy, •!. Nnliic nf Honii' fnK»il Ihiiu'H iVincoviti'iI liy Mr. Kninrin A. I.inrKr in tlir liiiiikH iif Ihf
(Jliiu UiviT, lii(llani). < I'fcic. Acud. NbI. .Sii. I'liilii. vii, ln.")l, pji. IIKI-'JOI.
Leidy, J. [ IvViniiiks on wviral liwBilii iiidicutiiiK iirw »i>i)cii» of i-xtiuil iimiiiiiinliu. 1 < I'nw
Acud. Nut. 8(i. I'liilu. vii, lfr>4, p. 'M.
Leidy, J. Synopsis of cxliiict nmmmnlin, the rt>inalnii of which h»vo hocn dlsoovrri'd in tlii>
(MKcnii fornmtions of Ni'braHkii. < I'roo. Acnd. Nnt. Sci. I'hilH. vii, lWi4, pp. Iu<l-lfi7.
Marcy, R. B. ICsplonilioii of the Ucd Kivnr of LouiBiiuin, in tho ynir IHW. Ity Kiindolph II.
Marcy, captain tilth infantry. United HlatcH army. Annihted liy (leoi((e II. McC'lellun, lirevet
captain Unitwl States en);inuer8. Wjtli reports on the natnriU hiittory of the ronnlry, and
unmerons illnstrations. Washington, Ileverly Tneker, Senate printer. H^. IKA. > Appen-
dix r. Zoolojiy. Muiunials. liy C'liptaiu li. 11. Miircy.
18SS.— Balid, 8. P. Chaiacteristies of sonionowspeciesof North Anicriean inannnaliii,e(illeeled chietly
In connection with the U. 8. surveys of u railroad route to llie I'aeilic. <^ I'kh'. Aiad. Nut.
Hei. I'hihi. vii, 1H:.5, pp. IHil-liaO.
Baird, S. F. Characteristics of sonio new spcciei of inaniiualiui'idli'ited hy thelT. S, and Mexiiun
boundary survey, Major W. H. Knioiy, II. 8. A., conunissiouer. <rroc. Acad. Nnt. Sii. I'liilu.
vii, 1855, pp. •,i;)i-;i3;t.
Baird, S. F. 'l^io U. 8. naval astronntnical exprdition to the southern liiinisphere. dnriiiK the
years lH4'J-'50-'51-'."ii. Lieut. J. M. (Jilliss, superintendent \Vushiu){toii, A. (). I'.
Nicholson, printer, nidccclv. 4°. ^ Appendix F. Zoology. Maininuls. Hy M. 1''. llalrd. pp.
ir>:i-171,pl. xi.
[Includps a syDotiynintic list of mamainlfi fouiitl In Cliill. pp. lf)3-171, nnil p1att< of ('li)Atiiyplinriiii trnncntiiH.)
Brandt, J. F. Keitriixo zur nithern Keuntniss der SitU);uthier» linsslniid's. Von .1. 1''. Ilrandt.
<Mdni. Acnd. St. I'6tcrsb. Go s6rie, Sciences matht^niatiqnes, physii|ues, et nalnrelles, t. ix,
'ie partie, Scioucus iiaturullcs, t. vii lHu5, Zuologie et iihysiologie, pp. l-:ili5.
1NIIA1.T!
1. AbhftiidlaDg: St3lhiit«tJindiKe Mltthnllungnn UlHtrden JloMern Ban clcs Zoboln (Jftutt'/a riMIinn rnr. uia/tea
uud anur'cana) lai VurttU'luli luit ilom (Ion Baam- unil SteinnmrdiTH. (Mit 4 Tat.) p. '2.
3. Abbaudluiig: Die Ilan,1t1iit[lur(le9 Eurii])iiiHcLoii und AHlatittrlii'ii UiiHalumrs. mit ))f»iii<t4^rpr Hezii>liiiiig
I attf die Oi^acliichte lhr«r ICnttU'cbuTig, lliro Synonymio inid |{t«ot?'''>pbiHcbo YtTbri^Uung. p. 33.
3. Abbaudlung: BoltrUge zur uiibnro K' BntniifH dor Gatlimg (^UHtor.
1. Aafsatz: Uiit«rHticliung dur Fragu, ul> dur Ull)i,r Amerika'a vuu doiu den Europaiacb.ABiatiicben Con-
tluentSBpeelHscli VHrscbindeii Roi? (Mlt:)Taf) ji. 43.
fi. Aufsatz: Uubt^r die Variation einzolnor KnuchoD des BllwracbfiilcU, aln arblagPOdeR BnUplul der
zuwoilou sebr iH'tittcbtlicbeD, individuelleu gpstaUlicbuD Abwelcbungder Sohiidelknoebeii eiuzeliit*r
Tbiurarteu. p. 67.
4. Abb'indlUDg: I'.lickoauf diealliiialigen FnitAcbriltetn derOruppirnngdor NflgerniitBpeclellernezlohniig
auf die GoHcbic'bte der Gattuug Castor, bumindera dca altweltllcbeu Itlbera. p. 71.
5. AbbaodluDg: UnterancbuDgenUburdlecrauiologiHcboii Eutwickeluugsfltufuu nridiliedavoDlierzuleiloiidmi
VorwaudtMcbaftcii und CloaDifi'jalioiiiin der Nagerder Jetstzeit, mlt besouderor Bezicbung aut die
Gattung Caalor. (Mit 1>2 Iilbii;;rapbirt6u Tafuln.) p. 133.
1. Thell : Craniologixcbe Cbiirnktoriatlk dwr Ordnuog dor Nager. p. 129.
3. Thoil: Craolologiacbo Charakterlstik der eiuzolnoo Nagorgriippoa. p. 1:18.
' 6. Abbnndlung: Bernerkuiigen iibor die BezeicbuuDgdes altffeltUcbou Bibers uud Caatoriiima Ih-i vpriu-bi<i.
doDeu Vulkaalainnion. p. :)37.
7. Abhandlnng : Bcitriigo zur Kiiontniae dea Bibcrs bci den Araborn. p. 343.
a. Abbaudlnug: Mittbeilungen iiber den Blber, wobl rlcbtlgor die Fiacb- und Moerotter, aua uliioealBrhcn
Scbriftatellcrn uacb Stanialaua Juliou. p. 357.
Nacbtriigo. p. 301.
Oeoffroy St.-Hilaire, I. Voyage autonr du mondo sur la frf'gato La Vienna, coniinand<So par
Aliol dii Petit Tbouars. Zoologio. Vertebrata. Mamuiif^rea, par M. Isidore OeoU'roy St.-Hilaire.
1 vol. 8^. Paris, Gide ot J. Baudry, \8.V>.
[Folio atlas previously pnbliaboO J
Head, J. F. Suuie remarks 3U the iialurul history of the country about Fort Ripley, Minne-
sota. <9th Ann. Kep. Smiths. Inst. 1855, pp. 291-293.
Kennicott, R. Catalogue of animals observed in Cook Connty, Illinois. <; Trans. 111. State
Agric. Soc. i, for ia')3-54, 1855, pp. 577-580. [48 species.]
Strang, J. J. Some remarks on the natural history of Ilcaver Islands, Michigan.
Kop. Smiths. Inst. 1855, pp. 282-288.
< 9th Ann.
W)2
MONOdUAI'IlH OF NOllTII AMKRICAN UODKNTfA.
18S0.- BiirmeUtcr, H. I'.ilitiitcriiii^'i'ii ziir I'miiiii IlniMillriiH, cntlinltfuil AlibiMiitis^n nixt aa^flllir-
lii III' I't'Mtlirriliiiiifcin iieniirutlvr iiii|{<'ull|!uiiil livkauiiler Tblerarteu voii Dr. lierin. Uanii«iat«r.
I vol. I'lilio. llt'iliri, inMi.
Jones, J. IiiviMlipitioiiH, itlii'iniciil nnd i>livHi<>l<>K<<'"'i "''■'l'^'" '" I'Tluiii American vertebralo.
I'liilucli'lpliia, IHTili. 4'^. xi, I'M |i|i, :- SinitliH. C'out. to Kiiuw1cmI|;u, viii, art. Ti.
Leldy, J. Duscriplicin of iioiiik niiniiiiiH of extinct niaiuniulla. <^ Juum. Acatl. Nat. 8ci. Philu.
CM Hcr.), ii, IHM, nrt. xiv, pp. UiO-171, pll. 15-17.
Leldy, J. NoticoH of extinct vurt«l>ratu, ilinoovcrtul by P. V. ILkydon, dnrinf; th« rxpcdition In
tbB »ii)ux coniitry, nnilur tbe coniiuaml of Lieut. (1 K. Wurrou. < Froc. Acail. Nat. Hci. Hbila.
viii, lK''>(i, pp. :ili,:il'.j.
Iictdy, J. NoticeH of reniiiinH of extinct ninmmnlia, diitonvnreil by V. V. Hayden, in Nrbraaka
Territory. < I'roc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. I'hilu. viii, Ih;,)}, pji. Hrt-'JO.
Leidy, J. Noticen of remuius of extinct vertelirutod nuimala, diacovored by Prof. E. KmmonH.
< I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liibi. viii, W)!!, pp. '.>i5, '450.
lOryctf^rocntas oerDutlilttiis, ii. Hp., dfscribod p. '255,]
Xtflldy, J. Noticea of renminH of extinct vortcbrated aniinala of New Jcntey, eolle<-t<y| by Pn>f.
t'lMik, of tlie State geolo({ici>l survey, Hiulor the direction of l)r. W. Kitcbell. < I'roc. Acad.
Nat. Mci. I'uiltt. viii, IKiO, pp. a20,2«l.
IMacrnpliocik allaulica, n. ap., (leBoiibed p. 3130.)
Leldy, J. Noticea of aevcral |{<">"rn of extinct inanimaJia, previonaly lea* perfectly character-
ized. < I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. viii, IWiC, pp. 77, 91, 9i.
Leldy, J. Noticea of aome remaina of extinct niaininalia, recently diacovertd by Dr. F. V. Hay-
den ill the Uud Landa of Nebraska. <^ I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. viii, IHOn, p. .'lO.
Fncheran, J. Kaaai de d6teriuination du curnct6re inuoiqiie dc I'Euroiie et dn nord de I'Aaie.
< Institut, xxiv, 1850, pp. 28a, 283.
Bclater, P. L. Lint of inainiuala and birds collected by Mr. Dridgea in the Ticiniiy of the town
of Uavid in tbe province of Cliiriqui in the state of Punanio. < Proc. Zool. 8oc. LoDdoo, zzit,
18»i, pp. 13d-14:<.
1857.— Balrd, S. F. Catalogiieof North American mainnials, chiefly in the Masenmof tbe Smitbaonian
Institution. 4°. 21pp. Woahington, Sniithsouian lustilution, July, 1«&7.
Balrd, B. F. Reports of explorations and surveya to ascertain the moat practicable and econom-
ical route fur a railroad from the Mississippi River to the PuciBc Ocean. Made nnder tbe
direction of the Secretary of War in ISb^-Hd, according to ucts of Congress of March :<, 185.1,
May ill, 1854, and August 5, lSo4. Vol. viii. 4^^, pp. i-xlvii, 1-757, pll. i-lx. Washington, Bev-
erly Tncker, printer, 1857.
(The ooDtenta uf this volume (wtiich ia " Part 1 " of a " Oeneral report on tbo foology of th« mtptbI Pacific
Kailroad rontoa") coualst entirely of " MnrnmaU, by Speiicvr F. Baird". It la a work othcrvbe kw.wa ax
" Mammala of North Americti ", tbo text harlng been relaaned, in 1850, with tbe platea, and with tbe platea of
tbe otber voliimoa of I'liciflo Rjiilniad reports, and otbera.
It la a aystematic account of tbo mamuiala (excluaive of Cetacea, Cbiropten, Sireoia, acd Plnnipcdia) of
Nortb Ainnrira, About 320 In number, and la by fur tbe moat iniportaut and moat aotiioritatire titatiae which
baa ever appeare<l npou the subject.]
[Bluings, E.] Gleanings in tbe natural history of the Hudson's Bay Territories, by tbe arctic
voyagers, [anon.] < Can. Nat. and Geol. ii, 1857, art. xxi. pp. 170-185, 185, 186, le«-l88, 172-
178.
BlaaiuB, J. H. Naturgcschichte der Siiugethiere Deutschlandg oud der angrenzenden Liinder
von Mittelenropa 8°. vi (including 2 titles), 549 pp., 200 figg. in text. Brarn-
sehwcig, Dnick nnd Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg nnd Sohu, 1857. Alto etititltd : Fannader
Wirlx-ltbiere Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Liinder tou Mitteletuopa. .... Enter
Hand, SUugetbiere, uiit zuhlreichen Abbildungou iiu Tcxte,
Kemp, A. F. Notes on the Bermudas and their natural history, with apecial reference to their
marine algte. <^Can. Nat. and Geol. ii, 1857, art. xix, pp. 145-156.
Kenulcott, R. Tbo quudrupeds of Illinois injurious and beneficial to the farmer. <^ Rep. of
the Commissioner of Patents for the Year 185C, Agriculture, 1857, pp. 52-110, pll. v-xiv.
Le Conte, J. L. Descriptions of several new mammals from Western Africa. < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phil.-j. ix, 1857, pp. 10-11.
,.^-
fe*».'s«ww««?SS
>;1||.
HinhUMllt. Al'I'KNIUX-ll. KAl'NAL I'l'ltlJCATIONS.
i»t>:i
1857.— Leldy, J. hiMt of extinct vi-rti'bnvt.i, llii< rcmnliiH of wliiili Imvo lioi>n illwdvcrnl In ttio rculnri
111' till' MiKMiiiiii llivor: Willi rciimrliH mi t licit n<<>l"Kii«l iiKi'. < I'rm'. Ariiil. Nal. Mri. I'liilii.
I«,i7, [ip. W-l)l.
liOidy, J. RKtillcutlon of Iho ri'fi'rn- wh of certiiiii of llic iiliiict iiiiiiiiiualinti gviiorn uf Ne-
lii'MHkii. < I'lor. Ai/iil. Nut. iSii. I'ljilii. Ih.'iT, p. 17.'i.
Newbarry, J. S. Ui'|)ortH of cxplontiioiiH uihI Hiir\i'}a to itwvrlaiii tli« iiuMt priknt.lr»lili< and
pconomiciil roiitii for a railroiiil ficnii iIki MlnaiHiilppI Klvcrtu lh« raoillo Uia-aii. Vol. vl. 4^.
WiiHliiiiKloii, IH.'i7.
(Tlil« tliii Hlitli viiiiiiiii' uf llh> I'liiillo lUilroiiil lli'iHirlii nonliilnii nii lm|><>rtiiiit und InlKnvilinii mtlcln,
cliltUy liinjirAphlral, iiu tht> Mnlii'iiHlit iif ('jtlirnnilii uikI On-KMii, by l>r. .f. H. Ni'wlMTry, Im'IU|{ |t|i. :)6'7J (wllb
^ lililti>fi) or tliu n-lMirl liptHi llio /iiujoiu' ot lliu lUiutf, . t')iii|). 1 of ihi. >J of purl iv uf tliu viiliiniti.)
Reliihardt, J. FortcKnclito over (Jriinluiulx I'utliHlyr, Kiiglo ok KIhUo, .... <[ Uink, II.,
(Iriiulaiiil, ){(!OKmpliiik ng Htatixlik liiiitkruvi't. KJiilwnhavn, 1H;i7.
(Ki'lirltihxl irrolii luiiuo tyiirn) witlj rmt of naOirnl liUtiiry III llii< fullonlaK work :— " Niliirlilitiirlafci' lllilini!
Ill nil Ueakrlvi'lau at (/riiuliiuil, af J. llolnhinll, J. C. H<!lill><lUi, O. A . I,. Miircli. C. V. I.iltlmu, J. l.iui|i<v, II
Kink ICJulK'nliarn, Lniiln Kli^liin llo)iirykki>rl, IKi7." |i|>. 90-97.
'I'hu same lltt (but wllboiit tlio rvluroncwi to authnrilluH) was traiiitlatiHl null pubtlaliiMl In " Btit^la (Aiitoa
vutil Uriinlanil i;«ngrapliliicli iiail atatiatlacb twachrlaben. Aua ilkiilacbna lju«llunaobrin<sii. Htuttfiart, J. (1.
Cotta'ai'btr Vurlaff, IWIO,' |
1890.— Balrd, S. F. [On luuiuiuitlii uf North Auiurjca.] < Am. Juiiru. Hoi. anil ArtH, itil Rer., xxvl, t8&tl,
pp. I4:l-I Ki.
(('roiu Aim. Man. Nat. Illat. May, {tan.)
Cawia, J. United Htnteti | explurinK expedition. | During tbe years IKM, IKK), IMO, IIMI, laiS.
I Under tlio coinmuiid of | Charles Wilkea, U. H. N. | — |
Vol, viii. I — I Mammalogy | and | ornitbolugy. | lly | John Cowin, | uieniberof the Acaileniy
of Natural Hctencex of Philadelphia; of the American I'hilnwiphical tjociety; of the National
luatitute; of the Natural Hiittory Society of CharleHton; of the Lyceum | of Natural Iliatory
of Now York ; of the Natural Hiiitory Society of Montreal ; | corrcapondiiig iiieuihcr of the
Zoological Society of London; honorary { member of the United Society of Uerman Ornitholo-
gists, etc. I With a folio atlas. | — | Philadelphia; | J. 1). Lippincott &, Co, | l85lj. Text, 4°,
viii, 4(3ti pp. Atlas, folio, 'i p. 1., 42 col. pll. [See IMS, Tkalk, T. It.]
Hayden, F. V. Preliminary report of explorations in Nebraska and Dakota, in the years 1855-
'56-'u7, by Lieut. 0. K. Warren, ... 8". Washington, 1858. pp. !«.
[Above title taken from tbe aeparate reprint of 1875; oootalna aiianuotatwl list of rnanimala I47app.), pp. 90-95
(original pagination pp. 132-137), by I>r. Ilai'doo. It ia anbsunlially tbe aauie aa tbat published lu IM4. Sec
tbia date, Havuk.v, i'. V .J
Bayea, 1. 1. Observations upon the practicability of reaching the north pole. With a map.
< Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. 8ci. xii, 1858, pp. B34-254.
Holmes, F. S. Second edition | — | Remains of domestic animals discoveretl among post-pleio-
eene fossils in South Carolina. | — | Also, extracts from a paper by Professor Leidy, of Phila-
delphia, and a letter by Professor Agassi z. Charleston, S. C. James & Williams, printers.
1858. 8°. 10. pp.
Leidy, J. Notice of remains of extinct vortebrata, fVom the valley of tho Niobrara Uiver,
collected tiuring the exploring expedHiou of 1857, in Nebraska, under the command of Lieut.
G. K. Warren, U. 8. Top. Eng., by Dr. F. V. Hayden, geologist to the expedition. < Proc.
. , Acad. Nat, 8i.i. Phila. 1858, pp. 20-29.
Leidy, J. [Remarks on fossil mammalia from Nebraska.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sol. Phila, 1858,
p. 7.
Tomes, R F. Motes oo a collection of mammalia made by Mr. Fraser at OnaliqQiza. < Proo.
Zool. Soc. London, xxvi, 1858, pp. .546-549.
1859.— Balrd, 8. F. Mammals of North America; the descriptions of species based chiefly on the col-
lections in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution .... with eighty-seven plates and
origiual flgures, illustrating the genera and species, and including details of external form
•y aud osteology. 4°. 4 p. 1., xi-xxxiv, l-7t4 pp., with 87 pll. Philadelphia, J. It. Lippincott &
Co., 1859.
[Keiaaue of the text of the govomineDt odlUon (1857, wliioh eee), together with the plutas of the Tsrious vol-
nmea of Ihe Paclflo Itolln»d and Meiloan Boundary Iteporta, and othen J
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1839.— Balrd, B. Z*. I'liitril StatcH ami Mexican boundary mirvoy. ... Vul. it, part ii. 4". Wniih-
iuKtoii, IrtoO. Mammala o( tlio bouii<Iary, liy Spencer F. Iluiril, with uutca by tbe noturatiaU
of tlio Burvey. Ilein); i>p. IM'fi, pll. 1-5J7.
CrreutNiif r>7 Hpp., nmiiy of which aio lli;timl cithor on platoa of Iho wholti aniiunl or of doUllaof rxtemal
rmtu, or t>t Hktitl't. 'Ui(>w> ^ihitfH »IIi>twiii<I r<triiii'«l pjrt of tho llliiAira'.lipnii of ItaiHrs UsanuaU of North
AiuiTirn. I
Baird, B. F., nnrf Kennerly, C B. R. Kopiirlii of rxplnrMlionii anil anrveya In aoferlain the
muRt practicable and rcunoniicnl mutt' for it rnilrnail from llie MiBaimippi Kiver to Ibr I'aciHo
Ocean .... Vol. x. 4°. WaabinRton, IHr.'.t.
[(.'ontJllDS the following arllclcs on maiuniala*—
Uaiki), 8. V. Re|)ort of Lti ut. E. Q. lleckwitb .... Zaolo|<lral Report, No. I. K«port on
maminalii collected by the anrvey. pp. 5-1), nrltb 3 pll.
This article iM'toDgfl to the ri-port in vol. ii,
Kf.n.nkiii.v, C II. K. lieiMirt .... by l.ietit. A. \V. Wbipplo. Tart vi. Zoological Report.
No. !{. Re[>ort on ninintnalii collcclod on tlin Hurvey. pp. II-IH, witli I! pll.
Haird, S. F. Report .... by Lient. R. H. Williamson. Purt iv. Zuolofticul Report. No.
3. Report on niaminals of the route, pp. Hl-»i.
Thaae reports are rather of aperfiiaetory charart^tr, aa oflloialUiea of the pnblicatlon, chlf fly raluahle for tba
platea. The malce-up of this tenth rolamo of the PaeiHo lUilroail lEeporta la aorh that it miitht bo atyled " Tho
Bibliojirapher'a Deapair"; it oootaina aboat SO (Itffi'nut titlv-paj;ea, and a corrrspondlDg naulwr of Ui0!er«nl
pagiuattous.)
Holmes, F. 8. D6bria d'animatrx dnnieatiqueii m(llan|;(^8 arec des fomilea po(t-pllocin<.a dan*
la Caroline du Bud. (Transl.) < Bibl. Univ. Arcbivea, v, 18.MI, pp. 37-41.
Leidy, J. [On extinct vertebrates of Nebraska.] < I'roc. Am. Pbiloe. Boo. Phila. tII, 1859, pp.
10,11.
Leldy, J. [Remarks on Dromatheriuiu .'vlveatre and otber foaaila from Chatham Conoty, N. C]
< Proc. Acod. Nat. 8ci. Pbila. 1859, p. lb."
Moore, T. J. List of tnamranls and birds colt -itrd by Hr. Joseph Leyland in Honduras, Belize,
and Uaateniala. <Proc. Znol. 8oe. lx>ndon, xxvii, 1859, pp. 50-65.
1859-60.— Thomaa, C. ManiinalH of Illinois. Catalogue. < Trans. III. State Agrio. Soc. iv. lt^59-00,
pp. fi5I-0i!l. [5<l Hpecies enumerated.]
I860.— Cooper, J. O., Buckley, O., and Oibba, O. Reports of explorations and surveys to ascertain
the most practiciblo aiid economical route for a railroad froir. tho Mississippi River to tho
PaciHo Ocean .... Vol. xil. Book [or part] ii. 4'^. Washingtoo, 1860.
[The Tolumo contains :—
CouFKii, J. Q. Report on the mammals collectcc^ on tbe survey. Being chap, i of no. Sof
part iii, or the Zoological part. pp. 7:<-8H.
BucKl.KY, O. [Report on matumals, continued.] Being chap, ii of the same. pp. 89-100.
8i'CKi.Kr, O., and Oibbs, Q. [Report on mammals, continued.] Being chap, iii of the same,
pp. 107-138.
Four pUtfS with these reports. The book was relssned under title of "NaKirsJ DIatory of Waablngtoa Ter-
ritory".]
Du Challlu, P. B. [Descriptions of ton new specie* of mammals discovered by him in western
equatorial Africa.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, 18(X), pp. a9<t-3(M, :i5a-367.
Leldy, J. Extinct vertebrata from the Jndith River and great lignite formations of Nebrosk*.
[18.'>9.] < Trans. Am. Philoa. Soo. Phila. n. m. xi, 18(i0, art. xiii, pp. 130-154, pll. 8-11.
(Uamma'a, pp. ISO-IMI
Puoheran, J. Caract^res gi^nt^raux de la niainmalogie de I'Europe et do nord de l'Am<riqne ek
de I'Asie. < Institnt, xxvlii, 1800, pp. 141-143.
Wagner, J. A. IJeber fossile Htiugethierknoehen nas der Umgegend des Cblmborasso. <^8lt-
zuDgsber. Milnchnn, 1800, pp. 330-338.
1861.— Cooper, J. O. Now Californian animals, [i B. Known species of animals new to California.]
< Proe. Cala. Acud. Nat. 8ci. 1801, pp. 118-lii3.
Roee, B. P A.i account of the animals useful, in an ooonumio point of view, to the varioiM
Chippewyan tribes. < Can. Nat. and Geol. vi, 1801, art. xxiii, pp. 433-444.
Roaa, B. R. Libt of species of mammitls and birds collectetl in Hackenxie's River District
during laO-Ol. < Catiad. Nat. and Ueol. vi, 1801, pp. 441, 44ti. [17 spp. of mammals.]
Roes, B. R. A popular treatise on the fur-lieariiig animals of the Mackenzie's River District.
< Cauud. Nat. anil Ueol. vi, Jan. 1801, pp. 5-30.
BlBLIOttR. APPENDIX— B. FAUNAL PITBLIOATIONS.
995
1661.— Tomea, R. P. Nutcs on a coll«ction of mninmala ma lo by tbo Into Mr. Oabnni in Jamaica.
< I'roc. Znol. 8oc. London, l««;i, pp. KJ-fil), pi. xiii.
1861-63.— MaxlmllUo, — . VcrzeicUniBS ilcr, nnf winer Koiso in Nonl-America bcobacli(et«u Siiugo-
tIii«ro. < Arcliiv fUr NatiirK. xxvii, 1801, pp. lHl-iJ«8, pU. Iv, v, vi ; xxviii, ItiOS, pp. 65-VM,
pi. viii. (Also publishcil Bopnrati'Iy, S°, Ucrlin, 1H02.)
1862.— Ball, A. On tbo inninmals nr.il birds of the district of Montreal. < Can. Nat. and Oeol. Infii,
vii, art. iv, pp. 44-7d; art. xxx, pp.2Kt-317; ort. xxxiil, pp. :il4-37«; art. xxxlx, pp. 401-430.
Bayden, P. V. On the K^logy nnd natural history of the Upper Missouri. [Manioialia, pt.
iii, cbap. xv, pp. tW-LW.] < Trans. Amcr. Pbilos. 8oo. xii, ISfiB.
(ItepuliliibodsepanUiljamlor (lie Mmo tlilt-, viibsnbtltlo, "B«lDg the aubiUnce of a n-port nuds to Liout.
O. K. Wurrcn, T. E , U. 8. A." t". Phitalriphia, IMS.]
Bitobcook, — . [On tbo niamnialiaof Maine.] < Proc. Portland Soc. i,ia'i2, p. 05. (62 species.)
Maximilian, — . Vorzoiobniss der aiif seiner Heise in Nord-Amorika IieolmcIit«ten 8iin|{ethiere
von Maziniilian PriuKen zu Wicd. Mit 4 Tafeln. 8". 2-10 pp., pll. iv, v, vl, viii. Uerlin,
Nicolaischo Verlags-Bucbbaudlnn); (G. Pertba), 1862.
[S«p«rmt«bilraok siu Arch, fllr Nktnrg]
Roaa, B. R, List of mammals, binls, and eg|^ observed in tbe Mackenzie's River District, with
notices. <Can. Nat. and Ocol. vli, 1862, art. xiii, pp. laT-liVi.
Roaa, B. R. [On tbo mammalia of tbe Mackenzie Kiver District. ] < Not. Hist. Ilcv. 1862, pp.
a«!» . (4-J species.)
Roa>, B. R. On tbe mammals, birds, etc., of tbo Mackenzie Blver District. < Nat, Hist. Rev.
1862, art. xxvil, pp. 269-2U0.
VerrUl, A. B. Mammals observed at Anticosti during tho sninmer of 1861. < Proc. Boston
8oc. Nat. Hist, iz, Dec. 1862, pp. IX>, 136.
Wayne, — . Fonr years In British Columbia and Vancouver Island: an account of tbeir forests,
rivers, coasts, ^old fields, and resources for ciilonisation. London, 1862. [Mammals, p. 44.]
1864.— Dawkina, W. B. On tbe Rbostic beds and tbo white lias of Western and Central Somerset, and
on tbo discovery of a new foesil mammal in tbe gray-marl-stones bentatb tho bone-bed.
< Am. Jonrn. 8ci. and Arts (2), 1864, xxxviii, pp. 284,285.
OUplo, J. B. On iutroduced species of Nova Scotia. <[ Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Inst. Nat.
Sci. Halifax, il, pt. i, 1864, art. vii, pp. 60-68.
OUptn, J. B. On tbe mammalia of Nova Scotia, No. ii. <[ Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Inst.
Nat. Soi. Halifax, i, 1864, art. i, pp. 8-15.
Malmgren, A, J. Beobachtungen und Anzeichnnngon Uber die Siiagethier-Fauna Fiumarkens
nnd Spitsbergens. <[ Arcliiv fllr Natnrg. 1864, pp. 63-97.
Newton, A. Notes on tbe zoology of Spitzbergen. <^ Proc, Zool. Soc. Nov. 8, 1804, pp. 494-502.
Small, B. B. The animals of North America. Mammals, 8^. 112 pp. with woodcnta. Mont-
real, 1864.
[A poorpopoUrscooiintof Canadlaa mammala, llloiinited by rode woodouta.]
186S.— DuTH, J. B. Some additions to the game of Nova Scotia. < Trans, and Proc. Nova Scotian Inst
Nat. Sol. Halifax, ii, pt. iii, 1865, art. vii, pp. 59-69.
Feilner, J. Exploration in Upper California in 1860, under tbo auspices of tbo Smithsonian In-
stitntiou. < Ann. Kep. Smiths. Inst, for 1864, 1865, pp. 421-430.
Oerraia, P. Animanx nauvoaux on ran* reoneillies p< lant I'exp^dition dans les parties cen-
traleade I'Am^riqne du 8ud,de Rio do Janeiro &Lima, oi do Lima au Para; exdcuUSo par ordra
du goavernomont (Vanfais pendant les anuses 1843 ^ 1847, sous la direction du oomto Francii
de Coatblnau .... Mammifitres, par M. Paul Gervais 3 P- L, HU PP-, 20 pll. Paris,
chez P. Bertrand 186S. < CiSTKLMAU (Francois do Laporte, Comte de). Kxp&lition
dans lea parties centrales de I'AmlSrique du Sad, de Rio do Janeiro Ik Lima, et deliimaau Para.
7e partie. Zoologie.
Boy, P. R. Journal of an exploration of Western Missouri In 1854, under the auspices of tbe
Smithaouian Institution. < Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst, for 1864, 1865, pp. 431-438.
Maofla, — . Vanoonver Island and British Columbia. London, 1865. [21 spcoies of mammalia
at p. 297.]
Bauaaure, B. de. Note sur qnelques mammifitrea du Moxique. <[Rcv. el. Mag. Zool. xii, pp.
3-11, .5:1-57, 97-1 10, 241-254, 281-293, 377-3KI, 425-431, 458-f , 479-494. [Date or dates uncertain.]
J 'nil
It
I
'I
i»90
106S.-
'^ONOGKAI'IIS OF NORTH AMEUICAN RODKNTIA.
-Baniaure, H. de. N'ntn Knii|il<<nicntniro iinr Ico ninmiiiin<rcR ilii Hexiqne. < Ituv. ct. Mng Zoo),
Sfpt. HliTi, pp. 'JTiT-'JO'.'. (St'n prco'iliiiK title.)
Dclater, P. L. Tlin inniiimals of Soiitb America. < Quart. Jour. 8«i. Oct. ttJ6S, pp. fiOS-CSI,
Willi a litlii)|;i'. Hkutcli.
Wymon, J. I.O11 fiiMil iiianiiimliu from the Anikta uf |\'rii. ] < Pnic. liiiiiton Hoc. Nat. Hist, x,
lt«M, pp. lO.I-lOT.
X86fi.— OUplD, J. B. Ou the inamnmlin of Nova Scolia, Nc. ill. < Proo. and Tranii. Nova Scotian Inat.
Nat. Sci. Halifax, ii, IWiti.art I, pp. 8-1(1.
Lord, J. K. The naturalist In Vancouver laland and Uritiah Columbia, ii vols. 6°. 308 pp.;
375 pp. London, 11470.
Wall, S. List of vcrtobratca observed at Okak, Labrador, by Key. Samuel Welz, with anno-
tations b; A. M. Packard, jr. < Prac. Uoaton 80c. Nat. Hist, x, lH«t6, pp. 364-36U.
(.Msmmalia, pp. tKU.il6«, »J!>-3n.|
1867.— Cope, B. D. An addition to the '■ertobrote fauna of the miocene period of the Unltetl States.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1HU7, pp. UiS-lMi.
Cope, B. D. [Remarks on four species of extinct miocene mammalia.] <^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Pblla. lBb7, pp. 131-132.
Cope, B. D. [Remarks on the contents of cavea of Southwestern Virginia.] < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1MC7, pp. 137-138.
Coue» B. Notes oi< a collection of mammals ttom Arizona. <^ Proo. Acad. Nat. Sol, Pblla. ISGt,
pp. I3:i-I30.
Couea, B. The <ia>ulrupeds of Arizona. < Am. Nat. i, 1867, pp. 361-393, 3S1-363, 393-400,
531-541.
Oundlaob, J. Rovista y catalogo de loa mamiferos Cubanos. < Repert. Fis.-Nat. de Cuba, ii,
1H«7 1, pp. 40-56.
Hall, A. On the mammals and birds of the District of Montreal. < Can. Nat uid Oeol. vi,
lri(!7 T, art. xxil, pp. 3B4-3I6.
Henael, R. Ueltriige zur Kenntniss der Thierwelt Brasiliens. < Zool. Oart. 1867, pp. 390-393,
1101-374.
Jerdon, T. C. The mammals of India ; a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit
continental luilia. ti'^. 31!) pp. Koorkeo, 1867.
Middandotfl A. von. Sibirisohe Relse. Band I v. Ueberslcbt der Natur Nord- und Ost-Sibirlens
Theil ii, entte LiBferung. Die Thierwelt Sibiriens. 4<'. 785-1094 pp. St. Petenburg, 1867.
Bumner, C. [On fura and the fur trade of Alaska.] < Speech on the cession of Russian
Auierio to the United States. 6'^. Washington, 1867. (p.37.)
1868.— Abbott, C. C. Catalogue of vertebrate animals of New Jersey <^QeoIogy of New
Jemey. By authority of the legltlature. Qeoiige II. Cook, State geologist, . . . 1868 — Ap-
pendix K, or pp. 7ftl-8;)0.
BlcSunora.A S. [On luammals from Burn. Babiruasa afflnis, Cervos molnceensis, and Auox
depi'tSHicornis. J < Proc. Boston 80c. Nat. Hist, xil, I8U8, pp. 817,818.
Brown, R.— On the mammalian fauna of Greenland. <_ Proc. Zool. So.. London, 1868, pp. 330-
■J6-i, pll. 30-:il.
Cooper. J. a. The fauna of Montana Territory. < Am. Nat. ii, 1868, pp. 538-538.
' Cope, B. D. [Olmervations on tJie living inhabitanta of oavea In Sonthwestern Virginia.]
< Proc. Acuil. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1808, pp. 85-80.
* [ Nmitonia olMervod. 1
Cope, B. D. [Observations on some vertebrata ttom Lower California and Nevada,] <^ Proo.
- . Acad. Nut. Sul. Phila. 1808, p. 3.
1 ArTlcolA oiirtala, u. sp., dpMrtliril ; I,aKoiDyi prfnoeps found near Ut. 38°.]
Brnat, A. [SynoiMis of the iiiauimnllB of Venezuela.] <^Boletln de la Sooicdad de Clonciaa
r.-icuM y Natiiraivii du Caracas, 18C8, p. ;I3.
OUpln, J. B. On the mammalia of Nova Scotia, No. Iv. < Proc. and Traoa. Nova Seotian Inst,
Nat. iki. iialKUx, II, 1H68, art. vii, pp. 58-00.
m
UlliLlOOB. APPENDIX— IJ. PAUNAL IMJIJLICATION8.
997
nl.
!I,
I,
»t.
1868.— Laldy, J. Notion of miiio vertebrate rcnuiiui from Hardin County, Texas. < I'roc. Acail. N'Ht.
Sci. I'liiln. IMW, pp. 174-170.
MUU*r, J. W. Hyateuiutiiicbe* Verzoichnimdcr Wirbultbioru Mexico'H. IW pp.
Fuel, R. TravvU and odventurea ia South and Cuntrul America. Now Yick, IHGS. (Sec pp. 7 1,
'.'!», SHM.)
Qaannentedt, — . Ant4M:kninf;nr on Djurlifvct i liibavxt nivllan SpitzlwrKen och Girmland.
[Memoir on Ibu aniipal life of tbo polar iteit lutween Hpitzbergen and Uroenland.] < Kong.
SvoD8ka Vot. Akail, lIand)in|;Ar, vii, 1868.
Sproat, — , Sccnea and atudiua of aavago life. London, 18C3. [Cbapter on the chaao in Van-
couver Island.]
1869.— Allan, J. A. Catalogue of the mamnmla of MamachusettR, vitb a critical rcvlaiona^tlio apecica.
< Hull. Mna. Comp. Zuol. i, no. 8, 18H9, pp. I4;i-aw.
(An Important meiu^lr, In wliirli many of the bofnru nwoflnlsMl Dominal hp«g1m aro retluond In ayDoDynia.
In luauy caoea, oa notably tlioae of the Suriclde and Uuatelldtf), the criticlama am pxtvnded and olaltoraio.)
' Browo, R. [On tbo uianinialian fanna of Nortbwest America.] < Rep. Krit. Aaaoc. Adv. Sci.
Kxeter, 186U, p. 1011.
Cooper, J. a. Tbe naturalut in California. < Am. Nat. iii, leiB, pp. 189-189, 470-481.
Cooper, J. O. Notes on tbe fauna of the Up))er Miawuri. < Am. Nat. iii, l&Xt, pp. 894-290.
Cope, E. D. [Iteoiarlu on foaalla from tbe Southern Statoa.] < t'rac. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn.
lwf)9, p. 3.
Cope, n D. Third contribution to tbe fauna of the niiocenc period of tbe United Slate*.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1869, pp. tf-l!i.
Crooiie, — . The natural wealth of California. San Franciaco, 1869.
(Synnpaiaof the mnmnialia, pp. tlJMtll.l
Duji% — . [Liistof mammalia observed in tlie republic of Mexico.] < La Naturaleza, Periodico
CientlHco do la Socicdad Hexicitna do Hiatoria Natural, entrega vii, 1869, p. 1^. [38 aiiecica.]
Fatia V. " Vertebrate foona of Switzerland. £ntcr Band, Situgetbicre. Oenisve &. B&le, 1869."
Frantiina, A. tod. Die Siiagethiere Costarica'a, ein Beitrag zur Knnntnias der geograpbiacbon
Verbreitnng dcr Siiugotbiere America's. < Archiv fWr Naturg. 1869, pp. 247-325.
Oilpin, J. B. On tbe mammali* of Nova Scotia. ... No, vi, [Castoridie, Murldte.] < Trans.
NovaSootian Inst. Nat. Sol. Halifax, ii.pt.iv, 1869, art. i, pp. 8-17.
Benael, R. Beitriigo znr Kenntnias dcr Tbiervelt Braailiens. < Zoot. Oarton, 166!), pp. 16-19,
33-40, 135-:4U, 289-298, 328-:i:l6.
Iteidy, J. Notice of aome extinct vertebrates from Wyoming and Dakota. < Proc. Acad. Nat
Sci. Phila. 1869, pp. 63-67.
Leidy, J, Tbi> extinct mammalian fauna of Dakota and Nebraska, including an account of
■ome allied forma from other localities, together with a synopsis of the mamniallan remains of
North An.irica Preceded with an introduction on the geology of the tertiary forma-
tions of Dakota and Nebraska, by F. V. Hayden, M. D. Philadelphia, 1869. =:i Jonrn. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 2(1 aeries. Philadelphia: published for the Academy, by J. B. Lippiucotl
&. Co., 1869. 4°. 472 pp., 30 pll., 1 map.
1870.- Allen, J. A. Notes on tbe mammals of Iowa. < Proc. Host. Hoc. M. tl. xiii, Deo. 15, 1860, pp.
178-194. (Pab. Feb. 1870 ; also sep. panipb. of 18 pp.)
(48 >p. tmted, with tilonraphlwl aal crltioal ootaa.]
Brandt, F. Slbcrip, under the title "Neue Unteraucbungen Uber die in don altaiaoben Iloblen
nnfgefyindenen SUugethierreste, ein Beitrag zur qnatemUren Fanna dos Rnssisohen Reiches."
< IWI. Biol, vii, 1870, pp. 359-438; Bull. Acad. Sci. St. PfStemb. xv, pp. 147-902.
Brandel, F. Tbe fiinna of Peoria. (Being pp. 217-223, chap, xxxix, of the ■■ History of Peoria,
Illinois", by Chaa.Ballancn.) 16". Peoria, 1870.
(A liarvly aanotatad Uatof mamaula on p. 8t8.1
Cope, B. D. Observations on the fanna of the Southern Alleghaiiiea. < Am. Nat. iv, 1870, pp.
:".«-402.
Delondre, A. Notes aur qnelqnea mammif^re* du GroBnland. < Bull. Boo. Ir.ip. Zool. d'Acclim.
(2), vii, 1870, pp. 92,93.
Oilpin, J. B. On the mammalia of Nova Scotia, No. v. [llrsns, Scinridw.] < Proc. and
Trans. Nova Sootian Inst. Nat. Sci. Halifax, ii, loVo, art. i, pp. 8-18.
1
'!l-
998
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTfl AMERICAN fiODENTIA.
1870.— Oilplo, J. B. OiillinmnnininlianfNoTaHcatia. . . . No.vii. [Miiridnt.llyttriciiliit.] <Traa«.
Niivu Hootinn Inst. N»t. Hci. Ilulifux, ii, IH70, pt. iv, IWO.nrt. vii, pp. 83-03, with pinte.
Lankester, B. R. Swim inamninlia. <^ Can. Nat. and Q. J. S. d. r. v, 1870, pp. 104-107.
[UepriDtAil from " Nature".]
Leldy, J. Tlio extinct manininliaD fnnna of Dakota and Nebraska. < Am. Jonro. 8ci. and Arti
(«), xlix, 1870, p. a74.
Leidy, J. [On foasil niamuialian bonea from Dakota and Nebraaka.] <Proo. Acad. Nat. 8oi.
I'liilo. 1H70, pp. 6,1,06.
lUliiDorerottd nml Aelntvdont fumu Indloatoil.J
Leidy, 3. [On foiwil inanimnliau reniaina from Idaho, Utah, and Oregon.] '<^Proo. Acad, Nat.
8ci. rUila. 1H70, pp. 66,67.
Leidy, J. [On fossil luauinialian roiuains from Illinois] <[ Proo. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Fhila. 1870,
p. 13.
jHeffsloHyx, UUoD, Plslj^ioni, Procyon, soil AdoumIoo rvmaioi iodlosled )
Leidy, J. [Uu fossils from Bridge Creek, Oregon.] < Proo. Acad. Nat. 8ei. Pbila. 1870, pp.
111-113.
(Oreodcm saperbiu, Lophtndon oecidentslit, BhiDocarot ap., sod AnrhilbMinn oordool deMribtd.)
Leidy, J. [Ou fossils from Church Unttea, Wyoming.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, pp.
113,114.
(rslrBoayop* palndoma, Miorosna oQapldstnR. and Notharctoa tffDebrMns dcacrlbed.)
Leldy, J. [On fossils from Sweetwater Kiver, Wyoming.] <^I'roc. Acad, Nat. Sol. Pbila.
1870, pp. 109, 110.
IMerycocbceraa niitloaa, Lophiodun modostaa, sad Hyopsodna pftnolus indlooted.)
Leidy, X [On fossils from the Ticlnit; of Burlington, Knns., and from the Koeky Hoontaioa.]
< Proc. Acad. N.it. Sci. Phila. 1870, p. (K>.
{Bison smericsnaat foasilis Indicated.}
Leidy, J. [On the rolntioou of European and Anierioan fanna.] '^ Proo. Actwi. Nat. Sci. Phils.
1870, pp. 78, 73.
1871.— Allen, J. A. The funna of thejfrairies. < Am. Nat. v, 1871, pp. 4-9.
Allen, J. A. Ou the mammals and winter birds of East Florida, with an examination of cer-
tain assumed specific characters in birds, and a sketch of the bird-faunn of Eastern North
America. < Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool. ii, no. 3, 1871, pp. 161-450, pll. 4-8, with 41.
[Chiefly omUbologlosl, bat Inoludinn Important notloes sod orltlolaiua of maaiinQU.)
Brewer, W. H. Animal life in the Rocky Mountnina of Colorado. <^ Am. Nat. t, 1871, pp.
220-843.
Couea, B. Notes on the natural history of Fort Macon, N. C, and vicinity. (No. 1.) < Proe.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1871, pp. 18-49. [Mammals, pp. 18-18.]
Bayo, Vr. J. Notes on the range of some of the animals la America at the time of the arrival
of the white men. < Am. Nat. v, 1871, pp. 387-398.
Leidy, J, [On a small collection of mammalian foaails from California.] ^ Proo. Aoad. Nat.
Sci. Pbila. 1871, p. &0.
Leidy, J. [Kemains of extinct mammals from Wyoming.] < Free. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1871,
pp. 113-116.
Leidy, J. [Remarka on donation of foasili from Wyoming.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1871,
p. 197.
Leldy, S. [Romarka on fossil vertebrates from Wyoming.] <Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila.
1871, pp. 888, 229.
StevenaOD, J. A list of mammals and birds collected in Wyoming Territory, by Mr. It. D.
Schmidt and Mr. James Stevenson, during the expedition of 1870. < Rep. U. 8. Qeol. Borv.
Terr, for 1870, 187 1 , pp. 401 , 468. [83 sp. ]
1872.— Bnihin, T. A. Dio von mir bis Jetzt in nnd nni Nen-Cuin [Wisconsin] beobachteten Siingethiore.
< Zool. Osrt. xiii, 1872, pp. 251,858.
Cnpplea, Sfn. O. Singular creatures, and how they were fonnd; being stories and stndiea
from the domestic zoology of a Scotch parish 8''. 333 pp., 4 pll. Boston, Lee A
Bhepard, publishers; New York, Lee, Shepard &. Dillingham, 1873.
,!#-■
^i.i.
BlllLlOOlJ. APPENDIX-U. FAUNAL PUnUCATIONS.
999
1873.— OawiOD, J. W. NoIoh | mi tlia | ]io«t-|ilioo<>n<> KCMilKgy | iif | Canada; | with iBpocial reference
to the coiulitiuiiH of | acciiiiiiilatinii of thr ili)|i(mitii anil the | marine life of the jicriiMl. | lly J,
W. Dawiiou, LU 1).,F. R. 8., 1'. 0. S. | principal of McGill llniventily, Montreal. | (Krom the
Canadian Natiiraliat, new aeries, vol. vi.) | Montreal: printed hy Mitohcll A. Wilaon. | 1H72.
ll'Jpp.,7pll.
QUpin, J. B. On thnnianiroaliaof Noru8cntla. ILopim, llangifer.] < I'roc. and TrauH. Nova
8eotian luat. Nat. 8ci. Halifax, iil, lH*'i, art. vi, pp. 40-(il.
OUpin, J. B. Un the mammalia of Nnva Hootiu. [ Aleen ] < I'roc. and Trans. Nova 8cutiau
t Inst. Nat. 8oi. Halifax, iii, |H7'2, art. iv, pp. lUU-Wli.
[45 spMiea njcogoixed in tlio whole wriea of puperH.)
Leldy, S. [Notice of donation of fossils, etc., from Wyoming.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sol. Philo.
18r>.i, pp.367,tH!8.
Leidy, J. [On eonio new species of fossil mammalia from Wyoming. ] < Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1872, pp. 167-lGU.
Leldy, 3. [liemarka on fossil mammalia from Wyoming.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Vfli,
pp. lM0-a4a.
Leldy, J. [Remarks on mammalian fossils from Wyoming.] <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philo. lt)73,
pp. iy-8l.
Iieidy, J. [Remarks on fossils from Wyoming.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1878, p. 377.
Leidy, J. [Remarks on some extinct mammals.] <[ Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila. 1872, pp. 37, 38.
laeidy, J. [Remarks on some extinct vertebrates.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, pp. 3S-40.
1873.— Bmhin, T. A. Zoologische Hittheilungen aus Wisconsin. < Zool,Gart.xiv, 1873, pp. 431,433.
(Brief sud sllxbt notes oo a few mammals.l
Cope, B. D. On some new extinct mammalia from the tertiary of tho plains. := Palasontolog-
ical Ilultotin, no. 14, published July 2.'i, 1873.
{AlurodoQ miuteliaus, Acerntberiam raegalodus.]
Cope, B. D. Sur les on^nl6s it pied conrts do I'docitne du Wyoming (fitats-Unis). < Journ. do
Kool. Paris, ii, 1873, pp. 168-185, pi. 7.
BlUott,B. W. Report on the Pry biloT group, or Seal Islands (Alaska. By Henry W. Elliott,
Assistant Agent Treasury Department. Oblong 4°. 6!> I., 48 photo, pll., 3 photo, maps, with
paged printed aoroas lengthwise. Washington, Government Printing Oflloe, 1873.
(Ooly about IQO ooplos prlated.]
OervaU, P. Bemarques gar la fauna snd-am(!ricaine, nccompagndes de d^Ltils anatomiques
relatifs i, qnelqnes-uns de sea types le plus caraetbristiques. <[ Comptes Reudus Acad. Sci.
Paris, Ixxvii, 1873, pp. 478 ; Journ. do Zool. Paris, ii, 1873, pp. 478-487.
Leidy, J. [Remarks on extinct mammals from California.] <[ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1873,
pp. 359, 860.
Merrlam, C. B. Report on the mammals and birds of the expedition. < Sixth Aun. Rop. U.
S. Oeol. Snrv. Terr, for 1878, 1873, pp. 661-CU9, with a fig. [28 sp.]
1874. — Allen, J. A. Notes on the mammals of portions of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah.
< Bull. Essex Inst, vi, Mar.-Apr. 1874, pp. 43-65. (Pub. May, 1874.)
(Foar distinct lists of msmnials observed in tbe regions named in tbtt title, with important notes ou their
bsblts, distribatlon, eto.J
Allen, J. A. Notes on the natural history of portions of Dakota and Montana Territories, being
tho substance of a report tu tho Secretary of War, on the collections made by the North Pocitio
Railroad expedition of 1873, Gen. D. S. Stanley, commander. < Proc. BoBt. Soc. Nat. Hist,
xvii, June, 1874, pp. 33 seq. (Also sep. paniph. of 61 pp., 8<^, Boston, 1874.)
(Msmmsis, pp.d6-43, pp. 6-U of the reprint. Important notes on bsbits, distribntioD, etc. 3lspp.|
Ameat A. B. Mammalia of Minnesota. <Oull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. 1874, pp. 68-71.
Bell, T. A history of British quadrupeds, including the cotacea 3d ed. revised and
partly re-written by the author, assisted by Robert F. Tomes, .... and Edward Richard
Alston London, John Van Voorst, .... m.dcco.lxxiv. 8°. iviii, 474 pp., with
160figg.
Cope, B. D. Notes on the Santa V6 marU, and some of the contained vertebrate fossils. < Proo.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, pp. 147-152.
(Msrlps nambinnus, p. 347; Coaoryx raniosus, p. 146; C. teres, lleepcromys loxodoo, p. ISO; I'anolsx sane-
taeHdei, p. 1)1, spp. nu.J
1(.X)0
MONOOKAPUS OF NORTU AMERICAN ItODENTIA.
i'W-M
liiiii
*;:, :il
1074 —Cope, B. D. Kepnrt on (Ih- MratiKTu|>liy ami pUoceno vcrtnbrain pali'oiitoloKjr of Nortbeni
Coliirmlo. < Kiill. C. S. (loil. Miirv. iid, 7,>rii/ wiriiw, pp. 'J-'iH. I'lib. Jnii. 21, 1H74.
I [lippiiilH'rimu luiiiicUM', l*niUibi|)|iu« liilirtpAUM, r. ifJiinrtuH, Pruomni'liiii «ki;{uUiiU«iia, V. hvleruduntiM, If vry*
C4MluB^«ninill'i<r, MeniitlH'rliini<i{.ii.) Iwmurlnam, llypertrA^iliu trUnwUluii, Blutberliim rniuMnm, tpp. no.)
Cope, B. D. Ruview ur tli» vvrUibrata of thu crotacuniu pvrlixl fuuntl west of (he Miwluippl
Kiver. < Ball. IJ. 8. Ouol. 8urv. no. 'i.flrti mrkm, 1874, pp. :i-61.
Cope, B. D. The snvocaaiun of life lii North America. < Ano. Hag. N. II. 4th aer. xiii, 1874,
pp. 3ii;-;i.ii.
I Ifa'priiilvtl fmoi tlx rk<nn M<mtbl;, Feb. Ili14.)
Oaane, R. Tliu fjiiiiiaof tlmCnrnliniM twiihnndrtMl year* ago. ^^ Am. Bporte. Sept. 10, 1874.
ll-Utrat'iB fruiu l.awMon'H Nat. HUt.of the <'ftn>Unaa.)
Oundlach, J. Ciitalogtio diis niaiuniifi^ree dn I'llu do Cnim, (Kl Artist*, t. ii, IWr. 8; Ue-
iiioriait mibre U Hist. Nut. dv la lata do Cuba, t. i,p. :I0; Aun.de la Boo, Eap.do Hittoria Nat, de
Madrid, t.i. p. ani. 1873.) < Jonni.de Zool.lll, 1874,art.xliv, p.83l.
Blttell, J. S. Tlie rpaniirooH of Cnlit'ornin, comprising the sooiety, climate, laliibrity, acenery,
commerc'o, and iuduatry ol the State. . . . 6tb ed., rewritten. lii°. zxix,(l), 443 pp. Ban
Kniiirim.H>, A. Koinjin & Co., lt:'74.
I UMiimala, pp. 31.V3I)4 |
Loclclogton, W. N. Not iceof a comuinnlcation from .... containing ootet on the mammals
and birds of (.'uliforuia. < Proc. Zim>I. S»o. London, 1*^4, p. 129.
Bcamniaii, C. M. Tbo niariuo niaiumals of the uorlh-weBtcm coast of North America, deKril)«<l
un<l illimtrat«il ; together with tin account of the American whole lishery. By Churlea M.
8< iimmnn, captain U. 8. revenue marine. 4°. 3111, v pp., 27 pll. Ban Francisco, John H.
Carni.viy »V Co.; New York, O. P. Pntnam's Sons, 1874.
I'l'M alR I'liif tly uf r4«t««'a. Imt lDclud«« amla sDil a^a nttvr.)
Jnoii. (lumc animals of Colorado. [From Denver (Colorado) Times.] <^Am. Sports. Jan.
7, 1874.
Anon. Tbo hunter nalnrnlist in Caoada. < Forest and Stream of 22, 1874.
I Ext«n<le<1 iMit«a on the mamuinla.]
AiioH. Nuwfoundlund— it« licasts, birds, and Bsbcs. < Forest and Stream, May 21, 1874.
187S.— Brown, R. On the mnninialian fauna of Greenland. <Man. Nat. Hist. ... of Oreenland, . . .
l»7.->, pp. 1-34. (8". London.)
I lt*^priDt«4[ from Prno. Zool. Hoc. London, May W, 1PM, wiib corrrctlona and annotatlona Vj tb« sntber.)
Couea, B., and Tarrow, B. C. Engineer Department, Unlte<l States Army. | — | Report | upon
I geographical and geological | explorations and surveys | west of the one hundredth meri-
dian, I in charge of | First Lieut. Goo. M. Wheeler, | Corps of Engineers, IJ. B. Army, | nnder
the direction of | Brig.-Oen. A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, U. B. Army. | Published by
authority of Hon. W. W. Belknap, Secretary of War, | in accordance with act of Congress of
.lune 2.3, 1874, and February 15, 1875. | In six volumes, accompaniml by one topographical
and one | geological atlas. | — | Vol. v. — Zoology. | — | Washington : | Government Printing
Office. I 1H7.'>. 4 J. IO-.JI pp., xlv pll.
[Chapter i.— \otea iipnn gooKmpblcal distribntiun ai\d Tsrlation wtth reffsrd to the xoology of the Wcotam
t^nit«dSt«t«AaareUt«flnioropartltialarly tomammalsuid blrda. By 'Dr. 11. C. Tarrow. pp. 11^-34. (^lutpter ii.—
Itoport upon tlio ooHuctloDa of nnunmala niatlo in iwrtiona of Nevada, t7tab, Califoniia, Colorado, Now Meaioo,
and AHiooa, during thu years IK7I, \»n, 11173, and 1671. Dy Ur. Elliott Coaea and Dr. H. C. Yarrow, pp. 3S-I9>.
The wlH)le volume waa not puldfabed until the year following (he oetenalble date, the flrat iaane of oopioa
fi-iim tlie printiugoflice bavins ^>een made in Hepteraber, le7<L Chap, 11 conoiata of a ceneral tfr*liae npon the
n'Mumalaortbv aouthweatern iiurtlouaof the Unlloil Rtatea, including many not eollecteil by tbo Survey, and
outbrat-va alaoa moaugrapii uf Ibu CbinipteiiAof North America. I'rominence ia given throughout the article
to ayuonynialic liata of the apecloa, theae being rooro extenalve than any provloualy collated. The text relat.'a
uuiuly to tho habit* and gmigraphical diatribulion of tlie apecios, but the charactera of the apeeles and higher
groupa of the Biita an given, mainly upon the baala of Harriaon Allen'a memoir.]
Blliott, H. \7. A reimrt upon the couditloii of affairs in the Territory of Alaska. By Henry
W. Elliott. »\ 277 pp, Washington, Government Printing OfHoe, 1875.
(A moclitte<l repriutuf hia oblong 4*^ report, which la praetleally Inareeaalble. t'tanp.T, on the Sea Otter i
rhap. vil. on th > Kur Kealj both very Iniiunant contribullunn to the knowledge of the inliject.1
Orlnnell, O. B. Kiiglumir DepartTnent, U. S. Army. | — | Heport | of a | reconnaissance j of
llie I Dlitck UIIU of Dakota, | made in the summer of 1874. | By William Luillow, | [etc.]
WushinKt.iin, tldvi-rnment Printing OfUce, 1875. I 1 vol. 4°. 121 pp. > Zoological Bepurt. Uy
George Bird Gi'inni'll. Chapter i. Maniinals, pp. 79-84.
trioi'.l-uiKua uu 34 app.)
>i^
BIBLIOOlt. APPENDIX— 0. PU1MATE8.
10()l
1875.— OUnUier, A. Inatriictioua (ur iiiakiiiK obacrvntlonr on, iiiiil cullectinK apoeiiiixnii of, tbe iiiiiiii-
iiialiii [iiul iiicliKltiig ci'Uci'a] u( Oriiciiland. < Iiiatr. for I'liu of Hvi, Expixl. to Arct. KeKiium,
im&, pp. »0-3U. (»°. I.oiidoii.)
Oaburn, W. HitinnialH of the Kautua plaina, < Oltaerver of Niiture (newapa|M<r putilialuil at
Lawreow, Knnana) of Miir. 24, lH7r>.
1 AODoUtHl liti of M ippl
Relnhardt, J. Note on adililional mammala of OreoDlniii). ... <Man. Nat. Iliat. ... of
Qrvvnland, . . . IMT.'i, p. :I4.
1876.— Allan, J. A. Di'acription of aoinc rcnmiiiH (if uii oxtiiict a|M.-clra of wolf and iin extinct aporiiii
of deur from tliu lead region of tlio Upjicr llitaiMlppi. < Anivr. Journ. tjcl. and Arts, 'M
a«r. xi, no. nt, .lun. IHTCi, pp. 47-,M.
ICanla tnlnilMlppteniilH, Crrviiii wliltnpyl, ipp. nD., p. 40.)
Allan, J. A. OcoKnipbiual variation ainoiig North Anicrii-an nmnitnnlH, rapccially in rcapeot to
alzn. < Hull. U. 8. Oeol. Kurv. Torr. vol. ii, no. 4, pp. 3«»-344. (I'ub. Aug. 4, l«7ti.)
[.Vn imiwrtant contribution to ttip nuliject.]
[ Allan, J. A. Ooograpliical variation amonK North American niainmala, wpoclally In mpeol to
aixu. < Amor. Nat. x, 18711, pp. (I85-<I!27.
\.lbllrtcl/nm Dull. IT. 8. Grol. Hanr. Ti-r. Tol. II, no. i, pp. 3IW-344 1
Carpsntar, W. L. Field notea on the natural blatory of tbe llig Horn Mountaina [Montana].
< Korwat and Htrenni, Nov. 8, 1«76,
Cotiai, B. An account of tho varhina piiblicationB relating to the travela of Lowiaand Clarke,
with a oominentary on the zoological loanlta of their exiieditioii. <^ Dull. V. H. Oeol. and
Oeug. Surr. Terr. uo. 0,*.2d aor. pp. 417-444 (t^, Wasbington, Government Printing OIHce, Feb-
rimry 8, 187(1).
(Tti6 mammala ami binla dea«rlbed by thrae autbora are diacuaaod and lilcnlifltNl na far aa pracllcablf.)
CMbaon, W. B. The complete American trnpper, or tho tricka of trapping and trap-making.
A trapper's repoaitory, .... 1 vol. 8<l. 16°. 1 p. 1., 1-6, l-xvi, 1-300 pp. I'rofuaely illua-
trato<l by the author, an artiat by profeaaion. Now York, James Miller, publiaber, 1874.
1 .1 very atlraotlve anti aa)ful trMtlae, of popular oharaeter.]
Hanahaw, B. W. Notea on the mamniala taken and obaervcd in California In 1875 by II.
W. Henahaw. < Ann. Rep. of Chief of Kugiuecra, U. 8. Army, for 1876, Appendix JJ (pp.
30r>-UIS of aeparate la euo). (Waabinglon, Oovtrnment Printing Offlce, "1876"; probably not
puUliahed till IHH.)
. [\n auDototod llat of 30 app., coBtaining many intareatlng obaervaUona on tbe bablta of the mammala of
Southern Calirornia and ailjacent iaUoda.]
Jordan, D. B. Manual of tho vortebratca of the nortbora United Statea, including the diatrict
eoat of the Miaaiaaippi Kiver and north of North Carolina and Tenneaaee, excluaive of marine
apeclea. 1'^. :I42 pp. Chicago, Janaen, HcClnrg & Co., 1876.
[Mammala, pp. &-3A.]
^NOii. Pending extermination of large game in America. < Rod and Oon, Dec. 30, 1876.
(/<VvM Tbe London Field.l
1877.- Couper, W. Notes on mammala of Canaila. < Forest and Stream, June 14, 1877.
Murphy, J. M. The bunting flelda of Wyoming. < Rod and Gun, Dec. 30, 1877.
[Stookwall,0. A.] The fauna of Michigan, [jMotdas. "Archer".] < Forest and Stream of May
3 and earliur, 1877.
[Annotated llat of mammala.]
C.-PRIIHATCS.
1817 Uookal, jr. F. Beitrag inr Entnickelungageachichto der menseblichen ZShne. < Deatschea
Archiv fUr Phys. ill, 1817, pp. 556-674.
1818.— Mitohill, B. L. The original inhabitants of America shown to be of tbe same family and line*
age niih those of Asia. < Phil. Mag. (Tillocb's), xlviii, 1816, pp. 4-8; lais von Oken, 1818,
col. 315-319.
1821. — Orifllth, B. General and particninr descriptions of the vertcbrateil animala, arranged conform-
ably lo the inodorn diacovories and improvements in zoology Onlor Quadrnmana
[and] order Quatlrnmembria.- London : printed for Baldwin, Cradook, and Joy, .... and
Rodwell and Martin mdocoxxi. [8". Quadrumana, (eng. title) vii, 143 pp., 34 pll. ;
(juodruiuouibria, (oug. title) v, 'J!X> jip. 04 pll,]
ir
1002
MONOOllArilS OF NORTH AMKUICAN UOUENTIA.
li
i
Hi:!
j ' ■
i!
i!
1026 —Harlan, R. Dcwiiption nf an lioniinpliriHlitu nrniiK nntiiiiK [Iljlobatcii coiicolor, n. up.], lutrly
liviiiK III riiiliuli'lpliiu. < Joiirn. Ariiil. Nat. Kci. J'liila. v, ItfM, pp. •/'/0-'iM\, pll. IklO.
1D29.— Baer, K. B. tod. l^ttru mir Ut foriiiiitlnii iIc Tci'iir iliiiis IVapice liumaino et dana leg niainnii-
fiTi'H. < I{..pprt. Annl. Pliysiol. vll, lHi«, pp. 156-818.
1834.— Barlan, R. Deitcriptioii of a fi|>ei'ii<ii uf nrang [Hlniia (llylubaloa) lioolook], (Void the Nortb-
KiiMti'i'ii I'roviiiio of llritish Eoiit India, lately thu Kiugdom uf Amsuiu. <^TranH. Aui. I'bilua.
Sor. I'bilu. iv, no. iii, IKM, pp. Z'J-!>'.I, pi. a.
Lewis, W., jr. DfRcriptiau uf a gibbou [IlylobateafuMUa, d. sp.]. <^ Boiton Joura. Mat. Uiit.
I, pt. II, lrt34, art. iii,pp. 32-40.
1836.— Owen, R. [On tbu morbid appnaratico observed in tbo disaoction of tho cbimpanzce (Slniia
troKl<Nl,vto(i, IJnii.).] < Vtac. Z ml. 8oo. London, H;1G, pp. 41-1:1.
1043.— Savage, T. B. Obwrvaliuns on tbo external cbaraoutm and babita of tbe Troglotlytes niger,
Ueoir. IlyTbomnH y. Suvagc, M. D And on it« organization, by Jeffries Wynian,
}I. D. < lUmtun Juurn. Mat. Iliat. iv, no. iii, April, H43, art. xxx, pp. 3C'2-3Mi.
1849.— Lund, P. W. Hiir I'nntiqniKS de la race ani<<ricaiuD et sur les r.-ipports qn'un peat liii snpposer
uvec U'H raceH do rnncieii mondo. < Cmnptos Keudus Acad. 8ci. Paris, zx, 1845, pp. 1308-1370;
Froriep, Notizou, xxxv, 1845, col. lOI-lKt.
1847.— Savage, T. B. [On tbo external cbaractera and babits orTrDglo<l;tea gorilla.] < Troc. Boston
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gorilla, a now species of orang fnini tbo Gaboon River, by Thomas C. Savage, II. 1)
Oiteology of tbe same, by Jeffries Wyman, M. D < Boston Joum. Nat. Hie'., v, no.
iv, Deo. 1847, art. xxxiv, pp. 417-441, pll. 40-43.
Wyman, J. [On the oateological characters of Troglodytes gorilla ] <| Proo. Boatnu 8oo. Nat.
Iliat. ii, 1847, pp. 246,347.
Wyman, J. [On Prof. Otvou's opinion reapecling the identity of the gorilla with an a'lnlt
chimpanzee.] <^Proo. Boston 8oo. Nat. Iliat. ii, 1847, p. 249.
1848.— Cassin, J. [Remarks ou tho inanagemout of monkeys iu captivity.] <^ Proc, Acad. Mat. 8cl.
Phila. iv, 1848, pp. 3-4.
Ballo^vell, B. Notes of tho post mortem appears jces observed in a Cynooepbalnu porcariua,
which died in tho menagerie at Philadelphia. <, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. iv, 1848, pp. 80, H7.
BalloT^e'l, B. Poat mortem nppearancoa observed in a Cynncephalns papio, which died at
tho nienHgcrio in Philadelphia. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 1848, pp. 62, 63.
Lesion, R.-F. fltudea aur les mammif^rea primates. < Revue Zuol. xi, 1848, pp. IT&-V70, 191-
210, 223-235,255-260.
Wyman, J. A new species of Troglodytes. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts (2), v, 1848, pp. 106, 107.
1849.— Hallowell, B. Notes of tho poat mortem appearances of a Cynocopbalus which died in the
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< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 1849, pp. 145-147, with £ figg.
Morton, S. O. Observations on the size of tbe brain in various roees and families of man,
<Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 1849, pp. 221-224, with table.
Savage, T. S. A description of tlie characters and habits of Troglodytes gorilla. < Am. Joum.
Sci. and Arts (2), viii, 1849, pp. 141, 142.
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18S0.— Morton, 8. O. [Continuation of memoir on site of brain in tbe races of man.] <^ Proo. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Pliila. v, 1850, pp. 1, 2, 30-32.
Wyman, J. A description of two additional crania of tho Eng<-ena (Troglodytes gorilla.
Savage) from Oaboon, Africa. < Am. Joum Sol. and Arts (2), ix, 1850, art. vii, pp. 34-45.
1891.— Kneeland, B,}r. ["Poea tho human lumbar vertebra devol&p a ribf] < Proo. Boston Soc.
Not. Iliat. iv, 1851, p,). 120-129.
1852.— Kneeland, S., jr. [On a skeleton nf the great chimpanzee. Troglodytes gorilla.] < Proc. Bos-
ton Boo. Nat. iliat. iv, 18.V2, pp. 2O!>,210.
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Joum. Nat. Hist, vi, no. iii, June, 1852, art. zxi, pp. 336-347.
uiDLior.it. ArrnNDix— c. I'uiMATKa
1003
1854— Owen, R. On (lui nnllirupaid ai>m. < Cnn. Joarn. HI, ia'i4, pp. 100, 110.
Wagner, R. l.'ulM^r Mutim^lioiiitcbupfuDK untl Heivlunaiibataiiz. < Uontwb, Nuturf. Vvnaiiiinl.
Ilui'k'lit xxii, 1».^>4, |>|i. l.'i-'^l.
185S.— Keep, W. O. [On miporiiiininrikry t<ifltli in miin.] < I'roo. Diiiiton Soc. Nat. Hint, v, 1H,V., p. l.'iO.
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IM, IWJ.
Wyman, J. [Acconntof theillaMotlon of n black cbimpantoe (Trnglodytoa oigpr).] < Pron,
lloston 8i>c. Nut. Hint, v, IBSfi, pp. 274, 1475.
Wyman, J. [Oiia"iiponKy •lineasoof tbubuncHoftboheail" lna}onn((Cynoo«plinluii.] <rroo.
l<o«ton Soc. Nat. Hiat. v, 18,".i, p.^Tfi.
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IHXt, p. I(i0.
18S6.— Brooka, C. I.awH of reproiluctiop, conalilersd with partlonlnr rofurenoo to tbo iutormarrlagii of
tirat coualna. <^ Priic. Am. Aaaoo. Adv. 8oi. iz, IKWi, pp. u:u>-2lli.
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1800, p. 17.
' Olbaon, Cdpl. [Account of oranga.] < Proc. Iloatou Soc. Nat. HIbI. vl, IWlfl, p. 71.
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"' aiugfora, Acta Sue. 8ci. Fcnn. iv, leu^, pii.!2t!l-4'21.
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1860. — Du Challln, P. B. [On tbe habitii and diatributiou of tbe gorilla and other anthropoid apca.]
< Proc. Uoaton Soc. Not. Hlat. vii, 1800, pp. 270, 277.
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1861. — Gray, J. B. On tbe height of the gorilla. < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arte (2), xxzii, 18G1, pp. 437,
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(Ksprinted from the AtheanDm, September 14, leiil, p. 348.]
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< Proo. Uoaton Soc. Nat. Illat. Tin, 1861, pp. 217, 218.
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[KeprlDted fVoiii tbe Athomeum, September 14. IMl.J
Bolster, P. L. Note upon tbe northern limit of tbe quadrnmana in the new world. < Nat.
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Slack, J. B. Description of a new qnodramanons mammal of the genus Hidas [M, elegantulua].
< Proo. Acad. Nat. Sol. Pbila. 1861, pp. 463, 464.
Slack, 3. B. [On a species of the Lemuridn, called Otolicnus apioalia by Dn ChaiUu. ] < Proo.
Acid. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, p. 153.
Wilder, B. O. Coutribntiona to the comparative myology of tbo chimpanzee. < Uoaton Jonm.
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p. 185. •
1(M)4
MONOOKAl'US OF NORTH AMBUICAN llODKNTIA.
10C3.— Owen, R. Oii tlin i!>Hil(>){ii'nl HiKiiiHcanco of tbn lirnin «u<l liiiili uhnrMitnrii nf nmn, with i«-
iiiatkHoii the viut of thu hritlii ufthu ((uriUii. <Aiii. Juiirii. Hui. nnil Artii(ii), xxxlv, 1H(U, pp.
HU-U'i.
Sauf jrd, L. J. The Korillo. < Am. Jouro. 8ci. •ml ArU ^•i), xxxlli, IHflJ, art. vii, pp. 4(MM.
Slack, J. H. Miiiiu)(rapb of lh» prubvunilo-taileil i|iiiwlruiiiaD». < I'nic. Aoad. Nat. Hoi. i'bila.
iHtw, pp. .'•H)7-:>ui.
Slnok, J. B. [ Komarka on the Uorllla ooatnueloept, n. »p.] < Proo. Aood. Nat. Se\. Pbilii. IM?,
pp. I.V.I, llM).
Wagoort R. U|ioii the r'.ructurc of the brain in 'innaiiil nionkcyH. aii<l itiiliearlngiiiHiii nlmwi-
llintinii, withapi'ciitl infurmivii to the viowaof Ot <. Huxley, and Umtlolet. <^ Am. Jouru. Hoi.
mill Aria {--l), xxxiv, 1802, art. xvli, pp. Irttt-lOO.
[I'riini Art-lilv f. Nalur({rM'liii'litr, .lahrtf. IMI.)
Wilder, B. O. [On a live Traglo<l;t«a nigv.] <rroo. Beaton Gov. Nat. Hiat. Ix, lR<i2, pp.
li;i-ll.'..
Wilder, B. O. L<'ii tbo inniwiilar iliirt-rciicra U'tweou tbo limba of man ami qnadmnmna.]
< I'rix-. Iltwiiiii S;)C. Niil. lliat. ix, VO-i, pp. ;M" .
Wymao, J. [On aoni« of tiio pboMo of ilovelnpniout in the exterior of tbo human body.]
< I'roc. Hnaton Siw. Nut. lliat. ix, IWrtU, pp. 1*-—.
1863-66. - Barkow, B. VrrKltiiclK'nilo Mnrplmlogio dea Menachun uud der menacheuiibullohen AflTen.
Itr.alun,ii, l'*-^; iii, lB<ir>; iv, Irtifi. [H]
1063.— Biucka, M. B. The Kiiriliii [: runinrka on the dlacuaaion between I'mfa. Owen, Huxley, ItuUea-
ton, niid Flower, in IMi]. < Ciin. Jonrn. Ind. 8ci. and Art, n. a. vii, 1H(M, pp. Hl.V^llO.
Wagner, R. Creation uf man, and aubatauco of the mlud. (Tranalatiou.) <^ Anthroiwl. Re-
vii'w, i, isf>;i, pp. 2y7-a;ia.
Wymu, J. [Ohaerrntloua on the eraoium of a young gorilla.] <^ Proo. Iloaton Soc. Nat. IlUt.
Ix, iHc:i, p. ao;t.
1864.— Blake, C. C. On the ayo'lactyloiia condition of the band in man and the anthropoid apee.
<^Can. Jonrn. lod. Sim. and Art, n. a. Ix, 18G4, pp. 5*2, fkl.
I I'miii Kr|>. BrlL Amuo. Ailr. Sul.|
Flow«r, W. B. On the brain of the red howling monkey (Myoetesaenlonlua, Linn.). <[Proo.
Zunl. Boc. London, 1604, pp. 335-338, pi. xxix.
Tucker, D. On ci-rtain nioilern viewa concerning the ordinal arrangement of the higher mam-
nmlin [i. r. Piiinntea]. <^Can. Jonrn. Ind. 8ci. and Art, n. a. ix, 1804, pp. 154-170.
Kdllorial. Caata of variona parta of the atructure of the gorilla. <^ Am. Joum. 8oi. and Arta
(4) xxxviii, IWM, pp. !»2,a!):i.
1869 —White, J. C. [Kelation of man to higher apea.] < Pmc. Boaton Soc. Nat. Hiat. x, lt;65, pp.OO, 100.
. 1866 —Wood, J. On the rauacica of the aboolder and arm of man. < Ciark'a Jonrn. Anat. and Phya.
lH»ifi, pp. 44-59.
1867.— Allen, B. [ Remnrka on tbo tertiary occipital condyle in man.] < Proo. Acad. Nat. Sol. Phila.
18U7, p. 137.
Jackaoo, J. B. B. [On perforation of the hnmerua in man.] <Proo. Boeton Soc. Nat. Hiat. zi,
lH<i7, p. 113.
Parrille, B. de. [Tranalatiou of an account of tbo capture of a gorilla. By Dr. 8. L. Abbot]
< Proo. IJoeton Soc. Nat. lliat. xi, 1«67, pp. 137-13U.
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18U7, pp. :M-38.
WUder, B. O. [On the alleged gorilla and ■< What la iir in New York.] < Proc. Boston Boo.
Nut. Hiat. xi, 1H(!7, pp. :t0!>,306.
1068.— WUder, B. O. Kxtra digita. < Publicationa of tbo Mass. Medical Society, vol. ii, no. 3; also
aep. pauipb. 19 pp., wiHidcuts.
1070.— Leidy, J. [On the reversed vlacera of a human auhject.] < Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870,
p. l:l4.
1073.— Cope, B. D. [Intolligenco lu monkeya.] <Proo. Acad. N.>t. Sci. Phila. 1872, pp. 40,41 ; Am.
Nal. vi, 187a, pp. 371,372.
' ■ i
!;l
lUHUOOn. AIM'HNDIX— I), VV.UJR {PIHSII'K1>I.\). 1005
1872.— OaiTals. P. M<>molro nnr 1™ rciriiira (•(<i<(liriil«H pr(i|iri>ii iV ronlrc ili'» Ii^iiiiiick, n('roiii|iii((iT<' do
ri-iiiuri|iii>H Hiir )u i-luHHilirulinii iln ci^k iiiiiiiuiiix, '.^ Jniiri). ili< /imiI. i, |N7>.>, )i|», U *.7, pi. *J.
Oerval*. P. Siii- liii iiwuiiiiciiU il'iinimiiiix nwiii'llliii iluim li'a cuvorncii ili< lliiiiuiuM'-ltoiiiiM', |iri>ii
Mi-iiloii, uvirc nil iH|iii'U'tt<i liiiuiuiii ruiiioiiUiit i^ IV'iKii|iift pr6liiiilurii|ii<>. < Jiiurii. ilt' /ihiI. i, pp.
Nicholson, H. A. Hi-tiiiit Hi'lirlloo in iiinii. <Citn. Nut. niiil Q. J. H. ii. n. vi, Wi, pp. 41II-.I.VJ.
1873.— WlUlanu, H. B. t'oinpariMin u( Hid inunclcn or llio clii'loniuii ami linninii «liouliliT-Kiril!ci.
<'rr»liii. I'ouiK'cliviit Acml. ArU lUiil Hcl. ii, lH7li (IHTIt), iirl. x, pp. Illll-iUI?, pil. IJ, III.
1874.— Chapman, B. C. UiKposltioii of Inlimitnnit ilnral, otc, in AU'lim ;;i'<in'rci\l (Ktilil) iiiiil MiKurmt
rhtwiia (Uomnnreat). < I'l-oo. Acitil. Nnt. Mci. IMiilii. 1H74, p. IM, pi. i:i, t\gn. 1,'i.
Chapmao, H. C. Klrxor lirovls (llgitornm in Atcli'n groflmyi (ItuU'). < Vtm:. Acad. N'ul. He\.
IMiiltt. Ih;4, pp. U1,1>.'>, pi. 14.
Oervali, P. l>i^ulii ■nrniiiu<^iuireii olwerviSes clicz un gorille. <^ Juurn. tin Zoul. iii, 1H74, pp.
IIU-IWI, pi. vi.
Basep, H. Oriitin of the " tailiKl tnati". < Proo. Bontoti 8oc. lint Hint, xvi, IM74, p. IIKI.
187S.— BoldeD, J. B. Tbo npider-iuonkr.vii ut Oiitral Turk. < Aiiiorionn S|HirtHinaii, March 1:1, lH7r>.
1876. — Bamaid, W. B. Oliwrvationa on the lueiiibral inusonlutioii of Hiiniii iwtyrnH (oraiiK) i»i<l tlin
ciimpurative myology uf mail and tlio apea. <Proo. Amcr. Anoo. Adv. Bel. xxiv, ItCO, pp.
118- U4, age-
Baaaela, B. The liiiinaii remain* found ainong Iho ancient riiiPH of Sonthwriitoni C'lilnnido
anil New Mexico. < Bull. V. 8. Qeol. .Surv. vol. ii, no. 1, Mnr. t!l, 1H7G, pp. il-Ki, pll. Z\-<JS).
Moore, — . A gorilla in Kngland. < Anier. Nat. x, 1876, pp. C27, fltW.
(rniD Tbe Lmilon Tlnua of June XI, 1870.]
D.-FCRiE (FI88IPEDIA).
16S7.— BarthoUnoa, T. Anatnme gulonia. < Hint. Ana'. Cent, iv, IG.'ir, pp. S93-8(M,
1713, — Barraain, — . Iliatorio d'un animal nommt^ carcajou en AnKSriquc, et obaervationa anr I'orignao
et le caribou. < MAm. Acad. 8«i. Paria, 1713, pp. 13-14.
1733.— DnTamoy, O. 3. Obaervation aur I'anai de la bellette. <^ itita, Acad. 8ci. Paris, ii, 17:13, pp.
(!,7.
1747.— Zjlnnaraih C. Ueikrifuing pii et Amerikanak Diur, aom liana Koogl. HSghet gifvit til nnderaiik-
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(Tbe aabaeqiieot Trocyoa lotor, aoct]
1749,— Stellar, O. W. Deaoriptio Lntrie marinot. An Lutra marina Marcgravii Icya aive Carlgucibciu
lirnailienaium T Rntbenia Dobr Kamtachatzkai, Itelmoeoia Kaiko. < Nov. Coum, Acad. Petrop.
ii, 1749, pp. .367-:H>8, cam tub.
17S9 7— Lacha^ J. OcachreibnDgeinea flnnlaohen kleinen Tbierea, Tabcnri gennnnt [Pat«riaa Intreola],
nebat Anmerkuugen Uber ein nnderea Tbier von der Hermelingattiing. <^ Abband. Hcbwud.
Akad. fUr 1750, xxi, pp. 898-996.
1767. — Oi"Ui«iia, X B. Vom Maatola guloue L. (Quio borealia). < Drontlieim. Oeaellach. Scbrifl. iii,
, pp. 183, 184, with fig.
1769. — buiaanatMdt, A. J. Pereguana, nova Unatelie apcciea. < Not. Comm. Aood. Petrop. xtv, i, 1769,
pp. 441-455.
1770 7— Mutla, J. C. Dai Tbier Viverra pntoriua [Conepatas mapnrito]. < Abhandl. Schwe<1. Akad.
nir 1770, xxxii, pp. 68-77.
1773 7— OanbexK, O. Uericht von etnem Jiirf oder Vielfraaa, der Jung gefangen and bia ina andero Jabr
gefUttert ward. < Abhandl Scbwed. Aknd. Illr 1773, xxxv, pp. 801-807.
1773 ?— ^iolataD, J. Anmerkungen Uber den Jiirf. <Abliandl. Schwed. Akad. ftlr 1773, xxxv, pp^
216 v^^n.
1773 7— Lindwall, S. Beachreibung dea Tbierea Jiirf oder Vivlfraai (Gnio). < Abhandl. Sohwed. Akad.
fllr 1773, XXXV, pp. 808-aif>, with 8 pll.
1774.— TXTUte, O. Aco4iunt of the houae-martiu or martlet [Hualela foinn]. < Philos. Trana Ixiv,
1774, pp. 19<i-801.
f '
1006
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA,
1779.— Leske, N. U. nescliicibnoK ilea amerikaniBcben Lucbses [Folia boreulis]. < Sammlnngen i.
I'lijs. 11. Niiiurg. i, 1779, p. 3'<!.').
1784.— QlabD, H. C. Oni deu grijulnndake Ilunil. < Nyo Saml. Norgke Vid. Selak. Skrift. i, 1764, pp.
1785.— Hellenius, C. N. llokrifnini; Crvcr snumuBcn, Miiatdn uivalia, L. < KoiiK. Akad. Nya Haodl.
Stockh. vi, 17a-), pp. 212-2-20.
1787-89.— Hunter, J. Obscrvntioiia tending to aliew that the wolf, Jackal and dog are all of the same
spocies. < f'hilos. Traoa. ixxvii, 1787, pp. 253-206 ; aappletuentary letter, ibid, Izxix, 17S9, pp.
IIX), 101.
1788.— Fabiiclus, O. Beakrivning over Fit^ldraoveu (Cania IngopaaV <K. DoDak. Belak. Skrift. N.
Saml. D. :t, 1788, pp. 421-448.
1794.— Kennedy, I. Uuber die VervrandtscUaft d^a Fucliaea mit deni Hando. <Nene Abhandl. d,
llair. Akod. Pliiloa. vi, 1794, p. 217.
1796.— Home, B., and Menzies, A. A dracriptioD of llio oiiatomy of the ccn otter. <Phi1oa. Trnng.
1790, pt. ii, pp. 3HC-:i94, pll. 3.
1799.— Heckewelder, J. A letter from Mr. John Ileokewelder to lienjamiii Smith Ilarlou, M. D.
Containing an acconnt of an animal called the big naked bear. <TrauH. Am. Philoa. Soo.
I'hila. iv, no. xxxi, 1799, pp. 200-262.
1803 ?— BeauvoU, P. de. Sur le renanl et le lapiu d'Am€ri(ino. < Bull. Soo. Pbilom. ii, pp. 137, 138.
1803.— Barton. B. S. [On Indian doge.] < Tilloch'a Phil. Mag. xv, 1803, pp. 1-9, 1.'16-142.
1804.— Ghsoffroy St.-Hllaire, £. Monvementa du la mdnugerie, article oik I'on fait connnltre qnelquei
faita nonveaux relatifa i^ I'hiatoire n.itnrelle du Jaguar, dn paca, dii vantonr royal, dee cbiens-
mulets et de I'agoati. < Ann. Mns. Hist. Nat. Paria, iv, 1804, \ p. 94-104.
Oeoffroy St.-Bilalre, £. Snr le Jagnar. < Bnll. Soc. Philoni. Paria, iii, 1E04, pp. 170, 176.
1805.— Barton, B. S. Some acooDut of the different species and varieticii of native American or Indian
doga. <Med. Phja. Jonrn. Pbilnd. i, pt. ii, ima, pp. 79-90.
1806.— Vsevolojeaky, N. de. Observationa aur un cbat-niarto [bjbrid of cat and marten]. < M^m,
Soc. Nat. Moseoii, i, 1800, pp. 249-252.
1809. — Cuvjer, O. Recbercbca aur lea espices vivantea de grands chats, pour aervir de prenve et
d'edairciaaemena aa chapitro aur lea carnoeaiers foiisilea. <^ Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paria, xiv,
18C<J, pp. 136-164.
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1817.— Cuvler, F. [Sur le reuardfauve de la Virgiuie.] < Diet, des Sci. Nat. viii, 1817, p. 568.
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m 'i-m
Iffi
mULlOOU. APPKN1)1X-I). VEIMO (FISSil EUIA).
1007
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1828.— Wiegmann, A. F. A. Ucbtr nierkwUrdige Bastardo von Wulf nnd Hand. <Isis vou Oken,
ixi,18'iH, col. l)-24, 1)05.
1829.— Brehm, L. Wo stammt dio Ilanskatzo lier T < Isis, 18-39, pp. C39, 640.
Dureau da la Malle, — . Beslimmung der Tbiererten, welubo dnn Griecben under dem gennri-
schen Namen ^a^v, den Romern nnter dem Namon Mastela bekannt waren. <^ Fror. Nut. Bd.
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Akoh. Anecdote of a grey fox. <^ Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 18.30, p. 47,
Ano». Anecdote of young fox cubs. <; Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, p. 192. ■ ^
AnoH. Anecdotes of the shepherd's dog. < Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, pp. 3fi6-363.
Anon. Abearhnnt. < Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, pp. 91-94.
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[From Anduboa'8 American Ornithological Biography.]
Anon. Enoonnter with a panther. < Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, pp. 137-140.
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Jnoh. Grisly bear, Ursus borribilis. < Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, pp. 121-125, pi. li.
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Aion. Prairie wolf, Canis latrans. < Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, pp. 73-75, pi. 7.
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Martin, W. C. L. [On tho anatomy of tbe Jagaar (Fells onfa, L.). J < Pt«o. Comm. Zool. Soo,
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li
i
l> ;;.,:
1008
MONOGRAPHS OP NORTH AMERICAN RODBNTIA.
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64 H
i:
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1^^
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M ..*
1849.— VTarren, J. M. [On the elands vbich secrete tbe acrid Uaid of Mephitis amcricana.] <Proo.
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[BUUnge,!).] Natural history of the rooooon (Procyon lotor). r<<»o».] <Can. Nat.audGeol.
i, 1857, art. xli, p,. 253-860.
[BUlings, B.] Natural history of the wolf (Caoia lapns), and its varieties, [anon.] <Can.
Nat. and Oeol. i, 1857, art. xxxiv, pp. 309-215.
[BilUnga, B.] Natural history of the wolverene or oaroiiJou(OaloluBcas). [anon.] < Can. Nat.
and Oeol. i, 1M57, art. xxxix, pp. 241-247.
[BUUnga, B.] On the American or bla-^k bear fUrsus americanus). [anon.] <Can. Nat. and
Geol. i, 1857, art. xiii, pp. 100-104.
[BllUn«B,B.] On the Canadian otter (Lutra canadensis), [anon.] <| Can, Nat. and Oeol. i, 1857
art. xxxvi, pp. 228-232.
[BUllnga, B.] On the cinnamon bear (Ursnscinnamomnm). [anon.] ^ Can. Nat. and Geol. i,
1857, art. xvi, pp. 114, 115.
[BUlinga, B. ] On the "fisher" or pekan—" Pennant's marten " (Mustela canadensis), [anon.]
< Can. Nat and Geol. ii, 18.')7, art. xiv, pp. .'10-119.
[BUUlige,B.] On the fuxea of British North A muiiux. [anon.] < Can. Nat. and Geol. i, 1857, art.
XXXV, pp. 216-228.
[Billings, B.] Ou the grizzly bear (irrsns ferox). [anon.] < Can. Nat. and Geol. i, 1857, art.
xiv, pp. 104-109.
[Billlnga, B.] On the lonp cervier, or Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis), and the bay lynx, or
wild oal of the United States (Lynx rufas). [anon.] <;Can. Nat. and Geol. i, 1857, art. xl, pp.
247-2»,.
[BiUlnBa, B.] On thomiuk(Patorins viiou). [anon.] <Can. Nat. and Geol. ii, 1857, art. xxxix,
pp. 448-455.
[BiUinga, B.] On the pine marten (Mustela martes). [anon.] < Can. Nat. and Geol. ii, ,
art. xli, pp. 163, 464.
[BUUoga, B.] On the skunk (Mephitis ohinga). < Can. Nat. and Geol. i, 1857, art. Ii, pp. 360-364.
[Btiu/^;*, B.] On the white or polar bear (Uraus maritimas). [anon.] < Cau. Nat. and Geol.
i, It&T, art. XV, pp. 109-113.
Brown-Stfqnard, B. [Crystals in dogs' blood after the extirpation of the suprarenal capsules.]
< Proo. Am. Philos. 8oc. Phila. vi, 1857, p. 243.
OiebeliC. O. [ZurOsteologiedcs Waschbiiren (Procyon lotor)]. <[Zeitschr. gcaammt. Naturw.
Halle, ix, 1857, pp. 34»-372.
Oray, J. B. Notice of a new species of Jaguar [L. hernandezii] from Mazatlan, living in tho
Gardens of the Zoological Society. < Proc. Zocl. Soc. London, xv, 1857, p. 278, plT 58.
MazlmlUan, — . Ueber die Selbststiindigkcit der Species des Ursns ferox, Desm., mit anutomi-
schon Bemerkungen von A. F. Mayer. < Nova Acta Acad. Ceps. Leop. xxvi, 1867, pp. 33-87.
18S7-S8.— SevertBOW, N. Notice aur la classification mnllis^riale de« carnivores, spdcialement des
f<lid6s, et sur les <Stades de zoolngie gdn^rale qui s'y raltochent. < Coinpt, Rend. Acad. Sci.
Paris, xliv, 1857, pp. 707-713; Revne et Mag. Eool. 8e a6t. ix, 1857, pp. 387-£31, 433-439; x,
1858, pp. 3-8, 145-150, 193-lBfl, 241-246, 385-39;).
1898.— KnoeUnd, &,jr. [On the North American Sfrvciesof Hastela.] < Proc. Best. Boo. Nat. Hist,
iv, 1858, p. 418.
I :.!*
ii
■
1012
MOJfOGBAPnS OF NOKTII AMERICAN KODBNTIA.
1898.-
18S9.
1860.
( ... y
i,
■1
■r
iH':
li •: , -^'^
1' '
■^^--,»j
-.i ' y.
1
I -'^
1861-
1862.
1863.-
1864
1865.-:
1866.-.
Leidy, J. [KiMiinrkH uii tlio utoniocli of a mink (Miistela viitou) containing a laigo nnniber of
worni8.] < Proc. Aoml. Nat. Sci. Pliilo. x, 1858, ji. '25.
■Colnde, J. P. I)u la subdivision dus niummifitros carnossiera digitigrodcs. <[ Congr%ii Soien-
tlflqno, I'rnnce, xxiv, 1850, pp. iGi, 463.
Leidy, J. [On sknil of Uniiiii unioricanua from the drift, Claiborne, Mim.] < Proo. Acad. Nat
Sci. Phllu. 1H59, p. m.
Bartlett, A. D. Note on aome bybrid boam bred in tbe Gardens of the Zoological Society.
< Prt>c. Zool. Soc. Loudon, xxvlii, 18<i0, pp. 130, 131.
|Ohfl4frv»tionii OD yuung hybrid bfltween U. amoHcaniu (Jj uiil U. arotoa ( 9 )■)
Bennett, O. Notra on the habits of tbe brown coati (Nosna fusoa. Deem.). < Proo. Zool. Soo.
Loudon, xxviii, 1860, pp. .3'.23,3*.24.
BUohoO; T. L. W., and Volt, C. Die Ocsetze tier Emiibning dee Fleischfreamra durcb nene
Uutersuclinngon festgestellt. 8". iii, 305 pp., 2 pU. Leipzig, C. F. Winter, IStiO.
Kneeland, B.,jr. [On tbe barking; of dogs in its bearings on Darwinism.] <^ Proc. Am. Acad.
Arts Sci. iv, lH(iO, pp. 420-li{8, 431. 432.
Thoreau, B. O. [On a Canada lynx (Lyux canadensis) killed in Carlisle, Mass.] <^ Proo. Boston
Hoc. N»t. Hist, vii, 18C0, pp. 355, 356.
WUaon, J. [Uumsrks on a tiger cat (Foils pardalis miuimas).] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila.
1860, pp. 82-84.
-Bartlett, A. D. [ Kxbibilion of specimen of yonng polar bear born in the menagerie.] < Proo.
Zool. Soc. London, 1861, p. 301.
Bartlett, A. D. Keniarks on tbe breeding of the larger Felida in captivity. <^ Proo. Zool. Soo.
LdimIou, 1861, pp. 140-141, pi. xxii.
(Tliu p)at« ropiuaenta the youuf; of F. coDOoIor.)
Nordmann, A. von. Unber das Vorkonimen dee Folarfuchsea (Cants lagopns) am Amur. <^ Bull.
Soc. Nat. Moscon, xxxir (pte. 2), 1861, pp. 321-324.
-Sauaaure, H. de. Ucber die Nasenburen von Mexico. <^Zool. Garten, Frankfurt, iii, 1S62, pp.
27 -HO, 52-56.
-BamstoD, O. [Remarks on the genus Lntra, and on . .e species inhabiting North America.]
< Can. Nut. and Geol. viii, 186:1, art. xii, pp. 147-150, with 6 flgg.
[Oescribes Lutra deatruotor, n. ap.]
Saoc, — . [On hybrids of jaguar and black panther of Java.] < Zool. Oart. 1863, p. 88.
-Olebel, C. Q. ZurCbaractoriatik einigercarnivoren Siiagethiere. <[ Zeitschr. gesammt. Natar-
wiss. xxiv, Dec. 1864, pp. 465-476.
Gray, J. B. A revision of tbe genera and species of ursine animals (Ursidee), iooodod on the
collection in tbe British Museum. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, pp. 677-709, with 4 figg.
Biaobofi^ T. Ueber die £i- nnd Placento-Bildung des Stein- und Edelmardure, Mustela foina
und uiarte.H, und dee Wi«e«la, Mustela vulgaris. <[ Sitzgsbr. Bayr. Akad. Wiss. MUnohen, i, Mar.
1805, pp. 330-350, with 2 pU.
Oray, J. B. Kovision uf tbo genera and species of MastelidiB contained in theCritish Husenm.
< I'roc. Zool. SlK^ London, 1H<)5, pp 100-154, pi. 7, and woodcuts.
[Only valuable fur i]w plate, by J. Wolf, which i-epreaenU tbo aea otter.]
Oray, J. E. 8u]iplomeutary noted on tbe Mnstelids. '<^Froc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pp. 680,681.
Armand, J. [Study of Ursus maritimns in the Zool. Garten of Coin.] <" Qtea, Bd. 2, Coin,
1866, p. :!7.''
Baikow, — . [Arteries of Procyon.] < Zool. Oart. vii, 1866, Bd. iv, pi. 2.
Barkow, — . [Arteries of Ursus.] < Zool. Gart. vii, 1866, Bd. iv, pll. 41, 42, 40.
Barkovr, — . [On tbe arteries of Cauis.] < Zool. Gart. vii, 1866, Bd.iv, pi. 1-5.
Nlemayer, W. [Period of blindness of young Procyon lotor.] < Zool. Gart. vii, 1866, p. 340.
Niemayer, W. [Period of gosUtion of wolf stated to be 65 days.] < Zool. Gait, vii, 1866, p.
340.
"Ranger, R." The leopanl. By Robert Ranger [pamtfon.]. r2°. 64 pp. incl. frontispiece. Son-
doy-SclnM)l Union, Niiw York, 18f)fi.
"Rangar.R" Tbetiger. By Kolwrt Ranger [p«eif<toN.]. 32°. 63 pp. inol. frontlspieoa. Snnday-
School ITnion, New York, 18ti6.
r m-
r I r
BIBLIOOU. APPENDIX— D. FEU-E (FIBSIPEDIA).
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Oray, 3. B. Notes on certain siiecies of cats in the collection of the British Museuui, < I'roc.
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1868-69.— Pltalnger, L. J. Revision der zur natUrlichen Familie der Katzen (Feles) gehorigen Formon.
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the order Carnivora, and on the systematic position of Bassaris and other disputed forms . . .
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KT^.^iUnn B. On a variety of the Canis viilpes ( Vuljies vulgaris, Brisson) found in the Forest
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1014
JIONOGKAI'IIS OP KORin AMERICAN RODENTIA.
!
'W '^
:;i:;
1869. -Putnam, F. W, and Packard, A. S., .;> Ou tlio polar and otbor ■poo!c« of bears. < Dull.
Khhox liiHt. i, lcr>0, pp. i:v*, i:i!>.
V. (.l/r«.). riiinilinrity of a wcaMil. < Aiu. Nat. iii, lri69, p. '/70.
1870.— Colvln, V. Nnrrnlivc of n bear-liiint in tlio Ailironiloclu. < Albany Inst, vi, 1870, pp. 3*27-810.
Ccues, B. Dispnsul of tbe placonta [uf dog]. < Am. Nat. iv, 187U, p. TiC.
Oervala, P. tlC'nioirn Hnr Irs fomica c<!r6bralcB propres nnx carnivores vivants nt fossiles,
niiivi ilu ■'•■niunint'H Kur la clussiHcation dc ci'S auimaux <^Nouvellt'H Arobives du
Mui^<<inii d'Uistoiio Naturclle de Paris tomo vi, 1870, M6moiroR, pp. lU3-lt>U, pll. 3-9.
Iieidy, J. [On a fossil mandible of Patriofelis ulta, u. s., from near Fort Bridger, Wyoming.]
< Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Pbilo. 1870, pp. 10, 11.
Parker, H. W. Tbe little striped skunk In Central Iowa. < Am. Nat. Iv, 1870, p. 376.
Scanunon, C. M. The sea otters. < Am. Nat. iv, 1870, pp. 65-74.
Anon. Tod eines VielfrasstW, Gulo borealis. <[ Berliner kliniscbe Wochenschrift, 1870 ; Zool,
Gart. xii, 1H70, p. 31. [Autopsy.]
1871.— JBUlot, D. O. Rimarks ou various species of Felidio, with a description of a species from North-
western .Siberia. < Proc. Zool. 8oc. London, 1871, pp. 758-701, pi. 70.
Flower, W. H. On tbe composition of the carpal of tbe dog. < J. Anat. and Physiol. 1871,
pp. 02-04, with n wotMlcnt.
HlgglnaoD, T. W. Hybrid between rat and raccoon. < Am. Nat. v, 1871, pp. 660,661.
(Tliii alli -Twl hylirld was nu Ad};u1u est,]
Parker, H. W. Mepliiti.H bicolor. < Am. Nat. iv, 1871, p. 701.
Parker, J. 8. Anatomy of (be tknnk. < Am. Nnt. v, 1871, pp. 'iid-'He.
[Ut-f.-rriDf; tu tlio alia) kIsoiIb aod ii('lj;liUirlllg parts.)
[Putnam, P. W.] American pnntber. (anon.) < Am. Nat. Iv, 1871, pp. 692,60.'!.
ISpecleaatlU common in the Adirondacka, and " often found killed by thoapineaof bodgeboga", f. <.,f)orea'
pines.]
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dens. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, pp. 221-240 (with 0 flgg.), pll. xiv-xvii.
[Urana nasntna tdontlfled with U. amflrloanna, p.S39.1
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Soc. London, 1871, pp. 478,479, pi. 38.
(Fella [Lynx] mf* wiihout " enr-peQciU" nienlioned.]
Weale, — . African ant cats [i. e. Viverrida*]. < Am. Nat. v, 1871, p,437.
1872.— Cones, B. Qeograpbioal distribution of Bossaris astnta. <[ Am. Mat. vi, 1872, p. 364.
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Couea, B. Tbe prairie wolf, or coyote (Canis latrans). < Am. Nat. vii, 1873, pp. 385-389.
[Dlacusaiun of relationahipa with Homeatlo dog — Article elaewbere reprinted aereral tlmea, under various
editorial moditloationB uf title and text.l
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Farwick, B. [On albinotic and pied vaiieties of Musteliuic.] < Zool. Gart. 1873, pp. 17, 18, '
Hall, C. F. Bear-hnnting in the arctic regions. < Am 8|iorts. Doc.20, 1873.
Jackel, A. J. [Ou albinotic and pied varieties of Hustelino;.] < Zool. Gart. 1873, pp. 456-4.'i9.
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xxxi, 1873, pp. 330-3:12.
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Sci. xxii, 1873, p. 308.
BIULIOC.U. AITENDIX-LV I'EllM (FlSSIl'KDIA).
1015
1874.— Adanu, A. L. On the natural lii»t(iry aud Kiiograpbical iliatributioii of liviu({ and I'llinot
liearH. < Top. Sci. Uov. xiii, July, Mi, pp. viiO-lioO.
" Alaaka" (i. «., II. W. Elliott) Ipteuion.]. 'I'lio Bca otter (Lutro uiarlua). < Amur. SiiortHin.
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" Central America " [ pieudon. ]. Tiger hunting in Coeta Rica. < Forest and Stream, June 4,
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f {EstfAct fyoin liis EiproMion <if Emotions In Man and Animalii.]
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[Cuniiiilering It a peculiar apeolM of byilropbobia.]
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" M." Hunting the puma or American liou [Felis concolor], < Am. Sfr >rta. Har. 28, 1874.
Mather, F. Ferret breeding and handling. < Am. Sports. Nov. 28, 1874-.
"Monmouth" [ ptudon.']. Hunting the California lion [i. e., Felis concolor]. < Forest and
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1874, pp. 301, 302, with 3 figg.
Williams, F. H. Case of a dog nnrsing n kitten. < Am. Nat. riii, 1874, p. 758.
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Ahoh. Fox hunting in North Corolinn. < Am. Sports. Deo. 12, 1874.
Ancv. Lynx canadensis [?] in New Jersey. < Am. Siiorts. April 4, 1874.
Anon. Mink breeding. < Forest anil Stream, Jnly 2, 1874.
Ation. On hydrophobia. < Am. Sports. Nov. 21, 1H74.
Anon. The jiolar bear's cnmiing. < Forest and Stream, Dec. 5, 1674.
.411011. The wolf in the fold. < Am. Sports. Jan. 24, 1874.
riTirT'nnTT.ir"]:rij'7rY
1010
MONOUUAl'US OF NOItTIl AMKUICAN UODENTIA.
B!l I
1S7S.— Elliott, H. W. Tli» iH>a-iitter aad Iih liiiiiliiiK' < l<<'I>nit an Iheconilltiim ofiiffairi iu Alimka,
clinp. V, pp. .M-Ti^ (rt ', Wiu<liiii|{tuii, Ouvuriiinniit rriiitiuf( Ofllou, lH7ri).
BoSmao, W. J. Itoum, ctu., In Ariwnu. < Amur. Nul. ix, 1H7&, p. AKi.
Janeway, J. O. On Iiyilmplioliia. < New Ynrk Medical Rucortl, x, no. Sl!27, Mar. 13, 1U7&, l>|).
177-lHU.
[Ciiiiniilerlii^t tlio N(i-calliHl robica Diepbition w illuply liydropbobU.) *
Jttckel, A. J. L'L'lH-r Lcnciamen untcr <lrn Moatelen. < Zool. Oart. xlv, 1875, pp. 4IJG-4&9.
1876.— Allen, J. A. The extirpation of llio lur){er IniliiscnonH inamnialH in the United Htatei. <[I*enn
Monthly, Uct, It^ii, pp. 7U4-tWG. [.Should havo oouio under 11. Fuunal Publicatiooa.]
AUen, J. A. The former riuigo of aoiue New Eoglaod carniroronii inaninialii. < Aiuer. Nat. x,
1W7(>, pp. 70S-715.
Allen, J. A. On a new generic typo (BaBNuicyou [gabbii]) of ProoyoDldaj from Costa Rlon.
< Troc. Acwl. Nat. 8ci. PUila. lM7t!, pp. aO-iKl, pi. i (skull).
Couea, E. KeverHiou of the dog to the feral state. < Forest and Stream, Nov. U, 1670.
H[oweIl J, M. A., jr. The mink as a forager. < Forest and Stream of Deo. 128, 187G.
Howell, M. A., jr. The trapjier not the only euem.v of the muskrat [Putoriusvison being
another]. < Forest and Stream of Deo. 'il, 1H76.
Whitman, C. L. Something about [way of handling entrapped] sknnks. <^ Forest and
Stream, Feb. 17, 1H70.
Anoit. TUu arctic fox — Vul|ioa lagopus. <^ Forest and Stream, Oct. 20, 1H70.
Ahqu. [Habits of] the mink. < Forest and Stream of May 11, 1870.
1877.— Couea, B. History and habits of the wolverene (Onto luscns). < For. and Sir. Jan. 4, 1877.
Cou«a, B. [Monograph of North Anjerlcan Mustelidai (fall title not yet determined).] 8°.
Washington, Qove rument Printing Uttlce, 1877. ( ix prit» at lkl» date, Julg 4.)
"W.M.D." Habits of mink. < Forest and Stream of Jan. II, 1877.
E.-FER^ (PINNIPEDIA).
1811. — Cnvler, F. Observations zoologiques sur les facuUiSs physiques et Intollectnelles du phoque com-
■nun (Phoca vitulinn, L.). < Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Pans, xvli, 1811, pp. 377-397.
1822. — Duvemoy, O. L. Reohercbes anatoraiques sur les organes du mnuvoment du phoque commuu
(I'hoca vitulina, Linn.). < iUm. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ix, 1633, pp. 49-70, 105-169.
1822-23.— Llohtenatein, K. Bf . B. Ueberdio weisnen Robben. < Abhandl. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin,
188i-'A pp. 1-12.
1824.— Cnvier, F. Do qnelqiies espiccs do pboques et des gronpes g<n<Sriqne8 entre lesquels elles se
partagent. < M6m. Mns. Hist. Nbt. Parjs, xi, 1824, pp. 174-214.
De Kay, J. B. Au account of the Phoca cristata recently taken in the vioiuity uf this oity.
< Ann. Lye. Nal. Hist. Sew York, i, 1824, pp. 94-99, pi. 7.
Bornaohuoh, C. F., and Relnwardt, — . Nlihcre Bestlmmnng einesan der pommerlschen KUste
vorkommomleu Robben [Halichotrus grisens]. < Okon, Isis, 1824, col. 812-815 ; Fdrusa. Bull.
Scl. Nat. v, 182.'), ]>p. 104, lO.'i. (Orig pub. Uruifsw. Acad. Zeitsohr. i, 1832, p. 139 seq.)
King, F. O., and Ludlow, B. Q. Appearances on dissection of the Phoca cristata. <Ann.
Lye. Nal. Hist. Now York, i, 1824, pp.9tf-t0;l.
Knox, R. ObsiTvations on the anatomy of the Incteal system iu the seal and cetacea. <, Med.
and Surg. Jour. Ediub. xxii, 1824, pp. 23-31 ; Vtot. Not. viii, 1834, ool. 49-53.
1827.— Mitohlll, B. Ij., Smith, J. A., and Cooper, Vf. Discovery of a fossil walras in Virginia. Re-
port ol MesBis. Mitcbili, J. A. Smith, and Coo|)er on a fossil skull sent to Dr. Mitchill by Mr.
Cropper, of Accomao County, Virginia. <Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. ii, 1837, pp. 271,272.
1828. — Rapp, W. von. Ucber das Zunnsystem dee Wnlliostcs. < Wihttemb. Abbandl. ii, 1828, pp.
107-114.
1829.— Rapp, W. von. Ueber den ausdchubunm Anhang nuf dcm Kupfe des Klappmlltzen-Seehnndes
(Phoca [Cystopliora] cristata). < Meckel's Arch. f. Auat. n. Phyd. 1829, pp. 230-241, 1. pi. ;
FiSruss. Bull. Sci. Nat. xxii, IKIO, p. 101.
1831.— Owen, R. [On the anatomy of the seal (Phoca vitulina, Linn.).} <Proo. Comm. Zool. Boo.
London, i, 1831, pp. 151-154.
UlUIilOOli. APPENDIX— E. VEUJE (PINNIPKOIA).
1017
1839-
1841.-1
1838.— Baer, K. B. von. Aimtomiiu'lin iind /.ihiIokiiicIki IJiitrmiicliuiiHiMi IIIht rliui WitllronH (Trirhr-
tUH nwiiiiinw), 1111(1 VcrKlcitlmnjj (lii'Hrfi TliierH iiiit niiiU'rii S HUiiKi-lliiercii. ^ Aiatl. M(^iii.
St. I'dUiml). iv (|iUi. 2), IKIM, |)|i, !»7 -OO.
HallEilmiton, J. lliMiiiivrkiiiii|;er mii deii iHlniiilHki' lltm'liir (Pliiira [lluliclwrim] kO'I'I'""')-
< Kriiyur'H Naliirliixt. Tiiliwkr. ii, 1«W, )i|i. Ul-Uit; Ibih, 1i*11, pp. aHT-'JlKl.
Wiegmann, A. P. A. Uthcr ilua OubiiMi des Wttllromwii. <Arcbiv fllr NaliirK. iv, IH3H, pp.
1 l;i-130.
Oray, J. B. On Hip fur Sfol i>f coniniercu. < Ann. Nut. IliHt. ii, IKK), p. aou.
Gray, J. B. Walking of the acal. < Ann. Nat. Hi»t. ii, lH:ffl, p. 7«.
Hamilton, R Tbe nntnriiliHl'ii lil>riiry. Edited liy Sir William Jardinp, ll»rt Vol. xv,
MAiDiualia. AnipliibioHH Carnivorn IH'\ Kn);. title, 4 p. I., H-IUO |ip., nitlillDcol. +
7* pll., and portrait of I'eron. Eilinburuli, W. II. Liziim IKIU.
Oray, J. B. On the variation in tbu tevtb of tlio crrnteil M'ftI, Cyiitopbora cristata, and on a n«w
a|H>ciea of tbe jjenuK from tbe Went Indies. < Proe Zool. Soc. London, 1''41, pp. 9l-!tll.
Belby, P. 3. OliHervations on Ibe ^reat iw'al of tlie Farii Inlandx, nliowiiiK it U) iie tbn IIulicbcB-
ruH griaeiia Niliw., and not the I'hwa barbata. < Ann. Nat. Hint, vi, 1041, pp. 4(i!M(iC; Kror.
N. Not. xviii, no. 3'JO, 1H41, pp. a41-'^4().
Wyman, J. [On the 8tenorh;ucbua li-plonyx.] < I'roc. lloaton Roc. Nat. lliat. i, 1H41, pp. 'i,',\.
1842.— Stanniai, H. Uuber QebiiM uud Scliiidel drH WHlroaacH, iinter Ilorilckxichtignng dor Krage, ob
die Verachiadenbeiien iiu llniie dua Hcbiidrla znr Untontcbeiilnng mehrerer Artuu dor Outtung
Triobeona beruclitigen. < MUllvHa Arebiv, lrJ42, pp. 3UU-4i:i.
1843.— Reinhardt, J. T. liomaorkning om Tandforholdet hoa llalicbcerua grypUua. < KtRyer'a
Naturhlat. TIdaakr. iv, lM4a, pp. :il3,ai4 ; laia, 1845, p. 702.
1844.— Jager, Or. von. Ueber die Stclluug und Dentung der Ziihne dca Wallroaaea. < MUller'a Ar-
ebiv Anat. ltJ44, pp. 70-7ri.
1845.— BundaTall, C. J. Oin en I'boca frfin Ladoga (Ph. annulata). < Ofveisigt K. Vut. Akad.
Forh. (Stockholm), ii, ld45, pp. 1B7, liW.
1846.— HiU, R. [Deacriptiou of a aeal found on a aboal aoath of Jamaica.] <Proo. Zool. Soo,
London, xiv, 1846, pp. 80-bl.
1847.— Bonadorff, B. 3. Auntomiaka boakrifning of ver do aex lorata cercbral-nerrparcn hoa graa hafa-
akiilaD(Halicbairtiagryphaa), reap. Job. Juat. Staodinger. 4°. 46 pp., 2 pll. Helaingfora, 1H47.
1848— Lsaaon, R. P. 8ur un phoqne do I'Aradriqne dn nord. < lievne Zool. xi, 184H, pp. 1,'2.
1849.- Wagner, J. A. Uemerknngen liber die Beecbaffeoheit dea Knocbcngerliatea dea Seebiiren und
dea Seeottera. <Oeliilirto Anz. MllncbcD, xiviii, 184!), col. 665-678; Bu.l. Akad. MUuchen,
1840, col. lG8-18-i; Arebiv fUr Anat. xv, 1849, pp. SiMil.
1890.— Wyman, J. f On the pertinence of the walrna to the pacbyderma.] < Proc. Boaton Soc. Nat.
Hist, iii, 18;iO, p. 24-i.
1853.— Oervala, P. Deacriptiou de qnolque'. eapteca de phoqneii et de clStac^s. < Ann. Sci. Nat. xx,
(Zool.), 1853, pp. 281-a9a.
Gray, J. B. Qj the attitudes and fl.^nrea ot' the morse. <Proo. Zool. Soc. London, xxi, 1653
pp. 113-116, with 10 flgg.
Owen, R. On tbe anatomy of the waii'is. < Proo. Zool. Soc. London, xxi, 1853, pp. 103-107.
1854.— Lea, I. [Uofereuco to tbe tanned bkii: of the walrua, uaed for poliabing cutlery, at Hull, Eng-
land.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ei. Phila. vii, 1854, p. 265.
Wheatland, B. [Skull of valrua.] < Proc. Easex Inat. i, 1854, pp. 62-64.
less.— Ayrea, W. O. [ Remarks on the skull of a aen-lion (Otaria jnbata t). ] < Proc. Cala. Acad. Nat.
Sol. i, 1856, p. 61.
Dareate, C. Note sur lea cnraclbres encdphaliquoa des niammifiiros aqoatiqucs (phoquea et
c^tacte). < Complea Kendna, Paria, xli, 1855, pp. 36], 3(i2.
Pucheran, J. Snr quelques cariicli^rea oHt^ologiqnes et enc(5phaliqnc» proprea aux mammircrea
palmipMea [Pinnipedia]. <ConipleB Rendus, PariH, xli, 1855, pp. 282,283.
1SS6.— Leidy, J. Notice of the remains of a species of seal [not named] from the poat-pliooeno depoait
of the OtUwa Eivcr. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. viii, 1856, pp. 90, 91, pi. 8 J Can. Nat.
and Oeol. i, 1857, art. xixviii,^p. 238,239.
1018 MONOOHAI'IIS 01''.>0KTII AMKUICAN UODDNTIA.
1096.— Laldy, J. Nolicc of rciimiua uf twn Bpcclca of mala. < I'rue, AcuU. Nut. Hc'i. I'bila. viii, IHtO,
p. yfl'i.
I Ml<ii-i'iii>: IMmic« wyniQiil, Vlriiltiidi P. dvbllli, Roath Cknitiu.)
1839.— Oray, J. B. On tU<\ mu liciir <>( I'urntvr, lliu UniUH inarinim of HU'lliT, Ani(ucu|>haliia nniuuiof
lutliorn < I'MM'. Ziu.l. Sue. I.oiitliiii, xxvii, IHfiU, |i|,. Kf, IICI.
Oray, J. E. On tlii< Hiii-liiiiiH, or IdliOH iiiurinim nf Hut Spuiiiuriln, on tliu rimal of Califuruio.
< I'roo. Zool. Sm-. l.diiiloii, xxvii, IW.t, |ip. llW-lllil, pi. 7-2.
Qiiudevall, C. J. Oiii wahonnt'ii. < orvcrHift K. Vcl. Akiid. I'orli. (Slot^kliolni), xvi, 18u0, pp.
111-417; (lilinriMl/.l) Zi'ilmlir. Ki'sainint. Nnliirw. Idilli', xv, IHiin, pp. a70-'/75.
1860. — Leidy, J. Notirn of rriniiiiiH of tli» wnlrim <liMouV(in'<l on tli« ronHt of tlie UnitctI Statu*.
< rriiiiH. Am. riiilos. Hoc. I'hila. u. h. xi, IStU), art. v, pp. Kl-W, pi. .l.'>.
1062.— Oray, J. E. Note on llio •Ini of a seal [C. fa'tlduii] at tlio tiinu of birth. < I'roc. Zool. Boo.
l.oniloii, IHO-J, p. iOi. '
1863.-Oray, J. B. |.()ii I'lioca fiutida.] < Ami. Nat. Illat. xl, IWI, p. UUl).
Malmgien, A. J. Uvbrr den ZaLuban dca Odobrnna roaiuanm. <^ Ofv. Kon)|l. Vvt. Ak. I'orh.
inGii, p. m:,.
1864. — Gray, J. B. Nuti's lUi Kinlx (I'boridir), including th« dracription of a nnw miiI (Ilnlicyon rlcb-
iirdii), from die wcHt lonnt of North Ami'rica. <^ I'roc. /oul. Hoc. Loudon, 1804, pp. !f7-34.
Malmgron, A. J. Cm tiuidli,vitK"<>'h'n Iioh hviilnwHfii ((Monlobu'iiOH roanuirnM, I..), ovh tnn-
domliyti't hoa liana oliiddn niigi'. <[(Kfvi'rN. SvcnHk. Vvlcnxk. Akad. Korliandl. IMtt, pp. ri(l3-
.VWf, Willi 1 pi.
Patera, W. Ui'licr dnn Milrhgvhiaa dra Wallroaava. <^ Moiialabcr. Acnd. Wiaa. Deri. Deo., 13,
lHr.4, I>'<. (i85-(iK7, with 1 pi.
1865.— Cope, B. O. [OliHi'rvationaon aapeclcsof aea^Cjatopbora), andoncetaceaua.] <^ I'too. Aoad.
Nat. 8ci. Phila. IfM, pp. a7:l,a74.
[A llBt uf eaot coitflt ceuceanii In giTf n. )
Relnhardt, J. Om Klapmydaena [Cj-atophora crialata] ufodte Vnf'e ng dciia Melkctandaiet.
< Vid. Meddel. Noturh. Foren. Kjolmh. for lfC4, 1805, pp. 24t»-i!()4, with 1 woodcut.
[On the fntua uf (^yatophora aod ita iDllk-twtll.]
Steenatrup, J. Yderli);(!re Ik'niiirkninf((ir oin Miilkatnndaiittet hoa R<>miueaUlen (Phocn bar-
bata). < Vid. Muddid. Naturh. I'orcu. KJobnb. for 1H64, IHO-'i, pp. 'Mt--Z7i.
1066.-0111, T. Prodrome of a monograph of the pinniiicdea. < Proc. Katex luat. v, April 7, 1866,
pp. l-K).
Oray, J. B. Ciitaloguo nf seala [Pluuipcdia] and whulea [Cete] in the Britiah Muu ;am
M cd. 8". vii, 40--' pp. London, printed by order of the truateoa, 1866.
Oray, J. B. Notea on the akulla of aea-beara and aea-llona (Otariadai) In the Drltiah Mnaomu.
< Ann. and Mii);. Nut. lliat. xviii, 186(i, pp. 3-2>^2.')7.
Petere, TV. I7vber die Ohrenroliben, Otariir, iiiubcaondcro illirr die in den 8anini1nuf(en zn
Uerlin bcUndlichen Artcn. < Monatab. Ak. Wiaa. lierlin, May 17, 1806, pp. 201-'.M1, with 4 pll.
Peters, W. Nacbtrng zii dcr AbbandluoR iilicrdio Uhrenrobbvn (Otaria-). < Monatsber. Ak,
Wiaa. lierlin, Nov. 1, 186G, pp 6(xM)72, with 1 pi.
1867.— Hayes, 1. 1. [<V walriia hunt.] < The open polar aea. A narrntivo of a voyafto ol diacovory
towarda the north pole. Loudon, 1867. p. 404.
Murle, 3. On the ctiiiae of death of the a«a-bear (Oturia hooker!) lately living in the society's
gardeua. <[ I'roc. Zool. 8oc. Ixindon, 18(i7, pp. S243, !244.
1067?— Oray, J. B. Obfcervatioua on the " Pro<lrome of u monograph of the I'innipedes, hy Theodore
Gill ". < Ann. nud Mug. Nat. lliat. xrii, 1867 1, pp. 444-44.!.
1868 —Abbott, C. C. Ou the aenla of the Falkland lalanda. Cnmniunicated, with notes, by P. L.
Schiter. < Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1808, pp. 189-lUa.
Bartlett, A. O. NoU a n|ioii the birth of a ringo<l aeal in the aociety'a gardeua. < Proo. Zool.
Soc. London, 1808, pii. 40-i-40'J.
Brown, R. Notex on the hiatory and gcogra|ihica1 relatinna of the Pinni|icdia frequenting the
.Spitzbergen and Oreeiiliind Scaa. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, pp. 40r>-440.— liepriuted,
with addiliona and corrcctiona, in the Munnal of the Nat. lliat. of Greenland, S*^, London,
187.%, pp. 35-^8. ^
llinLIOdlt. AI'l'KNIHA-K. I'KU/K (IMNNU'EDIA).
lOli)
<Xutliicbr. gen. Nalur-
1068.— Burmaliter, B. I^'livr illi> OlirciirolilH'U ilcr Oiilklliitn Hlld-Alurrlka'a
nlM. xxxl, IHIJH, pp. •21I.|-:U)1.
Oray, J. E. <)bi«TV»ti(iiiH on ilm fur m'uIh of llici iiiiliirctic mii* mid llic Cuim nf (mk»1 II(i|w,
Willi III!' ili'HcriptiiMi uf u new (.perii-B. < Aim. niiil Mujj. Niit. Hint, i, HiH, pp. 'Jiri 'All.
Oray, J. B. OliMivntitiim <iii M'a-lH'iirN (Ourimlu'), nnil ikprcinlly iiii tliii I'lir-iiriilH iiiiil hull-
Mill* of tlw I'ulkliiiiil InIiiiicIh uikI Hoiillurn AiiiiTiiii. < Ann. uiiil Mng. Nut. Hint. I, W<K, pp.
UU-IIO.
Bumpbreya, O. M . On tlr niynloKy of OryotvropiiH niptMiniH nml I'liocii tuniniiiiilH. < Journ.
Aniit. uiiil I'hymul, ii, IHUH, ,,p. 'JtHi-liW.', pi. iii-vl.
McBaln, J. On tlii' Hkiill of nnOtariik(Olaiianllon'f) Ironi tlicCliinclialaluniln. < Jniini. Anat.
oiiil Hliyitiol. iil, Mim, pp. lllO-llvi.
Murte, J. On tlir iiHirlild niipoiriiMcefi <pl)h<'rv(4l in llie wnlnm Intoly livinK in tlii< luicii'ty'H Kar-
d(in«, with n dpi«riplinn of n ni-w HpfcicB of A»cari» found Ui tliti Htoniiwli, by ))r. Ilaird.
< I'roo. Zool. Sof. London, IHOH, pp. «;7-71.
Quenneratedt, A. Arctic irgion. "Antvckningnr cm rijurlifvot 1 Iiiiiafvct niullaii 8pilalivrKen,
och Oriiiiland." < Hveniik. Vet. Ak. Ilandl. vil, IHfiH, p. X,, ;t pi.
(Tlio niamniulM to wblrli »ii«ciiil attitutiiin wui pal<) tm np^-lei of riiuca.)
Turner, W. On llio rraniiini of an uiiparnitly new HimcicH of Arctoaiplialim [A. ncliliit.Iiy-
piToHnJ. <Journ. Anul. and I'liyniol. iii, lh<>H, pp. Ii:i-ll7, willi 11);.
186'^.— Oray, J. B. Additional iiutcH on ara-U'itni (Ola.'-iadaO. < Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hint, iv, IHTiU,
pp. Si01-!nO.
Oray, J. B. Not^'ii on iw>nl» (I'liocldn-), and tho clianRVH in the form of tbeir lower Jnw during
growth. < Ann. and Mng. Nat. Illat. iv, ISCU, pp. 'M-i-MCi.
Xlnberg, J. O. H. Om iirktiHknI'hocaco(T,fnnnantiineui>.nita8verigeaglaolallora. <(Efri'ra.
Vnt. Akad. Kiirhandl. lt«9, pp. 13-01.
Murie, J. lirport on th« earrd neale collected liy the soclety'H keeper, Fraii(aU LcGomte, in the
Falkland Inland*. < I'roo. Kool. Soo. London, 1H60, pp. 100-109, pi. 7.
Packard, A. B-.jr. [Noticeof tbeoccnrrenceof the walrua in Labrador.] < Boll. Essex Inat. i,
1««9, pp. 137-138.
1870.— Alleo, J. A. Ou the eared uraU (Otariadir), with detailed deacriptioiio of the North rncifio
apeciea, by J. A. Allen. Together with an account of the habilHof the northern fur aual
(Callorbinna uminna), by Charles Bryant. <^Bull. Mus, Com. Zuol. ii, no. 1, 1870, pp. 1-108,
pll. i-iii.
Atwood, N. B. [Broken ikDll of a walrua froin theGnlf of St. I..awreuce.] <rroc. Boatoa
Soc. Nat. Hiat. xiii, 1870, p. 'i-iO.
'^ Oilpin, J. B. The walrua. < Proc. and Trana. Nova Scotian Iiiat. Nat. Soi. Halifax, ii, 1870,
urt. X, pp. 183-187.
Murle, J. Ou Phoca grutulaudica, MUll. : ita modea of progreaaioo and ita anatomy. < Proo.
Zool. Soc. London, 1870, pp. (i04-<!08, pi. 32.
Turner, VT. Cuae iu which in uiuu the pericardinm waa unattached to the diaphragm, with a
parallel ilinatration from the wulriia. < Journ. Anat. and Physiol, v, 1870, pp. 114-110, with llgg.
Turner, W. Note on t ho capture of the gray seal, HallchoDrus gryphns, ou the cout i of Fife and
Forfar. < Journ. Auat. and Physiol, iv, 1870, pp. 270,871.
Turner, W. On the species of seal found iu Scotland in beds of glacial clay. < Jnnm. Anat. and
Physiol, iv, 18/0, pp. 800-270.
1871.— Allen, J. A. The classilicatinn of i <tred seals. < Am. Nat. v, 1871, pp. 37-42.
Dwigbt, T., jr. [Uemarkaou a uervu plexus in Phoca.] < Proo. Boston Soc. Nat., Hiat.- xili,
1871, p. 391.
Flower, W. H. On the occurrence of the ringed or marble seal (Phoca hiH|iida) on the const of
Norfolk, with remarks ou the ayuouymy of the siwcies. < Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1871, pp.
.M)6-612.
Olll, T. The cared seals. [A review of memoir on the eared seals (Otariadre), etc., by J. A.
Allen.] <.'The Amcricnn Naturalist, iv, 1871, pp. C75-684.
Oray, J. E. Supplement to the Catalogue of seals and whales in the British Mustnm
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i! ..^
mn -'f lii
1020
MONOGKAPUS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
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London, IHTi, p. 74;t.
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Zool. Soc. London, lt''i, iip. 737-743, witb 5 figg.
,j Pain, Capt. H. [Letter from . . . , containing remarks on tbo sea-lion (Otaria Jubata) and
other seals. J <Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 187ii, pp. 681, CK2.
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tijig., pll. G7-73.
1874.— [Elliott, H. W.] Tho sea lion of Bering Sea (Kumetopias stelleri). By Alaska Ipicudon.'].
< Am. Simrts. June 27, 1874, with ligg.
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[N. 8pp., O. minor aud O. pygiuiea. ''llab. unknown."]
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F.-ARTIODACTVLA.
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'I :
, If '
:i| :
f!
1022
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
'4 .
1
1812.— Regnouf, — . Siir In dentilinu des bcufs. < Nonv. Bull. Sci. 8oc. Pbilom. Hi, 1812, pp. 1C5, 166.
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i i!
hi
i ;
t
1024
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
■■':' ,' '
'■'. '
■ ; , ;.
■ i'
■'l
-'^rM
'ir.^^1
i
i
1810.— Lichtenatein, K. M. H. Mittlieilang tlber mohrero im iiordlicben America gefundone Pachy-
tli riiiou [Ungiiliita]. < Iain von Oken, 1840, col. 90:i-90<i.
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L<)ijilun,viii, I.-i»10, pp. 4-10.
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< I'bilos. MaK. xvii, 1840, pp. 3t27-a:il ; Institut, viii, no. :M1, ltj40, p. !£S4 ; Abstracts of tbe
I'ajiers rend before the ICoyal Soc. London, iv, 1843, p. 199.
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I'hila. i, l84-i, pp. 187, 18H.
lAplooerus proposcil aa a Hubstitate fur Mauma, Smith. 1
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1843. — Blom, O. P. On the reindeer of the Laplanders. <^ Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xxsiv, 1843, pp.
352-:iu9; I'ror. N. Not. xxvi, no. 002, 1843, pp. 177-183.
1844-45.— Bundevall, C. J. Metbodisk ofverelgt af Idislande djuren (Pecura, Linii.^. <[ K. Sv. Vet.
Akad. Haudl. (.Stockhulni), 1844, pp. 121-21? t 184.'), pp. 265-330; Ofversigt K.Vct. Akail.Forh.
(Stockholm), iv, 184(i, p. 57; Okun, Isis, 184C, o^! 564-599; nurnschncb, Arcbiv, ii, 18.'i0, pp.
78-160, 2()l-;i'20.
1845.— Rapp, W. von. lleber die EruUbrnng des Futus der Wiederkliuor. < WUrtembg. naturwiss.
.(ubrcsb. 1, Heft 1, 1645, pp. 67-69.
Rapp, W. voD. Uebor die Ziibne des Hirscbes. < WUrttemb. natnrwiss. Jabresh. 1. Jabrg. 1.
Ilefr, 184.J, pp. 64-66.
Bundevall, C. J. Ofversigt af diiggdjursordningen Fecora. < Ofversigt K. Yet. Akad. Forb.
(Stockholm), ii, 1845, pp. 26-32
1846.— Agasslz, L. [Remarks on tbe moose and caribou (Cervns alcoa and tarandus, anct).] <^ Proc,
Iloslon Soc. Nut. Hiat. ii, 1846, pp. 187, 188.
Qray, J^JQ. On tbe nrrangemeut of tbe hollow-horned ruminants (Bovidin). < Ann. Nat.
Hist, xviii, 1846, pp. 227-233.
Weisseuborn, W. Ueber die Identiliit dca Urns nnd Bison. < Fror. N. Not. xl, no. 807, 1840,
pp. 129-134 ; no. 868, pp. 145-150.
1847.— Agasslz, L. On the niooao niid carabon, and on the American ruTen. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and
Art8(2), iii, 1847, p.43(i.
Holmes, F. S. Description of bezoar stone found in the stomach of a bnck (Cervns virginianus,
Cm.). < South. Journ. Med. Cbarieston, ii, 1847, pp. 527-630.
Jager, O. von. Ueber ilie Identiliit und Unterscheidnng des Auerochsco, Bos nms, nnd dea Bi-
B«n, Bo8 bison. < WUrttemberg. Jahresheflte, iii, 1847, pp. 176-1T8.
Leldy, J. On a now geunx and species of foail ruminants (Poiibrotherium wilaoni). <^Profl.
Acad. Nat. Sii. Pbilu. iii, 1H47, pp. 322-:i26, pi.— ; < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), v, 1848,
pp. 27(1-279.
Thompson, P. T. Hippopotamus at Sierra Leooo. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts (2), iii, 1847, p.
125.
1847-48.- Pucheran, J. Monugraphie du genre cerf. <Comptcs Kendus, Paris, xxlv, 1847, pp. 604,
605; xxvi, 1848, p. 500.
1848.— Oray, J. B. Description of a new apeciea of antelope from West Africa. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and
Arts (•)), v, 1848, pp. 279-280.
Leldy, J. On a new fosail genus and species of rnminantoid pncbydennata: Mnrycoidodon eul-
bertsonii. < I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila. iv, 1848, pp. 47-50, with pi.
Meckel, H. Ueber die Entwickelung der Oesoh'.ecbtatheilu deaSchufes [Ovia]; mit liUcksicht
auf die abnormen UildungKVcrliUltuiaao. < Zeitg. Zool. i, 1848, pp. 9:1-97, 101-lOtl.
Numan, A. Ilijdrnge tut de outlecdkundige en pbyaiolngiacbe kennia der borens van bet rund-
vie. <N. Verhundl. 1. Kl. Ncderl. Inatit. D. 13, 1848, pp. !85-2<i(>, 4 pll.
1849 — Duvernoy, O. L. Rnpport nnr I'onvrnge de S. G. Morton. Obanrvationa oilditionellea aur une
hiiuvc'lle ^«p^ce d'hippopotamn <^ Inntifut, xvii, no, 8'in, 1819, p. 290.
BIBLIOGH. APPENDIX— r. AUTIODACTYLA.
1025
1850.
1851.
1852.-
1849. — Geoffrey St.-Hilaire, I. liiiiiiHiit n\i uii nii'uKiii'c ilc M. ruilii'iiiii : M(iiinjj;iiipliii' lies ohiuVcb
(111 ^I'lirc crrC. <; CoiniitfB Kriuliis Acad. Sri. l'ari», x.sis, IHl'.l, )ip. 77;!-7rt-^.
Gray, J. B. On a very laifjo iocmIopi' (C. Iwirotis), in llic ciillcctiun i)f I he Earl iif Dcrliy.
<^ Troe. Zonl. Sop. London, xvii, 1H41', pp. i>\, t).'), pi. Vi.
Morton, S. G. Additioiiiil obNorvatious on ii new living spccii's of liippupotanins. <^Joiirii.
Aciul. Nat. Sn. Pliila. (2), i, 1S49, art. xviii, pp. ii;)l-'i;!0, pll. ;w-'.i.» ; Am. .louiri. Sci. mid Arts
(2), viii, l.S4y, p. 152.
Turner, H. N. On tlio cvidenci'S of nflliiity aiiorded by lift) skull in tlio unmilatB nianunaliH.
<^ Prop. Zool. Soc. Londuu, xvii, 1H41), \)p. IIT-I.W.
Wyman, J. [Ou tbo foot of asppciesof ninsk (MoBplins).] <;Proc. lioBton Soc. Nut. Hint, iii,
Itf I'.l, ]). 203.
['llie specieawaa A TragiiUiB.)
-Gray, J. E. Kiionsley Mi'iiBgeiio. GliaiiingB from tlii' meiingerie and aviary at Knowsloy
Hall. Hoofed (inadrnpud.s. Folio, pll. fiU. Knowslpy, IKiO.
Gray, J. B. Synopsis of tbe specius of ilcpv (Ciirviua), with the description of a new species iu
the gardens of the society. < Prop. Zool. Soc. London, xviii, lf<.')0, pp. 222-242, pll. 22-28.
Morton, S. O. [On Mr. Layard's plates of tbo caiiiel and dromedary from ruins of Nineveb.]
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. v, 18:>0, p. 84.
Sundevall, C. J. Metho<lischo UeberBiebt der wiederkauendou Tliiere. Liiiue's Pccora.
< Hornsohucb's Arch. Skaud. Beit, ziir Naturg. ii, 1850, pp. 78-1(10, 29 l-:i20.
[Traii8lat«(l from Knnsl. Svermk. IlaniU.] , . -• -
Turner, H. N. On tbe generic sulidivieion of tbe Bovidie, or bollow-borned riiininantB. < Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, xviii, 1850, pp. 104-178.
-Leidy, J. [On souio fossil runiiuants, i.e. Oreodon, from Nebraska.] < Prop. Acad. Nat. Spi,
Pbila. V, 1851, pp. 2S7-2aa.
-De Kay, J. B. Tbo moose, CervuB Aloes. [Abstractfroui Zoologyof New York.] < Fifth Ann.
Kep. U< g. Univ. N. Y. 1852, pp. 2>J-:il, with pi.
Gcubaux, A. Mcnioire Bur les cotyh'dmis nt<<riii8 des femelles dcs aiiiuianx riiininantB doniesti-
iliies. < Couip. Keud. et Mem. Soc. de liiol. iv, 1852, i)p. 275-2iH>. Ajiart : Paris, impr. Tbenot,
18.511. 8°. 24 pp.
Le Conte, J. Notice of a fosail Dieotyle from Missouri. < I'.iic. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila. vi,
18.52, pp. 5, 6.
LeOonte, J. Notes ou some fossil snilinc pachydernis from Illiuois. < Prop. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Pbila. vi, ia52, pp. :i-5.
Leidy, J. Memoir ou the cxtinet species of American ox. 4". W) pp., 5 pll. < Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowle<lgo, vol. v, art. 3, 1852.
Leidy, J. On tbo osteology of the head of hippopotainns, and a dcscriiition of the osteological
characters of a new genus of Hippopotamida!. < .loiirn. Acad. Nat. Set. Pbila. ii, 1852, art.
xxii, pp. 207-224, pi. 21.
Leidy, J. [On two crania of extinct species of ox— lioothorium bombifions and B. cavifrouB.]
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. vi, 18.52. p. 7).
Leidy, J. [Proposition to geuorically separate, as ChocrodeB, the Hipi>opotamuB liborionsis,
Mortim.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. -'bila. vi, 1852, p. 52.
Leidy, J. [Remarks on the fossil ox— Bison latifrons and B. antiquns.] < Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sei. Pbila. vi, 1852, p. 117.
Leidy, J. [Remarks ou tbe species of bippopotaniUB.] < Prop. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. vi, 18,52,
p. lilt.
Puoheran, J. Monograpbio des especes dn genre cerf < Areliives Miis. Hist. Nat. Paris, vi,
1852, pp. 265-492.
I.-Leidy, J. A memoir ou tbe extiiiet Dicotyliuo) of America. 1852. < Trans. Am. Pbilos. Soc.
Phila. II. 8. X, 1853, ait. xxiii, pp. ;i2;t-34;!, pll. 35-38.
\ —Adam, W. On tbe osteological relations observable among a few species of the bovine fam-
ily. < Proc. Linn. Soe. ii, no. Iviil, 1654, p. 332 ; Traus. Liun. Soc. xxii, ia54, pp. 237-241.
65 M
18S3.-
18S4.-
rk'J'
Ife
h
f!«
fi:
1026
MONOGRAPHS OK NOUTU AMEURJAN UODENTIA.
'm
it ■: i
'^ii''ll^ I '■
1854.— Brown, O. T. Tlir luetli of tliu iix as iiiilii^iilivi' <i( -.ij-r : an explanation of tUo Bijjus nll'ordtil
by tilt' iiu-isor tt'ctli dining tL'rn[K>rary anil piTnianunt ili'tititinn, H\ '.^11 ])[i. Limiloii, Ilaiii-
illiiii, Kil.
Jager, O. von. IVImt ilic IiUnlitiit ilrn KiiropiiiBoliiiu iind Anii'iiraulaela'n llinnn. <^ Wllittuui-
IxiK- .laliiealicfto, X, l.-.M, pp. -JUit-'JOlt.
Leidy. J. Description of :' foanil uppnruntljr indicating ni> extinct species [Cainclups kuDBunuH]
of the camel tiilie. < I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sei. I'liiln. vii, l!i."i I, pp. 17J-17:t.
Leldy, J. [licniarks on IIAs aniericanna of Harlan, or IlailannH anierieanuH of Owen, wUicli liu
considered identical with Hinon latifronn.] <|rroc. Aiad. \at. Sci. I'liila. vii, lrt4, pp. W, 110.
Leldy, J. [Reniarkn on tho questiou of the identity of ISootheriuui cavifronu with Oviboa
nioschatus, or O. luaxiniua.] < True. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila. vii, l.^.'vl, jip. "JO'J.yiO.
Peters, TV. Uebcr das GeLirn des Nilpferdes (IlippopotauniH aniphibinH, Linn.). <| Dcricht
Verb. K. I'r. Akad. Wins. Berlin, 1^54, pp. :U)7-371.
1855.— Oray, J. B. Notice of tho horns of an nnrccorded specicR of the prong horn (Antilocnpra), in
the collection of the Derby Muscnm, 1 iverpool. <] I'roc. Zool. Soc. London, xxxi', IrTt-'i, pp.
9-U, with 'i ligg.
Lnvocat, A. Nouvelle ddteriuioatiou d'une pifeco toi^tatarsionne rcpreaentant le po;, o chez les
rnuiiuauts. <;Couip. Kend. Acad. Sci. Paris, xli, IK'i,'), pp. '.'(iO,'.;!!! ; lustitut, xxiii, no. ll'.i'J,
Ifcfi,'), p. •2S6.
Marah, G. P. Tho camel. < Ninth Ann. Rep. Smith. Ih.st. Iri.j5, pp. 'J.i-lti.
Powell, J. E. [Communication on the habits of the moose, as observed in tho State of Maine.]
<rriie. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, lt<55, pp. ;i4-J-;il4.
1856,— Oaskoin, J. S. On soiuo defects in the growth of the antlers, and 80uie results of castration,
in tl'e Cervidic. < I'roc. Zool. Soc. London, xxiv, It'uC, pp. Kil-iriO, with 7 cuts.
Lichtenstein, K. M. H, L'cber einige iiordameiicauischu Ilirscharten [Cervns strongyloceros,
C. alces, C tnrandus, C. virginianns, ('. mexicauus, C. Icucuriis etc.]. <^ Abhandl. K. Akad.
Wiss. Her in (I'hya.), ISrifi, pp. liOO-'jBT.
Morris, W. T. [Spike horn linck.] < Can. .lourn. Ind. .Sci. and Art, n. m. i, iK'ill, p. 188.
Poinsot, J. Snr nn second conduit pauer(<tttiqno chcz le bnuf. <Compt. Kend. Acad. Sci.
Paris, xliii, ISuO, pp. 085-587.
TVymau, J. [On some fossil bones anil teeth of Suidic, diseovcred by J. W. I'ostcr in Iowa.]
< Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, IKiO, p. 8.
1857.— [Billings, B.] Natural history of the moose deer (Alces americana). [^anoti.] <Can. Nat. and
Geiil. i, I*','!', art. vii, pp. ()0-70.
[Billings, B.] The northern reindeer, or barren-ground caribou (Tarnndiis arcticus). [aiion.]
< Can. Nat. and Geol. i, 1S.">7, art. viii, pp. 71-7(!, with '2 ligg.
[Billings, B.] On the American butralo (Bison nmericanus). [iinoii.] <[ Can. Nat. and Geol. i,
Ib't', art. xlviii, pp. ;141)-;K!.
[BiUlngs, B] On the common deer (Cervns virginianus). [niion.] <Can. Nat. and Geol. i,
lf-.'>7, art. xi, pp. pT-'.fJ.
[BiUiDga, E.] On the mule deer (Cervus macrotis). [iinoii. J < Can. Nat. and Geol. i, att. xii,
i.-ij7, pp. yj,!):t.
[Billings, E. ] On tho musk ox (Ovibus mosohatus). <^ Can. Nat. and Geol. i, lK''i7. art. xlix, pp.
:i.^3-'.t.->7.
[Billings, B.] On the wapiti, or Canadimi stag (Elaphus canadensis). iaiioH.] <Can.N»t.uud
Geol. i. 1K')7, art. x, pp. 81-87, with flf,
[Billings, E.] The Koeky Mountain sheep (Ovis montnua). [aiioa ] < Can. Nat. and Geol. i,
lH,-i7, art. 1, pp. •.r)7-:i(i0.
[Billings, B.] The woodland caribou (Tarandns hastalis). Iciion.'] <^ Can. Nat. and Geol. i,
1H.',7, art. ix,i:;.. 77-80.
Bray, B. de. Note sur le botuf nioBi|UiS [Bos miwclmlus] (Oominginak des Ksqnimnnx).
< Comp. kend. Acad. Sci Paris, xIt, ia'i7, pp. 17:1-175; Institnt, xxv, I8r)7, no. 1*12, p. iiO!!.
Gray, J. B. New genorul clossiticutiou of tho deer. <Cun. Nat. and Geol. i, ISrw, art. xii, pp.
BIBLIOOR. APPENDIX-P. AUTIODACTYLA.
1027
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I'leiicli nutiiriiliHtH. < Can. Nat. and Geol. i, 18J7, art. xii, pp. U(i-inn.
Leldy, J, [Olwervalicms on the introduction of tlm camel in North America. | < I'roc. Acad.
Nat. Si.i. riiilii. \x, lH,-i7, p. ',>IU.
Owen, R. On the ruminant (jnadrnpedsiMHl tin! ahoriginal cattle of liri lain. < Am. Jonrn.Sci.
and Arta ('J), xxiii, IH.'.r, pp. IIW-IIIO.
[From the rrtic. Koy. Inst. G. Itiit. May, 18.>0.]
Fuoheran, J. Snr la jjerslstance, pendant i)lus de deux ans, dcH pridonjremcntH frontaux, chez
iin cerf dcH I'hilippines, persistanee ayant coincidiS avec dcH cxoNtoNCs. <InHt. xxv, 1857,
p. i;)0.
Wayne, H. C. Camels introduced into Auieriea. < Proc. Am. I'liilon. Soc. I'liila. vi, If'.W, pp.
a7,^i-^7(!.
■Wayne, H. C. [Ueniarks on camels in the United States.] < I'roc. Acud. Nat. Soi. Phila. lt:57,
pp. iiLiii-'2tU.
Wayne, H. C. Rept)rt of the Secretary of War communicating, in compliance with a resolution
of the S<^uate of I'ebi uary 2, 1H.')7, information respecting the purchase of camels for the purpoBcs
of military transportation. 8''. 2H8 pp., many illusiratiouH on wood. Washington, A. O. P.
Nicholson, printer, 18,57.
1858.— Leidy, J. [Remarlis on antler of reindeer found imbedded in the grconsand of Now Jersoy.]
< Proc. Aead. Nat. Sei. Phila. 18,58, p. 17!).
Leidy, J. [Rennnks on the remains of camel and wolf from Nebraska.] <Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Pliila. X, 1858, p. 2.
Wyman, J. [On a Cyclopean pig.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 1858, pp. 380,381.
Wyman, J. [On several parasites found in the Cervusvirginianus. J < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist, vi, 1858, pp. :!95, 390.
Wyman, J. [Result of exnoiiimtious of fmtal pigs.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 1858,
pp. 3ti:!, 31i4.
18.^9. — Bergmann, C. Znr Kenutniss des Tui'sns der Wiederkiiner und paarzchigon Pachydernicn. 4°.
22 pp., with 1 lith. pi. Rostock, Stiller, 1859.
Leidy, J. [Letter from J. O. Fisher, and remarks on antler of tha reindeer found at Sing Sing,
and remarks on I'reija auiericanii from Newport.] < I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185!), p. 1!)4.
Wyman, J. [Observations on the shedding of the antlers of the American red deer.] <Proc.
Boston Soe. Nat. Hist, vii, laJ!), pp. lt)7, l(i8.
.^iioii. Notice of the various species of bovine animals. By the editor of the " Indian Field ".
' , < Zoologist, 165!), pp. 63«0-(i;«)7, li.11.1-().|'i!), (i475-(:485, (i50l)-(i,521, 0547, (55(50. Addendum to a
paper on bovine animals. <[ Zoologist, 185!), ]ip. (iriK), b701.
I860.— Leadbeater, B. Kxhibition of some heads and antlers of the American wapiti stag, and three
specimens of Bnffon's skua. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, xxviii, 18G0, pp. 322, 323.
Leidy, J. [Remarks on an extinct i>eccary from Dr. U. D. Owen.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
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Leidy, J. Observations on the extinct peccary of North America; being a seipiel to "A memoir
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vii, pp. 97-105, pi. (i, figg. 2-7.
1861.— Chittenden, L. E. The American reindeer. < Proc. Am. Assoc. Ad\ . Sci. xiv, 18(51, pp. 174-187
(with lig. of horns).
Relclienbacli, L. Die Systcmatik der Grnppc der birechartigen Thiere. <8itzungsber. Isis,
Dresden, 18t>l, pp. 82-80.
Slack, J. B. [Remarks on some specimens of mammalia.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1801,
p. 24.
[Specifies Caprovij cannfienais — Ovis luont.iua.]
Wyman, J. [On a partially double pig.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, 1801, pp. 103, 104.
1862.— rraaer, L. [l^xhibition, for Lord Powerseourt, of an enormous pair of antlers with forty-four
points, from the Ca.-patbian Mountains.] < Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1802, p. 142.
SauMure, B. de. Rectifications relatives aux cerfs mexicaine. < Rev. et Mag. Zool. xiv, 1863,
pp. 413,414.
m-
1028
MONOOUAl'IlS OF NOUTII AMKP.ICAN KODENTIA.
1862
1C63
V l!
Wilder, B. O. [On 111" iiiiih<1i'h wliirli iiidvii the miiMit of llii^ li"!? 1 < I'voc. UoHton 8oc. Nat
lli>l. ix, 1-(W, 11. 1.
Jacksoii, J. B. 8. L"'ii liiiir lialls fimn sliunacli (if ox. | < Troc. liostim Soc. Nut. Hist, ix, iMliU,
pp. -.".'I, -J-,'.-..
KrauBO, — . [On uluillsnf DicotjlfN liiiipmtiiaiiiid I), liililatiis.] < Anli.f. Niitiirg. i, Ir'lil, p. '^71.
'SausBure, H. de. [On tlu' iclcntllkatioii of tlio iniiznnio of Ilt'iiiiinilrz (p. '.VM) witli Antilii-
capra anieiicanu and not CtTvns nioxicaniw.] <^ livv Zool. xv, l^lili, p. '158.
Sclater, P. L. Exhibition of some vuiii'Hntcd wool from Ohio. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
l-ti:i, p. 4;iH(llirieH).
Sclater, P. L. Record of the period of KeHtation of eertain ruminants which l)rced in tho
si>(i<^t)'» KardenH. <[ I'roc. Znol. Soc. London, MY,\, pp. iillO, a;ll.
Verrill, A. B. [On the occnrrenco of the eiirihon near the noitlieru bonndary of Maine.]
< Pioc. Boston ,Soc. Nat. Hist, ix, 166:1, p. 22G.
TVegeuer, — . On Bos bison and B. urns. < Sitzungsber. der Oeaellsch. Isis, 18K), pp. 8, IL
Wyman, J. [On a cyclopeau pig.] < I'roc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ix, ISO!), pp. 2U, ai8.
1864. — Crisp, B. C'outribntions to the anatomy of the fjiratl'o, with nn acconnt of the length of the
alimentary canal of many of tho ruminants, as mensurcd by the author. < Proc. Zool. Soc.
I'eb. ;», imU, pp. (ilt-fif).
Fitzinger, L. J. Ituvisiou der bis jot/.t bckannt genordenen Arteu <ler I'aniilio der Borsteii-
thiere oder Schweine (Sctigcra). <Silz. math.-nat. 01. K.Acad. Wiss. Wien (1), 1, IHiH, pp.
:i83-434.
Martin, L. Uic Honibildung bei der Maznnia-Autilope [Antilocapra aniericaun]. <Zool,
Gart. M>4, pp. 'J34-20t).
Bartlett, A. D. Itcmarks upon the afTinities of the prongbnck (Antilocnpra nmericana).
< Proc. Zool. Soc. London, ISfw, pp. 71H-7i5.
Blyth, B. Lxliibition of some remaikubly large horns of the wapiti deer (Cervus canadensis).
<^ Proe, Zooi. Sue. Loudon, IHIi.'., p. (llri (I lines).
[Alludes to Hfverftl varieticfl, two by name, viz; C. e. vernannd C. c. occiclcntollB.]
Barkow, — . [Arteries of Dicotyles and Sns.] < Zool. Gart. vii, IHiti, Bd. 4, pU. li), '24.
Bremdt. F. von. Ucbcr den vermeintlicheu Uuterschied des Cuncosischeu Bison, Zubr oder
Kogenanuteii Auerocbsen, vom Lithauischeu (Bos Bison s. bouasus). < Bull. Soc. Nnt. Mascou,
xxxix, iHtili, pp. a5'i-'J0t>.
CanGeld, C. A. On the habits of the prongbuck (Aniilocapra amerieaini), and the periodical
shedding of its horns. . < I'roc. Zool. Soc. London, IftKi, pp. 10."i-U0.
CanfielJ, C. A. Notes on Antilocnpra auieiicana, Ord. <^ Proc. ChI, Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 18(i6,
p. ■-':«.
Cray, J. E. On the long-eared or mulo doer of North America (Eucervus). < Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist, xviii, pp. :i:i8, ;i;t9.
Sanson, A. Sur la prt'tenduo 'ransforuiation du tanglier en cochou douiestique. <^Compteii
Uendus, Ixiii, IfUili, pp. Hlll-Hl.'').
Schiel, — . [On Antilope I'urcifer, i.e. Autiluca]>ra nmoricaua.] <C Zoid.Gait. vii, Irtlll), ii.'Jii'J.
Schmidt, M. [On various Cervida'.] < Znol. Gart. vii, IHIKi, pp. 17-111.
Sclater, P. L. On the syslenuilic position of the ])ronghorn (Aulilocapra anicricana). Ab-
stract of ii paper read before the British Association, Section I), Aug. 'J;i, iHtUi. <[ Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist, xviii, pp. 40I-4(h.
Soemmering, W. [On the development and growth of thnhornsin Cervus elaphus.] '•^Zool.
Gart. vii, IHiili, pp. 41-47, pll. i-vi.
Anon. [On Cervus virginianus.] < Proc. Chicago Acad, i, leiiC, p. xxviii.
1867.— Agasslz, L. [Comparison of the bison and anrmhs.] <Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xi, 18t)7,
))p. ;!ll!-;tlH.
Dawkins, W. B. Ovibosmoscliatns (Blaiuville). < Proc. Roy. Soc. 1807, pp. 510, 517 (abstract).
Gray, J. B. Notes on the pronghoru buck ( Antilooapra) and its position in the system. <^ Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist, xviii. lHb7, pp. :t!!;!-;WU.
Leldy, J. [On tho absence of hippopotamus in America.] <[ Proc. Acud. Nut. Soi.l'hila. Iij07,
p. :w.
1865.-
1866.-
LIBLIOGU. APPENDIX— F. AUTIODACTYLA.
1029
1867.— Leldy, J. [Iteinarks on hUuII of Disoii lutifroim.] < rroc. Aciul. Nut. Sti. I'liila. 18117, p. 8.">.
Rutimeycr, L. Vi'isiieli ciiii^r Niitiir(;c'stliii.lili' ilcs liimlra | lliw] uiitcr dcrii (ii'Hiclitspiinkte
hfimi' lli'ziuliiiii);i'n zii di'ii Wicdcrkiiuci'ii [I'ciMiiii] illji'iliaupl bvtniclilet, <,Xli'm. Hoc.
IIelvi''t. Sui. Nat. xxii, Irli". [C'oiiniaio iiixt lillc. J
Riitiineyer, Ii. Vi;i»in-,li einer iiatlirliclicii Gihclii< lite dcs Uindos, in si-iiieii Hizii'Iiiiiigcii zu
diMi WiudeikiiiU'iii iiii All};c'iiieiniin. [Kinu aiialoiiiiHch-palai'untologiHcliu MiiiiO);miiliii; von
LiiiiKi's Ooniis 1!»H -t". KiBtc Alitlii'ilun;;, lU'.'iip., 1 1., 'J pll. ; zncidi AbllU'ilung, 175
pp., 4 pU. <^ None UiMikHcliriftoii der allgciiR'ini'ii BchweizeiiHclieii (ji'Mullmlial't liir din ^v-
Sttinniteii NaliirwiHwiiNcLaftiMi [Nonveaux Mi^iii<)iri.'K de la Boii6l6 lIolv<5tiiiiio dm Sciences
NntnrelleH], xxiii Ldritlii Dckadii, ii], 1W)7.
Whitney, J. D. [On Oieodon jnii from Jloiitnna.] < I'loc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, lH(i7, p. 'M'S.
1868-— Caton, J. D. American C'crvns: paper read before the Ottawa Academy of Natural Science*,
Ma.Y ai, 18«M. liy Jolm D. Caton, LL. D., late chief justice of liliuois. 8". Cover title, i.i
pp. Ottawa, Onunin & llopenian, book and job prin'ern, IHOH.
(.Sii|)urHcribett : '' 'rrnimactiuDrt uf tliu Ottawn Aciidi'iiiy of Nalnrat LScIuucum."!
Qcdge, J. Note on the anatomical development of tlio ruminant Htonnich. <^ Journ. Anat. anil
I'hjbiol. ii, lUtipi, pp. ;w;t,;f.'4, pi. vii, ligg. 1-4.
Ooodman, N. Note on a tliree-totd cow. <[.Ionrn. Anat. and I'hjHiol. ii, li-'tiH, pp. 10!I-U3.
Gray, J. B. SynojiaiH of the Bpccies of pigN (Suidu') in the BritiHli Musenui. < Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, IfWH, pp. 17-4il.
Hayes, J. L. The Angora goat; its origin, culture, and products. <]l'roc. Uoslon Soc. Nat.
Hi«t.xi, l«i8, pp. 40.';-4M.
Hays, W. J. The pronK-horn antelope. < Am. Nat. ii, 1K(J8, pp. i;il-i;!;i (with T) ligg.).
lasakoff, M. L'aurochs ou bison d'Europe. < Bull. Soc. Imp. Zool. d'Acclini. (2), v, 1868, pp.
145, 14(i.
''■■-' Lord, J. K. LOn the Rocky Mountain goat.] < Student and Intellect. Obs. of Sci. Lit. and Art,
i, le<!8, p. 14, with a col. pi.
Martens, V. Notiz iiber Antilocaprnamericana. < Zool. Gart. ix, 1868, pp. 287, S88.
[Structuroof liorns.)
Wright, C. Deer and deer-hnuting in Texas. < Am. Nat. ii, 1HC8, pp. 4()(>-476.
1868-69.— Smith, J. A. Notice of reniaii.s of tlie rein-deer, Ccivus taraiidoH, found in Uoss-shiro, Suth-
erland, and Caithness; witli not^s of its occurrence throughout Scotland. < Proc. Soc. Anti-
(piar. Scotl. viii, 1868-61). Separately printed, Edinb. 18fiU, pp. I-^'.', with nniiiy woodcuts.
1869.— Blyth, E. On the liybrid between the chamois and the doojestic goat. <rroc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1869, p;i. i;!4, 135, with figg.
Coues. E. Notice of a cyclopean pig. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1869, pp. 9;t-101,
with tig.
Fitzinger, L. J. Die Gattuugen der Familie der AntilopencAnlilopai), nnch ihrcrnatllrlichen
Vtrwandtschaft. < Sitz. math.-nat. CI. K. Akad. VViss. Wieii (1), lix, 1869, pp. 128-182.
Garrison, W. P. Cow devouring the placenta. [«n«ii.] < Am. Nat. iii, le69,p 550.
Hatch, L. P. A doe with horns. < Am. Nat. iii, 1869, p. 279.
Hays, W. J. Does with horns. < Am. Nat. iii, 1H69, pp. 548-550.
Hays, W. J. The mule deer [Cerviis nnicrotis]. < Am. Nat. Iii, ISW, pp. 180, 181, pi. 3.
Hinmau, W. M. Shedding of the horns of the American antelope (Antilocapra americana).
< Am. Nat. ii, 1809, pp. 059,660.
Hughes, D. D. Albino deer [Cervus virginianus] and chipmunk [Tamias striatus]. < Am. Nat.
ii, 1869, pp. 664, ()65.
Klnberg, — . Undersokningar riirando djurens historia. [On the metacarpal and metatarsal
bones of various rumiuants.] <Ofv.Kongl.Vet6n6k. Akad. Forh. 1869, pp. 359-433, 465-525,
737-801, 819-871.
Shaler, N. S. [Note on the occurrence of the remains of Tarandns rnngifer, Gray, at Big Bone,
Lick in Kentucky.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1869, p. 167.
Shaler, N. S. [(J» changes in the geographical distribution of the American buffalo.] < Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1869, p. 136.
1030
MONOORAPUS OF NOJtTII AMHIUOAN RODENTIA.
1 : V
'■-■ t
1870.— Allen, J. A. T\w ilislrilmtion uf tliu iiiooHe in Nmv KiikIjiihI. <; Am. Nut iv, 1h7i1, |i|i. "id.'i, riOO.
Allen, J. A. A Hpikcil-liornci! moose. <^ Am. Nut. iv, 1K7(), p. 11:1, with 1 lij;.
Hays, 'W. J. AdirmiilacU'H ri'ply [eoiiiriiiiiij; deer]. <^ Am. Nut. iv, |HT(i, pp l-il, mil.
Hays, W. J. Spikr lioins. < Am. Nat. iv, inro, pp. 16^, l-i'.l, witli 1 (in.
Leldy, J. [On fo.ssilH fciund under Tiildo Mnuntuin, Cul.] <| I'roo. Aciid. Nat. Sti. I'liiln. 1^70,
pp. 1'.'."., I'-tl.
t.\iu-tiiMiiii nilitoriiicn, etc., iniliraliMl.]
Leldy, J. [On tlio inti'rnul oiKiinH of f^iiKTiitioii of u lio),']. <[ I'iol'. Nat. Acad. Mci. I'liila.
lH70,p. (!5.
(A tL'HticIn with tli(^ epiiliitynda iHTiipictl tti" uhii.iI iHjnition uf iiii ovitr.v in relulluii wilii tin* iitcriM.)
Leldy, 3. [On n jaw-fragmunt of Ovilinitcavil'ronH, tVoin Iowa.] <^ Vvdc. Nat. Aoail. ^'i. I'liila.
1870, p. 7a.
Marsh, O. C. [On Dicutjlcs antiqnu", n. s., from tlin miocfino of Ni-w Jurflf.v.] <] I'roc'. Acad.
Nat. .Sci. I'lilltt. l-^lt, p. 11.
Murle, J. Notes on the anatomy of tlio prnngbiiclc, Antllocaprn niiiuricanii. < I'roc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1H7(I, pp. :!;i1-'.«iH, with 9 li(;g.
Sclater, P. L. liemarkH on tlie nmingcniciit anil diNlri)iiitioii of llie L'ervidiu. <[ Proc. Zool.
.Soc. Li.ndon, 1870, pp. Ill, ll.'i.
Wright, C. 8piked-liorned deer. < Am. Nat, iv, 1870, pp. 44a, '14:1.
1871. — Brandt, P. Iilentity of tlio American anil Kuropuau bison. < Am. Nat. v, 1871, p. SG4.
[I'Miloriiil almtraetof Prof. Bruuilt'M ini-tnolr.l
Caton, J. D. Notes on American ileer. < Am. Nat. v, 1871, pp. II-', lilt.
Coues, B. I'ornicr eastward range of tlio biitlalo [lliw nmerieaiin.H], < Am. Nat. v, 1871, pp, .
71il,7'.iil.
Hays, W. J. Spike-liorued deer. < Am. Nat. v, la7l, pp. a.'iO.ii.'il.
Putnam, P. W. Hpike-hornnl bucks [and] deer's borns. < Am. Nat. iv, 1^^71, pp. 7lW,763.
1872.— Allen, J. A. " Spikc-borned mnlc-deer." < Am. Nat. vi, 1873, pp. (193,G0:t.
Bruhin, T. A. Nolizcn liber dm nmerikaniHcben bison. <^Zool. Gart. xiii, 1-72, pp. 12G, 127.
Cope, B. D. [On the bonis of Cariaciis virginiannu.] < I'loc. Acad. Nat. Sci. IMiiln. 1872, p.
124.
Cope, B. D. A hpike-born niiile-deer. < Am. Nat. vi, 1872, pp. 4:i4,4;i.'>.
Gray, J. E. Ciitnlogne of ruminant nianimalia (I'ecora, Linnatus) in tbv Ilritlsb MuHunm ....
8^. viii, 102 pp., 4 pll. Loudon, printed by order of tbo trustees, 1872.
Hays, W. J. Description of a species of Cervns (C. yucateDsis, n. s.). <^ Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist,
N. Y. X, 1872, art. xviii, pp. 218,219, pi. 10.
Henderson, J. O. Tlie former range of tbe biill'alo. < Am. Nat. vi, 1872, pp. 79-98.
Janeway, J. H. A spike-bom mule-deer. <_ Am. Nat. vi, 1872, pp. 434,4:!.'i.
Naumau, C. H. Albino deei. < Am. Nat. vi, 1872, p. 77:1.
Sclater, P. L. On certain sjieeics of deer nov or lately livin^r in tbo society's menagerie. 1870.
<^ TraiiH. Zeol. Sue. London, vii, 1872, art. vii, pp. ;!;i;(-',i,'i2, witli 8 figg., pll. 28-H9.
1873. — Cope, E. D. [On a okiiU of Sub scropba, said to bave been taken from the mioceno marl of
North Uaroliim.] < I'roe. Acad. Nat. .Sci. I'bila. 1873, p. 207.
"Fritz." An albino deer [Cariucns virginianus]. < Am, Sports. Dec. 27, 18711.
Leidy, J. [Notice of fossil vertebrates from tbo niicL io of Virginia.] <Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. I'liila. 1873, p. l,").
( Prtitoc.iiiu'lim vir^lnii'iiflis iDdicutcd.J
Leldy, J. [KemarkH on tbo occurrence of an extiuct hog ^Sus vagrans) in America.] < Proo.
Aca<l. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1873, p. 207.
"Snap-Shot." Simp-Sliot to Judge Caton [concerning American Cariaci].* < Am. Sports.
Dec. 20, 1873.
'Wilder, B. O. Variation in tbo condition of tbe external seiiKe organs in fictal pigs of 'bo
same litter. < Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1873, jip. 303-304, tig.
Anon. White d«er from PeuDsylvanla. < Aai.Siiarts. Dec.20, 1873.
,n'»MWW»!M»<-("
BIHLIOliU. APPENDIX— F. AUTIODACTVLA.
1031
1874.— "Archer" [i, c, 0. A. Sloikwcll]. QuiulrupiMlH of Aritir laniln, No. 2. — Clttuh nki'M, tlll^ elk.
< Iciii.st anil iSlrcain, Ai>iil Hi, 1:-7I.
Avery, J. Caribou liiiiiliii); in Now Oruusniok. <, Am. •S|iorlH. lr*7'l, p. 111''.
"Baaao." Unflalo litinliii!;. < Korcst ami Stroaiii, I'rli. l^J, l'*74.
Batty, J. H. lliintiiiK the iiroiiKliorn [Aiitilocapra aiiicrii'anal. < Am. Sports. FiO). 7, 1874.
Batty, J. H. Iiiti^rloeked aiitlurii [of Corvun ciuimleiiBlH]. <^ Am. Hiiortn. Feb. 28, 187.).
Batty, J. H. Larno «lk aiitliTH. <^ Am. Sports, ,luly 4, 1874.
Batty, J. H. The Uocky Mouutaiii sliecp, Ovis uiontaiin. < Am. Sports. July 4, 1874.
Boardman, G. A. AiiIUth of moo»c>, larilum, anil (li'cr. < Am.. '^pnrlB. April ari, 1871, wilh fit;.
" Bob 'Wliite." XlooHc. CrrvuH aliTH or All r« inaliliis. <^ Am. SporU. Nov. 7, 1874.
Brooke, Sir V. On Kclalir'H Mimljni! ami oIIut Hpi'ciiH of llic ruiiuh (Jervulim. < I'roc. Zool.
Sor. Loiiilon, lr7t, pp. lt:t-l*J, pit. viii,ix.
Caton, J. D. Dcformcil antlim [of ('aiiuiim virniniannH]. < Am. .SpoitH. .Inly 4, 1874.
Caton, J. D. iJijfliiiKniNliinn marks of mule and blark-taileil ilecr. < Am. Spovtu. Apr. 4, 18^4,
Willi lint,'.
Caton, J. D. JiuIko Catou in reply to Snap-Sliot [reBpecting American Cariaci]. < Am.
HporlH. Jan. 31, 1874.
Caton, J. D. The metatar«al g'lauil of the Cervidie as determining Bpccics. < Forest and
Stream, Nov. 19, 1874.
Caton, J. D. On the strncture and easting of the anllers of deer. < Am. Sports. Juno 13, 1874.
C. B. A horned doe [Ciiriacns virginianuB], < Am. Sports. Slay 1(5, 1874.
Couea, B. The niule-dccr, Cervns (Cariaeus) macrotis, Say. < Am. Sports. May 30, 1874, with
a tig.
Ducaigne, R. E. The musk ox (Ovihos nioschatua). <Ani. Sports. Aug. 1,1874; Field and
Stream, Aug. 8, 1874.
"Bsox." Interlocked antlers [of Cariacns virginianus]. < Am. Sports. March 21, 1874.
" B. T." Another nntlered doe. < Am. Sports. May 2, ISVM.
Lamberton, A. B. The hunter-naturalist, No. 2. The moose. < Forest and Str. Apr. 2, 1874.
Lambertcn, A. B. .Spike-horn deer not a distinct variety of the C. virginiauns. < Am.
Sport».April4,lH74.
"L. Vr. L." Kcmarkablo deer horns [of Cervus virgiuianus]. < Forest and Stream, May 28,
1874.
McLellan, I. The American deer, Cervns virginiauns. < Am. Sports. Fob. 14, 1874.
McLellan, I. The moose deer, Cervns alces. < Am. Sports. Jan. 24, 1874.
"Mortimer Kerry" [i.e., J. M.Muriihy]. The Ovida) of the Northwest. < Forest and Stream,
May 21, 1874.
Mulr, J. The wild sheep of California [Ovis montana]. < Overland Monthly, xii, no. 4, April,
1874, pp. 3ri8-3(i3. [An excellent biography.]
Murphy, J. M. (.iinder pseudon. "Mortimer Kerry"). Zoolcgy of the northwest: the Cervida).
< Forest and St-^'am, Aug. 20, 1874, and June 4, 1874.
Parker, W. r. An antlered doe [of Caria-us virgiuianus]. <Aui. Sports. April 11, 1874,
; with tig.
Parker, 'W. F. Fonr-antlercd deer's head [of Cariaeus virgiuianus]. < Am. Sports. March 21,
1874, *ith tig.
Parker, W. F. A curious horn [of roebuck from Germany]. < Am. Sport*. Aug. 15, 1874.
with lig.
"Senarlus." A mooso hunt iu Maine. < Am. Sports. Jan. 31, 1874.
"Snap-Shot." Tho game of Wyoming [chiefly relating to Cervida3]. < Am. Sporta. Jan. 24,
1874.
"Snap-shot." Snap-Shot to Jndgo Caton [concerning N. Am.Cariaci]. < Am. Sports. Fob.
28, 1874.
m^
il
1032
MONOdHAlMlH OF NOl.'TIl AMIOUICAN RODKNTIA.
1874.— "T. J. 8." Till' wljili'-tuilcil ilicr. < ToriNt anil .Htri'iini, Dii'. IT, IhTI.
" 'Volvoiliio." Di'cr hlifililiii;t tliiir liiiiiiM. < Am. S|Hirt». IfTJ.
Jiioii. Alliiiio iliiT Irdiii Sdiiili ('iiriilliiii. < l'<iri'i.t miil Hlii'iiiii, Miiicli T), 1W74.
.liKiH. Till' mil Iciiil iloi'. <^ Am. S|iiirlh. Miiy "2, 1H7I.
Anon. Till' liiilliilii'i full', v A'". ^P'tIh. Hi'i'. l'.», HTI.
|()M llu' li.iil" In lli'Mi mill liiiiii'ii. Kroiii lliu S<w Viirk Tilliiiiii' 1
.1)1011. (\V. K. I'aiki'i-.). i:ilt iiiitliTH. < Am. .SpurtM. I'lh.yi, 1^74, «|t|i (!«.
Ahoii. Klk iiiitliTn. < Am Siiorts. MiirclrJl, l"^'!.
Aiiiin. liHi'Ki' HiillurH [of Ci rviiit caimiUMi»iH |. Korint ami Stri'iim, Mitroli .''i, IHTI.
.(iKin. Oil iiiiKniliiiii iit'lmiraln. < Am. .H|miiI». Niiv. 21, 1^71.
' .'Inun. Till' i|iiaili'ii|ii'ilH III' Antic laniU [nil riiiiiUir]. <^ Knri'Ht RUd Stream, March Ti, 1S74.
Anon, Hl<tut;liti'r iif iiiiiilti'r. <^ Am. S|ioit8. Marrli 7, lf^ I.
.Inun. HlrataKi'iii in ili^i'r hnntiiiK. <^ Am. Spoils. .Ian. °.'l, Ir^T-l.
.liiiiH. WiMiillaiiil cariboo, or Amcriian riimliiT, of N'cwfoiimllanil. <^ I'lircut anil .Hlicaiii,
.Inly •.', lr<TI.
1875.— Alaska [i. I., II. W. Klliott], Tlic leap of tlic big1iorni)[Ovii< ninntana]. < Am. Kporlii. Mnrcl.
i:i. 1H7.-1.
Batty, J. H. DiHcnsi'il liver in lUivr. <^ Kiiruxt anil Stream, , Ian. 7, IHTTi.
Batty, J. H. [On prcHciice of a canine tooth in CariiieiiH viigiuiannii.] <l''nn<»t nuil Stream,
Ki'li. li, IH'.-).
Caton, J. D. Anllerti [their mode of (jrowth, etc.]. <; IJoil utiil Oiiii, Nov. !J7, 1875.
Caton, J. D. WonmlH from ilcers' anIlerH. •< Aiu. SportM. April 10, tM75.
Couea, B. Chips from the huflalo'tt \vorkHhop. < Forest and Stream extra, lirinted for siwcial
dislrilinlion, April I, 1875.
[A liiiiiiui'oim (-oiitrilmtiun tuBCfttolni^y.l
"B." l)iie« with liornH. <^ Koriwl anil Stream, ,Ian. )i>^, 187ri.
Fitzlnger, L. J. Die Gattunijcn der Kaiiiilie tier Iliixchu (Cervi) nach ilirer naliiiliclien Vnr-
waniltnehart. <^ Sit2. d. K. Akail. WIsh uiuth.-nalnrw. ChiKse, Ixviil, 1. Abth. lf:74, pp. IW-IUi'j.
Flower, W. H. On the Htructnre anl alniiilii'8 of the niniik deer (MohcIiub mosehiforus, Linn.).
< I'roc. Zool. So,;. Lond. lt<7.'>, pp. I.V.I-IIKI, many li^K-
(IiH Itiili'ii an iuiportuut exaiuiuntiun uf llie Btriieture ami i'laRHitli.'atlou of the ruinlDantB at lar;{o.J
"Pacific." No gall in deer. < Forest and Stream, Feb. 4, 1875.
"Toliaviras." Freaks of natnro in deer. <[ Forest and Stream, Feb. 11, 1W5.
" W. W. B." Worms in dicrs' liverH. <^ Forest and Stream, Jan. US, 1S7.').
1876.- Alien, J. A. Memoirs of the Geolo(;icnl Snrvoy of Kontucky. | N. 8. Shaler, director. | Vol. i,
I'ai t ii. I — I The American biHons, \ living and extinct. | Ily J. A. Allen. | With twelve plates
and map. | — | I'liivemity press, Cambridge ; | Welch, Higclow, & Co. | 1870.
Memoirs of the Mnseum of Comparativu Zuology, | at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. |
Vol. iv. No. 10. I — I The American bisons, | living and extinct. | Ity .1. A. Allen. | I'liblished
by iiermi«»ion of N. S. Shaler. director of the Keiilneky | (feological Snrvey. | With 12 plates
and a map. | Universi'y press, Cambridge: | Welch, liigehiw, & Co. | lH7(i.
1 '. jip. i-ix, 1-240, 1 ciil. map, 12 pll.. Ill 11,, 2 woodcnts in text. Kd. of noo copies.
[TlicHO two publioationa were Hiniiiltaiicoaa, anil only diflur in Ibe titles. TIjo fiillowinK are tlio contents:.*
Title, p. i. »
Pri'liniinary nnlii (N. S, Shulor). p. iii. . , /
Introiluction. pp. v-li.
P.\llT I.
1. Dihtinctivn eliaracterintii'H anil altinitit-a of tlio blHiina. pp. l-:i,
S. General liiatorical acciiiiut of the remniiia of extlunt btaunB bitberto t'onnil in Niirtli Anieiioa. pp. 3-7.
3. DeRcriplion of the extinct siieeii't*. pp. "-31.
4. rit'n).raj)htcal iliHttilmlion anil t;eu]f);:ii'ai poHition 'I' tliu remains of the extinct bisons of North Aniurloa.
pp. 33-;«.
.'i. Itelation of the exiatinf; H]K>cics of bisnns to tho extinct s|)ecto0. pp. 35,30.
<i. Description of the existing speoles. pp. 36-VO.
IlllilJOdlt. AI'I'KM)I\-(l. l'i;iHHSOI)A("l'YliA,
1033
>nii),
iird.
'IIIU,
iciul
Vet-
■M-i.
III.).
I. i.
itcs
9. I
bed
itcs
< Am. Nal. x, IHTC, pip. r,i."--.iO,-, wiili i;i
A new C'liIiCdi'iiInn ilt'i r [C. iimcidti!* viir. ciilirnrnicim]. <^ Hod and (luii,AiiK. '"■ii
A iii'W Ciilifdruiaii dm- [Cirviis iiiiHKitiN vur. <iilif<iiiiicim]. < Am. Nitl. x, IBTO,
I'AKr II.
1. (troi4rn|>tilcii] iIIkIi ilml Ion, |iiiNl hih) pri-Hi'iit. ai IIihihi (toierli-HDii*, |ip. 1 l-IUI.
•J. I'liHliii'lHof lluOmir.ilii. |i|i. I'.il-ail.
:i. 'I'litt iliitHit pp. vfvj- M.'i.
i. DnllH'Htlratlou iit'llin blltrilln. pp. tI15-Ui.
ApiH.iiilK I. pp. in;i-3:ii.
ApprliilU L I.N. ,S. Hliiilur), pp. uia-a.",;.
Inili'X. pp. 'j:a-'Jlll.
Miip iiiiil 11 pliiii H, I'lirli with anpn.ril I'lpliiuiiliiry li'uF.
A I'linipliilii mill lliiirniiulily rcllnl li< lilnliiry nf llw iiiiml •'oimplnuiiiii ami linipiirtiiiil iinnilriipril iif Atiiir
lo«. pripiinil Willi till' urtiitim rr » ami pulim, after pioliuctnl iiiiil piitiiiit rimari li, liy olii> of lln' iiiunl inilmiit
thi'r(il'';;Ut(* III' tin- cnuiiln .]
1876.— Cato J. D. Tlid AiiiciifUii inilc m|ic nr iirniiK Inn k.
Ilk'«.
Caton, J. O.
1H7(1.
Caton, J. D.
)ip. Hi l-)li!l.
<J, W. B. Hunting wrtpiti on Ihii Loup. < Forest mid Stream, May ■( and 11, 1H7(i,
Murphy, J. M. Animalu and mineiy of tliti Nortliwct.t. < I!od iinil (inn, .Iiine 17, lH7(i.
[riilctly n-lllt,'H ti) Ovtrt liluDlllIllt.]
Petrie, J. L. Antclupo Imnliiij; in KansaH. < ForuHt and Strrain, Nov. '.I, li7(l.
Bevertzoff, N. [Idiiillty of CVrvns canadcuHiH with tlie IVihian dwr, (.'. inarul.] <[ Nalmu,
Nov. Ili, lf7(i, 11. (ill
1877.— Allen, J. A. IliKlory o( tbo Americun binon, Ilison amerlcaniiH. <Aiui. Kep. U. H. (iiul.
Hnrv. Ti rr. for 1H7.">, I>'77, pp. "tlll-.'iW. [Ed. of 7,000 cop. ; aim Kepurati-, 1,000 cop.]
' l\ n>piitillciii,lnniil"ll riKlm,' ' lemoir (hco I '"(i) uiuIit I>r.('oiif«'H ulitnrsliip, with tlu, lullowiii^ vliiuieoH:—
1. Tim oiiiiHHioii III" llii* illiiHtrtitiiiliH. f'ipliMiiitory paj^eH, ami textual rrlVTcncert.
2. Tile olulBHlnn nf the piillion relating to the exillict Bpeeiea, tlie piecent reprint lieinK eouflueil to the one
eiiallli^ HpeelcH, hejllnillDK at pace 3(i el" the en^'inal,
3. Tlio iiicorperation of the appemlieea in the hmly i,f the text.
i. The aililitioli of niueU new matter liy the .'iilll>er hinitielf.
' ' .5, VariollH minor mMlllleAtlona whli t!ie alight alturalloii, ihlelly verbal, of context inctileiil thereto.
(I. Alteration of the lillu anil auhiititnljoii of eilitorial p. ee for the prelltnluary matter of the orl);iiial.
>'o eilitorial ahriilKnieiit oi ili^eHt i;f any pait of the nit iiioir waa niiuie, the porlionnof llienienmir hen- repro-
ilneed being aecoriiinn to copy fiirulKlieil by aiilhor. who aiUleil nineli new matter ami niaile koiui, little cliaii|;ea
pagiiim in the ceiilcxt. A few ulitoria' noted, iliiilly cxpltiliatory cf iiioilifleationaof the text, alc Inlroilileeil
111 brackeln.)
Caton, J. D. Tlic | nnlclope and deer | of | America. | A compreliensivo seicntiflc treatinc upon
tliniiaturiil | liiBtory, ineludin({ llie cliaiacteristies, liabita, | attinities, and capacity for domes- |
licalion (if the | Anti'iicajira and C'l rvidie of Xortli America. | Uy | .lobu Uean t'alou, LIj. 1). |
New York: | pnbllHlicd by Uurd & Hon);bton. | UonIoii; H. O. Houghton and Company. |
Cambridge; Tim Rivcrnide PreBS. | lt)77, 1 vol. 8^'. pp. i-xvi (incl. titles and portrait),
17-4ati, witb 51 woodcutB.
|Iu uioat reiipccla the heal treatise extant on the aubject. Of the Cerviihe, all of which the antlinr refera to
the ceiiuK Cerviia, B N, Aiiier. app. ale reco^pilzed :— CO. alcca,canaileDBia, tarainUia, tarandiia arclica, niacrotls,
colunibiantia, '.-iiBinianua, ami acapnlccusia.]
"BlCazador." Dig born [Ovis monlana] bunting in California. < Forest ami 8 ,am, Jan.
11, 1H77.
Murphy, ^ M. Shooting tbe mountain goat. < Kod and Gun, Jan. (i and A, 1H77.
Snow, M. A deer bunt iii Californiif < ForcBt and Streaui, Feb. 'ii, 1877.
"Penobscot." Autlcred dues. < Forest and Stream, Mar. 8, 1877.
" Penobscot. Habits and peculiarities of tbo moose. < Forest and Stream, Feb. 2i.>, 1877.
./lion. Fate o.' the biift'alo— its snccessors. < Forest and Stream, Mar. 15, 1877.
£<ii(oii<if.— Kcstoratiou of the Sivatberiuni. < Am. Nat. xi, July, 1877, pp. 435, 436, llgg. 81, 62.
lea.
0.-PEBISS0D4eTl'L,A.
(InclmUuK titles of a few aitlcloa on relatwl fossil onhra for wliich no aeparnle henil hna been made.)
1733.-LamOTier, — . Mi'n.riro oil I'on donno les raisous pouniuoi lea cbevaux no voiuisscut poiut.
< M6m. Acad. Sci. I'aris,1733, pp. ."ill-SUi.
1034
MONOGBAPnS OF NOKTU AJIEUIOAN KODENTIA.
1746.— Bertiii, B. J. Siir I:i striiclurc de IVsloiiiiii; iln clicvnl I't rnr Ii^s causes qui cnipfichent cot animal
dc voiiiir. < Mfm. Aeiul. Sci. Paris, I'Ui, pp. 'S.i-M, r> pU.
1796.— Freeman, S. ObsirvatioiiNon tho'iueebaiiism of tlic liorse's fool. 4°. 107 pp., 16pll. Lomlou,
ITlKi.
1804.- Cuvier, G. Description ostdologltjiic <lu tapir. <Ami. Mas. Hist. Kiit. I'aris, iii,180J,pp. 122-
i:i(i, i;w-ii;i.
Cuvler, G. ^ur (incl(|iicK dents et «s trouv(?s in rrancc, qui paraissunt avoir appartcun i^iles
anirnanx dii kciuc dii tapir. <Aiiii. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, iii, 1804, pp. i:!2-14:i; v, r)2-.^^l.
1807.— Clarke, B. Ucsiriptioii of a lonRitndinal section <if thii head of tbe liorse. With 2 largo coloured
plates, drawn by Kirlland (natural .size). 4^. London, 1807.
1010.— BojauuB, L. L'eber dio Dannblasu des Pferdefa'tus. < Isis, 1818, pp. 1G33-1(!36. Mit AbbiUlgn.
1822. — Huzard 'Ji(.'), — . Description d'njje valvule spirale ik rouvcrtnre cardiaqno do I'estoniac dn
clioval. <M(^ni. dn Mnstfjuni, viii, 1822, pp. 111-114, 1 pi.
1825.— Bojanus, L. Adversaria ad dentitioiiem eqnini generis ct ovis Joniesticio spectantes. <^Nova
Acta Acad. Leoj). Carol. Nat. Cur. xii, part 2, 182."), pp. 095-708,2 pll.
1827.— Breschet, O. Uelier dio Gesicbtsncrvcn des Pfordes. < Heusinger's Zeitocbr. f. organ. Pbys. i,
1827, pp. 402-404, 2 pll.
Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, iS. Sur un fcctus de cbevnl poljdactjlo .lynnt sea doigis sdpartf^s par une
niernlirauo. <^ Ann. Sei. Nat. xi, 1827, p. 224 j Hcnsinger's Zeitscbrift, i, 1827, pp. 418, 410.
1829.— Yarrell, W. Observations on tbe tiipir of America. < Zool Journ. iv, 1820, iqi. 210-21:!.
1830. -Graves, R. J. An account of a peculiarity, not bitberto dehcrilied, in tbe ankle or boek-joint of
the horse; with remarks on tbe structure of tbe vertebrn> in the species of whale entitled
Delphinus diodon. < Trans. Koj. Irish Acad, xvi, 1830, pp. 85-03 ; (Abstr.) Kdinb. New Pbilos.
■lonrn. x, 1831, pp. 59-04 ; Edinb. Journ, Sci. d. b. iv, 1831, pp, 47-52; Fror. Not. xxx, 1831, no.
040, pp. 1G4-109.
Anon. The mule [from Mason's Farrier]. < Dougbty's Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, pp. S48-251.
1830-31.— Porter, Sir R. K. [On tbo tapir (Tapirus americanus, Gniei.).] < Proc. Zool. 8oc. London,
1830-31, p. 91.
1841.— Smith, C. H. Colonial edition. Tbo natural history of horses, the F.qnidio or geuns Equus of
autbor.s. . . . Illustrated by thirty-live coloured plates, witb portrait and memoir of Gesner.
\V. H. Lizars, Edinburgh ; Armour & Ramsey, Montreal; liamsey, Armour & Co., KiugstoD ;
and Ramsey & M'Kendriek, Hamilton. l(i°. 352 pp., 35 pll.
1842.— Selys-Deslongchamps, E. RennuqneB anatomiques sur le tapir d'Ani<5rique. <^M6m, 8oc.
Linn. Norniandie, vii, 1842, pp. 10-35.
1846.— Carpenter, — . Fossil tapir. < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2). i, 1840, pp. 247-250.
Prout, H. A. Gigantic paleotherium. <Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), ii, 1840, pp. 988,389,
Willi lig.
1847. — Clarendon, T. Tbe foot of the horse, its structure and functions. With the meuns of presorv-
iufi its healthy action and remedying its disease, by a new nietbod of shoeing. 12°. 100 pp.
Dulilin, 1847. London, Longmans. •
Leidy, J. On tbe fossil borso of America. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. iii, 1847, iqi. 202-200,
pi. 2.
Leidy, J. [Additional observations on tbo fossil boiso of America.] <^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Pbila. iii, 1847, p. 328.
Prout, H. A. l)i'scri|iiion of a fossil maxillary bone of u paluotb. rium, from near White River.
< Am. .louni. Sei. and Arts (2), iii, 1847, art. xxvii, pp. 248-250, with 2 tigg.
1849. — Brandt, J. F. Ue rhinocerotis antiquitatis, aeu tieborbini, son pallasii, strnciura externa «t
osteologica observationes, o reliquiis qua) in Museis Petropolilanis serva.itur erutio. < Mdm.
Acad. Sii. St. P.'.tersh. vii, pt. ii, 1849, pp. 101-410.
Leidy, J. [Tapirns americanus fossilis.] < Proc. Aciid. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 1840, pp. 180-182.
Pomel, A. I >esc'ri|il ion d'nn ns niaxillairu fossllo do paluiotheriuin, pur Hiram Piiuit. <^ Archives
Sei. I'hys. et Nat. x, 1849, jip. 73-7,5.
[Ucuodus propohHl aa n ouw guuus tor the Htieeiea.l
BIBLIOGH. APPENDIX-G. PERISSODACTYLA.
1035
1850.— Gibbes, R. W. KcniarUs on (lie fossil E(|iius. <l*ioc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. iii, 1800, pp. (iO-fiH.
Holmes P. S. Remaiks on Rob. Gibbes's paper on (bo fossil Ecinus. <^!'ioc. .\in. Assoc.
Adv. Sci. IH.jO, pp. fiH.C'J.
Leidy, J. | On Rbinoceros occideutalis.] < Pioe. Acad. Na(. Sci. Phila. v, IHjO, p. lUI.
1851. — Bouley, H. Traitd de rorgnnisntiou dn pied do cheval, compreiiaiit i'otndo do la strncliirc, dis
foijctionsctdcsiualndica Jo cot organc. Avcc un atlas do '24 planclii'sliiboKrapbiecs.di'ssiii^cs
d'.ipira nature par Edm. PocLet, lopartic. Aualouiio tt pbysiolog o. 6^. Paris, lJallli^ro
et fils, 1S,-)1.
Leidy, J. [On sonio fossils— i. c, Eqnns amcricanns — from BIgbono Lick, Kcntncky.J <[ I'roc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. v, ISol, p. 140.
Leidy, J. [On koiuo fragments of I'ala'ollicrinm prontil.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. v, 1801,
p. 170.
Leidy, J. [On two species of fossil rbinoccros from Nebraska.] <;Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'bila.
V, IHOl, p. 3;u.
[ru'fers R. iiobrascensis ami R. occidcntali.s to Acorothoriiitii.]
1852.— Hays, I. fUemarks on a tootb of a fossil tapir from North Carolina.] < Proc. Acad. Nat, .Sci.
Pbila. vi.lSOa, p. .'>;!.
Kneelaud, 8., jr. [Ou lie rbinoccros' born.] < Proc. Huston Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, 1h:v:3, p. 175.
Leidy, J. [Reference to a fossil tooth of a tapir— T. baysii, n.sp.] <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila.
vi, 1852, p. 106.
Leidy, J. [Remarks on some fossil teeth of rliinoceros— R. americamis— from Nebraska.]
< Pioc. Aead. Nat. Sci. Pbila. vi, 1852, p. 20.
Iieidy, J. [Remarks on Tapirus baysii.] <Proc.Acnd. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1852, p. 148.
185i.— Joly, N., mid Lavocat, A. Etudes anntomlqnes sur nno mule fissipfede anx picds antdrieurs.
< Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, xxxvii, 185'.!, pp. ;i;i7-;i41.
1835. —Joly, N., mid Lavocat, A. Note snr le sysl tnie digital dcs cipiidds, iniprnpretncnt appelds niono-
dactyle.s. <C'ompt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, xll, 18,15, pp. 2G2,2fi3; Institut, xxiii, no. U2SI,
185,5, p. 28C.
1857.— SkillmaD, Br. [Ou Eqnus major.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 1867, pp. 303, 304.
1858.— Gratiolet, P. Fetus con^n par line mule. < Verb. Proc. Soc. Pbiloin. Paris, 1858, jip. 41, 42.
Leidy, J. [Remarks on fossil remains— Procamelns— from Nebraska^ < Proc. .\cad. Nat. Sci.
Pbila. 1858, pp. 80, 90.
1859.— Oratiolet, P. Snr rcnc(!phale do I'Oreodon gracilis. <In8titnt, xxvii, 1859, pp. 52, .53.
I860.— Leidy, J. [Remarks on fossil teeth of hippotberium from Washington Courty, Texas.] < Proc.
Acad. Nat. .Sci. Pbila. 1860, p. 416.
1863.— Riitimeyer, L. Beitriige zur Keniitnibs der fossilen Pferdo und znr vcrgleicbenden Oilonto-
grajihio der llnfthiere iibcrhanpt. < Verb, natrf. Gesellseh. Basel, iii, 1803, pp. .558-696.
1864.— Burmeister, C. H. C. Dcscripcion de la Mncrancbcnia patacbonica. <Ai)alc8 del JIuseo
publico de Bueuoa Aires, i, 1804, pp. 32-65, pll. 1-4.
1865.— Chabrillac, P. Sur lo tapir. < V nil- Soc. Imp. Zool. d'Acclim, (2), ii, 1865, pp. 25-28.
Gill, T. [Coinmnnication resiieeting a new generic typo of the family Tapiridie- Elasmognsi-
thus bairdi.] < Proc. Acad. N.t. Sei. Pbila. 186.5, p. 183.
Leidy, J. [Remarks on fossil remaius of the horse.] < Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, p. 94.
Leidy, J. [Remarks on fossil rhinoceros.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1865, pp. 176, 177.
1866.— Swallow, G. C. Notice of remains of the horse in the altered drift of KiinBBs. < Trans. Acad.
Sci. St. Louis, ii, 1666, p. 4' 8. _ '
1867.— Arlolng, S. Contribution t\ I'dtude de rorganisation dii pied choz lo cheval. < Ann. Sci. Nat.
viii, li-()7, pp. .55-81, with 2 pll.
Dow, J. M. Extracts from letters rolatiutf to Tapirus bain'i. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1807,
pp. 211,801.
Flower, W. H. Exhibition of tho skull of a tapir (Elasmognatbus bairdi, Gill). < Proc. Zool.
Sue. London, 1867, p. 240.
Gill, T. On the genus Elasmognathus. < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), xliii, 1867, p. 370.
Gray, J. B. Notice of a new .species of American tapir, with observations on the skulls of
Tapirus, Rhinocbterns, and Elasmognathus in the collection of tho British Museum. < Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1867, pp. 876-88t) (with 2 figg.), pi. 42.
i
1036
MONOGllAPHS or NORTU AMERICAN RODENTIA.
ili;i
llliii^
18C7.— Solater, P. L. [Skull of Tiipinis liainli from Niciiragim.] < I'roc. Zool. Sue. Loml. 18fi7, p. 473.
1868. — Blake, 'W. P. Nod; ii|m)ii tlir otciiircni'c of fossil rcMiiaius of llie tapir in I'liliforuia. <^Alii.
Jourii. Sci. and Arts Ci), xlv, If'tJH, p. ;!H1.
Leidy, 3. Notice of some reiunins of horses. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. lfcTp8, p. 135.
1869.— Owen, R. New apecicsof fossil horse in Mexico. < (Abst.) Am. Nat. iii, IHC'i, p. 392.
1870.— Blake, W. P. On a fossil [equine] tooth from Table Moniitain. < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts
l-,>), 1, H70, pp. aW,!jG3.
Gill, T. [Klasmogiiathns dowii, n. a., Guatemala.] < Am. Joi .n. Sci. I, pp. 141, Hi.
Leidy, J. [On the identity of I'rotoliippiis, Leidy, and I'ippidion,aml the species of the genus.]
< Froo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1H70, i)p. liti, Vi7.
Leidy, J. [On a Lophiothcriuni (L. sylvaticuui, n.s.)froni Wyoming.] <^Proe. Acud. Nat. Sci.
I'hilu. 1870, p. I2(i.
Bclater, P. L. lieuarks on the hairy tapir (Tapirus roulini) of the Colombian Audes. <^ Proc.
Zocd. .Soc. Loudon, 1H70, pp. ,')1,52.
White, R. B. Letter eoneerninj; the hairy tapir (Tapirus roulini) of the highlands of the
Columbia. < Proe. Zool. Soc. Loudon, 1H70, p. ."il.
1871.- [Bennett, A. W.] Madness in a horse, [niioii.] < Am. Nat. v, 1871, p. 7H1».
Leidy, J. [Note on Auchithcrium.] "< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1871, p. 19it.
Leidy, J. [On polydaetylisiu in a horse.] <^ Proc. Acad. Nat'. Sci. Phila. 1871, p. 112.
Marsh, O. C. [Tooth of Lophiodon validus, n.s.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. 187L pp. 9, 10.
Murie, J. On the Malayan tapir (Rhiuoclio'rus sunuitranns, Gray). <^Jonrn. Anat. and
Physiol, vi, 1871, pp. 131-I()0, pll. 8-10.
■ Wood-Mason, — ? [A case of i>olydaclyli8m in a horso described by Wood-Muson, P. A. S. li.
1871, p. 18, pi. ].]
1872. — Gray, J. E. Uescriptiou of a young tapir from the Peruvian Amazons. < Proe. Zool. Soc. Ijou-
don, 1872, pi. G24,()2o, pi. 45.
Gray, J. E. Notes on a new species of tapir (Tapirus leneogenys) from the snowy regions of
the Cordilleras of Ecuador, and on the young spotted tapiis of tropical America. <Proe.
Zool. Soc. Lonil»)n, 1872, pp. 483-492 (with 1 fig.), pll. xxi.xxii.
Perkins, G. H. Calculi from tlie stomach of a horse. < Am. Nat. vi, 1872, pp. ,'>52-504.
Sclater, P. L. [Lxhibition of the skull of a hairy tapir (Tapirus ruulini), and reniuiks on its
dilierences from that of T. terrestris.] <^ Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, pp. (i04, (i05, with 2 iigg.
Anon. [ Haird's tapir.] < Zool. Gart. xiii, 1872, pp. 58, 59. [From " The Field ".]
1873 -Cope, B. D. [On Eobasilcns.] < Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1873, pp. 10-12.
Cope, B. D. [On Eobasiliida' and Bathmodontida'.] < I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Pliihv. 1873, pp.
102, 103.
Cope, B. D. The gigantic mammals of the genus Eobasileus. < Am. Nat. vii, 1873, pp. 15(i-l()0.
Cope, B. D. On some of Prof Mai-sh's criticisms. < Am. Nut. vii, 1873, pp. 290-299, pll. 4,. 5.
Cope, B. D. On the osteology of the extinct Tapiroid Hyracbus. < Proe. Am. Pliilos. Soc. xiii,
l'<73, pp. 212-224.
GervaiB, P. Sur lu tapir du Daird. <.Toiiru. de Zool. ii, 1873, pp. 22-2li, pi. 1.
Marab, O. C. The fossil mammals of the order Dinocerata. < Am. Nat. vii, 1873, pp. 14(!-l.'i3,
pll. 1,2.
Mai-sb, O.
Marsh, O.
Marsh, O
Marsh, O
Marsh, O
1874.-
C. Oil the geiuis Tinoeeras and its allies. < Am. Nit. vii, 1873, pp. 217,218.
C. On the dates of Prof. Cope's recent publications. < Am. Nut. vii, 1873, pp. 303-30C.
C. On some of Prof. Cope's recent investigations. <^ Am. Nat. vii, 1873, pp. 51, 52.
C. Heply to Prof Cope's explanation. <; Am. Nat. vii, 1873, App., pp. i-ix.
C. Sur dcs maininifi'res fossiles gigantesqius eoiistitnant un ordre nouveau sous le
iioni (le (linooc^rat'M. < Journ. de Zool. ii, 1^73, pp. ll)0-l(!8, p|. 0,
Marsh, O. C. Tinoeeras ami its allies. < Am. Nat. vii, 1h7;i, pji. 30fi-:j08.
Cope, B. D. On some extinct types of liurned perisaodiietylcs. <Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4), xiii. May, 1874, pp. 40!>,40li.
.^. .[
BIBLIOGK. APPENDIX— I. PROBOSOIDEA.
1037
1874.— Cope, E. D. [Skull of K.iljasileus jrali'iituH.] < I'lui-. Am. Pliiliw. Soc. xiv, IHTl, p. 17.
Cope, E. D. [On tlie cruuiiv of S.vmlioroildii.] < I'roc. Auixl. Niil. Sii. Pliiln. 1H74, pii. «),!)0.
Cope, E. D. [Miistoiloii yradiictUB, h|i. n.] < I'roc. Acml. Nat. Scl. I'lillii. IH7-1, ji. 'J'Jl.
GervaiB, P. ronno typuiiio lU-s ineiiibii'.s cliiz les (M|ni<lC's. < .Idiiiii. Zocil. iii, 1^7 1, pp. ;iU0-;ifl7.
Gray, J. B. Tbo jomig Asiatic tapir {UbiuocliaTua BUinalranus). <Auii. ami Jlaj;- Nat. Hist.
(4), xiii, Maj, 1874, pp. 400,401.
Mai'Bb, O. C. Fosail horses of America. [Abstract nnil review.] < Am. .'Sports. .Inly 4, 11^74.
Marsh, O. C. Notice of now equiue maniinais from tbo tertiary furmaliim. <^ Ain. Jouni. Sci.
(4), vii, Marcb, 1874, p. 247 ; Cincinnati Qiiar. .Jourii. Sci. i, 1874, pp. ir)7-lliO; Ann. Mag. Nftt.
Hist. (4), xiii, 187 1, pp. 397-400 ; Journ. do Zool. iii, 1H74, art. xxv, pp. <M-»i.
McLellau, I. Tbo rhinoceros. <[ Am Sports. Teb. 7, lr74.
Sclater, P. L. [Exhibition of two skulls of Baird's tapir (Tupirus bairdi).} < Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1H74, p. 89,
1877.— Cope, B. D. On the brain of Corypbodon. < Proc. Am. Pbilos. Soc. 1877, pp. Olti-fiSO, pll. 1 , 2.
Marsh, O.C. Priucipal characters of Corypbodoutid-e. <;Am. Jonru.Sci.xiv, 1877, pp. 80-85, pi. 4.
H.— IIVRACOIDEA.
1869. — Braiidt, J. P. Uutersuchungou liber die Gnttuug Klippschliefer (Ilyrax lierui.), besondtrs in
auatomiscbur und verwandtscbaftlichei' Ueziebung, nebst Bemerkungen liber ibre Verbreitnug
und Lebensweiso. 4°. vi, 127 pp., ;) pll. St. Petersburg, 1-;G9. (<;M^m. Acad, xiv, no. 2.)
I.— PBOBOSCIDGA.
1734.— Perrault, C. Description anatomuiuc d'uu elephant. < M^ui. Atad. Sci. Paris lOCG-99, iii, pt. Iii,
1734, pp. 91-151), I) pll.
1774? — .Ihoii. Abbildung dcs betraebtungswUrdigen Elefautcu v.io ndcher iai J. 1773 in dcr .Schweiz
gesebeu wordcu. 4°. 4 pp. text.
1799. — Turner, G. Memoir ou tbo extraneous fossils denominated mammoth bones; principally de-
signed to shew, that they are tbo remains of more than oni^ species of non-dcscript animal.
< Trans. Am. Pbilos. Soc. Phila. iv, 1799, no. Ixxiv, pp. 510-518.
Peale, R. A sbort.account of tbo mammoth. ^Tillocb's Phil. Mag. xiv, IfcO-J, pp. 102-109.
Peale, R. On the difl'orences which exist between the beads o' the mammoth und elephant.
< Tilloch's Phil. Mag. xiv, 1802, pp. 2^8, 229.
Cuvier, Q. Sur diiTdreutes dents du genre des mastodontcs, mais d'e8p^ce8 'joindres que cello do
rohio. < Anu. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, viii, 1801', pp. 401-420.
Cuvier, Q. Sur lo graud msistodoute, iniproprement uommd mammoth ])ar lea Anglais et par
les habitants des fitats-Unis. < Ann. Mus. Hist. \ai. Paris, viii, leon, pp. 270-312.
Harlan, H. tibserva'.ione on fossi; elephant teeth ,1 North America. < Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. ill, 1^23, pp. C5-C", pi. v.
Cooper, W. Aecoant of I'ac disc ivey of a skeleton ui tbo Mastodon giganteum [in MonmouiU
County, N. J.]. < Ann. I vc. Nat. Hist. New York, 1, 1824, pp. 143-147.
Qodmau, J. D. Dehcripi loii of the os byoides of the mastodon. < Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
iv, 1824, pp. 07-72, pi. 2,
Oodmau, J. D. Desctiiitiou of a new geuns and now species of extinct mammlforons quadru-
ped [Tetracaulodou mastodoutoideum]. < Trans. Am. Pbilos. Soc. Phila. u. s. iii, 1830, art.
xix, i)p. 478-485, 1)11. 17, 18.
J»io». The elophaut. < Dougbty's Cab. N. II. i, 1830, pp. 245-247.
— Kaup, J. G. llebor zwei Fragmente clues Unterkiefers von Slaatodon angnstiden.i, Cuv., naeh
welchen diese Art in die Gattuug TetracauUHlon, Godman, gehort. < Isis, 1832, col. (i28-t)31.
-Hays, I. Descriptions of tbo specimens of inlc^rinr maxillary hones of mastodons in thu cabinet
of tbo Amen^'in Philosophical Society, with remarks on the genus Teiracaulodon (Godman),
»Vc. <Traus. Am Pbilos. Soc. Phila. n. s. iv, 1834, alt. ix, pp. 317-338, pll. xx-xxiv.
-35.— Troost, G. On the localities iu Tennessee in which bonis of the gigantic mastodon and
Megalonyx jotl'ersonii ai ■ found. < Trans. Geol. Soc. Penna. 1, 1834, pp. 139-14C : 1835, pp.
2:J(>-24.1.
1802.
1806.—'
1823.
1824.
1830.-
1832.
1834
1834
^^S
Wr
1038
MONOGKAPOS OP NORTH AJIEEICAN KODENTIA.
1841.— Hays, I. [On fosnil bones of inastodon.] <rroc. Am. Philns. Soe. Tliilii. ii, 1811, pp. 102, 103.
Hays, I. [On Titimniiloilou.] < I'loi;. Am. Philos. Soc. I'liilu. ii, 1*11, pp. lO.'i, IOC.
Horner, TV. C [Corrects piipor ou the duDtal Bystoin of mastodon.] <^ I'loc. Am. I'liilos. Soc.
I'liila. li, lM4l,pp. U,7.
1843.— Hays, I. "On llic family Proboscidoa, their general character and relations, tlicir luodu of
(liutition, and gcolojjicnl distribution." <Pi'ic. Am. Philos. Soe. Pbila. iii, IHJI!, pp. 44-48.
Horuer, W. E. IJcmurks on the dental system ol iho mastodon, with an account of some lower
jaws iu Mr. Kocli's collection, St. L<>uis, Missouri, where there is i\ solitary tusk on the right
side. <^ Trans. Am. I'hilos. Soc. Pliila. n. «. vlii, 184H, art. iv, pji. M-.VJ.
Horner, "W. H., aiiil Hays, I. Description of an entire head and various otlii^r bones of the
masloilou. < Trans. Am. l'liilo.s, Soc. Pliihi. n. s. viii, l-'4:!, art. li, pp. ii7-48,
Kaup, J. J. DemerknnKcn iilier drci Arten Mastodon nnd die drei Arten Tetracaulodon des
Ilcrrn Isaak Hay.". < Arcbiv Hir Natnrg. i.\, li^lll, pp. 10^-175.
1844. — Owen, R. Description of n fossil molar tooth of a nmstodon discovereil by Count Strzlecki ill
Australia. < Ann. Xat. Hist, xiv, 1844, pp. 2(18-071 ; Calcutta .lonrii. Nut. Hist, v, 18415, pp.
.'i72-."i7li.
1846.— Jackson, J. B. S. [On bones of Mastodon giganteiis from a nuirl pit <in Schorley's Mountain,
N. ,7.] < Proc. Huston .Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 184ti, pp. (iO-(i'.'.
Sburtleff, N. B. [On llie skeleton of Mastodon gigauteum from a marl-pit near Newburg, N.
Y] < Pioc. lloston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 184il, pp. U(>-'J8.
Shurtleff, N. B. [On some peculiarities of the skeleton of Elephas indicus.] <Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1840, pp. ll(i-118.
, — . Mastodon giganteus. <Am. Jnurn. Sci. and Arts (2). ii, 184fi, jip. l;tl-l.Tl.
, — . The mastodon of Newburg, N. Y., discovered in August, I84r>. < Am. Journ. Sci.
and Arts (2), i, 184(1, pp. 2ti8-270.
1847. — Gray, A. I'ood of the mastodon. <^ Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), iii, 1847, p. 43li.
|I''riiiu I'roc. Ilont. Soc. IH4(i, ii.'.fj.l
Owen, R. Ueneral geological distribution and ])robabIe food and climate of the maminolh.
< Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), iv, 1847, art. ii, jip. 1:)-1'J.
[■■ K\lliU;U'<l ("Mini l*iof, Owt-n'M llrUJBli Fossil Manimuli.l", Ip-tC ]
1848.— Warren, J. C. [On a tooth of Mastodon giganteus from Oregou and ou M. rngiistidens.]
< I'roc. Boston Soc. Xat. i;i.st. iii, 1848, pp. 41,42.
1849.— Cabot, G. [Doubts respecting the alleged geographical distribution of Mastodon angiistldens.]
< Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, 184'J, p. 104.
Cbristol, J. de. ChissilicatioD parallcle des pachydorntcs i\ mohiires sans c(^ment rtti molaires
aveccC'mcnt. <^Coinp. liend. Acad. Sci. Paris, xxix, 1840, pp. 303-ll(i(i; Inslitut, xvii, 1840,
no. 822, i>. ;!i:i.
Desor, B. [On a line skeleton of a mastodon at Galena, &I0.] <[Proc. Boston Eoc. Nat. Hist.
iii, 1840, p. 207.
Goul(3, A. A. [On the nature of the Ohio clay formation containing the mastodon bones.]
< I'roc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, 1840, pp. 117, 118.
Pickering, C. [On the distribution of the mastodon.] < Proc. Host. Soc. Nut. Hist, ill, 1840,
!>. 110.
TVarren, J. C. [On the geological position of the Mastodon giganteus.] <^Proc. Best. Soc.
Nat. Hist, iii, 1840, p. III.
Warren, J. C. [Presentation of a cast of a cranium of a young mastodon.] <^ Proc. Host. Soc.
Nat. Hist, iii, 1810, p. 209.
Wyman, J. [On the number of species of mastodon.] <^ Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, 1849,
p. 104.
1850. — Agassiz, L. On the fossil remains of an elephant found In Vermont. <[ Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv.
,Si. ii, 1^.")0, pp. 100,101.
Gibbes, R. W. Itcinarks on the northern Klephas of Prof Agassiz. <^ Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv.
Sci. ill, 18,">0, p. (iO.
Warren, J. C. On the Mastodi n angiiBtideus. < Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. ii, 1850, pp. 93-95.
r '=■?
i'l* W I
BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— I. PR0B08CIDEA.
1039
18S1.— Lathrop, S. P. Mastodou in Northern IllinoiN. < Am. Joiirn. Sci. anil Arts, xii, 1851, \\. 1:1'.).
Warren, J. C. [-Vccnnnt of tluioriKinnl (iiseoveiy ol tlic remains oC tin- Dinotliorhini.l < I'roc.
Bust. Soc. Nat. Ili.st. iv, ISol, p. KiH.
Warren, J. C. [I'.xliibition of u cast of a niastoclon'st tootli.] < I'roc. liost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iv,
ISil, pp. liiU-im.
Warren, J. C. [On tlio supposed food of the Slostodou giganteus.] < I'roc. Dost. Soc. Nat.
Hisl. iv, 1H51, p. 154.
1852.— Meyer, H. von. Ucbcr die Uescliafleiilieit des StossznbncB von Klcplias priniigoniuH in dcr
.Tngfiud. < I'alcontograpbica, ii, 185'.i, pp. 75-77.
■Wyman, J. [Internal strncture of the craiiinni of ibo mastodon.] < Troe. Am. Acad. Arts
and Sci. iii, IHj'i, pp. 2.5, aC
1853.— Warren, J. C. [Notice of n mastodon's toolb obtained abont forty miles west of Chicago.]
< Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, lfi5;i, pp. ;i70, 1)77.
Wyman, J. [On ditTerenecH between tbe teeth of the European and North American fossil el«-
pliants. I < I'roe. Boston Soc. Nut. His.. iv,lf>5;t,|ip,;i77,;i7ri.
Wyman, J. Description of tho interior of the cranium and of the form of llie brain of Masto-
don K'santeus. < Am.Jonm. Sci.and .Vrts (2), XV, I*;!, art. vi,pp. 48-55, withli flgj,'.
Wyman, J. [Tho lower jaw of mastodon— from Clnli.] < Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci. iii,
ItlW.i, p. tit*.
, — . Fossil elephant. [At Zanesville, Ohio.] < Am. Jonrn.Sci. and Arts (2),xv, 185:!,
pp. 146, 147.
1854.— Richardson, J. [Ou some points in tho osteology of tho mastodou and fossil elephant.]
< Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 1854, pp. 82-84.
. Richardson, J. [Uectilication of statement resi)ecting skull of mammoth, wiili remaiks l)y
Dr. J.C. Warreu.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 1854, pp. 107, 108.
Rogers, H, D. [On the epoch of the mammoth or Ele])has piimigenius.] <^ Proc. Bostcm Soc.
Nat. Hist, v, 1854, pp. 22, 2;i.
, — . Mastodon [found at Poujjhkecpsie, N. Y.J. <^Aui. Jonrn. Sci.aud Arts (2), xviii,
1854, 1). 447.
1855.— Blake, W. P. Kemainsoftbo mammoth and mastodou in California. <^ Am. Journ. Sci. and
Arts (2), xix, 1855, p. 13:!.
Christie, W. J. [On the discovery of bones of mastodon near Shell Kiver, Hudson's Bay Terri-
tory.] <^ Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 1855, pp. '2(i5, 260.
J[acksou], C. T. Tho Mastodon giganteus [from the head of Burlington Bay.Vt.]. <Can.
Journ. iii, 1855, pp. 405, 400.»
Lapham, J. A. On the number of teeth of the Mastodon gigantens. < I'ro<'. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist. V, 1855, pp, 133-i;!6.
Leidy, J. [Remarks on tho so-called fossil man exhibited iu New Orleaus several yeats since.]
<Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, p. 340.
[ Hanetl on bones of the nnxstoilon. 1
Richardson, J. Note on the mastodon (?) and the Elcphas primigcnius. <Am. Jonrn. Sci.
and Arts (2), xix, 1855, pp. 131, 13'^
Warren, J. C. [On a case of supernnmerary tootli in tho JIastodou giganteus.] < Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 1855, pp. 147-150; < Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts (2), xix, 1855, art. xxxv, pp.
349-353.
, — . Elephas priniigenius [near the sources of the Yul on]. < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts
(2), xix, 185.5, p. 13'2.
1856.— Jager, O. von. Ueber ciuen durch riugfiirmigo Erhohungen (Wachslhumsringo?) ausgeznicli-
neteu hocbst wahrscheinlieh fossilen Stosszahu des Elephantcu. < Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou,
xxix, pte. 2, 1856, pp. G0S)-624.
Wyman, J. [Account of some fossil bones coUoctcd in Texas,] < I'roc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
vi, IH.'id, p. 51.
Iliolativi' fo remains of Elepboa, Mastodon, .mil UcKatliiTiuin.l
1857.— [BUlingfl, B.] On tho mammoth and mastodou. [aiioti.] < Can. Rat. and Geol. i, 1857, art. liv,
pp. 379-:)90.
i! si
■I it.
M M-
1040
MONOGKAPUS OF NOIJTU AMEUICAN KODENTIA.
1857. — Foster, J. W. Oil tin) ncolofjiccil position of llic ili'ixwitH iu wbieli occur tho remniiifi of (lio
loasil I'lcpliant of Norlli Aiiiciica. <^ I'roc. Am. Assoc. A'lv. Hci. x, IS.'iT, |i]). l|.-'-l(U>, Willi 4
sections aiul ina[).'*.
Ov7eii, R. Description of Ibc fivtal incnilirnnci anil plucrntn of tlio dcpliant (Klcplias inilicns
Cnv.), with leniaikM on the value of i>lacentarj- cUaracterB in tin; elafcsillcation of Iho iiiaiii-
nialia. < I'liilos. Trans. 1857, pp. ;M7-;ir>4, 1 pi.
Wyman, J. Note on tlioteetli of an elepliant discovered near Zauesville, Oliio. <Proc. Am.
Assoc. Adv. Sci. x, If^JT, pp. 1()U-17S.
1857-58. — Koch, A. C. Mastodon reinainHin the State of Mitsoiiri.togctlicrwitb evidences of tlionxisl-
enee of man conteinporaneonsly with the mastodon. <^TianH. Acad. Sei. St. Liinis, i, 18o7, ji^.
(11-(11; lA-.C, pp. 110,117.
1858.— Holmes, N. [JIan and tho mastodon.] < 'I'lans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 1, 1K">H, pp. 117, 118.
[Tlii'ir ('nnteinpi)ranelty cliiiincil.)
Le Coiite, J. L. [liemarks on mastodon bed at tho villauu of Tainbla.J <C True. Acad. Nnt.
Sei. Phila. 18.W, p. 7.
Leidy, J. [Uemarks on a cast of a mastodon t(iOtb.] <^ Tree. Aeud. I>at. .*i i. Phila. 1^8, p. 12.
Leidy, J. [Hemnrks on fossils (elephautoid) lioiu Nebraska] < I'roc. Acad. Nut. Sei. Pbilo.
If.'iH, p. 10.
Wislizenus, A. Was man contenipornncous with the mastodon ! <^ Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Lonis,
i, IK'iS, pp. lt)8-17l.
1859. — Brevoort, J. C. Kemainsof the American ni.istodon found on Long blaud, near New York,
IH.)-*. < Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. xii, 185U, pp. S3i-a34.
Leidy, J. [licmarks on tooth of mastodon and bones of mosaeaurus.J < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci,
Phila. 18,->U, p. 1)1.
■Wylie, T. A. Teeth and bones of Klcpbas piinngenins lately found near tho western fork of
White River, in Monroe Connty, Indiuna. <C Am. Junrn. Sci. and Arts ^•i), xxviii, 18M, pp.
•Jn-\ '284.
18G1.— Wllber, C. D. Mastodon gijjantcus. < Trans. 111. Slate Auric. Soc. iv, IflU. pp. !i87-.")!ia.
1863. — Billings, B. On the remains of tho fossil elephant found in Canada. <C'an. Nat. and Geol,
viii, 18li;!, art. xi, pp. 1I1.">-147.
Falconer, H. On the American fossil elephant of the regions bordering the Gulf of Mexico
(E. columhi. Pale.), with general observations on the liviu); and extinct species. <^Nut. Hist.
Kev. Ifli;!, art. vi, pp. 4;t-114, pll. i, ii.
V^inchell, A. Description of elephaniiue molars iu the museum of tho nnivirsity. <; Can.
Nat. and Cieol. viii, !..«;!, pp. '398-400.
1864.— Sauna Solaro. P. J. M. The Dinothcriuni an elephantine marsupial. < Am. .Journ. Sci. and
Arts (-J), xxxviii, 181)4, pp. 4-27,4^8. [Les Moudes, Sept. 'J'J, 1804.]
Winohell, A. Notice of the remains of a mastodon recently discovered in Micbip!an. <; Am.
.lourn. Sei. and Alls ('J), xxxviii, 18G4, art xxiii, pp. 'ii'.i, MH.
■Winslowr, C. F. [On fossil ununmalia (especially innstudon) from the Andes.] < Proc. Bost.
.Sot'. Nat. Hist. X, 18IJJ, pp. 7r>-77.
, — . [M.istodon in California.] < Am. .lourn. Sci. and Arts, xxxviii, 18li4, p. SIM.
1866.— Brandt, J. F. Miltbcilangen iiber die lieslalt und IJnterscbeidunKsmerkuiule des Mamiuuth
oder Mamont (Klepbas priuiigeuiiis) <^ Mi^luuKes blologiqnrs tires dii liuUetin de
rAcadduiie Impdriale des Sciences de St. lYIersbourg, t. v, IHCG, pp. ."ilw-IXID, 1 col. pi. foldi d.
Leidy, J. [Exhibition of teeth of Mastodon ohioticns.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18fi(i, p. •i'.W.
Safeley, R. Discovery of mastodon remains nt Colioes, N.Y. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts(2),
xlii, l8liC, p. 420.
1867.— Blake, W. P. Notice of fossil clephant.s' teeth from the northwestern coast. <Proe. Cal.
Acail. Nat. ,Sci. iii, 1807, pp. :ti')-;!27.
Brandt, J. F. Kurxo llenierkungeu iiber anfrecht stehcndo Manimntbleioben <^ Dull.
Sue. Imp. Nat. Moseou, lHi7.
Marsh, O. C. Discovery of addiliimnl [see third title above] mastodon remains at Cubocs, N.
Y. <^ Am. .ioiirn. Sci. and Arts (2), xliii, 18117, p. U.'i.
1868.- Baker, B. Habits of the elephant. < Am. Nat. ii, 1808, p. 382. [Extract from Baker's Albert
Nyanza.]
BIBLIOGIJ. APPENDIX— ,1. SIHKNIA.
10-41
1868.— Packard, A. S., jr. Tlie liniiy iiiainmntli. < Am. Nat. ii, 1HG8, pp. an-;iri, pi. 1.
Parker, J. D. The niastoilon iu Kansas. < Am. Nat. ii, 18;'ri, pp. riI,.'>-2.
Silllman, B. On tUc cxistencn of the niastoilon In tlic dcpp-ljin); yoUl pl.accrH of California.
< Am. Jonrn. .Sei. and Arts (2), xlv, lflG8, art. xl, pp. :!7H,379.
1869.— Brandt, J. P. Do iliuothoriormn gonire clcpliantidoinm familiii; adjuyendo nee nnn do elo-
phantidornni gcnernui eraiiioloi;ia c'onip.irala. St. IMtorslionrg, IHfi'J. ■)=. pp. 1-S8. (<Mi<m.
.\c,id. xiv, no. 1.)
1870.— Leidy, J. [On fossil remains in the ninscnni of Amherst College.] < True. Aead. Nat. Sei.
Phila. 1870, pp. <Ji, 09.
[MustoOun sbi^pardi dcBcribcd.]
Iieidy, J. [On mastodon remains.] < Proe. ».?-'. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1670, pp. SHi-08.
Shaler, N. S. The time of the mammoths. < Am. Nat. iv, 1*70, pp. 148-l(i0.
1871. — Brandt, J. P. Klephas piimigenins. A contrilmtion to our knowledge of tho hairs and integu-
ments of the mammoth. <J Bull. Acad. Sei. St. P6tcrsh. xv, 1871, pp. :!47-',!')l.
Hartt, C. P. Discovery of mastodon remains at Mott's Corners near Ithuea, N. Y. < Am.
Nat. V, 1871, pp. 314,315.
Leidy, J. [Kcmains of njastodon and hor.sc in North Carolina. J < Proe. Acad. Nat. Sei. Pbiln.
1871, p. 113..
Leidy, J. [On mastodon, etc., of California.] < Proe. Aead. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1871, pp. 19i, I'J'J.
1872. — [Cope, E. D.] Tho proboscidians of the American eocene. <^ Am. Nat. vi, 1872, pp. 773,774.
Dall, W. H. Kemarks on elephas tusks, etc., from Kotzebne Sound. <| Proe. Cala. Aca<1. Sei.
iv, 1672, pp. 293, 294.
Leidy, J. [Remarks on mastodon from Now Mexico.] < Proe. Aead. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1872, p. 142.
1873.— Leidy, J. [Remarks on fossil elephant teeth.] < Proe. Aead. Nut. Sei. Phila. 1873, pp. 410, 417.
1875.— Leidy, J. [Remarks on elephant remains.] < Proe. Acad. Nat Sei. Phila. 1875, p. 121.
a.876.— Leidy, J. [On mastodon nndium.] < Proe. Acad. Nnt. Sei. Phila. 187(), p. 38.
J.-SgitENIA.
1749. — Steller, G. W. Descriptio niauati sen vaeca' murin.c llollandorum, sen cov :,'lorum, Russo-
rum Morskaia korowa; occisa 0. 12. Jul. 1742, in insula lieringii, Americai ;er et Asiam iu
canali sita. <Novi Comment. Acad. Petropolit. II. Hist. 1749, p. 25; Mem 294 .
1804.- Wiedemann, C. R. W. lleschreibung des Schiidels vom Lamautiu oder Micnati. < Wiedo-
mann's Arch. f. Zool. u. Zoot. iv, St. 1, 1804, i>p. 07-77.
1809.— Cuvier, G. Sur I'ostdologio du lannintin, snr la place cpie le lamantin ot lo dngong doivent
oecuper <lans la mdthode uaturelle, ct sur les o» fossiles de lannintius ct de pho(pje8. <^ Ann.
Mua. Hist. Nat. Paris, xiii, 1809, pp. 273-312.
1821.— Home, B. On tho peculiarities that distinguish the manatee of the West Indies [Mauatus au-
stralis] from tho dugong of tho Kast Indian Sea. < I'hilos. Trans. 1821, pp. 390,391, 4 pll.;
abstract in Abstracts of the Papci-s, etc. ii, 1833, pp. 152, 153; plates in Home, Lect. on Comp.
Anat. iv, tab. 55, 5G, 26, 27 ; extract in X'"r(U-. Not. ii, no. 39, 1822, pp. 200, 201.
1824.— Harlan, R On n species of lamantin [Mauatus latirostris, n. s.], resembling the Manatus scne-
galensis (Cuvier) iuhabiting tho coast of East Florida. Jouru. <Aead. Nat. Sei. Phila. ill,
1624, pp. 390-394, pi. 13.
1833.— Brandt, J. P. Ucber den Zahnbau der Steller'schcn Seekuh (Rytina stelleri), nebst liemcrkungen
zur Charakteristik der iu zwey Unterfamilien zu zerliillenden ramilio der pllanzenfressenden
Cotacceu. < Mdm. Aead. S.i. St. I'(5tersb. ii, 1633, pp. 1(3-118.
1838.— Baer, K. B. voil llntcrsuchnngeii iibcr dio ehcmalige Verbreitung und dio giinzlicho Vcrtllgung
der von Steller beobaebtoteu nordischcu Seeknb (Rytina, III.). < Bull. Sei. St. Pcterab. iii,
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^♦S.'— Brandt, J. P. Obsorvatioucs ad cetaceaa horbivoras sen sireuia et priccipue ad Rhytina) histo-
riam generalem ct afflnitatcs spcctautcs. < Bull. Acad. Sei. St. P(5tcr»b. iv, 1845, col. 1C7-109.
11(5 M
1042
MONOGUAPUS OF ^OUTIl AiMEKICAN KODENTIA.
1845.— Brandt, J. F. Olwcrvntlones u<l striictiiram Miiiiil Rliytiiiw elelloii Kiiectantes. < Hull. Acml.
Sii. St. IVIcrsli. iv, IH-L'scol. i:i,'>-i;i-(.
StauniuH, F. H. liuitiiigu /iir Kountniss iUt AiiLuriUiiiiiMcIn'ii .MMiiiitiH. I'. ;M pp., 'J pll.
KiiHlock, lH4,'i.
1847.— Perkins, O. A. [I)t«criiitioii of a WoHt Al.iiiiii iiiiiiiutiiH.] <^ I'loe. IIohIou Kuc.Niit. Ilial. ii,
HIT, pp. Ills, IW. [Named by .J. Wymaii, in a foot-not*', M. iiaHiituri. ]
1849.— Agaasiz, I<. [On soniu pointH of rcsemlilanco botwoen tbo Bkullu uf MaiintUH and Mastoiloii.]
< I'roc. Iloston Soc. Nat. Hist, iil, 184U, p. -iO'J.
Brandt, J. F. Synibohn Hiri'nologiciu [fa.scicuhiN i], rpilbna praccipuu Rliytiuui biHtorla natii-
ralix ilhiBtratur. <^M<$ui. Avnd. Imp. Sci, Kt. IVti-rsb. (iuHi^r. 2u pnrtio, .Sciences naturellcH, t.
vii, IrTJ, Zoologic ot pby»ioloj!iii, pp. 1-I(i0, pll. l-.'i. [See also IHKI-OH.]
Warren, J. C. [Presentation of tbo stulfod akin and skeleton of an Anierieun tnuuati.J
< I'roo. lioston Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, 1*19, p. lU'J.
Wyman, J. [Description of the Manatiis nasutus.] <Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, lS4i),
p. 11C>.
18S0. — Kneeland, S., jr. Tlie Manatus not a cetacean bnt a pacbydcrni. <^ Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv.
Sci. iii,18o0, pp. 4a-47.
Wyman, J. Notice of tbc craninm of tbo nc-boo-le, » new species of manatee (Manatus nasn-
ttis), from West Africa. < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), ix, 1*0, art, ix, pp. 4,")-47.
1851. — Vrollk, TV. I!ijjrnge tot de riatuur- en »ntlce<Iknndige kennls van den Manatus ainericanns.
< Bijdr. tot de Oierkiiiide, i, Afd. viii, ITOl, pp. fiH-SO, 0 pll.
1857.— Gray, J. B. Observations on tbo species of llie ecus Manatus. <;Proc. Zool. .Soc. London,
XXV, ls"i7, pp. r)0-()l.
Rapp, \V. von. Anatomisebe Untcrsncbungen iiber Mnnatns (I.aniantin). <J Wiirltenib. natnr-
wiss. Jabresb. Hi. Jabrg. 1K">7, pp. rt'-'.H, 1 pi.
1858.— Krauss, F. Heitriigo zur Osteologiu des surlnamischon Manatus. < Miillcr's Arcli. f. Anal. IK'iS,
jip. ;i90-4'Jj.
18S1-68.- Brandt, J.F. Syniliobe .sirenologicic. Fasciculus iiet iii. Sirenioruui,))acbyderaiatnni, 7.eu-
glodontnni etcetaceorum ordinis jsteologia cnniparata, nee nrn Hircniornm gnneruni nionogra-
pbiie. ... Petropoli, lefil-tif*. [4''. ;t p. 1., :!H:t (-f 1) pp., 0 pll.] <M(5ni. Acad. Imp. Sci.
St. P6terab. do sdrie, Sciences uaturelles, pp. l-lilif), 19 pll. [For fase. i, see 1H49.]
1862. — KransB,— . [Description of two skeletons and a skull of Msnatiis from Surinam.] <|Iteicb. &,
]h\ Hois Kaym. Arcb. IHiii, p. 41.").
1863.— Brandt, J. F. Bcmerkungeu llbcr die Verbeitung nud Vertilgung der Rbytiua. < Bull. Acad,
ci. IVtersb. v, uSiH, col. .").V*-,'>()4.
Brandt, J. F. Benierknngen iiber die Zabl der Ilalswirbel der Sircnicn. < Bull. Acad. Sci. St.
Pclcrsb. V, la;:!, col. 7-111.
Brandt, J.F. Einige nacbtiiiglicbe Worto tlber die Nasonlieine dor Sircnicn. <[ Bull. Acad.
•Sci. St. P(5ter»b. vi, IHKt, col. 111-115.
Brandt, J, F. Kiiiige Worte iiber die verscbiedcnen Fntwickelnngsstufen der NesenUeiue dor
Seekiibo. < Bull. Acad. Sci. St. lYtersb. v, 1H<1;1, (!ol. lO-ia.
Brandt, J. F. (Jnelqncs mots sur unc 08l6ograpliie dcs sireues, nccompagni'es d'nno osteologiu
des pacliy<lcrnies et des c(5taci5s. <^ Comptes liendns, Paris, Ivii, lN<i:t, pp, 4KI, 490; Rev. ZooIih
giiiue, XV, p. U4r>; Ann. Nat. Hist, xii, p. 40U.
Nordmann, A. von. [Contribution to a knowledge of tbe osteologieal strnclnre of Rbytinu
Rtelleri.] < Act. Soc. Sci. Fennicic, vii, 18011, pp. l-Xt, witb "i pll.
1864. — Flower, W. H. Note (m tbc number of tbo cervical vcrtebrie in tbc Sirenia. <^ Nat. llist. Rev.
lfii!4, pp. •.io9-'Jfi4.
Latimer, O. Letter oft'eiing to forward manatees for tbe society's menagerie. <; Proc. Zocl.
Soi-. London, 1801, pp. 107, 108. [Contains infornnition respecting babitf.]
1865. — Gray, J E. On tbc species of manatees (Manatus), and on tbe diiliculty of disl^inguisbingsuch
spiMMes by o.stcidogical cbaructers. < Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, xv, Feb. 18{>.">, pp, 1;I0-1:!9.
1866.— Brandt, J. P. Noch einige Worto iiber die Vortilgung der Rbytinn. < Bull. Acail. Sci. St.
P^tersb. ix, 18C0, pp. 879-882.
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[v. 1.] Petri Artedi Angcrnmunia-Sueci Bibliotheca ichthyologica su historia litter.aria
iohlhyologiae in qua rocensio lit auotorum, qui de piscibus scripsere, librornm titulis, loco &
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solvit: Characternm scilicet genoricorum, ditl'erentiarum specilicarum, varietatum et nomi-
nuni theoria ratiouibus demonstratur, et excmplis eomprabatur. lehthyologim pars ii.— Lug-
dani Batavorum, apud Couraduin WishofI'. 17;!8. \_i\, 92 pp.]
[v. 3.] Petri Artedi Sueci Genera piscium. In (inibuN systema totum ichthyologia) proponi-
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apud Conradnin Wishot}'. 1738.. iv, 88 pp.
. I;'
•r
\:\
'K
)■<]
1044 MONCXiHAl'JIS OF NOIITIJ AMEKICAN IJODKNTIA.
[v. 4.] I'i'tri Arlcdi Aniji'rniiiiiiiia-SiM'i'i Hyiioiiymiii pi8ciiiin I'mn nmniiiiii ; in qim rccciiHio
fit iioiniiiniii piHi'itiiii, nintiiinii fufMh; niittiorutii, (iiii niiKjiiaiti <li^ iiiscibim Kcripsitro : iiti (fiii^-
coniiii, Hninanuriiiii, ItarliiiriMuin, lire noil oiiiiiiniii iiiHOijiii'iitinni it:lilli,voln;;oriiiii una ciiiii
noiiiinilins iiii|iillliiis variiiinni nuliminni. 0|inH sinii pari. IcIitliyoliiKia! pai'H iv.— Lnf;<lnni
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[v. Ti.] IV'tri Artidi Sncci DuBCiiptioneH Hprcicinn* iiiseinin qium viviis pricst'rtini disseciilt
ut oxaininavit, inti'r <|Ui>h priinurl(i]ilHci>H i'e)>ni 8iR'cia' faciliKiniiK.'a uci'ni'utiHiiiiuu dviicrilinntiir
(-11111 lion jiaut'is uIiIh exoticis. U'htliyolo^iio pni'H v. — Lii^itiini liatavornin, apiiil Coiiradiiiii
Wishoff. \'S>*. iv, ro-i pp.
1 As iiiilioateil in tln' lltio oi' llio "Gcnpra ptw.ititn" (v. J). Artrdi adinlttt'il into lln' ftywleiii 243 niiiiunal Hpccii'M
iiuili'r 5i geuem, lull in tlilH miiubpr are incluilt^il tlio CiiUccaim (14 KpeL-it'a rcprckcutlui! 1 geliuiR), wliltb ncro
rejjanUMl as coustitutinj; an ordtT of lidlit^ iiaiuet) IMaf{[iii-i. ]
1738.— Steigerthal, — . Account of a uarlinal or unicorn lisli taken in tlio river Oat, in tlio Diicliy of
lircnicii. < PliiloH. Trails, xl, no. 417, ll'.iS, pp. 1 I7-Ml>, wiUi (ijit;.
1740. — Klein, J. T. lacobi Tboodori Klein liintoriic piHciiini iiaturnlia |)roniovi'iii1ie iniRana iiriiiiim do
hipillix coruni<|vo iiuinero in craniiB piHciniii, cniii pra'I'aiione: do piscinni anditii. Accchsc-
rnnt i. Anutouie tnraionuin. ii. Observata in lapito fuiie.— IMotto.J Cnin figuris. — liedani,
lileris .Scbreiberiauis. 1740. 4°. 1 p. 1., 110 pp., tJ tab.
1741.— Klein, J. T. lucobi Tbeodori Klein lliatoriui piwiiun naturulia prouiovendic luisaim secniidUH
de piHciliiis per pulnioiii))iiH spirantibUH [Ceti;] ad iimtum niiinernin ct ordiiieni redigeiidiH. —
Aceesaernnt Hiog'ilaria : do i. Uentilma balieiiarum ct elepba itinis. ii. Lapido iiianati el
tiburonis. — [Motto.] Cum liguris.— Gedani, lilteris Schrciberianin. 1741. 4°. I! p. 1., '.\8 jip.,
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1748.— Baeck, A. Do cornn pisciH jihu'e singnlari carina) navis impncto. <^ Act* Acad. Lcop. Ciuul.
Nat. C'lir. viii, 1748, pp. liJU--.'17, witli ligt;.
1767 — Jobnaton, J. Jo. Jonstoui bistoriie natnniliB de piscibns et cotis libri v. Folio. Ilcilbr. 17C7.
1779.— Chemnitz, J. H. Von der Itala'na rostrata. < Ilcrlin. liescbUftign. 4. Jabig. 1770, jip. 1K)-1S9.
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[KorniH part nf tbc Tabli>ati Kn(-yclcvo(l)i|u. ft M6tbo<liquo ili-a trols Kfij^ncH ilo la Nuttiro, tome clxxxiit.]
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ponitiir cum elassibns, ordinibus, geueruni ebaractoribus, specieriiin dilli rentiis, observat ioiiibus
plnrimis. Redaitis spccicbns -M'J [•.'•iM] ad geni'ia (i'i [J'"']' Iclitbyologiie pars iii.— Knicndata
(it aucta a lobr.iiiie Iiilio Wallauiii M. 1)., Socielatis IJeroliiicusis Nalniie L'nriosoruiu, et Soci-
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[A puor nimpilatiMu, like liuK'liu'rt, in wliich tlie various proviouhly (tescribcit spfcii^s wcio introduced with*
out a critical study into Ibi* s^sU-ni, and di.'HcrilKMt in Tont-notL's iu tonncrtfon wiib tllti Arteilian Hpecies, but
coniliitiud under tbo l.inna'an ;;cni'ra. Tbe noiuinat spccits (and many an; oiilv noiuinal), cxctudini; llio ota-
leans, art' tlitis raised I'roui 'J.'H to aliont ItCt. without cuuutinir tlio si)ecic8 euuiut-iatcl ULilfr tin, iivvi Kcncra of
autllurs appended to tin, voluuu*. Tbo cunipilulion tias soino \aliu', not only on aeconnt of llio original deserip-
tJons of species C4)pii>d from previous aiitliols, but bwauso of tlie reprodiu-lion of tiie deseiiptiuns of tiio new
Kenera introduced by variinis autliurs inio tlio system. It is also of iutereet to Ibe htiidrnt of Anieriiari speeii^s
by reason of tbu inc^orporulion tlioreiu, under specific uauiuii, of anonymous Ameiicaii spcciss described by
Sebuepf.l
1804.— rroriep, L. P. von. Tabelle der Unterordiinngen, Gcacblccliter iiiid Gatlnngen der Wallliaebo
aus Lacf'licde. Mitgctlieilt von Troricp. < Voigt'a Mag. vii, l.-'04, pp. 44r)-4oO.
1809.— Traill, T. S. Description of a new apeciea of wbaln, Dclpbinus mcliia. <Nicliol8on'H Journ.
xxii, IdOll, pp. «l-si.
1811.— Neill, P. .Some account of ii tin wbale (Ualiunoptera acuto-roatiata). < Mem. Werner. Nat. Iliat.
.Soc. i, lSIl,pp. 201-'J14.
fi:care8^)y, W.,j>. Account of tlie Baliena myslicetus.or great nortbcrti or (ireenland wbale.
<' .Mini. Worn. Nat. Hist. .Soc. i, Inll, pp. .■|78-.')»-(j, 1 pi.; Ann. Pbilos. i, IHll), i>p. SI-,'),'),- 1 pi.
1812.— AlbetB, J. A. llndcrsogelao oiii eenbiijrningens (Monodon uarval) hierle. < K. Daosk. Selak<
Sliiift. (M. K.), I), fi, II. a, IHJo, pp. 17!l-l-4, 1 pi.
r^WT^'VCT^fW^'*:?*'**^' ■■
1UI3LI0GK. AP1'EN1)IX-K. (.'ETACKA.
1045
1812.— Fr^mluville. C. P. de la Palx de Riir i<m> .•spicn do daiipliiii [l)i.||iliinim ((.loiiuliis] (.1)«mv(!o
(i;iiis 111 inci- ^luciiili-. <Niinv. Hull. Sci. Sue. I'liildiii. ill, l-^l-J, j,. 71 ; Oiiirn. di Imh. Cliiui. o
Ktdiiii Nid. V, 1-il-J, p. aid.
1S16.-. Barclay, J,, and Neill, P. Account <il' a licluKa or white wliiilo killcil in Hie Frith of I'ortli
< Ml 111. Wcrn.Niit. lliNl.Soc. iii.pp. :i71-:i9.'i,'J pll. (Ap:»i(,HJ, London, IHKi.)
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< XlcckcrB Dentscli. Arcli. f. l'liy». iv, IHIH, pp. ai)(i-ii'>.
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I'ariH, iv, I^^IH, pp, ■KiT-ITi'i.
1819.— Scoreaby, W.,,;i'. Ili'inaiUo on tlic isizo of tlic Greenland wlnilc, or lialiPiia nijBlicctiiH, dcsiunod
to slicin- iliHl Ibis uiiiiiial is loiinil of as great dimensions in ;liu present day ,is at any foniier
period since the establisliinent of tlie winile-lislieries. < l'hil.,loiirii. Kdinli. i, Isl'.l, pp. SI-HS.
1820.— Ransome, J. Siir nne parlicularil^^ de la slniclnre de Toil de la baleine {llabena inyslicetus).
<.(onin. de I'liys. si i, IHau, p. IW.
1820-21. — Rudolph), K. ii. Anntctniscku IlenierkuiiKen iiber l!aUen<plcia rostratu. <Alduindl. d.
lierlin. Ak»d. 1820-i!l, p,,. ii7-.l(l, fi pll.
1823.— Scoreaby, W., jV. Atalysisof ajoiirnalof a voyage to the noitliern wlialelisbcry; inelndinj?rc-
bearcbes on tlic easteiu coast of West, (Jreeiibind. < I'bil. .lonrn. Ediub. viii, IH'j;!, pp. :il0-;it)8.
1824.— Knox, R. Observations on t be aimtouiy of tlie lacteal system in tbe seal and cetacea. < lidinb.
Med. and Surg. Journ. xxii, 1824, pp. 'J3-'.U ; I'ror. Not. viii, 1H-.>.1, col. W-U'.\.
1825. — CliamiBSO, A. vou. Cetaeeornm maris Kamtscbalici imagines, ab Alenlls o ligno faclis.
< Acad. C;cs. Leop, Nova Acta, xii, l&>:>, pp. a l'.)-'.>(J2.
1826.— Baer, K. B. von. Die Nase der Cetaeeen erliintert dnrcb Untersncbnng der Nose des lirann-
lisebes (Uelphimis phocicua). <^ Okeu, Isis, IHiti, col. 811-HJ7.
Baer, K. B. vou. Ueberden Braniiliscb (Uelpbiniis pboca'na). <Oken, Isls, 18'J('i, col. 807-811.
Rapp, W. von. Untersncbnngen ilberciniguTtaeilu der Anatomie der Cetiieeen. < Wilrttcmb.
Abbaudl i, l&>(), pp. 2.')7-27().
1827.— Linden, P. J. van der. Notice snr nn sqneletto do balenoptirc. Lne iV la 8oc. des Scicuc.
m<<dic. et natur.de liriixelles et publide 8(5pi!rament. H°. Hrnxelles, 1827.
Tiedemanj], F. Iliru des Delpbins [Delphiniis delpbisj init dem dcs Mccschen verglichen,
<Tiedemaun u. Treviranns, Zeitzscbr. f. I'bysiol. ii, licit ii, 1827, pp. 2.')l-260, 1 pi.; Ediiib.
New Philoa. Jonru. iii, 1827, pp. 296-298.
1828.— Harwood, J. On tbo structure and economy of tbo Greenland wbalo (Baliena inysticetns).
< (^uart. .Journ. Sci. Liter. Arts Ii. Instit. n. ser. July-Dec. l*^'*, pp. 10-24.
1829.— Harlan, R. Descriptiou of n new species of grampus (Delpbinus intermedins) inbabiting tbe
coast of New Knglaud. <.Iourn. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'bila. vi, 1829, pp. Sl-ii:), pi. 1, tig. 3;
Fdrussae, Hull. Sci. Nat. xviii, 1829, pp. 281,282.
Malacarne, V. G. Encofalotouiia del dellino. < Mem. Soc. Italiana, xx, Fi; ica, 1829, pp, 381-
3. '1, 2 pll.
Morren, C. F. A. Over de Bntenoptera rostrata van Fabriciiis en bcordeeling dcs wcrkeu,
welke over cen dier dczer soort, deu 4 Novbr. ter oosten van do haven van OsteUdo gestrand,
nitgegcven zijn. < liijdr. tot do natuurk. Weteusch. D. 4, 1, 1829, pp. r)2-84.
—Rapp, W. von. Beitriige zur Anatomic und Fhysiologie dor Walltische. < Mockel's Arch. f.
Anat. 11. 1'bys. 1830, pp. 3o8-3()8.
Rousseau, L. F. B. Snr rcxistcnco de moustaches chcz Ics fojtns de dauphins et do marsouins.
< Ann. Sci. Nat. xxi, 1830, pp. 351,3i-)2.
JiitfH. [Anecdotes ot the porpoise.] < Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, p. 273.
,— Home, B. On tbo tnsks of the narwbale. <rhilo8. Trans. 1831,pp. lCfi-130, 1 pi. ; abstr. in
Abstracts of the Papers, etc. i, 1832, p. 4.'i8; pi. in Home, Lect. on Conip. Anat. ii, tab. 42.
Sandifort, Q. Bijdragen tot d') ontledkundige Kounis der Walvisscbcn. <N. Verliandl.d. 1.
Kl. Nedeii. Instit. D. 3, lSlt,pp. 22:1-270, 5 pll.
Scblegel, H. Over ceiicn in bet jaar 1820 aan <l« Noord-Hollandsche kust gestranden vinvisrh.
<N. Vcrbandl. d. 1. Kl. Nederl. Instit. D. 3, 18:11, pp. 1-20, 2 pll.
1832.— Dewhurst, W. Observatious on the zoology and comparative anatomy of tbo skeletou of the
Balienoptera roninal. < Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist, v, 1832, pp, 214-2:13.
1830.
1831.
I
i
1' '. :■. •.
•'• ,
1 pfi
■•< I'
I',-*
1040
MOXOORAPITS OF NOIlTn AMERICAN RODENTIA.
tiiii !
1il333.— Knox, R. Accoiint nf llii! diimci'lioii of a viiiiiik i'iiri|iial, cir nliort wlialrliDiin wliulu (llnlirTin
I'drsti'iilii, KabririuH) with a frw (>lis4'rvati<iUN on tlio aimtoiny uf tlio ia-lal iii\HtientiiH. <[ I'rnt!.
Koy. Soc. I'.diiil.. i, Is:i;l-;!4, pp. (i:t-7(i ; liintitut, li, no, 01, l»M, f.'iH; no. 74, ISH4, p. iUMlj
I'lor. Not. xiiii, nil. 'J'.Kt, le«5, pp. 1(14, KiO.
Roussel de Vauzdme, — . Sur nu fu)tU8 d'nn Baliuna inysticolua. < Inntitnt, i, ii», i:i, IKIII,
p. Iiiii.
Sampson, W. Xoticu of u cutaveouH animal, nupiioHml to bn nuw to tlin Aini'rican rouHt (Drl-
pliiniirt KliibleupH). <^Ani. Junrn. Hii. ami Arin, xxiil, 1H^;1, pp. '.!OI-:t{::l, willi tigif,
1834.— Cbauvin, — . Sur In nioilo do nutrition dcs JcnncH lialcincH. <^ Instltnt, II, no. 4H, 1KI4, p. IIH.
Dewhurat, H. W. Tlio natural history of the onlrr cctuci'n, and tho oceanic inhaliltanlx of
lliii Arctic rcciona lIluHtrntiMl witli nnmi'rouM lithographic and wood cii;,'ras in^H.
London: jo'ldLshod hy tho iinthor, l(i \Villi:im .ilrcci, Waterloo I!riil);i' Koail. niiUccxxxlv.
fjj. XX, 'JJ4 pp., T. pll.
Dum^ril, A. M. C. li'apport fait !^ r.Vcadfiinic ili'<i Hcicnccs Hur nn nii^niolro du M. (i. IlrcHchct,
intitule: " DcNcri)ition d'un'* or^at'c vimculaiic di^ccnvctt dauH Ich (U'.acf^N, Nuivlo chMpudcjm'H
coiibidcratlonH sur la rcHpiration chc/. cih aniuiaux ct clicz lc8 uniphihIcH." < Ann. Hci. Nat.
ii (Zool.), 18o4,pp. ;t7f.-;)80.
Qeoffroy St.-HUaire, 6. l.uctnro <1ch anci^Mis cu cc (pii tuuclio la nalHwincv et lu piuuiiccu
(Education dc« c(';lae<!s. < Institut, II, lKi4, p. .">4.
OeoSroy St.'Hilaire, ti, hur IVuiplol dcH dlvcrKc!) particH dcit );hindcH nuunmairex chc/, leu
cctiicc^s. < luHtitnt, ii, lt^;i4, pp. 1(1;.', 1011; Zool. Soc. I'roc. ii, 1834, pp. •J(i,a7.
Oeoffroy St.-HUaire, I. Kxtrait do dcnx (<critH xur la lactation des c(!tac(S8. < Ann. Sci. Nut.
iJo K(;r. Zool. i, ld;!4, pp. IW-lUy.
Oeoffroy St.-Hllaire, I. Mi^nioire nor Ich iflandex nianiclluireH pour (^lalilir quo lc8 c(^tacO«
n'allaitcnt point connnu il I'ordiuairo Iciir petits ct i|u'il8 ponrraieiit >>'uu tenir !\ \iiit nonrrir
dc mncua liydrat<^. < Ann. Scl. Nat. I (Zool.), 1*14, pp. 174-188.
Harlan, R. Notice of fossil bones [nasilosaurns] found in the tertiary urnuition of th« Stale
of Louisiana. < Trans. Am. I'hilos. Soc. I'liila. n. ». iv, 1834, art. xil, ]ip. ;ill7-40H.
Rousael de Vauzime, — . Rceherclica anatomiipus sur un ftctus de lialeiue. <;Aun. Scl. Nat.
•_'e Kf^r. Zool. ii, 18:14, pp. 1-J.'i-127 ; Institut, ii, no. (I!), 1834, pp. Ml, SiilO.
Traill, T. S. On some of tho cctacea. < Now I'hilos. Journ. Kdinh. xvll, 18114, pp. 177-180.
Traill, T. S. On the structure and uses of thu uuimnniry glands of the cotacea. <New I'hilos.
Journ. Ldinh. xvil, 1834, pp. 303,364.
1835. — Harlan, R. Description of the remains of the " llasiloannrnB ", a Inrge fossil marine aninuil, ro
cenlly discovered in tho horinoutal linicstono of Alubamu. < Trans. Geo). Soc. Ponn. i, 183ri,
pp. 348-3.->7, pll. 22-24, folded.
Macy, O. History of Nantucket, and of the whale fishery. 12^. Boston, Ililliard, Gray & Co.,
183.-).
Mayer, C. I!eitrii(;e zur Ainitoniic des Dclpbins. < Ticdcmanu u. Trevirnnns' Zeitschr. f. Phy-
siol. V, Heft ii, 183.5, p|i. 111-133.
Mulder, C. Over do tanden van den narwal of cenhoorn (Monodon nionociros, L.). <^TIjd-
sclirift Nat. Ocsch. en Phys. il, 1835, pp. (15-1011, 1 pi.
Reid, J. Ucber die Gekriisdrllseu dcr Balicnoptcrn rostrata. < Fror. Not. xliil, no. 938, 1835,
pp. 2011-211.
Die Wnllfischo. < Isis, 1835, pp. 709-752, 801-828. ■ ' ■
Delp'iinl pliocuiniu auatouies soctio prima. <St. P<!tersb. Hull. Sci. I, 183(1,
TilesiU3, O. W.
1836.— Baer, K. B. vou.
pp. 2(;-28.
Baer, K. E. von.
Sur lo pr6tondu passage de I'eau par les events des c6tac<^8. < Bull. Scl. St.
Pctorsb. I, 1836, pp. 37-40.
BruuB, V. Dissertulio inaugnralis medica sistcna distpiisltiones anatouiico-physiolo^lcas do
nervih cetaceornm ccrebralihus, ipiam consentieute ^ratloso medicornni ordlnti pra'side (iull.
Lnd. Kiipp, pro gradn dootoris niedlcinio et chirurgiiu rite ohtinendo publico eruditoruni
exuuiiui submittit auctor Victor Brum,, Brunsvicensis. Meuse, Jaunar. uidcccxxxvi.— TH-
biugto, typis Kifertiauis. B^. 47 pp. ,j ;. .,,,.■
t
TUllMOOB. APPKNDIX— K. CETAdEA.
1047
1836.— Ciivier, P. Dn I'liiNliiir.. imlmcllo iIch rftiiciiH, on rcciicil I't i.xiiim'ii di'ii fuits ilmit »(> loiiiixwn
I'hislDiii' iiiitiii'cllc> (Ir (CM iiniiimiix; . . . 1'iiiIm, I.iliriirlo i;iic.vi'lo|M<ili(|ii(> ilc Hunt, IKK),
« . !i p. II., lii, IK;, I pp., VJ pll.
Hamlltoii, R Tin,' nutiiialinl'H lilimry. Killti'dliy Hir William .Iiiriliiic, Hurt. . . . Viil.xxvi.—
.Miiiniimliii. WhiiliH, rtc. ... Ho. KilinlinrKli, W. II. I,i/ar», . . , tlKlfif] Kiijj. title, 4
p. 11., pp. I7-'JII1, witli poiliaitcif M. LoCdtiitiulii hac(<piili', 'J'.l col. pll;
Knox, n. I'ludfn thai the tiitli of tli» caclialot »ru iluvolil of u imnu'l. < Proc. Kiiv. Soc. Kiliiili.
i, \r*M>, p. Mil.
Mulder, C. Ki'ii wooril over lict wiTk van (Icollroy Saint llilairo, den title vrairi'iide : " Krajj-
iiiiiiilH Hur la Ntnictiiri) ot leu UHngen di'8 ((laiidi'H maini'llairi'H dcH c<!tac(S8." < TiJdKcliritt Nat.
(JcHcli. i!ii riijK. iii (lloukbcHcImn iiiK), IKKi, p|). 41-r)7.
Rapp, W. von. Hi'iiicrkiiiijji'ii Uhor dic^ (iiliiirmrkzeii;!!' dur t'etncecii. <; l-'iDricp, Notizcn,
xlix, H:t(), col. ll(i-l\>l.
1837.— Suokow, P. W. L. O.ttecildjtiNclic llr(idiri'il)iiii);<l'''i \Vttlliii[HalaMiaiiij«tiCTtii«]. Mil .".litli.'I'af.
aiir^iMiiiiiiiiicii und gczcic hunt voii Ant. \\ llHtiifr. 4'. vl, l(i pp. Mannheim, t'. Lamina, IKIT.
Vrolik, W. Ontliidknndi){eaanmi'rkingi'M(pverdon n(«ird«<;lii.n vinviMh(lliiliiniipI(im rnntrata)
If Wijk nan Zfii j(<Htrand. <; llninen en Vriiw, Tijdnclnift, iv, 1KI7, pp. 1-^4 ; An:i. Sii. Nat.
is (Znol.), ln:]>; pp. (m-77 ; Kroriep, Nutiziqi, vii, IKW, eol. ;iu,')-:il:i, ;tt,V:i'.'7 ; Uin, Hill, pp. :I7II-
1839.— Harlan, H. On the diHcovcry of the lia.sihisanruB and the liatinehioNaniiiN. < I'rof. Ocol. t^uo.
ili, lM:tH-l«42 (18;)U), pp. an, 24; Ann. Sei. Nat. xil (Ziail.), 1h:i;i. p.iWl.
Kioyer, H. IleinnerkninKor cnii Hala'iia rnstrata. < Krdycr's natuihi«t. TIdsskr. ii, IS'Jl), pp.
lin-ci;;-) ; i«i», i84i, pp. -(-.iti-MO.
Owen, R. ObsurvaticinH on the teeth of the Zeiii;lodon (Ihmilosanrim of Dr. Ilnilan). <| Troc.
(ieol. Hoc. iii, lH;)«-4a (leUlt), pp. '24-28; Ann. Wei. Nal. xii (Znol.), ISW, pp. 222-2'.".l; I'roriep,
Notizen, x, IKW, col. 177-182; Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 18:t9, pp.2(W-2i;i; Trans. (Jeol. Soe. vi, 1848,
)ip. tiU-HO.
1840. — AlesBandriui, A. SnII'orgnno dell'olfutto dei cetacei in gencre ed In parlicolare Hopra qnello
del DelphinuN dclphin L. o del DelphiDUH tnmio llonnalerre. <^ Nnov. Ann. 8ci. Nat. ann. 2,
iv, 1H40, ])p. 14t;-141), with 2 pll. ; in Latin, Nov. t'ominenl. Acad. Honon. vi, 1844, pp. 141-l."i8
Bweetlug, R. H. DiinenHiouH and deecriptionH of a Nnpposeil new speciiH of lialnMiojiIera
Htraiuied on Charnniuth beach. <^ C'harlcHWortli'H Ma^, \af. Hist.- n. Her. iv, lr*M\ pp. ;M1-;M:1.
' Sweeting, R. H. NoteH relating to a female rorqnal whale (Haheuoptera boop.s of anIhorH).
<^ I'roc. Zool. Soc. London, viii, 1840, pp. 11, 12; Fror. N. Not. xviii, no. ;!70, 1841, pp. 24,25.
Wilde, — . Wie das jnnge Cetaceuni, wUhrend e» an der Zitze hiinge, athuien kiinne. <^ I'ror,
N. Not. XV, no. ;illi, 1840, pp. 121, 122.
1841.— Haldeman, 8. 8. [On a genns of dolphins.] <^ I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila, i, 1841, p. 127.
[ProimmU to clianjio the uauiu of Uiodon, because preuc<;iipie4], to Ilypudon.l
1843. — Baohricht, D. F. Jaggtagelscr paa naebbehvalen eller iHlaendernes Andarnefia, Faeriirncs dog-
ling. < Forh. Skand. Naturforsk. ;i. jliite, 1842, jip. (i51-(),">8 ; IsIh, 184'), pp. 4'J7-4I0.
Bschricht, D. F. Oiu deu under navn af dogliug, naebbehval (do gainle I^ordboerH-Audhvalr,
'- Andaruelia) hekjoodto bvalart (Ilyiwroodou). < Overs. K. Uansk. SeUk. Forbandl. 1842, pp.
1-4.
Ravin, P. P. Not*s anatomiqnea sur divers organes d'nno baleiuopterc. <^ Ann. Sui. Nat.
2«s<''r. Zool. XV, 1841, pp. '.!:!7-;!r)2, I pi.; Fror. N. Not. xxii, no. 4(i;), 1842, pp. 1-8; no. 4ti4,
1842, pp. 17-22.
SelyB-DealongchampB, E. lioniarques zoologii|nes et auatoiniques snr rilyperoodon. <^ M<!ni,
Soc. Linn. Norniandic, vii, 1842, pp. 1-18.
1843.— Belllugham, O. B. Short description of a bottle-nose whale (llypcroodon bntzkopf) stranded
upon the coast of the co. Louth in the autumn of 1840. <; Ann. Kat. Hist, xi, 184;i, pp. 414,41.').
Jackson, J. B. 8. [On Delpbinns globiceps.] <Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist, i, 1843, pp. US),
100.
Selys-DeBlongcbamps, E. Komar(|ues zoologii|ues et ain>tonii(ines sur I'llyperoodou. < il6m,
Soe. Linn. Nonnandic, vii, 1841!. [Title duplicated; date in iincstion; see 1842.]
1844. — Qilpin, T. [Kninarks on a rib-houe of a cetaceous animal found in the State oi Uelaware.]
< I'roc. Acud. Nat. Sci. I'hila. ii, 1844, p. lti«.
■
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:
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1048
M0N0GBAPH8 OF NORTH AMIHRICAN RODENTIA.
Hi'
r .::
1845.— OuerlD, A, H. Ou tbo rock-nose 6f t*o wlialer, a variety of the Biilioim ni.vstiectUB. < ICdiiib,
New PhiloH. Jourii. xxxix, 1845, pp. SHiO-atW.
Jac'xBon, J. B. S. Dissection of a speriiiactti wbalo and three other cetaceans. <^I)uBtoD
Journ. Nat. Hist, v, no. ii, Oct. 1845, art. i, pp. 1:17-171, pll. 15, l(i.
ISixjimuccti wlmle, pp. 138-15.1; fuetal iliilpliln, pp. lKI-160! PhocaiQa glubivcps, pp. lfiO-lC7i IMioca'im com.
nnioid, pp. 107-171.]
Jackson, J. B. 8. [On the skeleton of a whnie, related to the Uorqual dn cap of Cuvier, taken
oft' the coast of Maine.] < I'roc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 184.5, pp. 53, 54.
Knox, H. Observations on the anatomy of tbo rorqual, drawn up from the dissection of a
specimen found (lead off North Uerwick. < I'roc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. i, 1845, p|). 14, 15.
1846.— Buckley, S. B. Ou tbo Zcuglodon remains of Alabama. <Ani. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), ii,
18-10, pp. 125-131, with 2 ligg.
EBchricbt, D. P. Oin Bahcnoptera, om dorcs ostcologio og artsforskiel. <; Oversigt K. Daimk.
Kelsl.. Forhandl. 1840, pp. 'i-^y.
Reicbeubacb, H. G. L. IJic Celn'oen odcr Waltliiore, nacb den neueston ICntdecknngen inoon-
Krapliiscb zusamincngcstcUt und durch 78 Abbildnugen auf xxv : i-xxiv nnd ii ■■. — Knp-
fertufeln erliiutort Die Anatomio bierzn niit Ixv Kupfcrtafelu wird bcsondere ausge-
geben. Dresden nnd Leipzig, Expidition der vollstiindigsten Natuigescbicbtc, 1846. 8°.
vi (ind. 2 titles), 172 pp.
Rogers, B. D. [Ou the bones of the Zenglodon.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nut. Hist, ii, 184C, p. 79.
Stannius, B. Ueber den Ban des Delpbingebirns. < Abbandl. ans d. Geb. d. Nnturwiss. Ham-
burg, i, 1840, pp. 1-10, 4 pll.
1846-48. — Browne, J. R. . Etobings of a whaling cruise; witi, .lotes of a sojourn ou the island of Zan-
zibar, and a brief history of the wbalo tisbery, in its past and present condition. With numer-
ous engravings and woodcuts. 8°. .594 pp. Loudon, J. Murray, 1840-48.
1846-49.— Esohricht, D. P. Undcrsogelser over bvaldyreue. < Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Afbandlgr.
1. Af Landlg. Beniaerkuingcr over cetologiens tidligcro og nacrvaorende skiaebne. <^ D.
xi, 1846, pp. 12a-202.
2. Afbaudlg. Anatoinisk boskrivelse af do ydre fosterformcr bos to nnrdiskc finvbalarter.
Ibid. pp. 2011-280.
3. Afbandlg. Oni fostorformcno i bardebvnlern>!g crnoerings- og forplantelscsredskubur.
Ibid. pp. 281-3i0 (4 pll. with nos. 2 and 3).
4. Afbandlg. Oni uaebbvalen. Ibid. pp. :)21-378, pll. 4.
5. Afbandlg. Fiuvbalernes ostcologio og artsadskillelsc. < I). 12, 1840, pp. 225-390, pll. 8.
0. Afbandlg. Udpytte paa en rciso g,{eDnem det uordvcstlige Europa i sonimuren 1840.
< 5. R. 1. Bd. 1849, p. 85-138.
1847.— Glbbes, R. W. On the fossil genus Basilosaurus, Harlan, (Zenglodon, Owen,)with a notice of
specimens from the eocene green sand of South Carolina. < Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2),
i, art. i, 1847, pp. 5-15, pll. 1-5.
Oray, J. E. On the linner whales, with the description of a now species. <^ I'roc. Zool. Soc,
London, xv, 1847, pp. 88-93.
Meyer, B. vou. Die erlosoheno Cetaceen-Faniilio dcr Zcuglodonten niit Zenglodon nnd Sqna-
lodon. < N. Jab.b. filr Min. 1847. pp. 009-074.
Miiller, J. Ueber den Bau des Sc liidels des Zenglodon cetoideii, Ow. < Bcricht. Verb. K. Pr.
AUad. Wiss. Berlin, 1847, p. Uiu.
Miiller, J. Ueber ilio Wirbelsiiule des Zenglodon cetoides. < Bericht. Verb. K. Pr. Akad.
Wiss. Berlin, 1847, pp. 185-200.
Tnomey, M. Notice of tbo discovery of a cranium of the Zenglodon (Basilosaurus). <Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iii, 1847, pn. 151-1,53, with2tigg.i Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts(2),lv, 1847,
pp. 283-285, with tig. ; Journ. Acad. ^at. Sci. Phila. (2), i, 1847, art. ii, pp. 10, 17, pi. 5.ngg. 1,2.
Wyman, J. On a case of anchylosis of tbo tlrst four cervical vertebra) in Delpbinns globiceps.
< Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1847, p. 243.
1848.— Agassiz, L. [Letter to Dr. Gibbes in relation to Zenglodon cetoides, Dorndon serratns, and
Sanioeotus gibbesii, n. g. and sp.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Hci. Pliila. iv, 184.8, pp. 4, 5,
Agaasiz, L. [On the fossil cotucoa of the United States.] <Proo. Am. .Vad. Arts and Sci. U,
1848, pp. 4,. 5.
•«,'
f-.-:
BIBLIOGE. APPENDIX— K. OETACEA.
1049
1848.— Glbbes, R. TW. [Keclanmtioii cf llio gcmis Doiiidon from the syiKinyiny of ZciikIhiIdii.]
<rioc. Aciiil. Nat. Sci. I'bilii. iv, 1^.1?, \\ .'ii.
Valenciennes, A. Notite sm- uii iliiu|iUiii ii ikiix teles iniiimrlfi dm Antilles. <(_'i>iiiiite8
Kcndiis, I'liiis, xxvii, 11^48, pp. '^41), AjO.
1849. — AgasBiz, L. [The Atiierican porpoise, anew species(I'. ,iu:ericauu)dlatluct from tlio European.]
< I'nic. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, 1849, p. 5iii5.
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( D. eutropia, LngenorhyDclms clancolu!), L. ttiicolca ]
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< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 1840, p. IHO and p. Iffi.
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1050
MONOGUAPnS OP NORTH AMERICAN BC' NTIA.
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ill 'if ';{? /
BIBLIOGE. APPENDIX— K. CETACEA.
1051
>n
I860. — Relchert, C. B. Urber die Bescliaffenheit dcr Ix frncliteten Ki'clinn von MccrRclnveincliPii znr
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Cope,B. D. [Observations on a species of seal (Cystophora) and on cetaceans.] < Proc. Acad.
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OlU, T. On two species of Delphinidro from California in the Smithsonian Institution. < Proo.
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ili
1052
MONOGRAl'US OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
1066.— Cope, B. D. [Rciiiiiilfs on (lie sUiill of a liliick fisli (Globicephaliis).] <rioc. Acad. Nat. 8ci.
riiila. m'M, pp. 7,(?.
Cope, E. D. Tliiril coiitriliiition to tlit> Uislory of llio Ualionida,' and Delpllini<la^. <I'roo.
Aca<l. Nat. Soi. I'hila. IfXiti, pp, ayO, HUIi-ittlO.
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EBChricht, D. F., a»il Reinhardt, J. On the Greenland right-whaU' (Ilaliena mystiretns, Linn.),
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From the "Kongeligc Danskc Vidcnsk&berncs Selskabs'Skrifler, &to Ra'kke, Natnrvidcn-
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< Proc. Zool. Soc. London, IBflC, pp. fioO, mO.
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1867.— AgasBiz, L. [Discovery of n cetacean (Mosoplodou sp.) new to America.] < I'roc. Bost(m Soc.
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iiil
BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX-K. CBTACEA.
1053
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skr.ft til Hr. llallas's Oplegnelser om nogle p;ia et hvalfangsttog i havet onikring Island
jagttagne hvaler. < Vidousk. Meddel. Natnrli. Poren. Kjiibenh. 1808, pp. 178-201, witli wood-
cuts. Translated in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hisl. ii, 1808, pp. 323-340.
Bars, O. O. Om individ^ielle varialioner bos riirhvalerno (iiu whales) og do deraf bctingedo
nligheder i deu ydro og indre byguing. < Vidonsk.-Selsk, l^orhandl. 18(i8, pp. 31-74.
Turner, W. Purthcr observations on tho stomach in the Cetacea. < Jonrn. Anat. aud Physiol.
iii, 18t>8, pp. 117-119.
1869.— Benedei}, P. J. van. Les baleinoptJsrea du nord do TAtlautiquo. <Bull. Acad. Uoy. Belg.
xxvii, 1809, pp. 281-291, with 1 map.
Burmelater, C. Oescripcion do cuatro especieb de deltiuesde la costa Argentina. <Analo8
Mus. Pub. Buenos Aires, i, 1869, pp. ;!07-445, pll. xxi-xxviii.
tCimlHiiis on aiiatonilial nimi.igrapU on I'outdpuriu Mniuvillci, iltimiustratiiig ila aflliiilj' willi tlic Di'lpliinlilie.l
Cope, B. D. New tinner whale [Sibbaldius teetirostris], < Am. Nat. iii, 1809, pp. 277, 278.
Cope, B. D. [On tho i.raniuni of Hyperodou bidens, and on SIeBoplodon,E8chriehliU8, Iladro-
saurns, and Polydectes.] < Proc. Acnd. Nnt. 8ci. Phila. 1809, pp. 191, 192.
!!• :
1054
MONOGUAPnS OP NOBTU AMKKIGAN RODKNTIA.
m^ if
!?-jl|.
M' "t.
1869.— [Bsohrlcht, D. F.] N'i tavlor til oplyHiiinj; nf liviildj rciios [Ccto] liyn"'"Ki •""•''■*'' ♦'' "trykte
foii'ilia); af Hfddilc Ktiitsraad Dr. D. F. E^chrit•llt, iiicd tilliiiiciKlc forklariiij;. < Vidi'iisk.
Si'lsk. Skr. .""i. sor. ix, Kjiibouli. 180!), ]ip. 14.
Flo^irer, W. H. Ou tlic osteology of tlio cuolmlot or sperm wliulo (Pliysetcrmacrocupbalus).
< Trans. Zool. Soc. Luiuluu, vi, 18()9, aft. xii, pp. :'.09-37i', with i:i iigg., pll. n.Vlil.
Lindemann, — . "Eino Gescbicbto der nrktischeii Fisclierui dor deiitsclicu Scestiidto, 16'20-
18G8." < Petermunu's Mittlieil. ISGO, ErgiinziingHhcf t uo. ad.
Reinhardt, J. [On the Btrncturo of Cotacen.] < Vld. Solsk. Skrift. 5. liuokko, ix. lid. Kjobeu-
Jiavii, 18ti!).
Scammoa, C. M. On tlie cot nceons of the western const of Nortb Anierion. Edited l)y Edward
D. C(ipe. < Proc. Arnd. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 18fi9, pp. i;M>;t, pll. \-S.
JCdilbrial Note on tbe " blowing " of wlmles. < Am. Nat. iii, 1809, pp. 3;i3, 3;i4.
ICditorial. Variation in tbe skeletons of wliales. <C Am. Nat. iii, 18fi9, pp..r)2,,.');t.
[From "Coamoa". I
1870. — Benedeu, P. 3. van. Lcs cdtac<!8, lenrs conmiousniix et lenrs parasites. <[ UuU. Acad. Roy.
Belg. xxix, 1870, pp. 347-3(58, wilb wootlcuts.
Oray, J. E. Notes on the arrangement of tbe genera of delpbiuuid wbales. <^ Proc. Zool. Boc.
London, 1870, pp. 772,773.
Owen, R. Monograph of tbe Brilisb fossil Cetacoa from the Red Crag. I. Genus Ziphius.
4^. 40 PI)., 5 pll. Printed for the Pala>ontograpbical Society, London, 1870.
Turner, W. On the sternum and opsa iunominata of tbe Longuiddry whale (lialienuptera
sitdialdii). < Journ. Auat. and Physiol, iv, 1870, pp. 271-ij81, wiih 4 ligg.
1871. — Beneden, P. J. van. SK^moire sur nne baldnopti'-re capturde dans I'Escant en 18C9. <M<!in.
Acad, lielg. xxxviii, 1871, 30 pp. with 2 pll.
Clark, J. W. On tbe skeleton of a narwhale (Monodon nioiioceros) willi two i'nlly deveiopetl
tusks. <^ Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, pp. 42-53, with 2 ligg.
Cope,B.D. On Megaptera bellicoaa. < Proc. Am, Philos. ,^00. Pbila. xii, 1871, pp. 103-108,Ugg.
21-28.
Cope, B. O. Additional note on Balienoptera vel 8ibbaldiuH sulfureus. <^ Pror. Am. Pbilos.
Soc. Phila. xii, 1871, p. 108.
t)wight, T., jr. [Remarks on mounting tbe skeleton of Balscnoptera muscnlue.] < Proc. Bos-
ton Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1871, pp. 305,300.
Gervals, P. Remarques sur I'anatomio des c6tacds de la division des bali<nidi5ji, tird-os de
I'exanien des pibces relatives i^ ces animaux qui sent conserves an Museum d'llistoire Naln-
relle. < Compt. Kend. Ixxii, 1871, pp. ()0;i-072 ; Nouv. Arcb. Mus. Paris, vii, 1871, pp. 05-144,
pll. 3-<i.
Gill, T. On tbe sperm-whales [Pbyseteridic], giant and pygmy. <Am. Nat. iv, 1871, pp.
725-743.
OIU, T. Synopsis of the primary subdivisions of the cetaceans. < Com. Essex Inst, vi, 1871,
pp. 121-127.
Malm, H. A. W. "Hval<lJDr [Cete] i Sveriges Museer, &r 1809." < 8v. Ak. Ilandl. ix, no. 2,
IH71, 104 pp., with 0 pll.
Strutbers, J. Ou some points in the iinatomy of a great (In whale (Baloinnptera mneculus).
< .lonrn. Anat. and P.iysiol. vi, 1871, pp. 107-125, pi. vii.
1872.— Anderson, J. W. Tbe whale of the St. Lawrence. < Can. Nat. and Q. J.S. n. s. vl, 1872, pp.
203-208. [ Idem itied with 11. niysticetus.]
Cope, B. D. [On an extinct whale (Escbriohtius davidsoni) from California.] < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, pp. 29, 30.
Cope, B. D. [On Megaptora bcUicosa, n. s.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. II.
Dwight, T., jr. Description of the whale (Balniuoptera musculus, auct.) in the possession of
the society : with remarks on tbe classification of tin-whales. <^ Mem. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii,
1872, an. 5, pp. W03-230, pll. (i, 7.
Fischer, P. Note sur deux cspftccs do globlctfpbales. < .Fourn. Zool. i, 1872, pp. 273-278.
niBLIOGR. APPENDIX— L. CniUOPTBRA.
1055
1872.— Oervaia, P. aiidH. Adilition iiu indimiiie iirdccikiit. <Jonrn.Z()ol. i, IH"'.;, pii.IiSl, ;124, pLxvii.
Scammoii, C. M. On a luw spccits of Ilalicnoiitfrii [It. daviilsoiii]. <^ rrnc. Ciil. Aiiul. 8cl.
iv, IK12, 1)1). aw, -JT (I.
Turner, ^V. iJo la placriitatinn (lea ciitaci'S cuiiipaKJu a ci'Uii dus aiitrrs iiiaini»ifi:ii'H. <[ .loiirn.
Zoui. i, ih:-2, pp. ;iu.i-;a;), pi. xvi.
Turner, AV. Tli<^ Htcinuiii of the speiii) wliiilo (Physecbr uiacroccplialus). <Ji)iirn. Aiiat. and
l'liy«iol. vi, lH7:i, pp. ;i77-3^U, with 2 fij;);.
1873. — Brandt, J. F. UiitoraiielmiigiMi ubir die fossilen iiud siibroiiHilen Cetacteu Eiuopa'a voii J. F.
Brandt niit Britriigini von Van HcMieden, Cornalia, Gastaldi, Qiieuatedt und PaulHoii, iiebat
uiueni geoloKisclien Anlittuge von ISarbot de Marny, 0. v. Hi'linersei), A. Goebel unil Tli. •
Fiicbs. Durch xxxiv Tafeln crliintcrt. St. Pdtersbourg, IHTIi. Commissionaires do l'Acad(^inle
Inipdrialo des Sciences. Sl^nioires de l'Acaddn)ic Inipdrialo des Sciences do St. Pdtcrsbourg,
7e si5rie, tome xx, no. 1. 4°. 1 p. I., viii, 372 pp., 34 pll.
Chapman, H. C. [On a spiwies of Dclphinus: its anatomy.] <Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Pbila.
. 1H73, pp. 279,280.
Dall, W. H. Descriptions cf three new species of Cctacea froni.tlio const of California. < Proo.
C'al. Acad. Sci. v, 1873, pp. 12-14.
Douglas, J. A wbaling voyage to Spitzbergen in 1H18. < Trans. Lit. and Hist. Soc. Qnebec,
n. s. X, 1873, " paper ii ", pp. 21-07 (with 21 flgg. of flakes).
Oervaia, P. Heninniucs snr la dentition da narval. < .lourn. Zool. Paris, t. 2, 1873, pp. 498-,')00.
Gray, J. E. On the geographical distribntion, migration, and occasional habitats of whales
and dolphins (Cute). < Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xi, Feb. 1873, pp. 9-104.
Malm, H. A. W. Snr 1e Paoca:na liuuaii on Delphinns pliocajna. (Kongl.Vet. a Wilt. Samhalleta
i Giiteborg Handlingar, 1873, p. 43.) <Jonrn. Zool. Palis, t.2, 1873, art, 1, pp. 531,532.
1874.— Cope, B. D. [On a young Balasnacisarctica.] <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1874, p. 89.
Dall, W. H. Catalogue of the Cetacea of the North Pacific, with osteological notes, and descrip-
tions of some new forms, etc. < Scaninion's niariuo mammals of the northwestern coast of
North America. 1874. App. pp. 281-308.
[For full tltlo of Soa]Buion'8 book, see anted, p. lOOO, date 1B74 ]
Davis, V^. M. Nimrod of tho Sea: or, the American whaleman New York: Harper
& Brothers, publishers, 1874. 12°. 403 pp., with 31 iigg.
Gray, J. B. On tho Bermuda humpbacked whale of Dndley (Balajna nodosa, Bonnaterre,
Megaptera araericaua, Gray, and Megaptera bcllicosa, Cope). < Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4),
xiii, Feb. 1874, p. 18G.
Gray, J. B. On the genus Callignathus, and on Kogia floweri of Dr. Gill. < Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. (4), xiii, Feb. 1874, pp. 188, 183.
Haast, J. Ou Euphysetes pottsii. < Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xiv, Ang. 1874, pp. 107, 168.
Maynard, C. J. Black tish (Qlobiocephalus melas) ashore on Nantucket. < Am. Sports. Ang.
1,1874.
1875 -Brown, R. On tho history and geographical relations of the cetacea frequenting Davis Strait
and Haffln's Bay. <-Manunl of Nat. Hist, of Greenland, 1875, pp. fi9-93. 8°. London, 1875.
Flower, W. B. Instructions for making observations on and collecting speeimens of the
Cetacea of the Arctic seas. < Instr. for Use of Sci. Exped. t. Arct. Kegions, lf<75, pi>. 39-45.
(Includes a list of tho Cotaciia of tho North Atlnntic 1
L,.— CIIIBOPTEBA.
1759.-Daubenton, L. J. M. Mdmoiro sor les ohauve-sonris. < M«m. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1759, pp. 374-398.
1798 — Pesohier — . Extrait des cxp(!iicnces do Jurine snr les obauve-sonriB, qn'on a priv<! do la vue.
<.Jo«rn.dePby». xlvi, 1798, pp. 145-148. (Engl, frausl.): Experiments on bats deprived of
sight. < Pbilos. Mag. i, 1798, pp. 13(5-140.
1806 -Oecffroy St.-HUalre, t. M(!nioire snr le genre et les espfecca de vespcrtilion, I'un des genres de
la famine des chauve-souris. < Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. vii, 1806, pp. 187-205 ; xv, 1810, p. 109.
1056 MONOGKAl'HS OK NOKTU AMERICAN RODENTIA.
1810.— Oeoffroy St.-Hilalre, fl. Siir Ich iiliylloiitoinFS et li'S ni(<gu(leriii('ii, deux gunro do la fumillo iIcb
cliimvrsoniiit. <^ Ann. Xlns. Hist. Nat. I'liria, xv, IHIO, pp. I.")7-lUri.
1817. — Wiedemann, C. R. W. llclur die riedi'itliii'io (Cliiiopteiii), uacb Geoffioy- Saint -Hiluiro.
< Wi.ilcmann, Zool. Xla^. 1.-17, *i, pp. 110-14'.); ii, pp. 110-16'J.
1018. — Emmert, F., anil Burgatzky, — . lieobarlitnngiMi Ubtni'inigf Hclnvanguro Fledomiunse unit ibre
KiliUllen. <Mtckul'8 Deutstli. Arclilv f. Pliysiol. iv, 181H, pp. 1-Xl.
1822.— Leacb, W. B. Tbo clmracters of tbrce nuw giniTU of batH witluiiit fuliaciiona appcMidagcH to
tbe noso. < Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, \&^i, pp. m-7-2; FdrnsHac, Hull. Sei. Nat. I, 1824, pp. 274,
U75; Oken, iBis, 1829, col. 1185-1187.
Leacb, 'W. B. Tbu ebnractcrR of hcvcu genera of bats with foliai couh appendagen to tbe nose.
<Trans. Linu. Soc. xiii, 1822, pp. 73-82; lYruseac, Bull. Sci. Nat. i, 1824, pp. 3()8-nr0.
1824.— DeamoulinB, A. Sur 1« ni^rnniBiuo parliculier anx nieiubrcK poHtt'rinurH di'B cliauve-Bonriii.
< lYrusH. Hull. Sci. Nat. i, 1824, pp. 370-372.
Geoffroy St-Hilaiie, I. Mt^moire Bur line cliauve-Honrln anidricaiue, forniant uno nonTcllo
espfice dans Ic genre nyctinoiue. <Aun. Sci. Nat. i, 1824, pp. ;!37-347 j Zuol. Jouru. i, 1825,
pp. 233-241.
1826.— Qray, J. E. A: i attempt at a diviBion of tbe family VespcrtilionidBt into groups. <[ Zool. Jonrn,
ii, 1820, pp. 242, •:43.
1827.— Horsfield, T. Notice of two specieg of Vespertili lidu), forwarded by W. S. Mac Lea", in a let-
ter to the editor of tbo Zoological Journal. < i 1. Jonrn. iii, 1827, pp. 2;i(i-24!).
1829. — Burnett, G. T. IlIuBtratioua of the Alipeda, or lats and tbelr allieH. <^ Quart. Jonru. Sci.
J.iter. Arts U. lUHtit. n. Ber. Jau.-June 182«, pp. 261-269; Isis, 1833, pp. 9;;9,U40.
Qray, J. E. An attempt to improve tbe natural arrangement of tbe genera of bniR, from actual
examination; witb Bomo obBervatioiiB on tbu develnpement of their wingn. <^Pbil. Mag. vi,
1829, pp. 28-36.
1831. — Gray, J. B. Descriptious of some new genera and species of bats. <Zuol. MiBcell. 1831, pp.
;i7,38.
1832. — Cuvler, F. Ki'sai de claBxitieatiou uaturelle deH ve8|iertilionB, et description de jilnsienrs eBp6-
ccH de ee genre. <^ Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, i, 1832, pp. 1-21.
1837. — Cooper, W. Deecriiitions of five species of Vespertilio tliat inliabit ibo environs of tbo cily of
New York. < Ann. Lye. Nat. Mist. New York, iv, 1837, pp. 53-03.
Cooper, W. On two species of Plecotns inbabiting the United States territory. <Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist. New York, iv, 1837, pp. 71-75, pi, 3, flgg. 5-(>.
Cooper, TV. On two Bpecies of Midossns inbabiting tbo soutbern United States. <^ Ann, Lye.
Nat. Hist. New York, iv, 1837, pp. ((4-70, pi. 3, figg. 1-4.
1838.— Gray, J. E. A revision of tbe genera of bats (Vospcrtilionida?) and tbe description of some new
genera and species. <[ Jardine, Mag. Zool. Hot. ii, 1838, pp. 483-5)5.
1839.— Kinsley, J. H. Notice of Vespertilio pruinosus and Icterus pbocniieus. <^ Am. Juurn. Sei. and
Arts, xxxvii, 1839, pp. 195, 196.
1846.— Hallowell, E. Description of n new species of bat f^om Westcrr. Africa — Pteropus baldenmni.
<Am. Jouru. Sci. and Arts (2), ii, 1840, pp. 373, 274 ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. iii, 1846, pp.
52, 53.
1851. — Wyman, J. [Statements witb regard to tbe structure uf tbe Bjinal cord in bata.] <^ Proc. Bos-
ton Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, 1851, p. 35.
1852.— Jones, T. TV. Discovery tbat tbo veins of tbe bat's wing wliieb are furnisbed witb valves, aro
endowed witb rbytbinical contractility, etc. <;Pbilo8. Trnim. 18.'i2, i)p. 131-136,2 pll.; ab-
stract in Proc. lioy. Soc. London, no. 85 (Abstracts of tl,e Papers, etc. vol.0), 1852, pp. 147-
149; Institut, xx, 1852, no. 964, p. 194 ; Fror. Tagesber. 18.'i2, no. 66-1 (Zool. iii), pp. 215,816.
1854.— Le Conte, J. Observations on tbe Vespertilio leporinuF, of Linnotns. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi.
Pbila. vii, iaj4, pp. 190,191.
185S.—Iie Conte, J— Observations on tbe Nortb American tpecies of bats. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Pbila. vii, 18.-,5, |)p. 431-438.
1856.— Peters, TV. Systematisebc Stellung der Gattuug Mor.nops, die Classilication dcr Pbyllostomata
sowio oiue ueue Art dor Qattung Vampyrus. <^ Mouatsber. K. Pr. Akad. Wiss. Berliu, 1856,
pp. 409-415.
BIBLIOOR. APPENDIX— L. OniUOPTEUA.
1057
1837.— Le Conte, J. On tbrce now species of VesiierHlionirtir. < I'loc. Acad. Nat. Sei. I'liila. ie57, pp.
171, IT.''..
Tomes, H. P. Monograph of tUe jjoima Lasiiinis. <Proc. Zool. Soi'. I.diiilon, xxv, IH.'iT, ]ip.
M-IU.
1858.— Balrd, S. F. [Description of a pliyllostome bat (Macrntns ciilifiiriiicus, n. s.) from Calilorniii,
iu the niUBcnra of the Smithsonian Institution.] <l'r(ic. Acad, Nat. Sci. I'hila. IHiJH, pp.
116,117.
1859, — Peters, AV. Ncue Bcitriigo zur Kenntniss dor Cliiropleren. <[ Monalslicr. K. I'r. Akail. Wiss.
Berlin, 1«J9, pp. S?2-225.
I860.— Peters, W. Uober die CLiropterengatlung Ncctopbilim. <^ Monatsbcr. K. Pr. AUad. Wiss. Ber-
lin, p. 1^7, 1859; Abhandl. K. Akad. Wins. Uurlii., 18(10 (Pliys.), pp. Ij;l-l:i7.
Peters, W. Eino neuo Gattniig (riiyllimjctcriM) von Fledertbieren iin» Cuba. < Monntsbcr.
K. I'r. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, IWiO, jip. t!17-eli).
Peters, W. N«ne Gattung von Fledertliicren (Chiroderma villosum) aus Brasilien. < Monals-
ber. K. Pr. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 18(i0, pp. 747-754.
1861.— Allen, H. Description of a new Mexican bat. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, pp. 359, ?C0.
Allen, H. Descriptions of new pteropinc bats from Africa. <^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. liKil,
pp. 15C-100.
Peters, W. Uebersicht der von Herrn Dr. Gnudlacli beobachtcton Flcderthiere auf Cuba.
<Monatsber. K. Pr. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1861, pp. 149-159.
Saussnre, H. de. Diagnosis cheiropterai niexicouo! e faniilia vespertilionidarnm. <;Rov. et
Mag. Zool. xiii, 1861, p. 97.
1862. — Allen, H. Description of two new species of Vespertilionidie, and sonic remarks on the genus
Antrozous. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, pp. 24ti-'24H.
Gray, J. E. Notice of a species of Lasinrus sent from ihe Sandwich Islands by Mr. W. H.
Pease. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862, p. 143.
Peters, W. Uebcrciucn neucn FlederliHnd(Pteropus 8capulatn8)au8Nenholland. <Monat8- ,
her. K. Pr. Akad. Wiss. Berlin; 1862, pp. 574-577.
1862-63.— Koch, C. Das Wcscntlichc der Chiropteren, niit besonderer Besclneibung der in deni Iler-
zogthuui Nassau nnd den angriinzenden liandeslhoilen vorkommenden Fledermiinse. < Jalirb.
Ver. Natnrk. Nassan, xvii and xviii, 186-J-6.i, pp. 261, ,593, pll. 1,2.
1863.— Peters, W. Nachricht von einem nenen frngivoren Fledtrthicre, Stenfl(krina (Pygoderma)
niierodou, aus Surinam. <Monat8ber. K. Pr. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1863, pp. 83-85.
1864— Allen, tf. Monograph of the bats of North America Washington, Smiths. Inst. June,
1864, 8°. xxiii, 85 pp., with 68 figg. Smiths. Misc. Coll. no. 105, vol. vii, art. 1.
(i'liis memoir remains the leadiu)! authority upon the aulgect, For a Inter revision of the same group see
anUi, p. 1000. date lei.'i.l
Figanierre 6 Morao, — . An account ot a remarkable accumulation of bats. <Ann. Hop.
Smiths. Inst, for 1863, 1864, pp. 407-409. [Killing of 9640 bats in a farm-house in Maryland.]
1865.— Allen, H. [On a new genns (Corynorhinns) of Vespcrtilionidir.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1865, pp. 173-176.
Osbnm, W. Notes on the Cheiroptera of Jamaica. By the late Mr. W. Osburn. Communi-
cated by P. L. Sclat. r. < Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, pji. 61-85.
Peters, W. Hr. W. Peters legto Abhandlungen zu einer Monographie dor Chiropteren vor unil
gab eiue Uhersicht der von ihm belolgtcn systematisehen Ordnuug der hieher gehorigen Gat-
tmigen. < Monatsb. K. Prcuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 18(i5, pp. 256-258. [Cont. pp. 351-359.]
- Peters, W. Hr. W. Peters las iiber Flederthicre (Vesportilio soricinus Pallas, Choroenycteris
Licht., Kbinophylla pumilio nov. gen., Artibens fallax, A. concolor, Dermanura quadrivittatum,
Nycteris grandis, u. spp.). < Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865, pp. 351-359.
[ConUins a synop-'is of Stcuodcrmiuai, pp. 356-350. Continneil on pp. 503-524.]
Peters, MV. Hr. W. Peters laa Uhor die zn den Vampiri gehorigen Flederthicre und Ul)cr die
natUrlicho Stcllung der Gattung Antrozous. < Monatsb. K. Prcuss. Adad. Wiss. Berlin, 1865,
pp. 603-524.
1866.— Allen, H. Notes on the VeBpertilionidaj of tropical America. < Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1866, pp. 279-288.
07 M
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;! 'ft'ii
'ii "«
'■.^H-; ■!
1058
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
18G6.— Oiay, J. B. KcviHion of tlio gciiern of rhylloBtoinidui, or Icafiuwed batH. < Proc. Zool. Soo.
Loudon, mm, pp. Itl-llH.
Oiay, J. B. SyiiopsiH of llm fj'"''™ of Vi^Kpoitilionid«> and Nootiliouidiu. ^Ann. and Mug.
Nat. Ilisl. xvil, ;)d Hiir. Jan. IHOU, pp. ra-U;l.
Fetera. 'W. I'l'btr einigo none odcr wonigur bckanuto FledurtbiiTo und Nager. <^Monat8ber.
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[I'llglitof b»ts. onp. 20.)
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[A popular orticlo on liat».]
'tf ni
n.-INSECTIVORA.
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BIBLIOGK. APPENDIX— M. INSECTIVORA.
1059
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^i
I' M
1060 MONOGRArnS of north AMERICAN RODENTIA.
1849. — Pomel, A. Hiir liiilislriliiiliiui g(''iiKni|iliii|iicHl)'siiiiiniiiiifi'r>>4 iiiHpclivnri'fiinoiiixli'liiliflH. <[niil'
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I't I'ai'ilcH; pi(''('('iI(S {|tt Iciir liintoiio imliirullu . , . N'i>iivi'llo i^ilitioii, aii^Miii'iiti^tJ il'iiii Iniilii
ntii' la ilt'Htniction iIi'H aiiiiiiuiix vt iIch iiiHt-ctrrt luiiNJUIcH nil jariliiia>t». Oiivraf;ii orii6 du liKiireH.
1H>^'. Kl pp., 2 pU. I'aiiH, ta Lilirahie Kiu'velopriliiiun do Koiot, lA'iOt
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\h in tilt* eollootion of tho oxploving r.\pt>dition niado by tliH U. 8. HhipH Vincciint^H and I'ca-
cocli, under tlio couini.\nd yf Captain Charlos Wilkes, of llio United Stuti'8 Niv;'. <^ I'roc.
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Anat. vii, 1872, pp. 181-101, pl. 17.
1873.— Sahlertz, — . Du systimie dentaire et dii remplucement des dents chez le hdrissou. < Journ
de Zool. Paris, 187a, pp. 27.^281.
[Itep. iut of (bo Msuni6 fronvnls from Vid. MmUIcIs. Ira Nat. Foreiilug K,|(.l)ciiUavil, 1871-7-3, mi. 36-^2.1
187A.-Anderaon, J- On tho osteology and dentition of Ilylomya. < Trans. Zool. Boo. London, vUi,
1874, pp. 4!)3 'i()7, pl. Ixiv.
1875 -CoueB, E. Tto silvery mole [Scalops argentatus]. < Rod and Gun, May 22, 1875.
Gill, T. Synoiisis of insectivorons mammalia. < Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. 2d ser. no.
2, MttV 14, 1875, pp. 01-120.
|Tln. olBsslflcatlon of II16 order, with a rovlow of tho chainclcrs, inuoh critical dUcuaalon, Whliogrnpby, otc.l
1876.-OilUnan, H. Sensitiveness to sound in the shrew [Sorex thcnipsoui !]. < Am. Nat. x, 1870,
pp. 4;i0, 4;il.
1877.-CoueB, B. Precursory notes on American insectivorous mummiils, with descriptions of new
species. < Hull. U. 8. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. ill, no. 3, 1877, pp. ()31-G!>3.
[UoDPral commentary and ci ititlam on tho prcsf nt state of the suliject; drteriuination of tho Renern and Bul..
cenora- MlcroBorei, p. (MC ; Notlonoroj, p. C41i ; Soriciscie, p. (i4'J. aubgg. nn. ; Soroxpaciflcus, p.(!30; S. sphiigni-
cola, p.'(i50 i 8. ( tfotloaorei) orawfordi, p. C51 ; S. (N.) evotis, p. tioa ; Blarlna (SorioUcue) meilcana, p. 632, spp. nn.)
N.-RODENTIA.
(Tldoa additional to, or corrective of, thoBO given In this volume, ontedpfMrfm.!
1685.-Mailus, J. Castorologia, ancta a Jo. Franco. Angustie Vindel. 1(j85. 8°. 223 pp., 2 pll.
1688.-Wepfer, J. J. Anatomia aliquot Custornm. < Ephemcr. Acad. Nat. Cur. Dec. 1, Ann. 2. 1671
(1(188), pp. 340-371.
1062 MONOGRAPHS OP NOKTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
1740.— Sarrasin, — . Lettro toucbant I'anntoiuic du Cnstor. < Mdm. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1704, pp. 48-06.
1727.— Sarrasin, — . Observatious sur le porc-dpio.' < M<?m. Acsd. Sci. Paris, 1727, pp. 3a;!-390.
1733. — Mortimer, C. The aiiatouiy of a finialo beaver, ard an account of castor found in her.
< Pbilos. Trans, xxxviii, no. 430, 1733, pp. 172-183, with Ugg.
Perrault, C. Description anatomique d'nn Castor. < M(Sin. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1666-69, iii, pte.
), 1733,-pp. 13G-14'), 2 pll.
Perrault, C. Description anatomique du liuit porc-dpics ct de quatre bdrissons. < Mdm. Acad.
Sci. Paris, 10G6-1C99, iii, pte. 2, 1733, pp. 31-50, 2 pll.
1746.— MariuB, jr. Trnitti du Castor, traduit par M. Eidons. 12°. 8S0pp., Sr". Paris, 1746.
1756 ?— Glasler, N. Untei'sucbnngeu und Nacbricbtcn voni Bieber, desseo Nator, Lebensart uud Fauge.
<Abbaudl. d. Scbwed. Aka<l. xviii, f. 17u(i, pp. 100-208.
1768 ?— Hollsten, J. Anmerkungeu Uber den Biber Castor. < Abbaudl. d. Schwed. Akod. xxxj f. 1768,
pp. 202-298.
1772.— BarringtoD, D. Investigation of the specific characters wbich distingnisb the rabbit from the
hare: in a letter to Samuel Wegg, esq., T. and Vice-President of the R. S. < Pbilos. Trans.
London, Ixii, 1772, art. ii, pp. 4-14. [Treats of Lepos americanus among oilier species.]
1778.— Pallas, P. S. Novae species qvadrvpedvm e glirivm ordinc cvm illvstratiouibvs vaiiis com-
plvrivm ex boo ordine animalivm. . . . Erlaugae svmtv Wolfgang! Wallhuri, 1778. 4°.
Title, viii, 3e8 pp., 3!) pll.
1784. — Sobiipf, J. D. Ueber den nordamorikauiscben Hasen [i. e., Lepns sylvaticus Bach.]. <[Dor
Naturforschor, St. 20, 1784, pp. 32-30.
1786.— Oirtanner, C. Histoire natnrello de la marmottc. <JoHrn.d. Phjs. xxviii, 1786, pp. 218-222;
Hopfner's Mag. f. d. Nuturk. Helvet. iv, 17>:9, pp. 374-381 ; (Licbtenberg) Voigt's Mag. iv, St.
2, 1780, pp. 17-27.
1792.— Boso, L. A. G. [Sciurus carolincnsis.] < Joum. d'Hist. Nat. ii, 1792, pp. 96-08.
1793.— LoBChge, F. H. Zergliederung des americanisehen scbwarzgestreiftuu Eicbborns, Sciurus stri-
atus, L. < Naturforscber, St. xxvii, 1703, pp. .VJ-Ol, with 2 pll.
1798.— Davles, T. [An account of the jumping mouse of Canada, Dipus canadensis.] < Voigt's Mag.
ii, St. 1, 1800, pp. l-U). [Also as cited, aiiha, pp. 477, 478, q, c]
1800.— Shaw, O. Description of the Mus bursnrius [etc.] < Trans. Linn. Soc. Loudon, v, 1800, pp.
227, 228, 1 pi. ; Pbilos. Jlag. vi, leOO, pp. 21.'>,216.
1802 — Bosc, L. A. O. Not sur I'dcureuil cajiistrate [Sciurus capistratus] de In Caroline. <^ Ann. du
MuH. d'H. N. i, 1802, pp. 281-284; Bull. Soc. Philoni. iii, p. 145.
1805.— Barton, B. 9. On the American wandering nionse [Hesperomys leucopus]. < Philo. Med,
and Pbys. Journ. ii, 1805, p. 31.
1806.— Wiedemann, C. R. W. Anatomiscbe Bcscbreibung des Biebers, < Wiedemann's Arch. f. Zool.
u. Zoot. iv, St. 1, 1804, pp. 7'»-U'6; Nachlrag, ibid, v, IfOO, pp. 220-'>2;i.
1807.— Maugili, O. M(<nioire sur la Idthargiedes marmottes. < Ann. du MuB(!um, ix, 1807, pp. 100-117.
1809.— Heckewelder, J. Pacts and observations relative to the beaver of North America. < Trans.
Am. Pbilos. .Soc. vi, 1809, pp. 209-212.
Heicb, O. C. L'eber das Iliiren uud Mansern. < Ges. nut. ]''reande Mag. Berlin, iii, 1809, pp.
222-235.
1810.— Reich, a. C. Bcscbreibung einer neuen Art vnn Sebliifer uus Virginicn. <Mag. f. d. ntd.
in d. Nttturk. d. Ges. naturf. Preunde, Berlin, iv, 1810 pp. 243-247, pi. viii.
[MyoxtiH virgiiiiou«, p. 347, from tbo Allptjliaiiy MiiiiulniuH litiBliy latl: 4 lublarn hIkivp nml below; hiiiroo
the tail longer than on tlie body, l^cngtb, 3 ineliea ; tail, Ii inciea. '1 lila cannot Im^ any known Anierican nnl.
mat. Probably truly Mjosua.]
1812.— Lavagua, — . Snggio Hi .'.pericnze sopra la riprodnziono di denii negli animali rosieantl.
< (iiorn. di Pis. Chim. c Storia Nutur. di Brugnatelli, v, 1812, pp. 226-232,249-277.
1815.— Burrow, E. J. Descriiition of Mus castoroides, a new species. < Trans. Linn. Hoc. Loudon,
xi, 181,5, pp. 167-169.
1817.— Desmarest, A. O. [Ceureuil jk ventre roux, Sciurus ruflvontcr Geoflf.] <Nouv. Diet. d'Hist.
Nat. X, 1817, p. 103.
BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— N. RODENTIA.
1063
1820.— MazimlllaD, Piiin von Wied-Nieuwied. Uebcr eiii iiocli uubcBcliriebenes SUugctbior auB
dcr raiiiilii) der NiigiT. < Isis vou Okeii, ISM, col. 41).
1821.— Mitcbill, S. L. [Paper describing Sciurus trideceiulinentiis and Mua naccatus, un, spp., see anted,
p. WJ.]
1822.— Cuvier, P. Cou8id(!ratioD8 eiir los carncterca g<!n('riqne8 dc certaiccs families demaiumifi'Tcs,
appliiiudes aux inarniottcH (Arctonijs uiarmotta et A. enipclia) et au souslik (A. citilliis), ct
formation du genre sperinopbili'. < Mdin. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ii', 1882, pp. 893-305, 8 pU.;
Firms. Bull. Sci. Nat. i, 18-24, pp. 69-71.
Cuvier, F. Kxamen des esptecs dn genre porc-(!pic, ct formation dcs genres ou sous-genres aoau-
tbion, ('rethizon, siudtbere, et spbiggure. < Mdm. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ix, 1828, pp. 41H-437.
Sabine, J. Account of tbe marmots of Nortb America hitberto known, witb notices and descrip-
tions of tbreo ncn- species [ Arctomys ricbardsoni, boudi, frauklini]. <Trans. Linn. Soc. Lon-
don, xii, 18'.)8, pt. ii, pp. 579-591, pll. xxvii-xxix; Isis, 1825, pp. 1330-1335.
Say, T. On a quadruped belonging to tbe order Kodentia [Isodon (n. g.) piloridea (D.sp.)].
< Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. ii, 1822, pp. 330-343. ■■ itb pi.
1823. — Cuvier, F. Kccbercbes sur Ics rapports qui existent cntro les animaux de la famille des ^cureu-
ils, c'est-il-dirc, les tamius, les macroxus, les £cnreDils, les soiuroptitrcs et les pteromys. <^ M6m.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, x, 1823, pp. 110-128.
E^ox, R. Obiervations on tbe anatomy of tbe beaver. Castor fiber L., considered as au aquatic
animal. <[Mem. Werner. Nat. Hist. Soc. iv, pt. 2, 1823, pp. 548-555.
1823-24. — Oudet, J. F. Kxpdrience snr I'accrolssement coutinnel et la reproduction des dents chez
le lupin, consid6r(Ss sous Ic rapport de leur application ii I'^tudo de I'organisatiou des dents
buuiains. <Magendie, Journ. de Pbysiol. iii, 1823, pp. 1-18; iv, 1824, pp. 70-88.
1824.— Bell, T. Note on tbe supposed identity of tbe genus Isodon of Say with Capromys. <Zool.
Journ. i, 1824, pp. 230,231.
Cozzena, F. S. Observations on the manners of the Hystrix dorsata, ir porcupine of North
America. < Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. New York, i, 1824, pp. 190-102 ; Kror. Not. x, no. 211, 1825,
pp. 193-195; FiSruss. Bull. Nat. v, 1825, p. 444.
Foeppig, B. Nova generis Capromys, Desm. species [C. prehensilis]. < Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci-
Pbila. :v, 1824, pp. 11-15.
1825 — Berthold, A. A. Uober die Kopfknochen der Nagelbiere. < Isif, 1885, pp. 907-920, 98:1-1003, 1
pi.; I''«rus». Bull. Sci. Nat. vii, 1826, pp. 840,241.
Liohteustelu, K. M. H. Ueber Uussero Backentaschcn an Nagethieren. < Abbandl. K. Akad.
Wiss. Berlin (1822-23), lS2.'i, pp. 13-20. • ,
Licbteustein, K. M. H. Ueber die Springmiiuse oder die Arten der Oattung " Dipus". < Ab-
bandl. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1825, pp. 133-162.
1829.— Jenyus, L. ObservatiouB ou a praiternatural growth c f the incisor teeth occasionally observed
iu certain rodenU. < Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist, ii, 1829, pp. 134-137, witb flgg.
1830.— Farrar, W. Observations on the pra!ternalural growth of the incikor ttotli occasionally observed
in certain rodents. < London's Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, 1830, p. 27.
Anon. Aniericttu varying bare, Lepua virginiunuB, Harlan. < Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, pp. 217-
220, pi. 19.
^liiOH. Canada porcupine, Hystrix pilosus. < Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1800, pp. 241-843, pi. 18.
Anon. CbiuchiUi, Chinchilla lanigera. < Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, pp. 127-131.
JiiOB. Great-tailed squirrel, Sciurus macrourus. <Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, pp. 265,866, pi. 83.
Anon. Ground squirrel, Sciurus (Tamias) lystcri. < Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1830, pp. 169, 170, pi. xv.
^Ifion. Torpidity of the ground squirrel. < Cab. Nat. Hist, i, IKiO, p. 828.
1831.— Thurtfield, R. [Account of a hybrid between the hare aud tbe rabbit.] < Proc. Comm. Zool.
Soc. Loudon, i, 1831, p. 6().
'Wagner, H. Sur lu genre Lagoniys. < F^russ. Bull. Sci. Not. xxlv, 1831, pp. 74, 75.
Tarrell, W. [On the anatomy of the lesser American flying squirrel (Pteromys volncella,
Cuv.).] <Proc. Coram. Zool. Soc. London, i, 1831, pp. 38,39.
1832.— Cuvier, F. Ktchercbes snr la structure et le dfiveluppemcnt des 6\i\nis du porc-<5pic, suiviee
d'observatiouB sur les polls en glindral, et sur leurs euraoteres zoologiqucs. < Nouv. Aim. MuB.
Hist. Nat. Paris, i, 1832, pp. 409-439; Froriep, Notlzon, xix, 1888, col. 49-53.
1064
MONOGRAPHS OV NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
1832.— Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, I. EkfuI siir Ih j^ciiio i-ciuriiH et dexcriiition do nix uouvellcH espiiccs.
< Gii<;iiu-M<'U(5. Mag. do Zool. 2o uiiu<;e, IffJi, pp. — , pll. 3.
Qeofiroy St.-HUaiie, I. Iteninrqiies Hiir Ics jiriuiipnux caiact&ros duH oxpi^coB du genre littvre,
coiiMidi^r^s duDH lourn rappurta aveo Ioh eircoii^tunces lortilos ; fiiiivice do la description de troia '
uouvelles espiucs. <[ Gui^iiu-Mdiid. Xliif;. do Zool. Uo Hiiude, ISW, pp. — , pll. 'i.
1833. — QeoCboy St.-Hilaire, E. MCiiioiro uiir Ioh doiits anlc^riciirea den iiiuuiniitferos rciiipscnrs dans
leqiiol on so proposo d'otaldor quo cls dents, diti'S jutqu'ici ct ddtcrniinees iucibivcs, sent Ics
aniiloKnes dcs dents canines. <^ Mi!ui. Aiad. fc>ei. I'aiis, xii, \<i'Si, pp. ISl-lf^i.
Lukis, F. C. On ilio extraordinary growth of tlio incisor teeth oecu»ionul1y niet with in tho
wild rabbit. <^ London's Mug. Nut. Hist, vi, IKil!, jip. Ul-i.") (see also iliid. p. iiflO).
1835. — Brandt, J. F. Ueiuerkungen liber diu Uillerui:/en im Scliiidol- uud Zahnbuu zwibclien den
Stachelhchwoineu [llystricidaj] der alteu und ncneu WoU. <[ Milllor, Archiv, 18;i.'),pp. 54H-,"ir);t.
Brandt, J. F. Muniuialiuin rodeutium exoticorum iiovornni vol minus rite eognitoruiu Mus.
Acad. Zool. descriptiones et icones. <M(^m. Acad. .Sci. St. PiStersli. iii, pto. ii, 1S>5, pp. 3r)7-l42.
1836. — Cuvler, F. Observations siir les genres gerboitcs et gerbilles. < Coniptes Rcndus, Paris, iii,
leSO, pp. 211-214 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. vi (Zool.), KS6, pp. 102-155; Zool. Soc. Trans, ii, 1842, pp. i;tl-
148; Isis von OkcD, 1838, pp. H38-S42,
3Q3V. — B"hman, J. Description of a new species of haru [Lepus palustris] found in South Caro-
,.na. < Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila. \ii, pt. ii, 1837, pp. 194-199, pll. " 10" (i. e. 15) and 16
bis,figg. 1,2.
Bacbman, J. Observations, on tho difl'erciit species of hares (genus Lepns) inhabiting the
United States and Canada. < Jouru. Acid. Nut. iSei. I'hila. vii, pt. ii, 1837, pp. 282-3C1, pll.
" 16" (i. e. 15), IG bis, 21, and 22.
[An important uooograith. L. glacialiH, Lfnili, ]>, lit^."), |il,21 ; L. virginiatiim, Ilinl, p. :^0t ; L. nqunttcus, d. ap.,
p. 319, pi. S-}, low, fig. ; L. aiuovicauDS, y. :)'.:r, pt. 1(3 bis, lljrg. ;), 4 ; L. paltiRtrip, p. I'M, pll. " Iii" (i. «. 15) anil 10
bia, flpg. 1, 2 (ila»T. orig. at p. 1!M, eamo vol ) ; I,, niiltallii, n. sp., p. 3).',, pi. 2i.\ np. lig. ; L. cnnipcHlria, n. sp,, p.
349; L. (Lagomye) princepa, p. 354— 8 spp., tl u«!\v. Sco aitfcd, p. d'iO.]
Cuvier, P. Du genre eligmondoute, et de I'eliginodouto do Bneiios-Aj res, Eligtnodonlia typus.
< Ann. Sci. Nat. 2e si^r. Zool. t. vii, 1837, pp. lt)!=-171, 2 pll.; Arch. f. Natnig. lid. i, 1837, p. 407.
1838.— Bachman, J. D. [Monography of the species of squirrels inhabiting North Auietica.] < Proc.
Zool. Soc. Loudon, vi, 1838, pp. 65-103.
jf^pp. i-Q. texianns, p. M; aubauratua, p. 87; auilHlH>ni, fuliginuHua, p. U7, rirbardiwin, p. 100; biuupiuoHUP,
p. 101. A 1 '11 Abatrnot of his monograph of tbo gpuua .Sclnnia, etc., wtiieb waa ptibliabeil tlio t'ollowiug yuiir, q. v.]
Waterhouse, O. H. [On n new species of hare — Lepus liui!ininni--froin North America.]
< Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vi, 18.38, yp. 103-1(15.
1839. — Bachman, J. Additional remarks on the genu.1 Le]>us, with corrections of u former paper uud
descriptions of other Bi)ecie8 of cpiadrupeds found in North America, [i. c, additional species to
the list of Mr. Tow nsond's quadrupeds]. < Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sei. I'hila. viii, 1839, pp. 75-105.
Bacbman, J. Mouogiaph of tho genus Scinrus, with descriptions of new species and their
varieties as existing in North Ainerien. <Charlesw. Mag. Nat. Hist, iii, Mar.-Aug. 1839, pp.
113-123, 154-102, 2-20-227, 330-337, 378-390.
[An eliiborut<* luonogrflpb of tho tlien known Xorib American Ktinri, emb.arfng di'tnilrrl notirca of liabits anil
diatrlbution, an woll aa (li'dt^riptlona. Suinrua capiHtrattia, pp.llT-l*i3; 8. tesiunua, p. 154 ; S. Hs'iaoratna, p. Liri;
S. njugniramlatti!*, p. l.')!}; S. attr<«j>aator, p. l.''''!; S. oinerena, pp. ].*>!)-16j; S. It-urotia, pp. V2&-'.JS7 ; S. carotinonaia,
pp.3;ia-XM; S-nlgreatena, S. collliei, p. 334 ; 8. nlger, pp. JiCi-an; 8. niidulxiDl, p|i. 37l<-;i;u i S. fullRiiioBiia. p. 3W1 ; S.
ilooglaaai, pp. 361-3^3 ; S. liuilao.liiia, pp. 3t?3-3(<5; B. rie1inriUoui« p,). 3I?.V.?1H7 ; S. lunuginoaua, pp. 3S7-:W1J ---17 app-l
Bacbman, J. Abstract of u monograph of the genus h-eiiirns, with deseri]itions of several new
species and varieties. <^ Ainer. Jouru. Sci. and Aits, xxxvii, I8;!9, [qi. 290-310. [An abridged
xe{ of tho preceding]
V .rhouse, O. R. Observations on tho Ilodentiu, w ith a view to point out the groups us indi-
cated by the structuro of the erunia in this order of niiininralH. <^ Mug. Nat. Hist, iii, 1839,
iq). 90-%, 1-4-188, 274-279, 593-000, [Compure IrK, same author.]
Waterhouse, O. R. [On the geographical distribiitinn of the liodentiu.] <Proc. Zool. Boo.
Londcm, vii, 1H39, pp. 172-174.
1841.— Wagner, J. A. (jrnppii nng der Oattungcn der Niigcr in nutUrlichen Familien, nehst Beachriil-
bung eiuigor neuen (jatlungen und Aiten. <Gelebrto Auz. MUucben, xii, 1841, col. 401-440;
Archiv fUr Naturg. vii, Bd. i, 1841, pp. 111-138.
BIBLIOGK. APPENDIX— N. EODENTIA.
1065
1841.-
1842.-
1844
1846.
1847.-
1848.-
1849.-
1830.-
1851-
1852.-
1853.-
1854.-
;
MSS.-
-Wesinae], C. Note sur le MustonotuB popelniii (longi'ui- ciistoriL'ii). < RuU. Acu<l. linix. viii,
jite. ii, lB4t, pp. (iO,Gl.
■W.-Jguer, J. A. Besclireibuiig eiuigcr ncuer oiler iiiindir lekiimiler Nugcr. < Aiiliiv liii Nii-
tiiig. viii, IHtS, pp. l-:i2.
■Waterhousr, G. H. 01)seiV(ition8 on ibe liodi'iilin. < Ann. Nut. Hist, viii, 1S42, pp. 8I-H4 ; x,
1842, pp. 197-203, 344-347. [Conjpnro 1H39, same nulboi-.]
■Barry, M. Eeniarks on it work by Prof. Biscboll' on tbe ilcvclopnicnt of tbe rabbit. < PbiloH.
Mag. u. Bcr. xxiv, 1844, pp. 42-49 ; Bischotr's reply, ibiil. pp. 281-285.
Brandt, J. P. Olwervations snr Ich iliU'i^renti'S I'speees tie Bonsliks ilo Unssic, snivieB tie reniarqiies
enr I'arrangenient et la diHtribulion yodHriipbicine iln genre Sperniopbilus, ainsi iiuo snr la
claSBificanon do la famille des deurenils (8einriua) en general. < Bnll. Acad. Sci. St. IMterMb.
ii, 1844, col. 357-382.
(Two now subgenera of Sprrmopbilua (Colobotis, Otoepermopllilnii) proposed. An important sumnmry of tlio
subject as at that time known.]
Brandt, J. P. Eenmrques sur le cluBBitieation des gerboiscs en I'gard sur tout aux espi^ocs do
KuBsio, avec un uperju de la disposition syBtdniatique des e8)}{^ee8 en g(!ndral, lour aflini(6 et
lenr distribution gi^ograpbiqne. < Bull. Acad. Sci. St. I'^terub. ii, 1844, co). £09-237.
-Hubbard, O. P. [Two instances of extraordinary elongation and distortion of tbe incisors of
Arctoniys niouax.] < I'roc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 1846, pp. 158, 159.
-Kneelaud, S., jr. [On a curions elongation and distortion of tbe upper iucisnrs in Arctoniys
luouax.] < I'roc. Bo»t. Sue. Nut. Hist, ii, 1847, p. 249.
-Lehmann, C. Q-. Uebcr das cbemiscbo Verbaltcn des russiscbcn und cunailischen Castorcnni
nud das Smegma Pra>putii dos Pfcrdes. < Bericbtc d. K. Siicbe. Ges. d. Wiss. ii, 1848, pp. 200-208.
-Weber, B. H. Beitriige znr Anatoinie nud Pbysiologie des Bibers, Castor fiber. <^Bericbto
d. K. Siiubs. Ges. d. Wiss. ii, 1848, pp. 185-200; Fror. Not. 3. Keibe, ix, no. 183, 1849, pp. 97-104.
-Oudet, J. B. De raccroissemeut continu des iiicisives cbez Ics r.in/^eiirs et de kur repioilnction,
eonsiddriS sous )c rapport de leur oiiplicatiou a lY'tudo de I'l'Ulomic ci inpiirativcdesdeniB;
prdcddd de reeberches Lonveiles snr I'orlgino ct lo diSveloppv-neot des follieulcs dentuiieH.
8°. 92 pp. Paris, J.-B. Bailliero et tils, 18C0.
Tomes, J. On tbe structure of tbe deut.il tissues of Rodeiitin. <^ Pbilos. Trans. 1.850, pp. njl-
507, 4 pll. ; abstr. in Proo. Roy. Soc. Loudon, no. 76, 18C0 (Abstracts of tbo Papers etc. vol. v,
1851), pp. 951,952.
-Rabn, C. Ihitersnebung iiber Wnizeln und Babnen der Absouderungsnerveu tier Glandnla
parotis beiui Kauincben. < Henle u. Pfenfer, Zeitscbr. f. rat. Med. n. F. i, 1851, pp, 285-292.
Haldeman, S. S. [Gcuiurka on sonic albino speeiiueus of Tamias lysteii.] <^ Proc. Acail. Nut.
Hci. vi, 1852, p. 198.
Le Ccute, J. Description of a new spcciea of Sciurus [S. bcermanni]. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Pliila. vi, 1852, p. 149.
Woodhouge, S, W. Desciiptiou of a new species of Sciurus [S. dorsalis]. <[ Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sei. Phila. vi, 1852, p. 110.
TVoodhouae, S. W. [Cliange of prcnciaipied name of Sciurus dorsalis to S. nbtrti.] ■< Proc.
Acad. Nut. Hist, vi, 1852, p. 220.
Qervais, P. Description ostdulogique de I'Anonialnrus, et rcniarqucs snr la elassilleution nalu-
relle des rongeurs. <^ Ann. Sci. Nut. (Zool), 3d ser. xx, 1^53, pp. 238-246, pi. 1.
-Burmeiater, H. Uebcr Stacbelratten (Loncheridie) Brusiliens. <^Abbandl. d. uaturf. Ges. zu
Halle, i, 4. Quart. 1854, Sitzungsbe-. pp. 89,90.
Henael, R. F.iu Biitrug /.ur KeuntnisBfossiler Ueberrcsto ans dcrOuitung Arctoiuys. <Acud.
Civs. Leop. Nova Acta, xxiv, 1854, pii. 295-306.
Hoy, P. R. The striped gopber, or piiitio ground squirrel of Wisconsin. <^ Rep. IJ. b. Put.
Oir. Agric. for 1853, 1854, pp. 68-70.
Scbiff, M. F,in neecsfiorisebee Arteri.miier/. bei Kuniucben. <^Arcliiv f. pbysiol. Heilkiiude,
.labrg. 13, 1854, pp, ■52tl-.')27 ; Couip'.. Rend. Acad. Sci. Puri», xxxix, 18.54, pp. f. 08-512; lusti-
tiit, xxii, no. 1081, 18,".4, p. 3J3
Brandt, J. P. Mittheilnngeu liber deu lliber, wo.il riebliger ilio I'iBcb- nnd Sleerolter una
ohiuesiscbeu Bebriilslellern nacb Stanislaus Julicu. <Mi;m. Acad. Sci. St. Pdtersb. ix, 1855
(pte. 2), pp. 359-365.
'[!]..
\)\'<h
1066
JIONOGBAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
1855.— Dareate, C. Note »>ir lo cervi-nii (lea rongeurs et pa^tiellIi^roIueIlt snr lo cerveau dn CnMni,
< Ann. Sci. N:it. ii <Z»ol.), ISD.I, pp. 3nr)-;!f)5; Coniptes Keudus, I'uiJH, xli, 18!if), pp. 199-201.
Dehne, A. MnBctilns (Kaf. Hclininlz.) mollissinios Debne. <[ Allg. deatHobe naturbist. Zeit.
n. V. i, 185.-), p. 44;i.
Dehne, A. Zu Micromys ngilis. < Allg. deutticlir nntnr'iiist. Zeit. n. F. i, 18S5, p. 337; Noob-
Hcbril't voii L. lieicbenbnch, ibid, i, 1855, p. 24*2. [Sue 1857, miuie i.-ntbor.]
Oiebel, C. O. ZurOi<teologiederStaclielschweinei.Hy8tricida!]. <Zoltscbr. gesanimt. Natniw.
Halle, V, 1855, pp. 30(i-31C.
Oudet, J. B. Coniiid^ratious BDatomiqnea "t pbjBioIogiqiies eiir leH dciit» ik eonronno divisdo,
et pills particnliferenieut sur les niolairno dn liiivro ct dn lapin. '<^ Cunipt. Rend. Acad. Sci.
Paris, 1855, pp. 2(i0, 207 ; Institut, xxiii, no. 1129, 1855, p. 28G.
Reichert, C. B. Ucber Strnotnr, Textnr, Bildung uiid Wacbstbnm der Haare. < Zeitsobr.
klin. Med. Giinsburg, vi, 1855, pp. 1-13.
Wlnsor, P. Pteromys volncella. < Proc. Essex lust, i, 1855, p. 147.
1856.— Brandt, J. F. Benierknngen liber die Gattungen Gerbillns, Merioncs, RbombomyB and Fsam-
moniys. < Hull. Acad. Sci. SI PiSterbb. xiv, 185G, col. 70-80.
Wheatland, H. [Anatomy' ibbit.] < Proc. Essex Inst, i, 1856, pp. 240,241.
1857. — Baird, S. F. [Name Tamias piillasii proposed for Scinrns striatus Fall, nee Linn.] < Uth Ann.
Rep. Smitbs. Inst, for 1856, 1857, p. 55.
[Billings, E.] On tbo Canada porcupine (Uystrix dorsata). [^anon.'\ <[ Can. Nat. and Geol. i,
1857, art. lii, pp. 304-309.
[Billings, E.] On tbc nortberu hare (Lepus americanns). [anon.] <| Can. Nat. and Geol. i,
1857, art. liii, pp. 369-379.
[Billings, E.] On tbe several t^pecius of srinirrcls inhabiting the British provinces, [anon.]
<CBn. Nat. and Geol, i, 1857, art. Ivii, pp. 431-434.
[Billings, E.] On tbe \vood-cbuck(Arctomy8moDax). [anon.] <Cau. Nat. aud Geol. ii, 1807,
art. xiii, pp. 112-110.
Dehne, A. Micromys agilis m. < Allg. dcutscbe uatnrbist. Zeit. n. F. iii, 1657, pp. 35, 36.
Storer, H. R. [On an albino Sciurus striatus. j < Proc. Boston Sue. Nat. Hist, vi, 1857, p. 218.
Radde, O. Ueber Arctomys bobac, dessen Winterscblaf und Tem))eratnr seinvr Bane, <^ Bnll.
Phys. Matb. Acad. St. Pdtersb. xv, 1K)7, pp. 31?, 318; M<;iang. Biolog. ii, 6, 1858, pp. 572-574.
1858.— Oiebel, C. O. Ueber einige Hasenscbiidel [Lepns tiuiiduBl. <^ .''ioitscbr. geeuramt. Naturw,
Iliille, xii, 18,58, pp. 310-315.
Valentin, O. On tbe torpidity of the marmot. < Ann. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. ii, IS-IS, p. 83.
1859.— Oiebel, C. O. Zur Osteologie der Flugkiit^clleIl (Pteromys). <[ZeitKcbr. gesamnit. Naturw
Halle, xiii, ia"i9, pp. 30'.»-318.
Oiebel, C. O. Zur Onteologie der Murmoltbiere [Arctomys ]. <Zeitscbr. geaammt.
Niiturw. Halle, xiii, 1859, pp. 299-309.
I860.— Baird, S. F. [Capture of Lagomys princeps in tbe Wabsatch Mountains.] < Ann. Rep. Smilha.
Inst, for 1859, 1860, p. 65.
Oiebel, C. O. Beitriigo zur Osteologie dor Nagethiero. <Abb. Nat. Ver. Halle, i, ltJ60, pp.
2(i3-3:t2.
V^yman, J. [On fossil Capybara from tbo southwest frontier of the United States.] <^Proo,
Boston yoc. ^at. Hist, vii, 1860, p. 350.
1861. — Ctisp, E. On some points relating to tbe habits and anatomy of the oceanic and of tbe fresh-
water du(!ks, and also of tbe bare (Lepns timidus) anil of the rabbit (L. cunicnlns), in relation
to tbe i|Ue8tion of bybridisin. <^Proc. Zool. Soc. Loiidnn, 1861, pp. 82-87.
Slack, J. H. DcBcription of n iietv species of rodent of the genus Spennopbilus, from Texas [S.
buclileyi]. <Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1801, p. 314.
1863.— Bollard, — . [On tbo rodent placenta.] < Ann. Sci. Nat. xix, 18(i3, p. 22:1, pi. 1.
KenniC(.,.t, R. DcHcrlptiuns of four new species of Spermopbilus in tbo uoUeclious of the
SinilbHonian InHlitutmn. < Proe. Acad Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, pp. 157, 158.
fSS. niolliH, (>lt>;;iiiiii, nnualiifl, oIihoIvIiih.]
Iiord, J. K. Notes on two new species of mHmmals[Fiber osoyousenis and Lagomys tuioimus],
< Proc. ZojI. Soc. Loudon, 1863, pp. 9.V98.
r'flr 11"
A-'
BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— N. RODENTIA.
1067
1864
1865
1066
Mulder, C. Over lict biiitciigewonn iiit(;ioci,ifn van do sni.jtaiulen bij verscUilleiide knang-
(lieren. < VerBl. cu Mcderlcel. Akad. Wtt. Aiimterdam, xvi, ISW, iip. 20('i-aa5, with -i [ill.
Oiebel, C. G. Die Oill'uiiiig iui Jochfortsatz dps Nagetbiei-Scliiiduls. <Zeil8chr. gesamiiit.
Naturwiss. xxv, IHCo, 427-132.
Bischoff, T. Nciie BoobacbtnDgeu zm- Entwickluiig d<n MicrfchweiucUens [Giiiucft pig]. 4".
4 pll. MUncben, lHtJ6.
LUljeborg, W. Systeiuatisk iifversigt af de guagnnrtvdaggdjurcn, Olircs. 4°. I p. 1., 59 pp., II
foldeil tables. Upsalu, Kongl. Akr.d. Bocktiykuriet, 18(iG.
Robert Ranger [psftirfon.]. GiiawiDg animals. 32°. fi4 pp., incl. frontispiece. Sunday-Scbool
Union, New York, 1866.
Bohmidt, O. Mnrmeltbiere [Arctomys] bei Gratz. < Sitz. math.-imt, CI. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien
(1), liii, 1866, pp. 256-259, pi. 1.
1867. — Boardman, O. A. A black variety of tbe common red squirrel (Soinrns hndsonicus). <[ Ara.
Nat. i, 1867, p. 53.
Fitzlnger, L. J. Versuch einer naiiirliiben Anotdnung dcr Nagelhieie (Rodcntiii). <Sitz.
math.-nat. CI. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien. (1), 1867, Iv, pp. 453-515, and Ivi, pp. 57-168.
Oray, J. E. Notes ou the skulls of bares (liCporidiB) and picas (Lagumyidw) in the British
Museum. <Anu. and JIag. Nat. Hist. (3), xx, 1867, pp. 219-225.
[Several new g«nera proposed, inclmbog, for AmericAD spocies, Ilydrulagas, p. 221; SylvilaguB, p. 222;
T«petl, p. 224. For full annl.vsis of pnper, sen nnti'd, p. 2S0.1
Oray, J. B. Synopsis of the species of American squirrels in the collection of tbe British Mu-
Benni. < Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), xx, 1867, pp. 415-134.
[About 40 1 epp. recognized, nenily half of them deacribed as new ! !]
Gray, J E. Synopsis of the spetiea of burrowing pquirrels (Tnmias; in the British Museum.
< Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), xx, 1867, pp. 434-436. [T. quadrimacnlatus, n. sp.]
1868. — Arlolng, S. £tnde comparative des organes gfnitanx du li^vre, du lapiu et (In Idporide.
< Comptes Eendus, Ixvi, 1868, pp. 1267-1269 ; Kobin. Journ, Anat. 1868, pp. 449-478.
BLrause, W. Die Anatomic des Kaninchens [Lcpns cunicnlns]. In lopograpbiscbcr und opo-
rativer RUcksicht bearbcitet. . . . Mit 50 Figuren in Hulzscbuitt. 8°. xvi + 271 pp., with
50 figg. Leipzig, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, 1868.
Milne-Bdwards, A. Observations sur le gronpe des rats-taupes. <^ Comptes Rendus, Ixvii,
1868, pp. 438-441.
B[taiUey], D. 8. The prairie dog. < Am. Nat. ii, 1868, p. 217.
1869.— Cope, E. D. [Remarks on fossils— rodents— from Angnilla, W. I.] <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1869, p. 98, [Amblyrhiza innndata, Loxomylua longidens, genn. et spp. nn.]
Couei, B. Observations on the marsh hare [Lepos palustris]. <;Proc. Boston Soo. Nat. Hist.
xiii, 1869, pp. 86-95.
Bayden, F. V. A new species of bare [L, bairdii] f' jm the summit of Wind River Mountains.
< Aiu. Nat. iii, 1869, pp. 113-116, with fig.
RathTOD, S. 8. The Maryland marmot (Arctomys monax). < Am. Nat. iii, 1869, pp. 390,391. ■
Sternberg, G. M. Docs the prairie dog require any water t < Am. Nat. iii. 1869, pp. 1.56, 157.
^(Teloh, F. H. Observations on Lepns americanus, especially with reference to the modifications
in the fur consequent on the rotation of the seasons, and the change of color on the advent
of winter; based on specimens obtained in the province of New Brunswick, North America.
< Proo. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, pp. 228-230.
1870. — Beal, W. J. Albino rodents [i. «., Sciurus caroliuensis]. < Am. Nat. iv, 1870, p. 58.
Cook, A. 3. The chipmunk [Tamias striatus nibbling n snake]. <^ Am. Nat. iv, 1870, p. 58.
Hoffman, C. K., and Weyenbergb, H., jc. Die Osteologie and Myologie von Sciurus vulgaris
L., vcrglichen mit der Anatomic der Lemurideu und des Chironiys und iiber die Stellnng des
letzteren im iiiitllrlichfn Systeme (Eine von der Hollandischdi Gesellsclial't diT Wis-
senscliafteu in Haarlem mit Gold gekroute Abhandlung.) 4". 2 p. 11., 136 pp., 4 pU, Haarlem,
Loocjes Erbeii, 1870.
Hyrtl, C. J. Eine Spiralklappe in der Pfoitader der Nagfthiere. <Silz. math. -nut. CI. K.
Adad. WisH. Wien (1), Ix, 1870, pp. 27-32, 1 pi.
Jlllaou, B. C. Does the prairie dog require any water ! < Am. Nat. iv, 1870, p. 376.
1'
1068
MONOG; tAPIlS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
1870.— Kirkland, J. P. llj brirt rabbit. < Am. Nat. iv, 1H70, p. ;!7r..
SayleB, I. Iliibil.s o 'the Rtiiiu'il squirrel [TamiMstriiilus]. <^Aiu.Niit. iv, 1870, pp,349,250.
Tenney, S. A wliltc woodehiiuk. <;Am. Nut. iv, 1870, pii.852,853.
Anon. Albino rats. < Am. Nat. iv, 1870, p. ;i7C,
, — . Siir la I laco dii Chiromys daus la ni(ithoilo uattirulle <[ Archives nfJerlau-
(laisea lies sciences exiictcs et uatarcUos publidea pur la 8oci(Sl6 hoUuiuluiiie dus scleiicca il Har-
lem, ... V, 1870, pp. 2I4-'i32. [MSS. copy defectivo ; cf. 1870, IIoi'F.mann, C. K.]
1871.— Boardman, O. A. Ued squirrels not red. < Am. Nat. v, 1871, p. 121.
Bruhin, T. A. Aiis dom Gefaiigleben moiiies Lcopardeoziesels, Speruophilus boodii. <[Zool.
Gart. xii, 1871, p. 37G.
Jillsou, B. C. Habits of the prairie dog. < Am. Nat. v, 1871, pp. 24-2!), with 1 flg.
Iieidy, J. Notice of some extinct rodcuts. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1871, pp. 2:i0-2;t2.
Scbobl, J. Das iiusscru Ohr der Mliiise als wicbtiges Tustorgan. <[ Arch, fiir luikrosk. Auat.
Hand vii, 1871, pp. 260-20.-!, pU. xxi-xxiv.
Valentin, O. Coutribntions h I'bistuiro de I'hiburnatiou dcs marmcttes. [Abstra^ t.] <^ Revne
ScieutiQqne, i, 1871, pp. 549, &50.
, — . Wild rabbits [of Sable Island, N. S.— their colorution]. < Am. Nat. v, 1871, p. 437.
1872.--Liuceciim, O. Swamp rabbit (Lepus aqiiaticus). < Am. Nat. vi, 1872, p. 771.
Peters, W. Contributions ii la connnissance du Peetiuator, genre do mammiferea rongeurs de
la cote nord-est d'Afriipie. (Trans. Zool. Soc. London, t. vii, partie v, p. 397, pll. xlviii-I,
1871.) <Jouru. deZool. i, 1872, art. iv, pp. 6:!,C4.
Sbelton, J. Beavers and heaver dams in Mississijipi. <^ Am. Joum. Sci. aud Arts (3), iv, 1872,
pp. 4JJ, 423.
Wilder, B. O. Note on the prairie dog. < Am. Nut. vi, 1872, pp. 40, 47.
1873.— Buokloy, J. B. Texas rabbits. < Am. Sports. Jan. 3, 1873.
Gentry, T. G. [Habits of .Seiurus budsunius.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1873, pp. 101, 102.
Perkins, O. H. The fljiug squirrel. < Am. Nat. vii, 1873, pp. 132-139.
Anon. Ilare and rabbit cro.4S. <^ .\m. Sports. Uec. 27, 1873.
Anon. The squirrel pest [Speruiupliilus bcecboyi. In Culifornia. From Daily San Francisco
Call, Oct. 10, 187.)]. < Am. Sports. Nov. 22, 1873.
1874. Allen, J. A. American squirrels. [Abstrikct of paper by J. A. Allen, in Harper's Weekly— S. F.
Baird.] < Am. Spurts. — , 1874.
Allen, J. A. Ou geograpbicul variutiun in color among North American squirrels; with u list
of the sptK'ies aud varieties of the American Sciuridos cccuring north of Mexico. 'CProc. Boat.
Soc. Nat. Hint, xvi, Feb. 1874, pp. 270-294.
f Tho ori^iDiil uutcomo of Lbe auttiiii-'A iitu<]ie« of tbin grou]), vbii:h bavi> roHuItotl in tbe fln;il niorogra',)b of
tliu pn'm>nt work: HpccioB ol' tbo family nvttiued t4) tj5, with nuiuoroim viirietie»— 'i'aiuitts quadrivtttatua var.
jiulUdiiH ; SporruopbiluR trldoceiuIiut^atUH var. judliduf* i S. parr^'i var. ktMliacpusia, varr. un.]
Batty, J. H. The Little Chief hare [habits of Lagomys priiucps]. <[Auier. Agriculturist,
xxxiii, uu. i, Jan. 1874, p. 13, with a tig.
Coues, B. A short chapter on American rabbit.s, or bares. < Am. Sports. Aug. 20, 1874.
Coues, B. Tho pine mouse — Arvicola pinetoruui. < Rod and Gun, May !), 1874, Hg. (had).
"Jacobataff." Hares and rabbits. <^ Field and Stream, Jan. K), 1874.
Mather, F. Abont woodcbucks [Arctomys uiouax]. < Am. Sports. Dee. 12, 1874,
"M. P. MoK." .Squirrel [.S. caroliuensis] breeding in confinement, <; Am. Sports. Apr. 4, 1874.
Anon. Melanism of Tumius striatus. < Am. Sports Apr. 4, 1874.
1875.— Abbott, C. C. The American cbipniunk [Tamias striatus]. < Am. Sports. Oct. 2, 1875.
Allen, J. A. Synopsis of tho American Leiraridas. •<Proc. Host. Soc. Not. Hist, xvii, 1875,
|)p. 430-430. [Recognizes 9 spp., with 0 vurs. Si» anlrCt, p. 281.]
Coues, B Tho prairie gopher [Spermophilns richardsoni]. <Am. Nat. Ix, Mar. 1875, pp.
147-1,'.(1, anil Rod and Gun, Mar. 27, 1875.
[Ku|iriiil<'<l in a gnnil many pai>orH nudi'r varii>iiH eilttorfal mnflinratliins.)
Coues, B. Synonymy, desciiplion, history, distribution anil habits of the prairie hare (Lepus
campestris). < Bull. Essex Inst, vii, 1875, pp. 7;t-85.
BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— O. EDENTATES.
1069
187S.— Mulligan, J. Prairioniice. < Am. Nat. ix, 1875, pp. riir., ulfi. '
Rothrock, J. T. Beaver liabits. < Am. Spoils. Martli (i, 187.').
1876.— [Allen, J. A.] Hecciit contributions to North Aiiicrican uiainnialo(;y. [(inoii.J <Ani. Nat. x,
187G, pp. 3()J-l!G.'). [Keview oT C'onus's Miiridu) and Zapoili<lin.]
Allen, J. A. [On tli« signilicance and use of tlie terms] "Hare'' and "Rabbit ". < Forest and
Stream, Juno 8, 187fi.
Alston, B. R. On tbo classification of the order Glircs. < Proc. Zool. Soc. Jan. 18, 1876, pp.
61-98, pi. iv.
[A now Buljortlor— Glirefl hi^betedcctati— in propoaed to BMnnimodtitc the pcnua Mesolliernni of S-'orroc Couijit
Kcnd. iliv, 1857, p. 9ljt. Tlio 01, diiplicidrnlatl are diviiled luto a I'lkiuilics, Ihe 01. simpUcidcnta' '<i 18
fomiliea audor three ncrlcs — Scluromorpba, Jlyomorpha, and Uyatricoiiiorplia. See anted, p. 5.M.1
Alston, E. R. Ou two now species of Ilesperomys [U. te^iiiniv (•^I'l.Vf 184^1, desor. ^ ..t), II.
conesi. Mns taznmaca, Cray, 1813, desor. nnllil:^ Heitbroduii niexieana. Do iSauss. K. et M. Z.
1800, 109.] < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Nov. ai, 187(i, pp. Tri,-j, 75(1
Oilliss, i1/r». J. S. Prairie dogs [Cynomys ludovieiaDus] ns' pets. <;Kod and Gnu, Sept. 2,
1876. [Witb comment by E. Cones.]
OillisB, Sirs. J. S. Pet prairie-dogs [Cynomys Indovicianns]. < Forest and Stream, Nov. a, 1870.
Jameson, A. C. .Singing mice. <^ Forest and Stream, Dec. 28, 1870.
Merrill, H. W. History of the prairie dog [Cynomys ludovicinuns]. <^ Forest and Stream,
Jnly i;i, 1870.
Pierce, M. P. Singular disasteiv-muskrats destroying fish work. < Forest and Stream, May
11, is7t;.
"Plume del Rosa." Habits of the prairie dog. {pseudon.l < Forest and Stream, Aag. 31 , 1870.
Trotter, S. Habits of tbo white-footed mouse [Hcsperomys leucopna]. <^ Am, Nat. x, 1870,
pp. 55",, .ViO.
1877.— Barber, E. A. Notes on the beaver. < Am. Nat. xi, 1877, pp. 371, 372.
Bishop, N. H. Introduction of a western rodent [Spermophilna franklini] into New Jersey.
<^ Forest and Stream, Jan. 4, 1877.
Ooodbue, C. T. A word about flying squirrels. (PtoroniyB volucellu and hudsouins.) <[ Forest
and Stream, May 24, 1877.
Ingersoll, E. Wild mice and their ways. < St. Nicholas Mag. iv, June and July, 1877, pp. D34-
588, e(J0-C03, witb figg.
[Popular blosrapbiea. witb cuts, of several Korlh American species.]
Matteson, F. S. The mountain boomer, or showtl. [HabitsofHaplodon ruins.] < Am. Nat.
xi, July, 1877, pp. 434,435.
Murphy, J. M. The sbowelel or showtl (Aplodontia leporina). <Tho Lnodon Field of May
5,1877. [Popular account of habits, with a cut]
O.-EDENTATES.
1799. —Jefferson, T. A memoir on the discovery of cortaiu bones of a quadruped [Megalonyx] of the
clawed kind in the western parts of Virginia. < Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. iv, 1799, no.
XXX, pp. 240-21)0.
Wlstar, C. A description of the [Megalonyx] bones deposited bp tbo president in tbo mnsenm
of the society, and represent'!d in the annexed plates. < Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. iv,
1709, no. Ixxvi, pp. 520-531, with pi.
1800.— Cuvier, Ilaron d. Nachricht von dem Scclette eincr sehr (>ros8en Art von bisber unbekanntcn
Vierfiisser [Megatherium], welche in Paraguay gefunden nnd in das uaturhistoiiscbe Kabi-
uett nach Madrid gebracht ist. (Trausl.) < Wiedemann, Archiv, i (Heft 2), 1800, pp. 208-215.
Wiedemann, C. R. W. Beschrolbuug des Kuocbengeblindea vom ArmadiU, < Archiv Zool. u.
Zoot. i, 1800, pp. 94-132.
1804.— Cuvier, G. Sur les ra(!galouyx, animal de la famillo des paressenx, mais de la taillo du biBuf,
dont les ossements out 6t6 d&ouverts eu Virginie cu 1796. < Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, v,
1801, pp. 358-370.
Cuvier, O. Sur Ic radgutherium, autre animal de la fmnille des pareiisenx, mais do la taille du
rhinoceros, dont uu squelette fossile presque complet est conserv<< an Cabinet Uoyal d'Histoire
Naturello i, Madrid. < Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, v, 1804, pp. •,t70-400.
1070
MONOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
■!'*i
f V
:itl:nii,:'
'!:>?■ '■
1820. — Rafinesque, C. S. Siir Ifl grnro Mtinisetdeacriptioud'nnoDoovcIIeespiice, M. oeoDyx. <[Aiiii.
(i^^ii. Sci. I'liys. vii, 18,'0, pp. •Jll.'.'lu.
1823. — Mitchill, S L. ObHurtatiDiiH on thu tcuth of tUu Mo);ittli«rinm rocnntly diacoviTcd in the
Uiiilid .stiitra. < Ann. Lyt:. Nut. ]Ii»t. Niivv York, i, ItiSi, pp. 58-01, pi. (i, Hr. 1.
1824. — Cooper, VT. On tliu lenminB of thu Mugiitlieriuin recently discovered in Georyiii. <^ Ann. Lyo.
Nat. IIIhI. New York, i, 1824, pp. 114-l-'4,pl. H.
1825.— Harlan, R. Description of u new );enu8 of lunmniiferouH qniidrupedK of the order Edentata
(C'liluniy|)lioru8 truucutnn). < Ann. Lye. Now York, i, I6'jr>, pp. 8I!.'>-24C, pU. 19-21 ; Zool. Jonrn.
ii,18ai), pp. 154-1G;1; Ann. Sci. Nat. \; 18-.i5, pp. 5-21; I'loricp, Notizen.x, 1825, col. 225-230.
1827. — Cooper, W. Turtber discovery of foxitil boneit in Georgia, and rcninrks on tbcir identity with
tliosuof theMegatlierinmof Puragnay. <^ Ann. Lye. Nut. Hist. New York, ii, 1827, pp. 267-270.
1828. — Wagner, R. Ueber die Tbiero der Iliiblen in America and die Mcgalonyx-Knocbeu der MUd-
• cbener Saniinlniig. < Kaxtner, Arcliiv Nutiirl. xv, li^28, pp. ;!1-;15.
1830.— [Waterton, C] Tlie Hlotb. <Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 18;)0, pp. 5e-.'8. "
[Waterton, C] Ants and ant-beurs of Sontb America. <Cab. Nat. Hist, i, 1S30, pp. 83,84.
1831.— Harlan, R. Description of tbe fossil bones of tb» Mrgalunyx [M. laqucnlns] discovered in
"WbiteCave", Kentneky. < Jonrn. Acad. Nut. Sci. I'bila. vi, lK;il, pp. 269-288, pU. 12-14.
O^en, R. [On tbo anatomy of tbe l)-banded aroindillo (Dasypns peba, Desm.}.] <^ Proo.
C'oinui. Zool. Soc. London, i, 1831, pp. 141-144.
Owen, R. [On llio anatomy of tbe weasel-beaded armadillo (Dosypus sexciuctus, Linn.).]
<^ Proe. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, i, 1831, pp. 154-1.57.
1832. — Ovren, R. [On tbe anatomy of two species of urmiidillo (Dasypus, L.).] <^ Pruc. Comm. Zool.
Sue. London, ii, 1832, pp. 130-132.
Ovren, R. [On tbe osteology of tbo weasel-headed armadillo (Dasypos C-cinctns, L.).] < Proo.
Comm. Zool. Soc. London, ii, 1832, pp. 134-138.
1833. — Cooper, W. A report on some fossil bones of tbe Megalonyx, from Virginia; with a notice of
sn(^b parts of tbe skeleton of this uniniul as have been hitherto discovered, and rennirks on tbe
utlinities which they indicate. <^ Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, iii, '833, pp. l(il)-173.
1834. — Harlan, R. On tbe strnctnro of tbo teeth in tbe " Edentata", fossil ami recent. <[ Trans. Geol.
Soc. I'enna. i, 1834, pp. 40-45.
1835. — Harlan, R. Notice of tbe os ilinm of tbo Megalonyx laqneatns from llig Hone Cave, White
Connly, Tennessee. < Trans. Geol. Sdc. Pennsylvania, i, 1835, p. 347, pi. 21.
1841. — Harlan, R. [Description of Iho bones of a fossil animal of tbo order Edentata— abstract.]
< I'roe. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. ii, lt^!l, pp. 109-111.
1842. — Owen, R. T1e.wription of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic sloth (Myiudou robnslns, Oncu);
with observations on the osteology, natural utlinities, and probable habits of tbe megatberioid
ijuadrnpeds in general. Uy liicburd Owen, F. U. S., llnnteriau professor and ccmservator of
tbo Mnsenm of the Unyul College of Surgeons in Lnn<1(U]. Published by direction of tbe council.
London : . . . . sold by John Van Voorst, .... 184^;. 4°. 17(i pp., 24 pll. with 24 expl. 11.
Perkins, H. C. Notes to the editors respecting fossil bones from Oregon. <[ Host. Jonrn. Mat.
Hist, iv, no. 1, Jan. 1842, art. xi, pp. 134-13(i.
(Kfferrcil toOryoterotllBriiim orcguneusis, IXarlan.]
Perkins, H. C. [On some fossil bones of Orycterotherium, supposed to be those of a megatherioid
animal. J < Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1842, pp, 50, 57, 02.
1843. -Lund, P. W. Conspiwtus Dasypodum.— Fortegnolse paa boiltedyrene fra Uio das Velhus Flod-
dal. < Oversigt K. Danske Vid. Selsk. Forh. (Copenhagen), 1843, pp. 79-83.
Owen, R. Description d'unc sqnclotted'un paresseux gignntesqnefo88ile(leMylodnii rohnstUB).
snivio d'observations sur les quadrnpbdos ni<!gatb<!rioides en gi5n(?rul. <[ Ann. Sci. Nat. xix
(Zool.), 1843, pp. 221-203 ; Froriep, Notizon, xxii, IH43, col. 05-72, 81-88, 97-104, 1 13-119; xxviii,
1843, col. 4-10.
Owen, R. Zoological summary of tbo extinct and living anininls of the order Edentata,
< Edinb. New Philos. Jonrn. xxxv, 1843, pp. 3,5;t-301.
1846. — Alesaandrini, A. Strnctura integumentornm nrmadili, Dasypus novemcinctus, L. <^NoT.
Comm. Acad. lionon. ix, 1849, pi). 393-410, 2 pll. ; (K»tr.) Nnov. Ann. delle Sci. Nut. Bologua,
2a ser. vi, 1840, pp. 428-431.
BIBLIOGR. APPENDIX— O. EDENTATES,
1071
I \
1846.— Pry, B. On tlio relation of tho Edentata to tlio ri<ptllC8,(>,»iicciiilly of tbo armadillos to tbe
tortoises. < Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudon, xiv, 184(i, i)ii. T-J-TH.
1047.— Harlan, R. lieBclircibuuK der in der urosseii Kiioclicn-Iliililc, TcnncHseo (Nord America), gcfmi-
diiii'n l'08niliii Kiiocbeu des Mcgalouyx luqiieatus. < Dull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, XX {ptu. 2),
1H17, pp. iii-i;w.
1847-48.— Meyer, O. H. I'ebcr den Ban der liaut von Dasypus luid der Stacbelu von Kuju. < Mit-
tbeil. Naturi. Gesollscb. Zilricli, i, 18'17-48, pp. H7-9i.
1848 —Meyer, O. H. Ueber den Bau der Haut des GUrteltbieres [Dasypodiduj]. < Archiv fUr Anat.
1848,pp. 2a6-'J3a.
1850.— Wyman, J. [On tbo claws and teeth of Mogalonyx from MeniphlB.] < Troe. Dost. Soe. Nat.
Hist, iii, 1800, p. 281.
1851— Turner, H. N. On tbe arrangement of tbo edentatei.iuammalla. <Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
xix, 1851, pp. 205-221.
1852.— Leidy, J. [Kemarts on tbe fossil Edentata of North America.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sol. Phila.
vi, 1HJ>2, p. 117.
Owen, R. Comparison of tbe modifications of tuo usseons stiucture of tbo Mogatberiiim with
Ibat ill other known existing and extinct species of tbo class uiuiiiiualia, being an abstract of
a memoir read by Professor Onen to tbo Koyal Society of London. <^ Am. Journ. Sei. and
Arts (2), xiv, 1852, art. xvii, pp. 91-97. [Cited from Jumcsou's Ediub. Journ. li,350.]
1853. — Leidy, J. A memoir on tho extinct sloth tribe of North America. [Accepted for publication
December, 185;i.] 68 pp., 20 pU., with 3 11. expliin. < Smithsonian Contributions to Knowl-
edge, vii, 1853.
Thomas, V/. H. B. [Notice of tbe discovery at Toscnmbia, Ala., of bones believed to be those
of Migalonyx. J < Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, 1853, p. 375.
1854.— BurmeUter, H. Utber einigo Dasypus-Arten. < Abbiuid. Nat. Cesell. Halle, ii (Sitzber.),
1854, pp. 12-14.
1856.— AlesBaudrini, A. Cenni suU'anatomia del dnsipo minimo Desinarest, Uosypns G cinctus et
8 cinctns L. < M6m. Aecad. Sci. Bologna, vii, 1850, pp. 285-340, 7 pU.
Leidy, J. Eemarks on tbe strncture of the feet of Mcgnlonyx. < Trans. Am. Philos. Soe.
Phila. u. H. xi, 1856, art. ix, pp. 107-108, pi. 6, tig. 1.
1861.— Giebel, C. G. Zur Characteriftik der GUrteKbiere [Dasypodidai]. <Zoit8chr. gcsamnit.
Naturw. Halle, xviii, 1861, pp. 93-111.
1863.— Agassiz, L. Note on tho Megatherium. < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), xxxvi, 1863, p. 300.
1864.— Peters, TV. Ueber ncue Arten der Siiiigetbier-Gattungeu Geomys, Haplndon uud Dasypus.
< Monatsber. Acad. Wiss. Berlin, Mar. 17, 1864, pp. 177-180.
■Ward, — . Notice of tbo Meg.itberium cuvieri, the fossil ground-sloth of South America, pre-
sented to tbe University of Rochester by Hiram Sibley. <Aiu. Journ. Sci. and Arts (2),
xxxviii, 1864, p. 295.
Weloker, H. Uebor die Entwickluug und den Bau der Huut uud der Haare bci Bradypiis,
nebst Mittbeilungeu liber cine ini Inneru des I'anlthioihaares lebendo Alge. <^Abhttiidl.
ntrf. Ges. Halle, ix, 1864, pp. 17-72, with 2 pU.
1866.— Biumeiater, H. Fauna argentina. Primera parte. Mauiiferos fosiles. <Aual. Mus. Publ.
Bncuos Aires, i, 1866, pp. 87-282, pll. 5-8.
[CoDtsina inonograplis of Gravigruila (pp. 149-185, pi. v), nml Effodienla, a, Bilorlcata, t. e. Gljptodnotes (pp.
183-a:ll, pll. Tl-rili), V. infri, date ISIO.J
1867.— Turner, W. Ou the brain of Dasypus sexcinctns. < Journ. Anat. and Physiol, i, 1867, pp. 313-
315, with 4 tigg.
1868.— Flower, W. H. On the development and succession of the teeth in tho armadillos (Dasy-
podido)). < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, pp. 378-380.
Leidy, J. Notice of some vertebrate remains from the West Indian Islands. < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, pp. 178-180.
(Megalunyx or MegalocDos rodeos iudicatod.J
Poucbet, O. Des conditions anatomiqucs de la fonction salivaire sous-maxillaire chez leg
6deuti!8. < Comptes llendus, Ixvi, 1868, pp. 670-673.
Fouchet, O. M^moiro sur I'enc^phale des ^dent^s. < Robin. Journ. Anat. et Phyg. 1868, pp.
658-675 (Ifcre partie).
ir
1072
MONOOrjAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
1669. — Oervaii, P. M(5imiiro »iir Icb foriiios c^i^bialos proprcs mix <<(li'iit(^» vivuuU et fosailpn, p'rdo<<l<$
ilu rvniarqni'N niir (|ue1i|Uo>< poinlH ilu In Ktiuctiirn nir,itniiii(|ii» du cch niiimniix ct mir leur
c-ln»8ill(ali(iii. <.N«uv. Arch. Miis. IIiBt.Niit. Piiris, t. v, 1*;), M6ni. pp. l-M, pU, l-.").
1870.— Burmoister, H. MonoKiapliiii (1« los OljptoiloiitcH pii rl JIiispo ruliliro do niimiOR Airca.
■^ Anal. XIiiH. lYilil. Iliii'iii)i> AiroH, ii, 1870, pp. 1-107, pll. 1-12. [To lie cuiitiiuu'd.]
Leidy, J. [On tlio liiiiiicrnfl iif n Bliitb frmn Ci'iilrnt Amcricn ri'nenililiiig MyloUoH rubuatus.]
< I'roc. Aciid. Nat. Sci. I'liilu. 1870, pp. 8-!t.
1871.— Perkins,^ H. C. Tho Megatliciiiim and its nllies. < Am. Nat. iv, 1871, pp. 7(ia-7C5.
1873.— Oervaia, P. Rocliorclieii snr los (Sdoiitds tardiumdos. <Coniptcs Hondns Acad. Sci. Paris,
Ixxvii, 1873, p. HCl ; Jonrii. do Zool. t. 2, Palis, 187:t, pp. 4():l~liiU.
1874.— Chapman, H. C. Hoto inirabil* in lirad.vpvis cTMoctylua. < I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1874,
p. 'J.'>, p!. i:!, liR. 3.
Gray, J. E. On tlic sliort-lniiod arniadillo (Mnlctin scptonicincta) [willi synopsis of tbo genera
(if Talusiidic]. < Pioc. Zool. Soo. I^ondon, 187 1, pp. 21'l-'.'4(i, with pi.
P.— IflARSUPIALN AND nONOTREinE.S.
iim^iMi!
miiii I
1698.— Tyson, E. Carignoya, sen niarsnpialo nnioricnnuni, or thv nnatoniy of an cposanoi [Didelpbya].
< I'hllns. Trans, xx, ro. ii.tO, 1C98, pp. 105-10-1, 2 pll.
1704. — Cowrper, W. A Icttor to Edward Tyson, K'*''"B "" acconnt of those parts of tho inalooposanm
that dill'or from tho foraalo. <;', I'liilos. Trans, xxiv, no. iiilO, 170i, pp. iri7(J-iri90, 1 pi.
Tyson, B. Carigueya, son'marHnpialo uinorieaniiin niascnlnin ; or, the aiialoniy of a main npoe-
Hiiiii. Ill whicli aro added somo fnrlhor oliservations on tho opossnni; «iid a now division of
torrostrial hrnto animals, particularly of tlioi-o that have their foot formed like hands,
< I'hilos. Trans, xxiv, no. VM, 1704, pii. I.''.00-l.'i7ri.
1746.— Folkes, M. Olisorvatiou ct description do Tanininl appolM opossnm. <| Hist, ct )I(^m. Acad.
Sci. Paris, 1740, Hist. p. IW.
1797. — Cuvler, O. Siir les rates dn Marsouin. •< Dull. Soc. Philom. Paris, i, 1707, p. 44.
Osoffroy St.-Hilaire, fi. Dissertation snr les nnimaiix b, bonrse. < Hull. Soc. Pbilom Paris,
i, 1707, p. 100.
1803. — Suveruoy, O, L. Snr la ilissection do donx foniollos du didulpbu luanlcou, Didelpbig virginiana.
< IJiill. Soc. Philom. Paris, iii, 180:!, pp. lUO, Ifil.
1806. — Barton, B. S. Facts, observations, and conjectnres relative to the generation of tho opossnni
of North Auierioa, in a letter to Mr. Uinme of Paris. 8°. Philadelphia, 1800. [Qn. dale.]
1812.— Valentin, L. Notice snr ropossiim et sur quelques iiuiinaux h bonrse. <[ Mt'^in. do I'Acad. do
Marseille, ix, 1812, pp. i:U-147.
1813.— Barton, B. S. Additional facts, observations, and coDJectnrcs relative to the genoiatlon of tho
opossnm of Noil h America. 8". Philadelphia, 18i;i. [Compare 1806 and 182:!.]
1819.— Ooldfuas, O. A. I'eber Liptirus cinerens nnd die Oidnuug dor Deutolthiorc Uboihaupt. < Isis,
1810, lip. 271-'-'74.
1823.- Barton, B. S. I'acts, observations, and conjectures, relative to the generation of tho opossnm
of North America. < Thomsoii, Ann. Phihis. n. s. vi, 18;!:), pp. ;i4'.)-;i,'i4 ; Fioriep, Notizen, vi,
1824, col. 123-144; I'einssac, Hull. Sci. Nat. vi, 1825, pp. 402-40:). [Compare 1800 and 181:).]
1824.— Oeoffroy St-Hilaire, £. Sur des vestiges d'organisatiou plncentairo et d'onihilic, ddcouvcrta
die znn tri'S petit fietns dn Didelphis virginiana. <^ Ann. Sci. Nat. ii, 1824, pp. 121-126; Zool.
Jonrn. i, 1825, pp. 2.'i5,2.")<i ; Proriep, Notizen, ix, 1828, col. 07-100.
Oeoffroy St.-Bilaire, I Snr la g<^ndration des aniniaux il bourse et lo d^veloppement de lenr
fuitns. <Ann. Sci. Nat. i, 1824, pp. :592-408.
1826.— Oeoffroy St.-Hilalre, £. Note 'snr quelqncs circonstaiices de la gestation des femelles de kan-
gnroos, et sur les nioyens qu'elles mettent on cenvre pour iiourrir lour fietits siispeiidns nux
totoiis. < Ann. Sci. Nut. ix, 1826, pp. :t40-;i44 ; Froriep, Notizen, xvi, 1827, col. 228-2^0.
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I^ww;?
»aes>M»5«i:««»««?*
BIBLIOGR. Al'PENDIX-P. MAK8UP1AL8 AND MONOTUKMES. 107^
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68 M
I
1074
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i'^' I
-i; - H
1893. — Meigs, C. D. MKiiMiir cm tlw ri'prdcliirliiiiinf tlii' i>|iiikniiiii, I)iilc'l|itiiK vir){iniiiiia. <^Truii!<. Am.
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London, lli'iiry (i. lliiliii, . . . IHi'i.'i. UP. Kiig. tillc, 4 p. II., p|i. 17-:)'j:i, ;I4 ciil. pll., porlrnil.
1863.— Bngelmanu, O. [(iunlalion of (ipoHHimi.] <TriiiiH. Acud. Hcl. 8t. LoiiiH, ii, l"!!:!, p, '.''24.
Shute, J. O. [On llii' inudu nf liiilli in tlio (ipiixMnm.] < I'nie. llontun Hw. Nut. Hint, ix, 1SC<3,
p. ;t;W ; I'loc. Khsdx limt. iii, IHCill, pi>. 'JHS, 'Ml
Tomea, R. F. Nolicc of a new Anicrii'Qn form of ninrstipiul [ll.vrarodon], < Proc. Zool. 8oo.
London, IHti;), pp. M, .'il, pi. viii.
186S.— Flower, VT. H. On tlio I'ninmitsnrcH of t lie cerebral hemlnpheres of the Marmipinlin and Mono>
trennvia, uh conipureil nilli thorn; nf llie pluientul nniinnnilin, <^ Plilloit. Truim. clv,lHtl,'>, pp.
(i:);l-ti,j|, 1>1I. :!d-;W ; ulmtraet in Proe. Hoy. Hoc. IWi.'i, pp. "1-74,
1866. — Jiion. UiKi'ntie niur.tiipiulx of Vlcturiu, Anittrnlia. <| Ani, Juurn.8ei.aud Arts ('2), xll, li4C6, pp.
•>:,ii,'i:><x
1867.— Haugbton, S. On fouie points In the mnsonlar anatomy of the murHnpiHlH. < Ann. and Mag.
Nat. IliHt. xix, IHIi", jip. l'27-i;U.
MoCoy, F. On anew genuH of I'haluuger (Oymnobelldvus). <^ Ann. and Mng. Nat. Hint, xx,
lH(i7, pp. '287, •28.-t. with 1 pi.
1867-68.— Flower, TV. H On the devidopnient and Hncees«ion of the toelli in the .MnrHupialiii.
<Pliihis. TranB. for lfli7, elvii, l^lW, pp.(l:!l-ti41, pll.;i9-4(l; nlmtract in Proe. Koy. Soe. xv,lM(17,
pp. •l(M-4(irt ; and in Ann. and Mag. Nut. IliHt. xx, \i*iu, pp. l!.'il-i:t;i.
1868. — Flower, W. H. On lh« aniniliex and probulile hal>it.'< of the exlinet AnHlralian nnirnnpial,
Tliylaeoleo earnifex, Owen. <^ Quart, .lonrn. (;e<d. Hoe. Lonilon, xxiv, WW, pp. ;!n7-lll'.'.
Oervala, P. JKiuioire unr leH fornu's eerc'liriilen propres i»ux niarnnpianx. < Nonv. Areli. Mils.
IliHt. Nat. Paii8, t. v, Ifd'J, M<Sin. pp. 'A'K-'J.M, jill. i;t, 14.
McCoy, F. On the Hpeclen of woiiiliat.H fl'liasecdoniyidie]. (Al)Ntract.) <", TiauH. and Pioc.
Koy. Soe. Victoria, viii, l*iH, pp. •,>(lli-'2; 0.
Peters, W. Ileber das On tyinpanieiiin iind die (jeliiirknochrlolipn der 8eliiiul>eltbiero in Ilozng
aiif die I'la^c von der Deiitnn^ des Qnadrutbeines be! deu Villein. < — t Also, Ann. and Mag.
Nal. Hist, i, 18t)8, pp, 779-782, with 1 pi.
Sander, J. Uelier dun (juereoiiiinissini'imystem des OrosshirnH bei dcii ]louteltbieri>D [Mnrsa-
pialia]. < Areb. Anat. IHiiH, pp. 711-71H, with 1 pi.
1869.— £di'on'a(. Marsupial do(;s. < Am. Kat. iii, 18()'.), p. K\. [From Q. .1. Sci. .Jan. 18C9, wbicb see
for author.]
1871. — Cones, B. On the niyolojjy of the OrnilliorhynehnH. < Coiuin. Kasex IiiHt. vi, 1871, pp. 128-17n.
1872. — Coues, Z3. The osteology and myology <d' Didelphys vir^iniana. With an up[iendix on tbe
brain, by .lellrieH W'yniau. <C Mem. Itoaton Soe. Nat. Hi.^t. ii, lr7'J, art. ;i, pp. 41-1,")4.
Lincecum, O. The opoHsnui. < An:. Nat. vi, 187'i, pp. .'■io.'i-.''),'',7.
1876. — Barnard, W. B. Observutions on the development of Didelpliya virKininun. <^ Proe. Am.
Assoc. Adv. Sol. xxiv, 187C, jip. U.^-M7, IlKg. 1-4.
[For most of tlie following titles, tlie oomiilliTs aro iuilchtoil to tlio kind attentions of Mr. ,r. A. Alien. They were
roceivvd diirlnfj; tlio printiiij; of the Ili1iliogrn)iby, lint too lalo fur ItmorlloD ttn/ler tliclr proper lioailA, unil repreaout, in jmr.
tlcular, niany iiiiportnnt piileoontoloi^lcal papers by Lcidy, Marsb, and Cope.]
1780.— Clavigeio, F. S. Storiu antica del Slessico. 4 vols. 4°. Ceaonn, 1780.
1782. — Mackenzie, A. A general history of tbe for trade from Cunadu to the northwest. < Macken-
zie's Voyages, etc. vol. i, l/'.l'J, pp. 1-1(U.
1787.— Clavigero, F. S. History of Mexico, translated from the Ilaliun by C. Cullen. '2 vols. i°,
London, 1787. [Contains an alphubetieal list of Mexieun luauimii.ls, wilh deseriptions and
remarks.]
181S. -lUlger, C. Uubcrblick der Siiugthierc uach ihrcr Vertboilung iibcr die Welltbeilc. < Abbuudl.
der KiJuig. Akad. der Wisseuseh. in Berlin, 1804-11 (1815), pp. a9-l&9.
filil^:!
ItlllLlOCiK. Al'l'KNDIX— (^ ADDICNDA.
1075
MniuiiiiilH, pp, I'.l'l-l'.PJ. [!) HiiccicN. 1
I'itmnuUI, 1H31). [I.ixl nl' maiiiiiiulx,
1821.— KeniRteii, B. CiipltlsTricliicIji rnHiiiiiri ilcsi riplin nHliMiliiKirn. lli'inl., IH.'I.
1826.— RoBB, J. C. ZiHlldKicul iippciidix !» I'iinj'n lliiid mijjik''. MiiiniiiiilH, pp.'.l.'-U,'), [H ipcclcB.]
1027.— Williamo, J. L. A view cil'Wcnt I'lniiilii, ciiiliniciii;; il«);ciiynipli,v, lii|i(iKiHpli.v, clc. H . I'liil-
iiili'l|ihla, IH'.'T. [t'oiituiiiN lint oriLiiiiiiiimln. J
1828.— Robs, X C. /l>c">lll^i(:ltl ii|ipcii<lix liil'itri,v'H Inuiili vii)'iii;c'.
1829.- Field, D. D. lIlHtory uf Ili^rkHliiru C()Uiit.y, Mum. 1I4<^.
lip. ;«i-;i8.]
1830.— .Jnon. Qiimlriir idn. < Cab. Nnt. Hint, i, l&UO, p. 210.
1831. — Trimery, N. C. do. Ili.|ilr«K<>ii tnt dc iiiitnnrlijkd gpHcliii'ili'iiiH vnii «loii wnlriis en ilo krniiis
(liT viTnchi'idi'iilic'iKli'ii, wi'lki^ miili'i- ili'zo dicri'ii viiiirkoniinrn. < Ili.jilr, tut dii iiatniirk.
Wi'tiMiBcli. vi, Irtlil, pp. ;i(;U-:ill'J, wilh a plate.
1837. — WlUiams, J. Ii. Tho Tirritdiy of I'liirida; or Hkotcbiis of lliu lo|i(i);iiipIi,v, civil uDil iiiitiirnl
liisior.v iiCilii' tipiintr.v, lliti cliiimtv, and llm Indian IiIIjch, IVoiii llm iirHt diHcovcry to tliu pres-
ent time, with a map, vitnvM, Hv. Xi'W Yolk, A. T. (lonilvirb, IMIIT.
1841. — Harlan, R. MoiIoIh of tint foHHil remains of tlic Dinotlierinni ^i^iinteiun. <^ Am. Jonin. S<M.
and Arts, xli, l.'^Jl, p. 17'-.
1842-43.— Holboll, C. Ili'nia!iknin(;er over noj^le ]pal(ed.vrH on fnylei dj kki'ovne. <^ Nat. Tidiwk. iv,
lH4-.'-i:i, pp. -J/T.-jrA
1844. — Morton, S. O. On a new Hpoeies of IlippopotamuH [II. minor). < I'roe. Aead. Nut. .Sci. I'liila.
ii, 1H44, pp. 14-17, Willi a riK«.
Flummer, J. T. Serap.s in natural irwtory. (Jnadrnpeils. [MaininalH of Wavne County, Indi-
ana.] <^ Am. Jourii. Sci. and ArlH, xlvi, 1*1' pp. ',';!!)- 'J III.
1845. — Wyman, J. [On tho foHsil nkeliitoii of llydrarehos »illiinani.] < I'loc. lioRton Sue. Nat. IliMt.
ii, lH4.'i, pp. <).j-(iH.
1846.— Lister, O. [On the allegations of Dr. Koch respeitinn the dimovery of IlydnirilioH. J < I'roc.
Iloston Soe. Nat. lIlBt. ii, lH4(i, pji. 94-!l(i.
1846-49.— Holboll, C. Notice over Oidnlicndernes kiperkaniak [Baliena]. < Nat. TidHnk. ii, lH4U-4il,
pp. 30S-;!1().
1847.— Miiller, J. Uebcr die von Ilerrii Koch in Alaliania KeKamnielten fuHNilen Knocdienrcsle seineu
Uyilrarchoa. < Archiv flir Anal. 1847, pp :)()i-:!'.lli.
Miiller, J. Untersncbnngen liber den llydraichiis. <Heiich( Veib. K. Pr. Akad. WisH. Ber-
lin, ie47, pp. 10;i-U4.
Ritzius, A. [On the llydrarehos of Koch.] < Am. Joiirn. Sei. and Arts ('J), iv, Itf47, pp. 4Q1, 422.
Kdilorittl. Ilarlanns, a new genus of fossil pachyderms. < Am. Jonru. Sci. and Arts (2), Hi,
1H47, p. 12.-..
1850.— Leidy, J. [On Encrotaphus jacksoni and Arcba>utherinni morloni.] < I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
riiila. V, 18.-.0, pp. UO-!);t.
1851.— Qirard, C. Iconographio onoyclopiBdia of science, literature, and urt. Systcmutioully arranged
by .1. (J. Heck. Translated from the Geiinan, with additions, and edited liy .Spencer F. Haird,
... In four volumes. . . . New York, IS'iI : Kiidc.lph Clarrigne, jinblisher, . . . [Vol. ii:
[xx.v pp.-f ]. liotany [203 pp.], Zoology [f.02 pp.], Anthropohigy and surgery [219 pi>.+]
-f Indexes, xii, xvi, v [-(- 1] pp.]
[Cdlilalns, pp. :i'.l'i-S02, a cljaptiT on Munimnls. by Clmrli's (iir.irit.]
Girard, C. Onllines of general zoology. Manmials, by Charles Girard. Birds, by John Cotsiu.
Roi)tilcs, by Spencer F. Baird. Fishes, by Spencer 1". Baird. Invertebrates, by 8. S. Haldeniann.
[Edited by Speucor FuUerton Baird.] Reprinted from the Icouographic Encyclopcdin of Sci-
ence, Literature, and Art. New York: Rudolph Garrigue, publisher, .... 1851. 8°. 2 p. 1.,
ix-xxi, 502, xvi pp.
(Aropriiit of tlie "Zoology " of tlic iivcoilingTOlume Willi special tUlcpagc and introiinctory notice. Thechap-
terou Mammals occupies 111 pp. (J93-503).]
Leidy, .7. [On some fossils— i. f ., Arctndon— from Nebraska.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v,
1851, p. 278.
1852.— Leidy, J. Remarks on a fossil vertebra— of Pontogenus prisciis, n. sp.— from Ouachita, L».
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phihi. vi, 1852, p. 52.
m\'
107G
MONOOUAPnS OF KOHTII AMKIJICAN KODENTIA.
1859
1860
1861
1862.
1864.
1865.
1867.
1868.
1858.— Chadbourne, P. A. IJKt of iiiaimiials of tlio vii'iiiily of Williiiinetown, Mass. <\Villiiims
Quarleily, v, .Jmiu, l^.'i.H, pp :!!j(i, :j.*i7. [A nominal list of ;!.') hpccivH.]
Emiiioiis, E. H'o.-sil niumnialH of North Carolina. "| < Ut'p. (icol. Snrvuy Noilli Carolina, IfM,
pp. ll«)-2li. tiiiif. IS-IU. [KiinuH, SnH, Maatodon, Klipliax, (.'eryns, linla;na, etc.]
Hlud, J. H. Calalo;,'ne of IIk^ aniinalx of Hiip«rt's Land. < Uep. of Kxpl. of Country between
Lake Superior and Ueil Kiver .Sutllemcnt, 1S5S, pp. 40(i-4()>J.
— Wlnans, E. ^V. .Mephitis (piaterliueariH [n. sp.].— Win.— Four-striped Nkunk. < Unknown
ui'WHpapur, date IH.'VJ. [8e« Coues'a Monogr. Mustelida^ p. 2l!it.]
— Prout, H. A. [On a fossil tooth from Virginia.] <; Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, i, IfJCO, pp. U99, 700.
[NiiiiH'tt Lt-iiiyiitlierlum (wltUuutupeciUc uoiue), aad rel'urrod uour Titauotliurium.J
— R^BB, B. R. [Nominal list of the matuinalaof Britieh America.] <^ Edinburgh Now Philos.
.louni. .xiii, l-til, pp. Kil .
— V7ood, C. B.. Ueuiarks on the natural history of British Colombia and Vancouver. <^ Mayne'a
(K. C.) Four Years iu British Columbia and Vaiicmivcr Island. [Mammals, pp. 414-410.]
— Edilorial. Mesozoic niamninls. < Am. Jouru. Sci. and Arts (U), xxxviii, 18C4, p. 2t:5.
— Benedeu, P. J. Van. Kccherches sur les equalodons. < Mdin. Acad. Roy. Btdjjique, xxxv, 18C5.
— Seeley, H. E. Tli>i laws which havn determined the distribntiou of life and rocks. <^Anu.
and .Mag. Nat. Hist. (:i), xx, 1SC7, pp. 404-415.
— Leidy, J. Indication of an Elotberium [K. snpcrbns, n. s.] in California. < Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. riiila. 1806, p. 177.
Leldy, J. Notice of some remains of extinct pachyderms. -^ I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sei. I'hila. lt!5B,
pp. 'Jiw-aa;!.
Marsh, O. C. Notice of a ni'W and diminutivo species of fossil horse (F<inus parvulus; from
the tertiary of Xeliniska. <^ Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, M ser. xlvi, ISGf, pp. I!74, '\7!>.
74. — Milne-Edw^ards, H. ami A. Kechercliea pour scrvir u I'histoiro uatuielle des niammif(>res.
... i'aris; Victor Mas; '(Is, 1SG8-Iti74. '2 vols. 4". Vol. i, 2 p. 1., pp. :i!l4; vol. ii.pp. viii,
1)11. 1(1.'), with 10,") 11. expi jiy. [Comi)aro defective title, an/in, p. 978.]
—Cope, E. D. Synopsis of the extinct mammalia of the cave formations iu the United States,
with some observations on some Myviopoda fouud in and near the same, and on some extiuct
mammals of the caves of Anguilla, W. I., and of other localities. <^ Proc. Am. Philos. Sue.
Phila. xi, 18()0, i)p. 17l-l!)2, iill. iii-v.
ITwenti-.spvon sijiM-ies fiotu caves uf dift'crcut parts of the UoittMl KtBles, fourtern of llii^in cxtincl and thir-
teen utiU exit^tiu).^ Till) foltDwin}; extioct Hpcciea are deacribed aa new: — Slereodectea torlim, Tamiaa la)videila,
Srlurila panoliiia, Mixopliajrus fneIn?ilK, Uatera perdidda; alao. Anil)lyilii7.a iuilndata ami I.O)Cun)ylus luugidena
(Keo.ct app. nn.) from Aii^uilla, W. I., nud Anoplonaasa fori'ipata, Ucmicaulodnu cflodiena ({fen. ct app. an.),
extiiir't niariix' jtprciea, the tirst alllrd to tlie Celaroa. fion) near Savaonah. Ga., and tlie last a Sirenian, from
Ki'\port, N.J.I
1870.— Brandt, J. P. l!eitr.-'^e znr Natnr(;cschichte des F.liuds in Bezug auf leine inorphologischen
nnd paheontolosischen Verh:iltnis,se, sowie seine gi'ographische Verbrcltuug, nehst Bemer-
knngen iiberdie iniociine Flora unil Insecluufauna desHuchuordeus. < Mem. Acad. St. lYtersb.
xvi, no. ,'), 1870,pp. .S4, with :) ill.
Cope, E. D. Fourth contribution to the history of (he fauna of the niiocenc and eocene periods
of the United States. < Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. xi, 1b70, pp. yH.'i-21)4.
[MaiiitiialH, Krt) hriclitiua polvponis (j.p. .ov.). Meaoter.)n lieirif-iua t(;cn. ot ap. uov,), Sua f, 'J'liinotliU'
riuni aiiiiulatiim (;;<'i). ct )«p. liov.).)
Cope, E. D. [Uemarks on vertebralo remains from eaves of Angnilla, W. I.J < Proc. .\ui.
Philos. Sne. Phila. xi, I.-^Td, p. (1.
[l.osr,a>_yIiiH 1/itiileiiH rliaiMcterized, and 1)oi)aa of a Hinall deer referred to. J
Leidy, J. [Oo Droinalheriuin silvestre; its .pr 'it want of a ir.ii dibular eondyle.] <^ Proc.
Aeail. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1^-70, p. H.
Leidy. J. [Uemarks on Megaceropa coluradetisis, n. s.] <^ Proc. \ead. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870,
pp. l,-.>.
1871. — Cope, E. D. Tie. method of erea" - of oiganie form . < Proc. Air. Philos. Soc. Phila. Xll,
1871, |ip. 'wo-ao;)
Cope, E. D. [Note ouj the Port Keuuedy Boutj Cavern. < Piuo. Am. Philos. S' " Phila. xii,
l'!71. p. l.->.
1868-
1869.
,,,^j^.K«^t*™^m«3j«t*ia»>
> -VV; •*■>
lllULUKHf. AIM'KN'DIX— (}. ADDKNDA.
1077
1871.— Cope, E. D. I'ri'liiiiiimiy ropoit (in tlio vcili'biiilH dinrovind in tin' Tort Kiiimily Itoni' Ciivo
[CliiBtcr C'dnntv, IVnnii. |. < I'loc. Am. I'liilii". Snr. I'liilii. xii, 1H7I, pp. 7;l-lii-J, lij;t. l-'.M.
lUrniains or :M ^p^(-il>Hl)^ inumnuillo. iiiMrly all ('XliiKt. iiH follows:— Kilciit^ii.i. r>, Uodontiii. 11. lii^t-i livoru,
V; rngiilntil. 10; Carulvnni. 4. Tho foUowiiii; dcHrriliod ii8 iii'w :— Mi'(;:ilony\ Io.\iMlon, M whratltMi. M. splio-
nmloD, !hl. tortulitH, Sciunm culyciiiuH. ArvicolnHpeotlirn, A. tftruiloUa. A.dicldla, A. liivohitH. A. aI;;iihh1iih. A.
liialUlolii*, KtrtllizoD cloiR'inuni, PrHotlKTiiirii palatiiiniti.)
Leidy, J. Notes on the Ainoiican iniistni1<ni ami otlnT I'oSHilii. < Am. Jonin. 8i'i. ami Arl.'<, :iil
HIT. i, l-<;i, pp. Ki-llS. (riiim I'ldi'. Acad. Nat. .Sci. I'liila. Sept. 1H711.)
' Leidy, J. l{fport on tlic vrrtcliraU' foSHil.-j of tho tertiary t'onnatioiiMorthc West. <^ Ann. Hep.
U. S. Geol. Siirv. Terr, for If^TO, 1871, pp. ;t40-;t7(>.
(Agpucral mimiliHry, so far as tnaniiiialH nt'O eoiu'iM-nt'i), of tlie siiini' aiillu.i'n "Kxliiicl !llaintuatittn KiuHuKif
Jlakotaanil Ni'lnaskii".!
Marab, O. C. Notice of BOine uew fossil niaininals from tlii' tertiary formation, x '^"'' <lonrii.
Sci. and Arts, lid ser. li, 1871, pp. li.'i— tl.
;^ |Spp. un. Tit^iuotlirrium ? Queeps, PalH'oayops iiiiuor, I^oiiliioilun liainliaiius, I^. aflitii*. 1,. nailMK. I.. pmnihiA.
Anclntlii-riani j;iacilis, Lophlothoriiiiii (oov. ^ft•n.) ballanli. Klotln liiiin li-iitn». IMalynolnn Kit-yleii. I', aliialim,
I'.? coiiiloni. Dicotylea iK'sporiiia, IlypsoihiM (;raoili.i, Lininotlioriniii t.\r;omii», I., elc^iaiial
Marsh, O. C. Notice of some new fosoil nianimals and hiids from tlie tertiary lornialions of
the West. < Am. ,[onrn. Sei. and Arts, lid ser. ii, 1871, pp. I'.i0-li7.
[MamnmlK, spp. iin. Arcloniys vi-tiis, Gcomys l)i»Hlcalu», Siluraviia (iiov gra.) nilidii". S. iniilaim. Trlacoilua
(uov. (It'll.) fallal, Cania luouLantiH, Vulpavus (iiov. gen.) paUistrio. Ampbicjoii aiiRiistideDH 1
1872.— [Cope, B. I).] The armed MetalopUodon. [«imii.] < Am. Nat. vi, 187v!, pp. 774,775.
Cope, B. D. Descriptions of some new vertelimtii from the liridKer gronp of the eocene. — Pn-
lipont. Bull. no. 1, Jnly 'iO, \ti7-i, pp. l-fi ; < Pihc. Am. IMiilos. Hoc. I'hila. xii, 187S, pp. 1()0-1«5,
[Mam. (pp. t-2), «pl>. nil. Meaonyx obtiisldt'iin, Tiiai'odon aciiloiitus, I.opliinUioriiini pygmu'iiiii.]
Cope, E. D. Second account of the new vei tehrata from the ]lridi;er eocene. =^ IVheont. Hull,
no. U, Ann. ''i, 1872, pp. 1-3 ; < I'roc. Am. I'hilos. Sos. xii, 187'i, pp. 4(i(i-4fi8.
[Spp. nil. IleloUierium prouyoniuum, Slypoloplius (gco. nov.) punseDa, raiilolntea (BCD. Ilov.) loliRlelindus
(sic), I'aendoloiiiUB {pm. nov.) liiaUB.]
Cope, E. D. Third account of new vertelitftta from the Bridger enceuo of Wyoming Valley.
= PaliBout. Bull. no. li, Auj;. 7, 1872, pp. 1-4 ; < Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. xii, 187'.', pp. 409-472.
IMumm. (pp. 1,3), »pp. uu. Stypolopbua iuBec'ivoriia, .S. brevicolcflribiin, Sliacia (Ren. uov.) paiTlvorua, Touii-
tbciium (gen. Dov.) rnHtrattiui.]
Cope, B. D. Notices of new verlehrata from the upper waters of Bitter Creek, Wyoming Terri-
tory. — Pahcout. Bull. no. (i, Aug. 20, 1872, pp. 1-4 ; < Proc. Am. Philos. Soc Phila. xii, 1872, pp.
4Kl-48ti. [Mnm. spp. nn. Synoplothcrium (gen. nov.) lanius, Kohu8iIeus(gcn riiiv.)cornutus.]
Cope, B. D. Second notice of extinct vetelirates from Bitter Cr x-k, Wyoming. =Pala!ont.
Bull. no. 7. Ang. 22, 187-2, pp. 1,2; < Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. xii, 1872, pp. 487,488.
[Spp. ii;i. Palieoayopa vallidoiia, Loxolophodon cornutim, L. furcatua, L. prpBaicornia.l
Cope, E. D. On Biithinodon, an extinct genus of ungulates. < Proc. Phil. Soc. I'hiln. xii, 1872
pp. 417-420. [Spp. un. Bathmodon radians, B. semicinctns.]
Cope, B. D. [Ou Bathmodon radians, n. sp.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 38.
Cope, E. D. On tho cronimn of a liump-backed whalo [Megaptera bellicosa]. < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philu. 1872, p. 11.
Cope.B. D. Ou the dentition of Metalophodon. <Proe. Am. Pliilo«. Soc. Phila. xii, 1872, pp.
542-54.'>.
Cope, B. D. Ou a new genus of Plenrodirt Vom tho eocene of Wyoming. <Proe. Am. Phil.
Soc. Phihi. xii, 1872, pp. 472, 47:i. Llnelm' so the ungulate Hpeeics Notharctns vasacciensis.]
Cope, E. D. On a lU'w vertebi.ite genus i the northern par' ,)f the tertiary basiu of Green
Kiver. ::^ Pali t.Biill. no. 8, Out. 12, 1872, p. 1 ; .oc Am. Philos. .Soc. Phila. xii, 187'J, p. 5,'>4.
[Anaptoiiior|)lniB UMimliia.l
Cope, B. D. On the vertebrate fossils of the Wahsatch strata. < Ann. Rep. II. S. Oeol. .Siirv.
Terr, for 1871, 1872, p|). liSO-SriX [Ou tho genus Bathmodon.]
Cope, B. D. Telegram respecting extinct proboscidians from Wyoming. = Pi)''j'onf. Bull. no.
6, Aug. ID. 1872 (10 lines); also, somewhat modiOed, Proc. Am, Philos. Soc. Phila. xii, 187'J, p.
580, (J. I'. [Loxolophodon eornntns, L. furcatus, L. prefsicornis.]
Leidy, J. Ou some now species of fossil raammoliafrom Wyoming. < Am. ,Innrn. Sci. and Arts,
•id ser. iv, 1872, pp. 2.10,240.
|Spp. nu.Palaeoayops" "niliB. Ulntatbcriiim rolmaliini. nintaraaalliatroi 1 ,
. » /
lii*
1078
MONOOKArilS OF NOJITII AMEUICAN KODENTIA.
1873. — Leidy, J. Onllic lOHsil viMli'bratrs i)f Hit! riirly tertiary I'lirniatinn of Wvniiiiiiji. <^ Ann. Ucp.
II. .S. (jfol. Srirv. Terr, for 1S71, 187-J, pp. ;iDa-;i7a. [.Miuiimiilrt, pp. ;!5;!-;!(m.]
Marsh, O. C. Comnimiiciition on tho discovery of uow Uoi'.ky Moiintiiiu fossils. <^Proc. Aiu.
riiiloN. Six:. IMiilu. xii, IS*'.', pp. riT^.G/O.
Marsh, O. C. Discovery of fossil Qiindriiiiianit in the eocene of Wyominj;. <[ Am. Joiiru. Sci.
and Arts, lid ser. iv, lH7i, pp. 405, 1(U>.
Marsh, O. C. Note on u newxenus of carnivores from the tertiary of Wyoming. < Am. Journ.
Wei. and Arts, :id ser. iv, iHTa, p. 4l)fi.
[OrtMicyoii. typewprcios O. laliJeiiB— Linnmlelia latidflia, Mnrah.]
Marsh, O. C. Note on Tinoceras anei'ps. <^ Am. ,Jour[i. .Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. Iv, lfl4, p. 38,?, •
[TituiKittit'riiiiu ? nticeps rcferie'l to TiiKx'ura^, untl staleil tn bu a Proboscidian.}
Marsh, O. C. Notice of a new species of Tinoeeras. <; Am. Jonrn. Sei. and Arts, 3d ser, iv, 1S72,
p. 3-,';i. [Tinoceraa );randis. Tlie peculiar gronp to wliicli it belongs named Tinoceridaj.]
Marsh, O. C. Notice of some remarkable fossil umnimals. <^ Am. Jonin. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser.
iv, IrtTU, pp. 34:1,344.
(DiamHTas lacii:)lris dcscribuii. Diuoc-praa and Tiniicerna couaidered as ropreKcntiuj; a distinct order, callud
Diuocfira.]
Marsh, O. C. Prellminftry description of new tertiary muuimals. Tart i. <^Am. Jonrn. Sci.
and Alts, 3d ser. iv, lS7iJ, pp. 122-188.
[Spp. iin. l*alir</H.vops laticeps, Tcliiiatotbcrliim (uor. gen.) validus, Lyiuuobyug (nov. gen.) roluistun, Uyra*
elms priiiei'p.t, Iluinacodon (nov. gen.) va<{aiiB, Lymuncyou (nov. gen.) verns, Viverraviis (nov. gen.) gracilis,
Nyctitberiuui (nor. gon.) volox, K. itriscus, Taipavue (nov. gen.) nitidus.]
Marsh, O. C. Preliminary description < f new tertiary mammals. Parte il, iii,iv. <Am.Journ.
Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. iv, li-78, pp. 20'i-224.
[Sp]». nn. Limnofelis (nov. gen.) ferox, h. latidens. Lymnocyon riparius, L. npilis. Thinocyon (nov. gen.) velox,
Viverraviis (f) uitidii.'), Tbino'.estes (nov. gen.) iineops, Telnialesles (nov. gen.) crnssns, Lininotberiuni atDno, Oro-
liippus puniilus, llelohyus (nov. gLMi.) plicodon, Tliinotherium (nov. gpw ) valldnni, PoHaalacodon (uov. gen.) lito-
Talis, Anisacodon (aov. gen.) eiB;.jiiM«, Oaletiidoii (nov. gen.) pnlclier. Stenacodou (uov. gen.) rams, AntiacodoD
(nov. gen.) vcnnstus, ll.\thro4lon (uov. gi-ii.) typiis, 13. anuectens. ^lesacodon (nor. gen.) apecioaiis, liemiacoilou
(nov. geu.) gracilis. II. nanus. U. pnci' us («ic), Centetodon altidena, Kntoniodon (nov. geu.) coniptns, Entonin.
codon (nov. gen.) %iiiutns, ('otraeodon (nov. gen.) deliuatna, Xyctllestta (nov. gen.) serotinus, Zipbacedon (nov.
gen.) rngatuM, Qarpolodon (uov. gen.) sylveatris. H. viilpinui, Orotheiium (nov. gen.) uintanum, lielaletea (nov.
geu.) ijoop, Paramys rolin.Hlus, Tilloinys (nov. gen ) ai-nex. T. parvus, Taxyni.\8 (nov. gen.) Incaiis, Seiuravua
pnrvidens. Colouomya (nov. gen.) eeler, Apnteni> a (nov. gen.) bcllus, A. bellnlns, Knto^uacodon angustideus, Tria-
codou grnndia, T. nanus, Knryaeodou (nov. gen.) topidus, Paboacodon vagna ]
1873. — Adams, A. L. Field and forest rambles, with notes and observations ou tbo natural liistory of
Kastern Canada. H°. London, 1873.
{ List of niammais, pp. QD5, '^m, and many valuable notes poisim. ]
Cope, E. D. Second notice of extinct vertebrala from the tortiary of the plaiDS. =PaIffiont.
lUiil. no. 15, Aug. 80, 1H73, pp. UG.
[Manini. Hpp. nn. Palteolagusagapetillna. Culotaxiscristatua, Hyracodon qundrlpllcatua, H. acridena, Synibi.. .•
tlou torniH, MiobiiHilena opbry.as, Megaeeratops acer. M. lieloceras.J
Cope, B. D. Third notice of extinct vcrtcbrnta of the tertiary of the plains. =PnlU!onf. Hull.
no. K), Aug. 80, 1-73, pp. 1-8.
[Sp|). nil. Doiuina (geu. nov.) gradata. nerpetotboriiiir :en. nov.) fiizoi, Dnptopliiliis (gen. nov.) sqiialidens,
Toiuarctua (gen. nov.) brevirostris, Stiliaiiis (gen. nov.) i otusilobua, Cmiis gregiiiius. Isacua (geu. nov.) cnntcu*
Ills, Palwolngns tiirgidiis, P. triplex. Tiicillui (geu. nov.) aviinculnH, T. lejioriuuiu, T. pantense, Ctynitoptychus
(gen. nov.) cbrysodon, (>. nuHntiia, G. itilopbns. G. niiuntus, Anebitlieriuni euueatnin, I.eptnnehenin calcarala,
L. niininia, Trinierodus (gen. nov.) cedrensis.]
Cope, E. D. I'onrth nnlico of extinct vertebrata from Ihi' litidger and Ureen Kivei^ tertiaries.
^Paheoiit. Hull. no. 17, Oct. 8.5, 187.3, pp. 1-4.
(Spp. nn. Eobasileus galeatua, Arcboinodon (gen. uov ) insolcns, I'benacudus (gen. uuv.) priniiuvue, Orotho-
rtuin index.]
Cope, E. D. rOn a supposed fossil skull of a hog.] < Proc. Aend. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1873, p. 807.
Cope, B, D. On the short-footid laignlata of the eocene of Wyoiniug. <Am. Philos. Soc.
Phila. xiii, 1-73, pp. 3-'-74, pll. i-iv.
fOii tlie syateuiatie position and ebaracters of Loxolopbodon, Eobnslleus, Ulntntlioriuiu, Megaeeratops, Dnth*
iiMidon. and Metuloptiodon. )
Cope, E. D. On the llut-clawed cariiivora of the eocene of Wyoming. <^ Pioe. Am. Philos, Soo.
Phila. xiii. 1873, pp. 1U8-80U. [Geueru Mesouyx aud Syuoplotherium.]
BllJLlOUK. ArrKNL>lX-(}. ADDENDA.
1070
1873.— Cope, E. D. On two ii<(w perissodactyli'K from (lie llridRPr eoccnr. :i I'alnoni. Hull. mi. 11,
.Jan. :U, li-7;l, pp. 2: < rriic. Am. I'liildH. .Sue. I'liilu. xiii, lf!7:i, |ip. X>,Mi.
[Spp. un. L.vmnoliyu8 lavitleus, l*ula>o«yopB ftmlinalin.l
Cope, B. D. Oil some coconti iiiiinimnlH obt.iimil l>y Iliiyili'u'r* K.'ulonirul Nurvi'y iil' l^T'J.
= rulii)orit. Bull. no. V2, Miircli K I'J?:!, pp. 1-0.
[Spp. iin. Mitrosyopii vicariun, .\ntiiiro»lnii rmi-atiiH, OliRDliiniUM iKcn. nov.) cinctuj*, ruiiuiijs b'pl'nUis,
PaltuuHyojiH iliacuuuB. Uydacliyus hiiplii'alu». Ilelnrenrt's to Hi otbtr Rp'cU'M.J
Cope, B. D. On the extinct vertobrata of the eocene of Wyoiiiiii-. obspiviil by (lie cNpiililimi
of m-i, with notes on the geology. < Ann. Rep. U. H. Gcol. 8»rv. Terr, for I87'v', \kT.\, n<-
54r>-(i49, pll. i-vi.
[Mamiuala, pp. 54f>-Gll; (general revi^'W of tbo vortobrato fauna of llio rot-t-iipof \V\ online, pp. »i4a-ti4'.t )
Cope, B. D. [Heniarks on mauiniuliiui remains from tin.' minunue of Coloniilo.] < I'roc. Acml
Nat. .Sci. Phila. 187;t, pp. 41'J, f-'d.
Leidy, J. [Notice of fossil vertebrates from llie mioeenii of Virginia.] ^ ; I'roc. Acad. Nat. Koi.
Phila. IS*:!, p. ir..
Leidy, J. [Remarks on the occurrence of an. extinct hog in America.] < I'roc. Acail. Nul. «ci.
Phila. 1873, p. '207.
[Doubts till! occurrence of Su» in America as an citinct aoijnal.l
Leidy, J. Department of the Interior. | — | Reiiort | of the | United States geological suivey |
of I the Territories. | F. V. Uaydeu, | United Slates geologist-iu-tuivrge V<iluuio
i. I — I Fossil vertebrates. \ Part i. I — | Contributions | to the | extinct vertebrate fauna |
of I the Western Territories. | liy | Prof. Joseph Leidy Washington: (Jovcrnmeut
Printing Oflico. 1873. 4°. Tit., 358 pp., pll. i-xxxvii, with 37 11. expl.
[Contains "Extinct vertebrate fauua of the BrldBcr tertiary formation of Wyoming Territory ' (maninials. pp.
Sl-iai); '■ Description of remains of mammHl.s from tbe tertiary iormaliou of Sweetwater Kivcr, Wyoming' Ijip.
198-ii08); "Description of verti'brate loasils from the tertiary formation of Joliu Day's lliver, Oreijon" (pp.'JlO-
223)1 " Description ofremains of voitcbrata fi-om tertiary forinalious of ililTorcnt .Slates and Terrilories west of
the Mississippi lliver" (mamraala, pp, 237-2(01 1 "Synopsis of Ibo extinct vertebrata described or noticed in tlio
present work " (mammals, pp. 315-3i8).l
Marsb, O. C. Additional observations on the Dinocerata. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and Arte, .3d ser
V, 187-2, pp. 293-21)6.
Marsh, O. C. New observations on tho Dinocerata. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. vi,
pp. 300,301.
Marsh, O. C. Note on the dates of some of Professor Cope's recent papers [on vertebrate
fossil's from Wyoming]. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. v, 1873, pp. 23,5, a;i6
Marsh, O. C. Notice of new tertiary mauimala. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts, 3d »er. v, 1873,
pp. 407-410.
[Spp. nn. Orolilppns agills, Colonoceras (nov. gen.) agrestis, Dinoceras lucaris, Oreodon ocoldentalis, Rblno-
ceroa anncctens, R. oregonensls.]
Marsh, O. C. Notice of new tertiary mammals (oontinned). < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, '.id
ser. v, 1873, i)p. 485-488.
[Spp. nn. Tillotberiura (ni)v. gen.) hyracoides, Bront itborb-i (nov. gen.) glgaa, Eiotliorium crassum. 1
Marsh, O. C. On tho gigantic luamnii'ls i '' the American eocene. < Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.
Phila. xiii, 1873, pp. 255-25C.
Marsb, O. C. On the gigantic fossil mammals of the order Dinocerata. < Am. Journ. Sci. and
Arts, 3d ser. v, 1873, pp. 117-122, pll. i, ii.
Marsh, O. C. Supplementary note on the Dinocerata. < Am. Journ. Soi. and Arts, 3d ser. v,
1S73, pp. 310,311.
1874.-Cooper, J. Q. Animal life of the Cuyamaca Mountains [California]. <Am. Nat. viii, 1874,
pp. 14-18. [Two pages devoted to mammals.]
Cope,B. D. x<eport on fossil vertebre.tes of New Mexico. < Ann. Rep. Chief of Kngineers,
1874, ii, pp. r.91-— .
[Spp. nn. KotoganuB (g. n.) gli -iformiB, Calamodon Ig. n.) simplex,
Eslbonyx (g. n.) bisnloatUB, )i. burn.ei.twl, K. millculus, Monisc^theriam («. n.) ..a.ue'.se, uatnm.Klo, mm
Kmolesttis Eelephantopus, Pben^eodas omuivorns, I'. «ulr.'.;ns, (lxj.ena (K.n ) Inpma, 0. roor.„t.^n» O loi
pata Paohy»li. (g. n.) osalfraga. I'lototomn. C u.) vivorrinis, V. Insldio! -s. I> jarrovii, Lymnocyon prolcnm
J0DU8. 0. novomohlowus,
niue'iHO, BfttlnuiMion niiunn,
rcl
IirutcmiB.]
1080
MONOGKAPnS OP NORTH AMEKIOAN KODENTIA.
1874. — Cope, B. D. Report on tim vcrtcbruto piiliDontoIogy of Colorado, -c^ .\iiii. Kip. '. S. Orol,
fm\. 'l\:T. for IH/H, lrt74, pp. 4^7-5:!:), iill. i-viii (niuiiiiimls).
[MniiiiDiilH/ia^Wm. liiitl i)p. -JolMSO, 4>il-S10, .M@-.'i.l'.>. Li xnlopbnilon ^iilentiiH, SyiiiborDilon li.MHiceraa, Acura*
tlitriiim niitit, Aiichithi'Tiimi exulctuui, Hpp. uu.]
Cope, B. D. [MiiHtortoii proiluctns, .Sti'iieoliber pansiiB, spp. iiii.] < I'loc. Aoiul. Nnt. Sci. Pliila.
IHT-I, pp. •J'.>l->i-.>;).
Cope, E. D. SynopwH of till' virtclnntu of tliu iiiioeiiic of Cumbeilnml County, Nbw .Iitscv.
< I'roc. Am. I'liilos. Soc. IMiilu. .\iv, 1874, pp. :iUl-'.!li4. [Liht of njiunniulH, p. :)(i;t— (i speeii').!
Gervai8, P. Hfiiiarque uu Hnjct d'l RyHlf'uic dentairt; du I'ai. <^ Jnurn. ilo /ool. t.ii, I'm is, 1874,
pp. 4:il-);!0, pi. 18, fig!?, l-'i.
Leidy, J. Notice of remains of Titauotlieriuin. < Piou. Ac»<l.,Nat. Sci. I'liila. 1874, pp. Ui.'i, l(i6,
•J-.i;t.
Marsh, O. C. FonHil Iioisch iu America, < Anier. Nat. viii, 1874, pp. liH'J-id4, lij;^. 73-75.
Marsh, O. C. On the striicturc and allinities of the Urontotlierida). < Am. Journ. Sci. and
Arts, ltd sor. vii, 1874, pp. 8l-''(), pU. i, ii. [Sp. nov. Brontotherium iu{{eu8.]
Marsh, O. C. Notice of 'new equine nnunuial.s from tlio tertiary formation. < Am. .Tourn. Sci.
and Arts, lid ser. vii, 1874, pp. 1247-258, with woodcuts.
[Spp. un. ()ruliii>i)iiH major, Mioliipiitin (uov. gi'it.) aiinccteus, Anchitheriiim aDCppB, A. ci;ler, PMoliippus (iiuv.
gori) licriiix, P. I'obimtus, V. ovtis. Auchippim brovidetift.]
Marsh, O. C. Notice of new tertiary mammals, iii. <^ Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser. vii,
1874, pp. 531-534,
(Spn. nil. Miirotlierium (nov. gen.) gigas, M. lepliinjx, Styliiiodon (oov. ^:cn.) inirun, TillothiTinm latideDB,
Klotlmriuin battiriHlon.]
Marsh, O. C. On the structures and aflinities of tlio Hrontotheridu). <^ Am. Nat. viii, 1874,
))p. 7'.l-8.'), pU. i,ii.
[I'ldilinbtjil in'part in tbe Am. Jonrn. Sci. ami Arts, 3il atir. vii, .tan, 1^74 ]
Marsh, O. C. Small si^io of the brain in tertiary mamiuals. <^ Am. .Journ. Sci. and Arts, 3d
ser. viii, 1874, pi).fifi,U7. •
Put:nam, F. W. f-'^'^'^'"'''' "f " blaekflsli taken in Salem Harbor, JIass.] <^ Bull. Kgsex lust.
vi, l'-74, pp. 22-24.
Anon. [Notice of fossil walrus skull from .\ccomac Harbor, Virginia.] <:^Proc. Am. I'liilos. SoCi
Pliila. xiv, 1.874, pp. 17, 18.
1875.— Cope, B. D. The feet of Bathniodou. < Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. I'hila. 1875, p. 7.3.
Cope, E. D. The phylogeny of the camels. <^ Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. P' la. 187.5, pp. 2('il,2()2.
Cope, E. D. [On fossil lemurs and dogs from the coceue deposits of the Kocky Mountains.]
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1875, pp. 255, 25G. [Sarcolcniur, g, n. ; Cuiiis ursiuus, sp. n. ]
Cope, B. D. On some new fossil Ungulata. Abstract of remarks made before n meeting of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. =PaliBout. Bull. no. I'J, June 28, 1870, pp.
1-4 ; < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1875, pp. 2.38-2(51.
(Spp. 111). Pliaucheiilu (gen. nov.) buiupbreyaiaiia, I*, vulcunurum, llippotbcrium calamariDlD, Apbelopa Jamo*
zaiiiiH ]
Cope, B. D. On the nutelope-deer of the Santa F<S marls. <C 1 loc. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1875,
p. 2,57.
Cope, B. D. On the homologies of the sectorial tooth of carnivora. <Proc. Acad. Not. Sci.
I'liila. 1875, pp. 20-23.
Cope, E. D. Oil tlie supposed carnivora of the eocene of the Koeky Mountains. <^ Proc, Acad.
Nut. Sci. Phila. 187,5, pp. 444-448; ^^Palajout. Bull. no. 20, pp. 1-4, Dec. 22, 1875.
Cope, E. D. Systematic ciitaloguc of the vcrlcbrata of the eocene of New Jlexicu collected iu
1874. < Giol. and Geogr. Kxpl. W. 100 Merid. April 17, 1875, pp. 1-37.
[.'^pp. nn., Anibloctonus (^. u.) sinoRns, I'liiloloniim HPCiindnrins, J'. ninlti'*iiHpl9, 1' slreniuiR, Diilymtctis (g. n ),
Dhiriiilon (g. ii.) nltiriinpus, It, c'lnlim, relyi-riiiiH (g. n,) fruglvitriis, P, aii,:ulatiiH, Paiiluk'Htfs cbaciuf is, Opiwlbu*
toinuH (g, 11.) aatiiliiR. O. flagrana, Apbrliacns (g. n,). Antlaomlon nif ntalis, A. eraHans, Ilyracliyus alngularia,
OrobippnH tapirinus, O. aiigUHtiilena, O, cuspiilatUR, Ilatbnioilon latblena. It. cuaplilalns. AIro. ntiw nnlcr Amlily-
poila propoaeil.J
Cope, E. D. The Wheeler geological survey o'" New Mexico for 1874. < Am. Nat. x, 1875, pp.
4i)-.52. [Relateji chiefly t" extinct mammalia.]
BIBLIOGU. Al'l'ENDlX— Q. ADDENDA.
1081
^°'5— Cones, B. Till' craiii.il imil deiitiil chiiriiilciN (.f Miiiliitiiiir', with ilcsrripti.m of Mf|iliitiN Iroii-
Uitii, u, sp. ftisM. <lliill. U. S. (!™l. mill (Ji'd^. Siiiv. •I'cir. V!il mt. im>. i, Ih;:., |1|.. 7 I:., Iljr.
Dana, J. D. liniiiili'trs in SmilluTii Xrw KiikIumiI. < Am. .luiirii. Sii. iuid ArlH, liil mt. x, Ih;:,,
pp. :tr>:!-;(ri7.
Klippart, J. H. HiscDvery oCnicotylcs (rialvKimii.s) ipiisiiiM r.r ('(into. < I'nu'. Aiii.Ahmic.
Adv. ,Sci. xNiii (ini'ftint; for l>*'\), iMT.'i, pt. ii, pp. l-(i.
Marsh, O. C. New order [Tillodonlial of roceiio inainmal.'<. <_ Am. Joiini. Sii. and Ails, :!d
H(.'r. ix, 1H75, p. •Jul,
Marsh, O. C. Notice of niuv tiTliiuy mannnal.s. IV. < Am. Jonrn. Sri. and Art.s, lldmT. 1«7»,
' , ix, pjl. '.JlW-'J.^d.
[Slip, nn. I-omiiiuvim (i ov. urn ) iliilioi.'.. Laopitlicna (iiov. gm.) iol>U8lil!i, ■rillolluTinm f.Kfi.iis, Dii-irnllm-
liuiu (nov. (ii'ii.) aniiatnra, n. niinum. U. advcniim, AnUadiilim (nciv. Ben.) moiilaiiim, l)l|ilar,uliin (iinv. uni.)
clatiiH, Omliippun uintPHFiM, Tliinoliyiis (nov. k™.) li'iitus, T. sorialis. AsrliicliaMMB pniiilliis: al«o imv. pmii.
kicmliipptm dvpi' M. liairili i- Antliithprium luilnli Lrhlv), Epiiri'i>ilnu (lypn K. luciili'nlalis = OriHiilciti «-i'i.
ilcntalm .Marsh).]
Marsh, O. C. Hcindiiors in .Soutlieru New England. < Am. .lonrn. .Sci. and Aits, :iil ,s( r. 1H7.">,
X, pp. :i.'i.l,;i'ir).
(Ill an nrlifin liy I'rof. J. I). Dana, fulillcil "On Smith. , n Xcw Uni-lanil liuiini; tlic nirlliii;; of tin, Rn-at Rla-
. ni«r, Nil. Ill ; reimU'iTS in Suutln^rn Ni>w Kntjlalul".)
1876. — Cope, B. D. Fourth contribution to the hiHtory of tlie cxiBtinj; Cetncea. <^ I'ldc. Ai'ad. Nut.
Sci. Phihi. Ih/fi, pp..I29-i;i'), pll. iii, iv.
Cope, n.D. On the gcolosic ageof the vcrtclirato faiinioof tliceoccm-of New Mexico. .^ rroe.
Acad. Nat. .Sei. Phihi. 187(), pp. 0;!-G."i. = I'aheont. linll. no. 1!1, pp. l-:i, April -.'(i, lM7ii.^
[llyracothiTium and Coryphoilon arn idt'ntiflod]
Cope, B. D. On TiBiiiodonta, a new gronp of eocene niainiualia. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Si i. I'liila.
iH7(i, p. ;in.
Cope, B. D. On some tmpposcd lemuriue forms of the eocene period. < I'loe. Acad. Nat. .Sci.
I'll i la. Irt7(i, pp. 88,89.
Cope, B. D. On a now geun.'i [ProtolabisJ of Caiiielidio. <Proc. Acad. Nat. .Sei. Phihi. 187(i,
pp. 141-147 [Sp. u. Procanielus flssidens.]
Cope, B. D. Note on the genns Calaniodon. <; Am. Jourm Sci. ;ld ser. ix, p. '228.
Leidy, J. [Kemarks on foesiJH from the phonphate beds of Ashley River, S. C] < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sei. Phila. 1876, pp. 80, 81, 8(), 87, 114, U'l.
[.Vnionpotber ttiin^ra. thoocciirroncw of acorapU'totnsk of a walrus i.i noted (p. 80) and new spccien of xiphoid
cetjiccaiia are di'soribfd— rrotoxiphina macrops (p. 87), P. ctionupn (p. Ill), gen. et upp. nn.]
Marsh, O. C. Notice of new tertiary mauimal.'j. V. < Am. Journ. .Sci. and Arts, xii, 1870, pp.
401-404.
[Spp. nn. }^ohippntl (gOD. nov.) validiis, K. ptTiiis, Paraliyuh f(;i'n. llov.) vngua, Dromocyon (grn. nov.) vorax,
Dryptodon (gen. nov.) crassua.]
Marsh, O. C. On some characters of the genus Coryidiodon, Owen. <^ Am. .Jonrn. Sci. and
'Arts, :id mr. xi, 1870, pp. 42^>-^•^f'., 'i figg.
Marsh, O. C. Principal characters of the Brontotheriila>. < Am. Jonrn. Sei. and Arts, :!d Her.
xi, l87(i, ])p. ;i:).5-;i' a, pil. x-xiii.
Marsh, O. C. Pri-.eipal characters of the Dinocorata. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts, ;id ser. xi,
187(1, |ip. 103-1U8, pll. ii-vi.
Marsh, O. C. Principal characters of the Tillodoiitia. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and Arti, lid ser. xi,
187(i, jip. ■Mi)-i:,-i, pll. viii, ix.
Marsh, O. C. Recent discoveries of extinct arinials liy Prof Marsh. -C^Am. Journ. Sci. and
Arts, xii, 187(), pp. 59-61.
[Abstract of a lecture liefor.i tlio graduating elaaA of Yale College, given June;!, 1W70. Contains a hvU't' renumi
of the nioro important r^aulli of his patinontorogiuul explorations id the Rocky Mountain region.]
^1,
ill.
INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME.
INoTB.— Sllbjienoriu am\ snbBlwcifir imnn'rt nro trciitcd lis n-Hitrilivcly dPTieric
bi.toncp, according to pi'iicrio dcftiRnnttou; vfrnut^iiliii- tiami-B aw iihiinlly r^'iu-nl
adjpctlvo.l
mill Bpoulilc. Tprhiiifal luimeR nri» nivro
il iiudt^r lit-HdM of IkiIIi RobnUnllvi^ itod
Abort's Siiuirrel 7:if)
Abroiiiys 49(!, 514
Iorai509,M4
Acaiitbiun 388
Alucla};a 4f)C
Amblyihiza iliS
American
Field Mouse TiO
Flying Squirrel Cw^t
Gronud S<iuirrcl 783
Marmot 9ia
Porcupiues H8C
Striped Marmot tff'i
Wandering Mouse TO
Anidriqne, Marmotte de 912
Anisoiijx nriS, 889
bracblura 1102
rufa .".")"
Annulated-taiied Spermopbile 880
Aplodontin 549, 555
leporiua 557,889
Apludontia 555
leporina 557
Aiiluodontia 555
leporina 557
Arctic Arvicolic 189
Arctomys 041,889,909
alpiua 839
beecbeyi 827
bracliinrus 902
caligatus924
columbianuB 889, 902
douglassi 827
einpetra 839, 912
erytliroglula!UH 839
tlaviventer 921
. frnnldiryi 881
grisens 892
guttatus 848
boodi 871
kcnnicoiti 839
lateralis 814
latrauH 892
lewisi 902
Arctoniys
Indovicianus 892
niarmotae«nadcTiBi»912
nielanopns 912
iniHsouriensiH 892
nionax 911, 924
o<-lianaganuH 928
oUimaganns 924
parryi H39
pboiognat Iia 839
pruinosus 924
riebardsoni 848
rufa 557
trideceniliiieatUB 871
vetiis933,94J
Arizona Mole Mouse 109
Arteuiiaia Ilare 328
Arvicola7, 31, 43, 111, 131, 149, 153,
207,209,218,237,243
alborufeecens 157
anipbiblus 149, 153
apclla 219
arvalis 149
austerns 149, 210
borealis 157, 19(i, 197
brcweri 157
califoruica 157
cinnamonu'a211
curtatus 215
dekayi 142
didelta 947
druuHBondii 192
edax 157
cmniousii 51
ferrugiuea 30
lloridaua 14
fulva 142
ga])pi'ii 130,142
goBsii 235
grcenlandicus 240
baydeni2U
liiatiden8 947
belvolus 241
blrsutna 157
Arvii'ola
bispidns 30
bortennis 30
bucUonia 240
inviduta 947
tongipiliB 150
loiigiroHtriN 1.57
niodeala 157
niontana 157
nasiita 157
nuttalli 91
oecidentalis 157
oneiila 157
oregoni 149,207
oryzivora 113
paliistris 150
pauperriuta 215
penusylvanica 149, 153, 150,
219
piuetoruui219
quasiater 220
ricbard»oni 204
ripariu»149, 150, 185,204
rnbricatuB 192
rufeseens 157
rufidorsuui 157
scalopsoideB 219
siginoduB 947
spi'Othen9l7
telradelta947
texiana 30 ' .
towHBcndi 185
trimucrouatus 241
trowbridgei 157
xantliognatliuB 150, 197, 205,
20(1
Arvicolina) 1,2,3,4, 131
Ascoujys 009, Oil
borealis 024
bulbivorus 020
burBariusfll2
canadensis 012
ilougliutii 020
ilrumuioudii 013
1083
'■ri'if:
I/'
1084
MONOGKAI'lia Ol' NOltTU AMERICAN KODENTIA.
p.i v:|i
A«ciiinyM
iiX'xic'aniis (!17
Mlft'M'rlls (I'Ji
lal|Milcli'h(i'.':(
towIINIMKlii i'i'H
iiiiiliriiiiiN ()28
A.sli-coIoriMl Hat '^l
AHNflplill <!.').'>
A»»a|iaiiiik tMri
Amlubdii'M Ilaru ;W8,:);i2
Awiii^riiak '.'III
AzId.MiHisi^ IIH)
llaiid's liar.' -.110
llarkiii); Si|iiiri'i;l
Mi»N(Uiri X'M
V.'iwtcrii IMJ-J
licar rorcii|iiii« ;WU
Heaver 4IKt, 4'.14
fosxil 4°^3
Hceelicj's Sperniopliilfc 829
ni'iriftii Murineltliier 024
Kitvre 4;M
HlucU-cved Mouse 102
lilnck .Sciuirrel 707
ltotta,r.(Miriuil du 770
Hrazilian
Squirrt'i 750, 7u7
Hare IMS
lli'dwn Squirrel, Siiinll (!7;l
Knrniwiii); Siinirrel 1)02
ISiisli.v-failed lint 24
Caeliin i3i\6 7r>7 . .
C'alil'i>rui»ii
Gray Squirrel 7IU
Groiind S(iiiirrel 827, 92'J
Haru :i57
Linetl-tailed Spcniiupliile 8'^/
Ci>lif()riiie,fit;ureiiil de 111 750,8:52
Caloniys 411, 4."!
nnreolns 01
Caniaa Uat Oi:i
Cauipa^nol 150
Canada
Hamster dii 012
Porcupine 38ti
I'oiuhed liut 012
liat 408, 612
Canailiati
Gerliil 40»
Hamster 01?.
Jerboa 408
Caiiailis(!liu Hiipfiuaup 408
Capislrale ^ris 717
Capybara 419
Canilim, ficiMfuil j;ri« de la 7111
CaHtoi L>.'''l,4:i2
.iiiK'rienniis 4:U, 1 15
canadensis 4:i;i,44 1,447,448,449
issiodon-nsis 440
C'uatur
eiiropusiiH 4:!4
fiber 4;i:i
tiirliis 419
/.ibethieiiii254
Castor
Heaver 4114
d'Hiirope 4;!4
du Canada 434
Castorida- 4-.'7,U44
Citstoriiiie 549
Castoruides 419
ol'.ioeiiHis 4211, 94-*
Castoroididie 415
Ceutral Amerieun llaro :I49
Uereolabea 1185
Cha-tomys 388
CbalieomyB nebrnsccuBiH 451
Cbestinit-laccd Goplier 010
Cbestuut-clieuked Meadow Mouse
197
Chickaree 072
Kasteni 072, 074
Frdmoiil'H 073,079
Kicbardson's 073, 077
Western 073,078
Chief Haie 407
Cbicn, Petit 892
Cbiloln8l49, 152, 153,207
Oregon i 207
Chiucbilla 421
Chipinuuk 783,793
Coininon 782 ■.' . _ :
Gila 794,790
Harris's 810
Nortbern793,794
Pale 793, 795
Kocky Mountain 793, 795
Say's 814
T<>wnscud's794,790
Cliipping Squirrel 783
CililliiH 819
niexieanns 803
Collie's Squirrel 738
Colobotis 819,821,825 ^
empetru 825
ei ytbroKlnta^us 825
kodiacensis 825
riebardsoni 825
townsendi 825
Colonymys 938 *
celer938,944
Common Chipmunk 782
Cotton
Kat 30
Mouse 70
Cricetodipus 49(j,.'>15
lluvus 510,518
parvus 519
Crieetns Oil
liursarius 012
inyoides 51
talpoidcs023
Cuniculiis243, 2"'2
gio;<iilundieus 240
liudsonius 240
ton|iiatuH 24l»
Cynoinys 041, 8^9
C(ilniubianus908,909
grisea 892
(;iiiinisoni 902
ludovicianiiH 892, 898
soeialis 892
Doer Mouse 50, 408
Deilemys 31
toltecus 31,30
Desc^rt
Hare 332
Mouse 88
U'lilostoma 009,011,021
alba 012 r . .
biilbivoriiiii 080
fiisca 012
Diplostninc
blanche 012
brun 012 ;
Oipodidm 402,404
DipodiniD 455, 404
Dipodouiyiua 494
DipodomyiniD 494, 495,521
Dipodomys 521, 537, 538
agilis 540
heerinanni 54U
montanus 541
ordi 541
{ihilippi 540
phillipii 540
pbillippii 540
pbillipsi 540
pbillipsii 540
pbillipsi ordi 641
wajjneri 640
Dipn!) 405
americaniis 4(>8
canadensis 407
liudsonius 407
labradoricns 408
labradniiuB 468
Iconurus 468
megalops 408
sorieiiiUH 468
Douglass's Spermopbile 829
Dusky-footed Wood Kat 19
Eastern
Chickaree 672, 074
.Striped Spermopbile 871
l-iebinoproeta 380
infcscens 3s9
. '( ■
aaeeamn^Hil
INDEX TO TUE WHOLE VOLUMK.
1085
"•I'h
l5omi nil
ii vciitrii i1(>i'(5 (.'0
iVAdi.liihc 7i;!
ill) Ili>ttu*7U
iVIIiidsdii U73
<lo Ilk Culil'DrniH 700, KW
do 111 i/cl(;ral ion 87-2
till r.vlmlci 744
grin ilo la C'arulino 701
biiixxo 71^'.!
Eiclilioin, i{<'st'll'go77S
Kligm<)ii<)iititt43
EwU'icliliiiiii 783
Eruthluiii M)
.■limiimiH3!W,94fl
dor8utii»:)f8,;«),a94,30f)
ei)ixautini8;i8!t,;i9i,;i'Jr),;im
I'lireHcoiiH 389
Eucastor 440
tortiiB 449, 451,944
Eulajr"B S!82
Euiiij s 94fi
clcRUUf 946
loxddon 946
Eiiueunijs 118
cliinoliilliiidcH 119
Enroiioan RaViliit 3li7
Evotonij's l;tl
gnppi'ri 142
(Tlaruoln 139
rutilii!) 136
Extinct .... Sco llio Hpecits
I"<-d6ratiou, ficirpiiil do la 672
l'"<uleration Squirrel t-72
Fibor 251
oBoyooRcuaiH 255
zibetUiciis 2.54
Field Mouse, Aiiiericaft 50
Fire-biillied Squirrel 740
Flying Squirrel 055
American r.,')5
Greater 055
Northern 055,0.50
S'jvorn River 055
Soutborn 055, 050
Fort Yuma Bpenuopbile 803
Fossil .... Seo the species.
Fox S(iuirrel 717
Nortbcrn 718
Southern 717, 719
Western 718,720
Frnnldin's Spermophilo 881
Fr(5nioiit'8 Cbicliiiree G<3, (i79
Gab1)'» llaro 349
Gauffrr 013
Gaufro 013
Goomyidin 491,492,601,007,947
Gcomyinio 009
OaomysG09,UU
Geoniys
bisulealiHOlT
lioreiilis li','4
brevieeps 012
Iinll>ivoru»020
biiisariusOI2
euniidensis 012
eiislanops 010
cineri'Us 012
clarliii rilO
don|;liiisii 020
drunimondii 013
t'iili;>iiiosMs 02fi
fiilviisl)28
helerodusril9
liirsutns 019
bispiilns 019
inexieanus 017
oregoneusis 012
pi net i 015
pinetis 015 ''
rufesceUH 024
talpoidcs023
towusendii 024
tHza015
unibriniisOiS
Huisulcalu8 024
Geomyn des pins 015
Georgia
Hamster of 015
Uudeseribert litllii (iuiidiii|ied
of 015
Gcoryebus237,243
groiulandicus 240
helvoliiH241
budsouins 240
triiuucronatns 241
Gerbil
Canadian 408
Labrador 468
Gerbillo
aux yeux noirs 408
do la l).'iie d'llndsnn 408
dn Canada 4(i^
queue do lion 408
sorieino 468
(iorbilliuiB 403
(}cTbilln«4fl5
brucbyurns 408
canadensis 407
daviesii 408
budsoniuH 407
labrudorins 4(>8
leouurus 408
maerourus 4iJ8
megalops 403
soriciiius 4(i8
sylvaticus 408
Geselligo Eichboru 778
Gila Cliipniunk 794,*i>i>
(iliroH diiplicidontali 1M*>
(ilis Oil'.!
iniiailensls RV,I,»I2
niouax 911
niai'Miiitla ami ricanus 912
Gnller 01.1
(iiilden li.^llieil Sqnirivl 7.53
(iiilibn .MniiHO 91
(inptier 015
CluNtnut-faeed 010
I'eiinOKi
KIripc'd 872
Grand (iuetlinguel 7,'>7
(irialiT I'lyin;; Squin-el 0,V>
Gray-liiMiled .Sperniopbilo 881
Grayson's llaie 347
Gray .Squirrel 701)
California 731
liCsser 7(U
Nortbeni 71)0,701
■Small 073
Southern 701,701
Yucatan 705
Groninl-bo{; 912
Ground Siiuiirel 783.839
Anieriean 7-"^3
Leopard 872
Californian W27,820
Orenon 827
Prairio 872
Striped and Spotted 872
Giierlinguot 757
grand 757
petit 7.57
Gymuoptyebus 945
chrysodjii 945
iuinutusi;45
misntus 94j '; ,
trilopbus945
llahrothrix 43, 45
Hamster, Canadian 013
' do Virgini(^ 015
du Canada 012
of Georgia 015
Haplodon 555
ealifornieiiH 557
leporiniis 5.57
ruins 5.57, 508, .599
IllvplndolUidie .543,549
Haploodon 555
Ilaploodontidie 549 i
Hapludon 555
Ilnro
Audubon's 328, 332
Californian 3,57
Central Ameiieau 349
Desert tl32
OabVs319
1086
MONOC.RAPna OP NORTH AMERICAN RODENTIA.
lIlllV
(irM.vsof'M :il7
l.illlc Cllli'l 11)7
MiiihIi :m>
Niiilhirii .liK'kiiHH :IG0
(iiiiiiii) ;u:i)
Pniiripa»7
Siiiilliirii ■IiickHM 350
Viir.viiin:t04
Willi r ;t(;4
w 1 a«
Iliii'i -liiili'd
MiiiiHii ma ' ' '
liiii 'Jill
IIiirrii.'!( (Jliipiiiiink HIO
Ilai'vi'Hl MdiiKC l'j:<
IlfliMi'iiiiiyH IKUi
vi'lim'.i;)r),944
Ili'lliioliilliyH 14'.l
Ilriiiiiiiilr/., 'J'litaii nf <il7
lIiHi>i'roiii}M:il,4:i,4'>, lll,l-JO
ainrrii'aiiim Til
llllI'L-ulllH DL
nimti'iiiH r>l, 73,74
nztccim 100
bojlii 01,74
califuriiiciiHOS
cainpt'Hli'iH 51
caiuliiieiiHis 184
C'OKUalUKOl
cii'IiiicuH H8
gainboli 51,70,71,75
goKHvpiuus 70
gmciliH 51,74
liiiniilix 1^3
inilinniiH 51 - •
locontii 124 *
leiicogastiT 108
lencoiins 50
loxbdon 941! '
niaiiiiMilaliiH 51 • •■ '
ini'laiioplirys 102
iiH-xicaiiurt lO'i ' *"* "^
niicliigaiifiistM 04 ' ' '
iiiyiiiilL'8 51,00,74 ' ' -
iiuliriLsoriiHis 79
iinltalli 91
Ijaltistris 113
imiasitiens 9S
j.K))iont)tiis 51
sniiiirieiiKis 79
texainis 51,09
tolti-cus 30
Iloterninyiim 494
llt-U'i'oiiiy iiiat 491,495
lleteioiiiys 490, 494, 495, 497
ailHpermiH 494
ll«ti'ii>inyn
iill»>liinl>aliiH497
(IrHiiiari'nliaiiiiH 497
iiToraliiM 497
iiii'laiioli'iiriis 497,515
Honry Maiiiml 9-.'4
l[ulm:lii'iluN43,45, (Sriuiiiilif 8ig-
niutluu, iu iiiilex, fur ilupiir-
taut iTraliiiii.)
HuoiVh Maniiot i;!73
lIiiiUiiirH llity Ijeiumilig S4C
Hnilmiir» Hal -JIO
!lU|tl'iiiuu8
Caimdiaclio 468
Kluiiikiipll);!! 468
LalpruiliiiiMlin 408
HyilioiluiTun 4'JO r
llytlmlagim'JSi
uiiiialiciiit304 ■ ^
puliisiliiH 300
Hyilrnmyii 40a
Ilypiii1u;ii,s 43, 105, 131, 149,237
gapperi 142
gOHsypiiiuB 70
luiici Kiister 105, 107, 108
ripariua 1.50
Hystiitiilu) 379,948
IlyHti'iooiiiiirplia 948
llystrix 385,380
eristata 397
ilorsatii 388
linilBDiiiH 389 ■ ■
liniliinniiiH :J89
piloHUs 3p9
vcmwtiiH 397,948
Inciilna 405
lotiilomys 821,826
i'rankliiii 826
iiiexicauuH 826 '
polliiliiH 826
fpicticaurtu8 826
triili'cemliuoatiiH fc26
Isoili^lln BpiHitliuii 947
Xhcltyroinido! 944
iBchyioiiiyH 944
typim 944
iHvliyroiiiyidu) incorto) sodiu 945
JackaHS llaro 350
Jaciilido) 455
Jauuliiia 455
Jaculinu'455, 404
dacnliiB 405 ■
atmricuniiB 468
Iiudnoiiins 407
laliradoiiiLS 468
.Tacvlvs 405
Jiirboa
Canadian 408
Labrador 408
JiimpiiiK MntiHi^ oTCaiindn 46H
Jiintpin^ or Labrador Moiiho 408
KiMiiiii'olt'M KpiTiiioiibilr Hki
Kli'iiiko|iligi' llllpriiiiiiis 408
KoH»i'hviB»hir783
Labrador
(iirbil 408
Ji'rboa 408
Jinnpiii),' MoiiBO 468
]{i>t4U8
LnbradorlBclio nttpfniaUH 468
Lagidiiiiii 422
Lagoiiiyidii' 399
LagoiiiyH 407
niiiiiiiiiiB 407
Iiriiicppa 407, 112,413
LngoBtoiiitiH 420
Largo Nortli(TnMi'ndowMoiiatiS04
Lc'iinniiig, lIiidBon'B Hay 240
Lomimis 7, 149.237,251,243
tloriikinuH 15
hiiilBoniiiH 240
ungiiluliiB 246
zibetbk'iiH 204
Leopard
Ground Squirrel 872
Marmot 872
Leopard Sperumpbilo 872
LeopardenziiiHel h72
Leporida) 205, 207, 373, 949
Lvpim 282
nlbus 288
aiiiorieunns 283, 304, 323, 327
a<niaticu»285, 304
arcticii8 283,288
arizouu! 284, 332
arti'iniBJa 328
artemettacHB 328
niKlnbuni 284,328
baeliiuani 328
bairdi 2h3, 304
benuctli 357 • ,
borcali8 288,304 '
braBilii'n8i8'284,348 ;
calilorniouM 284, 357
rallotis2S4,350,;tril
(■ainpe8tri8 2o3, 297, 304 •
canesceiis 288
cnnicHln8 30l,307
doiiRlaBsi 300, 364
fliivinnbiris 350
gabbi 349 ■.
gkeiKlis288
graysoni 284, 347 ' ' ' '•■/
lnbi'rnieii8 288
bndhonius 304
loiigii'andutnH 369
inagollanicns 369 *■'"'
muxieanuB ;I50 "• '
INDEX TO THK WnOLE VOLUMK.
1087
iiuniiH;ini,:K;7
uiKricaiiiliiliiH XM
uiiltiilli UHi, ;WH, ;l:i()
paluHlriH 'jK'i, HUd
I'icliiiritHniii Xu
ii.vlvalinin'.'''l,;W7,;i4(l
top(ili:)4H
tcxcimlNt284
tcxiiiniis ;ir)0, 351
tiinidMs '^Kl, 28H
townKdiili at?
trowbiiilKci ii84, 344
variiibiliH'JHy.'.W.im
virKiiiiamiHyH3, '21)7, ;i(il,;!ll7
waHliiii){to"i '.'m;), ;tOI
LcBBci' (iray SqiiiiTiil 7(>1
Lewi»'» ilariiiiit iXli!
Lined-taili'cl Spnrniopliilu tjjli
LoiiiHiaiia Murniot 892
LunaKiiy 24C
LitM»
Clii.-f Hare 407
Haivoiit Mc)U8« 123
Norduiii Meadow Mouiio 100,
197
Macr<)C()liiHr)21
halliciiH 540
Macnixim (!()0
ailol|)li(i 741
(catuaim 750
aureoRaater 750
boothim 742
briiuijtM>iiigi-r766
californieiis 827
colliu;! 738
colliioi " var. 1 " 740
(limidiatim 773
dorBulis 746
iiavivi'iiler 757
fraMori 703
funiij^aliiH 708
({erraidi 700
griBeoflttviiH 753
griei'ogcna 757
gucrlinguH 757
Ignitus 700
irroratus 757
knhlii 767
Icueogaster 757
Icncojis 753
ludoviciaiins718
mauriiH 746
melania 701,740
middellinouais 703
nioiio 750
nit;o.van;i74;i
nigrcacoiiH 746
l)nsillu8 750
Macrdxiia
|i,vbicli'i 741
tiiMiiiiniH 7li3
YiilpiiiiiH 717
NUtitlinhiM 700
MyoxiiH NtriatiiH7H2
Mariiiut
lloury 1»24
UdoU'h 872
I.tMipard 873
Li'wI.h'bUO^
LiiiiiNiaiiii 892
Miiiylaiid 912
I'rairic 8!hi
Qiinbic 912
UiK-ky Mountain 921
Stripwl Ainoritim 878
Miinniittu
il'Ani(<ri(|nn 91li
<ln MivHonri H92
Mni'inuttd of Ainrricit 912
MarHJi Hare 30U
Maryland Marmot 012
MiuiKacn» 255
Muadow Mouse 210
Cliestnnt-chiseked 197
Largo NortUern 294
IJttlo Northern 190, 197.
Oregon, 207
Pennsylvania 1,50
Townsend's 185
Wilson'H 149, 106
Mdriouu dii Canada 408
Mdrioues 405
MerioneH 405
acadieus 468
anicricauuB 408
canadeubis 466
huduouicuB 407
labradoriuB 468
labradoruH 408
inicroccpliuluH 408
ncmoralia 468
Mexican
Hare 350
Speriuoi)bilo 868
Mexicanisclie TaHchenniauH 017
Micbigan Mouse 94
Microtus 149
MiHotberuius 242
torquatus 240
Missouri
Barking .Squirrel 892
Molo-Hiouse 108
I'rairio Dog 892
Marniotte du 892
Mole-niouso
Arizoua 109
Missouri 108
Monax 912
Krl«91J
MllUHO
Aiiu'rican I'leld 50
Atnerirun Wandering r>0
A^.lee 100
illai'keyeil 1112
Cotton 70
liolilen91
lliuo. tailed 216
Ml lie llarvenl 123
I'uraxiliu 98
li.'d 91
I'miriu Meiub)W 210
Itedbaeked 142
Kice-lield 113
Wi'Htorn Prairie 70
Wlnte-loof,ud 50
Mures 6
cunleularil 149
HoporoNi 909
Miiridiu 1,404,940
Murino) 1,2,3,4,0
Mnrine.1lba>r, llerell'ti 924
Mu»7, 43, 105, 111, 121), 119, 237,
243, 251,4ti5, 609, 909
agrariuH 51
ainericanuH 51
ainpliibiuN 149
arvalis 149
aureolns 91
bairdii 94
bumuriUH 012
californicus 98
eanadensis 467
caroliuensis 124
ciuercus 24
deeuniauus935 , ,
einpetra912,839
tloridauus 14 . .
gra!iilaudieua246 .
bndsoniuH 240
bumilis 123
labradoriuH 408
lecontii 123
lemmuH 149
lenensis 246
Icueopus 51,79
lougipee 407
ludovicianus 012
inicbiganeusisi'4
missouriensis 108
monax 911,912
noveboraceubis 51
palustria 113 .
rutilus 130
saecatuM 613
sylvaticus var. 51 j..,
torquatus 246
,.^„..
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
.v*;^
€<t^^
4i-
1.0
1.25
ISO ^^*
125
1.1 l.-^l^
1.4 ill 1.6
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71
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/A
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
A
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO
(716) 872-4503
^
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8 Wl
liliPi^
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1088
MONOGRAPHS OF NOUTU AMHBICAN ItODEMlA.
Una
tuta (110
7il>i'llii('ii»ur>4
MtiHciilim 4'i, i'->
]rlU'tl|ill!4 ill
Miihk Ui'iivcrviOS
Mn^Kiiit tr>r)
M.Viivin<'i<14U,ir>3
l>iut('UHiHl4'.), ir>:), l.'iti
SljiHiLHtor !i.">l
zitn tliU'iiH'.'M
M.Vdilis Ml, MO, '£17, 24a
nll><>)'iiluiiii 'Ml
(■4IO|ll>li 'J^lJ
KMriiliiii<lii'ii8 84fl
llC'lvollIB 'J41
IiuilMiiiiim'i4G
ttbfiisiH '^41
toiqiiiitiiH *J40
triiiiiuT<iiiutUH!i4t
M,v<iiiii>r|>hii i)4(!
M>>im>iiicH l.VJ, 153
riiiaiiiiH l.'l!.
tiiniiKimli 1K>
xniitliiignatliua 197
MyHu|i8 IKK!
fratiTiiiiB'.l:l7,944
iniiiiitiiHU;t7,U44
Myoxiis*
<lriiiniiioi)(lii 'H
Ni'i>t<iiiia 7, 45
NL'iituiiin 45. (See antler Sijriiio-
(Idii, III index, for impurtniil
I'imtiiiii.)
oiiii'ii'it 14, 'J4
(IniiniiMMKlii 'J4
I'lMrii^incu 14,2^, 'ill
llDriduiiii 14, 15, It-, 19
fllMilMN 14, 19,'.>i
niiiKiittcr 'Z>, 94(i
iiioxii'iiiiu 15
iiiirroiiUH 15
occi<U'iitii)iH 'iA
KfOtoiiD), tiiHHil '29
North Aiiii'ikaii rika4U7
NurtliiTii
('lii|iiiinnk 79:1
riyiiiK .Siiuiirol )!,'>;), I'mTi
Imix S(|iiii'ri'l 71rt
Oriiy Siiuirn-l 700, 701
Mi'iiilow-iiKjiiiM' 19ti, 197,',i04
ViiiyiiiK Hiirii :t0t
Oclii'tiidiiii 45, l-iO
liuiiiilirt Vi'A
l<>ll;;ii:all(lil ISli
iiu'xiraiiiiN 1^
iiuiiituiiiia I'M
Ogotoum 497 ,
OmliilraiM.'.'.V.
aiiit>ri('uiiu 'J55
/iln'MiiciiH 'J.''5
Oiiyelic.myn 4:1,45,105
li'iii'iifiiinti^r lOH
tiiriiiliiH UK)
( iredon
Urmiiiil 8<iiilrrcl H!i7
Mi'Uilow-iiiiiiiiH- '207
Oriziilm .S(|iiirrul 70:1
OryctnlaKiix 'J'*2
OryctimiyH (i'21
biitlii'(i'2(i
OryemnyM 4:1, 45
|ialiiKtiis 113
Ol(ieoliiliiiiiH19
OtOglKMiH 515
flava 5II>
loiiKiinciiilniH 519
Oli>.''pi'riiiiiiiliiliiii H19, H-Jl
Ihi'cliryi 825
iIoii);laMii f'£i
f;i'uiiiniiiruH'''25
OiyiiiictepiH 4:), 45
Q'lttcliit I'll'.)
(juii(lrii|H'(l o. Cii-orKia, iiiiilr'
Beiilivd litilv Iil5
Qni'lico Marmot H:t9, 912
Qnimii'lipatluii i'A't
I'aUmii'Uhtor 451
iirl)raHC'i>iiHiH 451
PaliLMiln^iid 37:t
oyain'ti'llim :t75, 949
liayiii'iii :i;:i, 949
Iriiilrx:t75,949
tiii'uiduH :i7:<, 949
Pain
('liipiuiiiik 79:1,795
HIripcil Sporniopliili! K72
Paiiulax :I70
Haiii'la'-lldi'i 370,949
ParaiiivH 9:i:i
ili'ii('utior9:(4,9l:l
iluliiatitHimiiH 9:I5, 94:i
(lelicaliin 9.14. 94:1
iMptiHliiH 9:l4, 94:1
ri'lii^tiiH 9:i;j
roliiiNtiis 9:14. 94:1
itialaiiH 9:15
Paraiiitic Mouho 98
Purry'd 8pi<riiiopbil» i^l9
PecoHlioplH'rOlO
IVdi'tiiliL' 4(l'2
IVili'timn 464
Pctloinys 149, 152, 15:1, '20!t
aiiHt<'rii!('21U
'-'intiaiiioiiU'iiH '211
■ iirtatiiH '215
liuyduui '211
Puiiiinylvaiiia, Meailow-monM of
I. 5*;
Prro^iiatliMlinin 494, 495
IVroKiial hiiH i'M, 495, 400
l>i(-o)or515
raHciatn.H.''>UO
IIjiviih 51(i
liiHpidiiH 51:i, 514
uiollipilosuK 509
iiioiiticola .500, Ml
parviiH .504,519
|i('iiit'illatii8 .504
Pliyllolia4:i
IVriiviaii t<i|iiirri'l 7CH
IVIit (Jui'rliii({iiet 7.57
Cliicu H92
Pika, Nurlli American 407
PineniyM 149, "218
piiii'loriiiii '219
PityiiiyH 15-2, 1.5;t,'21«
didi'lta 947
piiiuloriiiii 1:h;, 149,319
(|iia»iali'r '22*)
telraili0la947
Pocket (ioplii-rOKS
PiK'ket .Moiiw"
Fiwiiattd 500
Hispid 51:i
Iloiidaraii 515
Kiwil 519
.Moiiiitaiii .^>09
Tiifl-tailii) .504
Yellow 511)
Polar Hare '2HH
Pidatoiiclid d'Aiii<!riqiio (155
l'ori-('pie:fc<9
Porcupine
Bear :|H9
Canada ;Wfl
Poreiipioeti, North American 38(S
PlUK'hed
Kat Gl:i
Caiinda Ul'2
Southern (ilu
Prairie Udk !^9-2
MiMioiiri rt'i
.Sburt-tailed 90i
Western 902
Prairie
(Jroi'nd Rqiiiml 578
11 an- '297
Marmot H92
Meudow-mouse 210
Scpiiriid 892
f!Si|niri'el,Htriped 872
Praotlierinm :t7(i
palatiiiiim :I77
PHanimomys 149,218
piuutoruw 219
INDEX TO THE WilOLE VOLUME.
1089
niie of
in 386
FMadoatouiu COU.Ull
burealiii C-.>4
biilbivnniiu GiW
biinuiriiiH (>1'.<
cuHranupH OIU
duugloaii 6:20
doriilaim CI5
fulvnHC28
biii|ijduDi (110
mvxicauu 017
uuibriiiiiH 6iB
pHeudoBtouin jk Imiime (il2
Vwiidratuuiidai 4U1,U0U
PiivudotoinnH OAii
Psvudutoniuii blanB946
PteroniyH 05:1
alpiuuB 6ri&
hudmuiuB &X>, (iT( , &:'■!
oreguDcusiii 655
•abrinuH 655
volucelli65!>
Rabbit. See Hare
European 367
Gray 327
Jackuiis350
(name) 369
Wood3!«7
Rat
Aab-colored, with bairy tuil,
of Rocky Mountains U4
Canada 46(^,618
HudHon's 246
Hare-tailed 846
Labrador 468
Muek 355
MuwiuiS %>r>
Pou3bed 619
Southern Pouched 015
Bed Monae 01
Red-backed Muuae 14S
l!ed-bellicd Squirrel 750
Ueitbrwion 45, 11«, ISO, 121
caroliuensis 124
oblncbilloides 110
cuuiculoiden 110
bumiliH 123
lecontei 124
lougioauda 126
niegulotiH 124
mexicauuR 128
typiouB 119
RhuithmsoiuruB 666
RhiuoBoiurus 666
Riobardaon'a
Chickaree 073,677
S|>emiophUe 848
Rice-6eld Uoaae 113
69 M
Rucky Mountain
ChipmiMik 79'.l
Huiry-tuiliid Ri^t 24
Lino<l-t«il(Ml Spcrmophilo 820
Muruiiit 1)21
Varying Huro 310
Saccouiyidu; 4ftl, 49-,', 009
Sacconiyiiia48t',4!il,(ioy
Suceuniy oidca 489, 493
SiK'CupboruB 009, Oil
ulbUB 012
boreallB 024
burBariuH012, 014
b»ttu> 020
nicxicanuH 017
piueti 015
quucbil 019
tul[iimleHC23
SuKO Iluri' :i2H, ^DO
Suluuiiiuder 013,015
8undKutOI3
Say'a Chipmunk 814
Sca|iteruiu,vit 43
Sciuruvua 935, 9%, 944
nitiduH 935,944
parviduUB 931!, 944
unduns 935, 944
Sciuridoj 037,943
incvrtiB scdia 944
Suluromorphu 943
Soiuropiei ub 040, 653
liudBouiuB 055, 056
vulucellii 0.')3, 055, 05(>
SciuroBpaliu^ini 009
SciuroBpaiucuidcB 609
Sciuriis 041, (K), 0(i(i,779
abeni071,7;U,737,738
ucrobatfB 055
iBHtuanti 072, 75fi, 757, 759, 5 ol ,
7(i2
alburti 735
ulbi|>eH 741
aiuericauuB 782
arizunouBiB 738
OJiiatit'UB 793
utroveutriB 718
auduboni 718
aureigOBter 671, 750, 752, 7,53
belohuri 073
bootbiie 071, 741, 746, 740
botta) 773, 776
brHHilicnBiB 756
callfotnionu 827
calycinuB9:il,943
capiNtrutUB717
caro..o.'nBi8 071, 700, 701, 70(i,
712,715,716,783
carol inuB 073
castauouotua 735
SoluruB
eoBtanotus 735
chrvBuruB 757
finereUB 071,700,717,718
clttikii777
eolliiui 072,738,741
di4>|Hii 701 ,
diinidiiitUB 773
(lorBiiliB 74li
duugluBsi 070, 073, G78
ffriuginiviiulrl8 750
foBBor 072, TM, 733, 734
Ircnioiiti 0711, 073, 079
t'uliginoBiiB701
tuMioViirii'giUUB 741
gi'rrurdi 072,700,707,768
gilvigulariB 757
grauiniuruB 820
griB4u»cuuil»tuB 746
guvrllngUB 7Ii7
guiununBiH 750
buurumniii 731
bulTuiunni 757
hiulBouiUB 055, 070, 072, 073,
700
bj'iiopyrrbUB 072, 740,749,750
byporrlioduB 757
igbiventriB 708
iutiiruiuiliuB 742
liingBdorlli 708
lauuginuBUB 073
latcrulis 814
lc|MiriuuB 731,738
luucoguBlcr 750
IcucopB 071, 753, 756
Ivucotia 071,700, 701
lewisi 880
limitiB 718
ludoviciiinni) 071, 718,780
lysteri 783
niucruura 718
n)iicrouruuB718
nmcruuruB718
niugnicundatUB 718
nitixicunuB 8(i8
niigratoriuB 701
minor virgatUB 793
mnllipMuHUB 073
nitbiiuxii 773
niger 671, 700, 717,719, 781
uigreBceuB 74G
occidcntalia 718
ocnIiituB 738
pauoliuB 0:i2,943
(MinUBylvanicnB 700
pUBillua 756
pyrrhouotUB 768
quodriv'ittatuB 793
rariasimUB, etc. 868
1090
MONOGUAPIIS OF NOItTH AMKUK^AN BODKNTIA.
SciiiniH
r«liotiiR!KU,U4:i
rloliar.lH.iiii 670, (7:t, fiH!t,6!»r,
700,741
rigidiiH T4'2
nilik'niiiliitiiH 718
riil>r<>liii.'ntiinfi7ll
riiflv.'iitiT 718
nillvt'iitris 717
riifolirncliiHtuiii 886
riif<.iiiKOT67a,7r>7,7r.8,7(l-2,7(i;i
HabriniiH 655
Bayi 718
HociiiliH 778
Htrainiiiuiifi 768
HtriutiiH 78-2,793
RiiliniirntuH 718
siu'kli'yi 67:>
tnniaiili|H-iiHiH 8<;8
te|ilir.iga>it«'r 671, 763, 765
texiuniiH 717
towiiHi.n.Ii 673
tricol.ir 768
tridvcfiulineutuH 871
ntbeiiHiH 793
varinl)iliH67ii,768
varieKat.>i<liv. 746
varii'K»tii8 717, 741
vnrius 741
Tolanx 655
To)iic<>lla655
vulgariH 673
vnlpimiH 701,717
yiU'utitiifliiRiH 671,705
Severn Fljing 8quirrul65&
Scwpllel 567
8liort-tnile<l
Prairii'-diig 902
8|irrinn]iliiU< 860, 862
Showtl 557
Siffl<-iir 1112
SignicMl.ui 31, :«, 35, 39, 45
8igni<i.lnii 31, 45. (Ini|M>rtniilerra
film .111 p. 45. TrauHfpr thih
name aiul N'.-ot.imii to left
side of t tie v.'rtieiil liar, and
bring Iluluclieilua in tiie
Tight. )
berlanilieri 36
hiRpiduK 36
8ignindnuteH 6, 7
Small
Bniwii Squirrel 673
Gray Sqnirrel 673
Stiuiirau Sperinophile 864
Buiitliern
Flyint Squirrel 655, (566
Fox Sqnirrel 717, 719
Gray gquintjl 701, 704
B<iutlieni
r.iui'li.'d Rut 615
Varying lliiri- :i01,:i(i7
Siiuloi'iipiiiiiilii' :185
Sp.'rniitl.ipliiliiH hl'.l
Hpenii.ipliilii 81!)
S|ii'rniopliile
Aiiiiiiluteil-tailed88tl
Ilt'.*cli.'> 'h H'Jl*
C'alir.iiiiiiin Lineil-tail.d ►'sW
Diiugli.Ks'H 1 ju.-.l-tailf.l ^27
EtMl.'in Strip. '.1 f/l
F.)i t Yiiiiiii 863
Franklin'it HHl
Orny-hciul.'.l 881
liin.'tailiMl 82(i
Mexii an 8(i8
Pale Sirip.d «72
Parrj'sKU)
lUii6 .-.72
Ki.'liardwin'H 84H
K.H'k,vM.inntain l.in.'.l-tuiled
826, 827
Sli.irl-tailed 860
Son.nan h64
StriiM'd 871
TownN.'iul'H 848
SiM'rni.ipliilun 641,819, 88<>
aiinnlalnH 821, HHi
arinaln8 849
bei'dn-ji 827, 829
liuckl.'yi 827
clarkii 777
coueliii 827
douglami 827, 829
eli'guim 849
einiietra 821, 839, 843
erytliriiglniieuB K19, 841
franklini i^2l, 881,884
grunininrUD821, 825, ><M, 827,
830
gntliitUK 849
liarrii<i 810
hoiidi H72
kiKliaceiiHiH 839, 840
lateralis 814
In.l.ivi.'ianiiH 8.J-2
um.TnrnH 827
mexi.'anuH 821, 8ii4, HfM
mollm 321. 825, 8tiO
obMiletnH821,82li, 8)>(i
pallidiiH 872
parryi82l,K19, 841
pliiBii.igniitliii 8:I9
|dia).igiiallia 839
quiulrivittatiiH793
rii'liardMHii 821, 835, 848, 849,
Wil
HpiloHonia 821, 826, 864
8p.<rni.ipliiliiii
lereli.'MUiluH 821, 86:1, '«i4
t.iwi wii.li H4,-(. ,"411, HCO
tiid.'ceinlineatiiH 8-Jl,i<71|H;:.i,
874, 876, 877
.S.|niirel
AliirlV, 735
Ameri.'iin Flying (i5!'>
American (ir.innd 7»-3
H»iliing-92
Hlii.'k 717
HniziliHii 7.''1>,757
lliiir.i»iiig 902
Califiiriiia (iray 731
Chipping 78.3
C.illie'H 738
Fi'ileniti.in 872
Fir.'-lielli.Ml 746
Flying <i55
F.ix 7i;
O.ild.'ii-liellied 75:<
(iray 700
Greater Flying 655
Oi-.innd78;i,K)9
Prairie (ii.iund 872
L.'iipai'.l Gr.iiind 873
L.'N«.'i" (iray 701
MiKHiiuii Iliirl>iiig81l2
N.irlh.-rnGra;' 7IK),701
N.irtli.trii Flying 6,Vi, (i5 •
Northern Fox 718
Orizahn 763
Peruvian 768
Prairie >^^
I{.-d-l.ellied 750
Severn Kiv(>r 655
Small llruwn (i73
Small Gray t)73
Southern Flying 65.'), 606
Spnthi'm (jray 701,704
8<mthernF.ix717,71i)
Strip.Ml 782,783
8tri|i.'.l Praiiie 873
Vari.-.! 741
W.'Mteni Harking 903
WeMern Fox 718,720
Yucatan Gray 705
Sphiggnrnx 388
Spliiiignrina) 385
St.^n.'olilier 451
Steiieotiher neliraacoUNia 4,51, 453,
944
8tenen6l>er paiiHiiH 4.5:1,4.^)5,944
StoremleeteN turtud 912
Striped
Amerieaii lifarmot 872
.tuil Spotted Ground Squirrel
872
QupherS73
IKDEX TO TIIH WIIOLK VOLUMK.
lOVU
StriiM>i1
rruii'id 8(|iiirrel p72
IS|H'iiiio|iliil(i K7I •
H|iiiini<i]i)iili', lCii8t<-rii M71
S|>eriiiii|iliilr, I'lile 87!<
Hiliiiiml Tp'.'.TSI
SiiIhhk TKt
8\vaiii|i Ituliliit :Mi4
SylviluKim K^'i
iiiti'iiiiHia 'M>i
linc'liiimiii ;K28
111111118 H'.T
8.vii»ii'. iii.VMaVH
(■oo|)(<ri 2:tr»
Hj-ii(^llii'riiH:tf<0,:M
SyiM'lht-iiiiiti iH'i
TiiiiiiK liiKlsoniii r>7:i
Tuiiiiiinl>ll,;TU
aiiieiicuniiTH-i
iiBialli:im7fia,7U;i,7t»7,S70
b<injulm78W,7U:t
co<)|HTi 7'.M
<li)rKali»781i,7!»4
hHrri»i7i*2,H10,aia,8ia
hiiidHii 7'J4
Utrraliii7t--2,m4,817
lijuviduiiB u:m, 01:1
Ijslcii 7St
ininiiliiNiUK
l>nlla«i 7*J:)
imlliiluH tm, 71)3
<|iiailriiimcii1ntii8 794
qiiadrlvlttatiis Itii, TOU, W6,
807
rubnilini'AtiiK 673
striati 1 78a. 783, 788, 71«, 7!f.l
towii8vii()i 788,794
Tapeti 888, 348
bnwilieDBis '148
Toped
liiaHiliriiHibiiH 348
TaHrlit'iiiiiiiiiM ()13
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